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Introduction: Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that has a widespread distribution among mammalians and birds. One of the reasons for the high prevalence may be due to ingesting oocyst disseminated by stray cats' feces. In Turkey, most of the citizens are closely associated with stray cats and they love to pet and feed them on the streets. In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of T. gondii DNA in feces of stray cats living in Izmir, Turkey in order to identify the transmission potential to humans and other animals. Methodology: Feces and blood samples of 465 stray cats were investigated for the presence of T. gondii oocysts by microscopy and for the presence of T. gondii DNA by two real time PCR methods. Furthermore, serum samples were analyzed for anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies using an ELISA. Results: Oocysts were detected in 0.43% of the stray cats by microscopy. T. gondii DNA was detected in 14.37% of the stray cats' feces samples. The seroprevalence rate was 37.84%. In the feces and/or blood PCR positive group, 35.89% of them were seropositive. Among the 176 seropositive cats, T. gondii DNA was detected in feces of 27 cats (15.34%). Conclusions: This study first time showed the inter relation of T. gondii DNA in feces and blood samples and seropositivity. In sum, over 14% of the stray cats living outdoor may have an important role in transmission of toxoplasmosis to humans in Izmir as well as to other animals. © 2021 Journal of Infection in Developing Countries. All rights reserved., 2016-TIP-042, This study was supported by the grant given by the Scientific Research Projects Branch Directorate of Ege University, Turkey (Grant No: 2016-TIP-042) to M.D.

Susceptibility to classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has been linked to 23 bp indel in promoter and 12 bp indel in the first intron of cattle prion protein gene. This study aimed to investigate 23/12 bp indel polymorphisms in the polymorphisms in cattle prion protein (

Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic protozoan parasite that can infect humans and warm-blooded animals. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the frequency of toxoplasmosis in clinical samples taken from various patient groups. Within the scope of the study, a total of 535 clinical samples, including mainly amniotic fluid, blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples, which were sent to the Molecular Parasitology laboratory of Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology between 2009 and 2019, were evaluated.The frequency of toxoplasmosis was determined as 2.61% (14/535) in the specified time period. While the positivity rate was 5.40% (8/148) in the samples taken from the central organs directly affected by the disease, the positivity rate was 1.74% (5/286) in the samples taken from the periphery, and this difference was statistically significant (P0.05).The findings show that Real-Time PCR method has a very important place in the diagnosis of active toxoplasmosis. In addition, it was concluded that sampling methods are very important in the diagnosis of the disease., Toxoplasma gondii insan ve sıcakkanlı hayvanları enfekte edebilen zoonotik protozoon bir parazittir. Bu çalışmada çeşitli hasta gruplarından alınmış klinik örneklerde toksoplazmozis sıklığının araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında 2009-2019 yılları arasında Ege Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Parazitoloji Anabilim Dalı Moleküler Parazitoloji laboratuvarına gönderilen ağırlıklı olarak amniyon sıvısı, kan ve beyin omurilik sıvısı örneklerinin dahil olduğu toplam 535 klinik örnek değerlendirilmiştir. Bu örneklerde DNA izolasyonu sonrası T. gondii RE geni varlığı Real-Time PZR ile araştırılmıştır.Belirtilen zaman aralığında toksoplazmozis sıklığı %2,61 (14/535) olarak tespit edilmiştir. Hastalığın direktetkilediği merkezi organlardan alınan örneklerde pozitiflik oranı %5,40 (8/148) iken periferden alınan örneklerde pozitiflik oranı %1,74 (5/286) olarak tespit edilmiş ve bu fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur (P0,05).Elde edilen bulgular toksoplazmozis tanısında Real-Time PZR yönteminin oldukça önemli bir yeri olduğunugöstermektedir. Ayrıca, örnek alım yöntemlerinin hastalığın tanısında oldukça önemli olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı çocuklarda dentigeröz kist (DK) nedeni ile gömülü kalan dişlerin, marsüpyalizasyon sonrası sürmesini incelemek ve hangi faktörlerin ilişkili dişlerin sürmesinde belirleyici olduğunu araştırmaktır.Gereç ve Yöntem: DK nedeni ile gömülü kalan daimi dişleri olan ve marsüpyalizasyon yapılan 63 çocuk hastanın kayıtları, sürmeyi etkileyebilecek faktörler açısından değerlendirildi. Hastalar dişlerin sürmesi ve sürmemesine göre iki grupta incelendi. Çalışmada sürmeyi etkileyebilecek faktörler; yaş, cinsiyet, dişin derinliği, dişin açısı, kök gelişimi, dişin sürmesi gereken boşluk ve dişin meziyo-distal boyutu arasındaki oran, kistin boyutu ve obturatör/yer tutucu kullanımı olarak belirlendi.Bulgular: Diş derinliği ortalaması sürmeyen grupta 11,1±3,2 mm, süren grupta 8,1±3,9 mm olarak bulunurken; gömülü dişlerin açı ortalaması sürmeyen grupta 41,5±22,6 süren grupta 27,9±21,3 derece olarak bulundu. Lojistik regresyon analizinde de bu iki faktör dişlerin kendiliğinden sürmemesi ile ilişkiliydi. Sonuç: Tedavi kararı verilirken, DK ile ilişkili gömülü dişlerin marsüpyalizasyon sonrası sürüp sürmeyeceğinin tahmin edilmesinde dişin derinliği ve açısı önemli faktörler olarak değerlendirilebilir. Ayrıca sürmesi geciken daimi dişlerin varlığında DK tespit edilmesi durumunda tedaviye gömülü dişlerin fizyolojik sürme zamanlarından önce başlanması, normal sürme zamanı ile tedaviye başlama yaşı arasında çok uzun süre yoksa obtüratör/yer tutucu yapılmaması tavsiye edilebilir.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, transvers maksiller darlığı (TMD) olan yetişkin hastalarda transpalatal distraktör ile yapılan cerrahi destekli maksiller genişletmenin (TPD+CDMG) faringeal havayolu boyutları üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktır.Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmaya 5 mm’den fazla TMD’si olan hastalar dahil edildi. Bütün hastalara genel anestezi altında, standart Le-Fort I osteotomisi ve maksillada orta hat osteotomisini takiben maksiller genişletme uygulandı. Dört ay sonrasında apareyler çıkartılarak transpalatal ark uygulandı. Hemen ameliyat öncesinde ve distraktör sökümünden en az 6 ay sonra alınan konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi görüntüleri üzerinde Dolphin 3D Surgery Görüntüleme yazılımının havayolu modülü kullanılarak, faringeal havayolunun nazofaringeal, retropalatal, retroglossal bölümlerinin hacimleri ve faringeal havayolunun en küçük kesit alanı ölçüldü. Sürekli değişkenler için normal dağılım varsayımı Shapiro-Wilk testi ile kontrol edildi ve dağılım tipine göre testler seçildi. Bağımlı yapıda olan TPD+CDMG öncesi ve sonrası ölçümler arasındaki farklılık test edilirken, normal dağılıma sahip olan ölçümler için eşleştirilmiş t-testi, normal dağılıma sahip olmayan ölçümler için ise Wilcoxon testi kullanıldı. İstatistiksel anlamlılık düzeyi p≤0.05 olarak kabul edildi.Bulgular: Çalışmaya 9’u kadın (%42.9), 12’si erkek (%57.1), toplam 21 hasta dahil edildi. Hastaların yaş ortalaması 22.8±5.7; takip süresi ortalaması 22±11.1 ay olarak bulundu. Retropalatal, retroglossal ve toplam havayolu hacmi ve faringeal havayolunun minimum kesit alanı için TPD+CDMG öncesi ve sonrasında yapılan ölçümler arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulunamadı. Ancak, nazofarinks hacmi için TPD+CDMG öncesi ve sonrası ölçümler arasında anlamlı fark tespit edildi (p≤0.05).Sonuç: TPD+CDMG sonrası nazofarinks hacminde önemli artış olduğu bulunurken, faringeal havayolunun diğer bölgelerindeki hacimsel ve kesitsel değişikliklerin önemli düzeyde olmadığı bulunmuştur., Objective: This study was aimed to compare the pharyngeal airway dimensions before and after surgically-assisted maxillary expansion with a transpalatal distractor (TPD+SAME) in adult patients with a transverse maxillary deficiency (TMD).Materials and Method: Patients who had more than 5 mm of TMD were included in this study. All patients underwent standard Le-Fort I osteotomies with maxillary midline osteotomy and maxillary expansion. Four months later, the distractor was removed, and transpalatal arch was applied. Before the operation and at least six months after the distraction, cone-beam computed tomography images were taken. Using the airway module of Dolphin 3D Surgery Imaging software, nasopharyngeal, retropalatal and retroglossal volumes, and the smallest cross-sectional area of the pharyngeal airway were measured. The normal distribution assumption was controlled by using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Paired t-test was used for the measurements that had normal distribution, while the Wilcoxon test was used for the measurements that lacked normal distribution. Statistical significance was set at p≤0.05.Results: Nine female (42.9%) and 12 male (57.1%) patients (total 21) were included in this study. The mean age of the patients was 22.8±5.7 years. The mean follow-up period was 22±11.1 months. For the retropalatal, retroglossal, and total airway volumes and the minimum cross-sectional area of the pharyngeal airway, no statistically significant differences were found between the measurements obtained before and after the TPD+SAME treatment. However, there was a statistically significant difference between the measurements of the nasopharynx volume before and after the TPD+SAME treatment (p≤0.05).Conclusion: There was a significant increase in the nasopharyngeal volume after the TPD+SAME treatment. Volumetric and cross-sectional changes in other regions of the pharyngeal airway were not significant.

The aim of this study is to explore the icons Johnnie Walker and Colonel Sanders used in Haruki Murakami’s novel Kafka on the Shore in the context of postcolonialism and reveal the influence of the cultural imperialism of the West. In addition, in this study it is attempted to explore Murakami’s portrayal of the western elements and his depiction of cats as metaphors of voiceless ethnic minorities in Japan. To prevent the domination and hegemony of the West, Japan has been forced to adopt Western modernity causing self-colonialism of the country and act like hegemonic West towards the other Eastern countries becoming an imperialist power after a while. Haruki Murakami subverts the cultural stereotypes that misrepresent, the Other objectively, as argued in Orientalist tradition. In addition, his unique style might be resulted from his double consciousness of culture and his own “hybridity” while his writing reveals contemporary Japanese culture. Moreover his writing reveals contemporary Japanese culture, emphasizing the abundance of Americanized commodities in Japan. Johnnie Walker and Colonel Sanders characters in the novel symbolize the modernist and capitalist mindset in the Post war period. The civilized and elite image of Johnnie Walker is deconstructed to illustrate how the western concepts of modernism and civilization could be destructive. The respected elderly image of Colonel Sanders is also reversed by his selling call-girls which makes human a comodity. Slaughter of the cats by the character Johnnie Walker reminds the subaltern subjects or ethnic minorities who do not possess language to express their pain. In the novel, the modern and civilized symbols of the West are violated while revealing Japan’s exposition to American popular culture.

Ticks are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites as well as mechanical and biological vectors of a wide variety of microbial pathogens. To date, 19 tick-borne diseases have been reported from Turkey. In this study, ticks collected from Aydın, İzmir and Şanlıurfa provinces of Turkey were identified using morphological and molecular methods. After the presence of bacterial DNA was checked, Rickettsia spp. and Francisella tularensis were investigated in bacterial DNA-positive tick specimens by PCR. Furthermore, amplicons belonging to tick specimens and positive bacterial samples were sequenced and processed for BLAST, alignment and phylogenetic analysis. As a result, seven tick species were identified: Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Rh. bursa, Rh. turanicus, Hyalomma marginatum, Hy. aegyptium, Hy. anatolicum and Haemaphysalis erinacei. Fifty-five tick specimens tested positive for bacterial DNA and among them, rickettsial DNA was found in five ticks (infection rate = 9.1%) belonging to Hy. marginatum, Hy. aegyptium, Rh. bursa and Rh. turanicus. Of the five Rickettsia-positive ticks, three contained Rickettsia aeschlimannii, one Ri. massiliae and one an unidentified Rickettsia sp. No Francisella tularensis DNA was detected. Sequence analysis of the ompB gene indicated two novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in two different Ri. aeschlimannii strains and two novel SNPs as well as a novel insertion (GACGGT) were found in Rickettsia sp. This study indicated the presence of polymorphic Rickettsia species in ticks from Turkey.

This paper aims to introduce a computer-aided rapid visual screening framework and establish a prioritization strategy for seismic vulnerability evaluation of reinforced concrete buildings. A methodology is developed to organize and visualize the results of visual screening method with a GIS-oriented database system. Throughout the study, the primary rationale behind conducting the field data collection via utilization of spatial processes is to achieve a standardized and efficient data flow in the presence of multiple data collectors on the field, working in coordination. Incorporated in the process are mobile data collection tools with cloud-support, open online spatial databases, and open-source GIS software. The utilization of these tools instead of paper forms would lead to readily available standardized responses via digital forms, avoiding loss and fragmentation of data and ambiguities in classification, where multiple users contribute to the same repository. In addition, the use of digital tools in field data collection eliminates the data transcription process, significantly reducing the time required for it. Hence, the proposed framework has the potential to represent a fast and reliable overview of structural seismic vulnerability as well as seismic priority for strengthening. As a result of this study, the mobile data transmission in the field and the visualization in GIS are highly recommended to be a standard part of the seismic evaluation procedure.

Aim: This study aims to compare four implant-supported rehabilitation concepts of an edentulous mandible and determines the most biomechanically advantageous technique. Materials and Methods: Five models with four implants in different configurations were formed: four axial interforaminal implants, All-on-4 concept (two anterior axial and two posterior distally tilted implants), All-on-4v4 concept (four distally tilted interforaminal implants), All-on-4W (two anterior mesially tilted and two posterior distally tilted implants), and two axial interforaminal implants and two posterior extra-short implants. Straumann bone-level (4.1 × 12 mm) and tissue-level (4.1 × 4 mm) extra-short implants were used for this study. Spherical loadings from canine and molar regions were applied to evaluate tension, compression, and von Mises stresses by implementing 3D finite element analysis. Results: Among the alternative concepts, the classic All-on-4 and the All-on-4v4 techniques were the most successful treatment option in biomechanical terms. On the other hand, the use of extra-short implants in the posterior region was found to be the last method of choice. This was because of the high stresses on bones in most conditions, even though it balances the forces from the molar region on the implants. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that the classic All-on-4 and the All-on-4v4 techniques were the most successful treatment options in biomechanical terms for the rehabilitation of an edentulous mandible with four implant-supported fixed full-arch prostheses.

Toxoplasmosis is a global health problem affecting both human and animal populations. The lack of effective treatment makes the development of a vaccine against toxoplasmosis one of the main goals in the management of this disease. In our study, vaccine formulations containing the multistage recombinant antigens, rBAG1 + rGRA1 were developed with a combined adjuvant system consisting of chitosan and Salmonella Typhi porins in micro (MicroAS) and nanoparticulate (NanoAS) forms. BALB/c mice were immunized intraperitoneally with vaccine formulations two times at three-week intervals. Three weeks after the second vaccination, mice were challenged with 7-8 live tissue cysts of the virulent T. gondii PRU strain by oral gavage. Higher cellular uptake by macro-phages and enhanced cellular (IFN-gamma and I-4 in stimulated spleen cells) and humoral (IgG, IgG1, IgG2a) responses were obtained with the adjuvanted formulation, higher with microsystem when compared to that of nanosystem. Microsystem was found to stimulate Th1-polarized immune responses, whereas non-adjuvanted antigens stim-ulated Th2-polarized immune response. The highest survival rate and reduction in cysts numbers and T. gondii DNA were obtained with the adjuvanted antigens. Our study showed that adjuvanted multistage recombinant vaccine systems increase the immune response with strong protection against T. gondii, more profoundly in microparticulate form., Hacettepe Scientific Research Coor-dination Unit [TDK-2020-18606], This project was supported by Hacettepe Scientific Research Coor-dination Unit. Project number: TDK-2020-18606. CL -M is listed as an inventor on a patent related to the use of Sal- monella porins as adjuvants and vaccines. All remaining authors declare no competing interests.

ÖZET YALIN ÜRETİM TEKNİKLERİ VE KARŞILAŞILAN PROBLEMLER Hüseyin Can USLU Endüstri Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi Danışman: Prof. Dr. Kemal Güven GÜLEN Son yıllarda teknolojinin hızla gelişmesine bağlı olarak işletmeler arası rekabet artmaya başlamıştır. İşletmeler rekabet ortamında varlıklarını sürdürebilmeleri için yalın üretim sistemlerine ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Yalın üretim yapısında gereksiz unsur barındırmamakla birlikte hata, maliyet, stok, işçilik geliştirme süreci, üretim alanı, fire, müşteri memnuniyetsizliği gibi sebepleri sürekli iyileştirmeler yaparak minimize etmeyi hedefleyen bir üretim sistemidir. Yalın üretimde amaç; kaliteyi artırmak, maliyeti düşürmek ve teslimat sürelerini kısaltmaktır. Bu sistemin prensipleri müşteri istek ve ihtiyaçları doğrultusunda şekillenir. Bu çalışmada, yalın üretimim temel ilkeleri, yedi temel israf kavramı, yalın üretim teknikleri, yalın üretimde karşılaşılan problemler ve yalın üretim ile Endüstri 4.0 ilişkisi üzerinde durulmuştur. Konuyla ilgili literatürdeki güncel çalışmalar incelenerek, yalın üretim sistemlerinin kullanıldığı sektörler, yalın üretime geçişte kullanılan teknikler ve şirketlerin yalın üretime geçmek istemesinin sebepleri araştırılmıştır. Organizasyon kültürü ve yalın uygulama başarısı arasında bir araştırma modeli taslağı oluşturulmuştur. ABSTRACT LEAN MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES AND ENCOUNTERED PROBLEMS Hüseyin Can USLU Department of Industrial Engineering MSc Thesis Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Kemal Güven GÜLEN In recent years, depending on the rapid development of technology, the competitive environment among businesses has begun to increase. In order for businesses to survive in a competitive environment, lean production systems are needed. It is a production system that does not contain any unnecessary elements in the lean production structure, but minimizes the causes such as error, cost, stock, workmanship development process, production area, waste, customer dissatisfaction by making continuous improvements. The purpose of lean production is to increase flow quality, reduce costs and shorten delivery times. The principles of this system are determined in line with customer requests and needs. In this study, the basic principles of lean production, seven basic waste concepts, lean production techniques, problems encountered in lean production and the relationship between lean production and Industry 4.0 are emphasized. By examining the current studies in the literature related to lean production, the sectors in which lean production systems are used, the techniques used in the transition to lean production, and the reasons why companies want to switch to lean production are investigated. A research model is outlined between organizational culture and lean implementation success.

Despite the lack of an explicit provision within the Swiss Code of Obligations (OR), the considerable majority of the Swiss doctrine as well as the Federal Court accept that contractual penalty shall be paid if and only if the debtor’s breach is based on his/her fault. In this paper, we question such dogma and analyze the wording and purposes of Articles 161/2 and 163/2 of the Swiss Code of Obligations by taking their historical background into account. We argue that unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the debtor’s obligation to pay the penalty shall be deemed independent of his/her fault.

Bu çalışmanın amacı; spor müsabakalarına katılan Rize Spor Lisesindeki sporcuların stresle başaçıkma düzeylerinin farklı değişkenler bakımından incelenmesi ve sonuçlarının ortaya konmasıdır.Çalışma ölçek araştırması deseninde olup, çalışmaya 207 sporcu katılmıştır. Veriler, “StresleBaşa Çıkma Stratejileri Ölçeğinin Türkçe Versiyonu” kullanılarak Google form aracılığıyla onlinetoplanmıştır. Veri analizinde tanımlayıcı istatistiksel yöntemlere ek olarak, Tek Yönlü VaryansAnalizi ve Tukey çoklu karşılaştırma testleri kullanılmıştır. Veriler, SPSS 26 lisanslı istatistik programıile analiz edilmiştir. Sporcuların cinsiyet, yaş, spor dalı ve spor yapma yılı açısından stresle başaçıkma stratejileri ölçeği alt boyut düzeylerinde anlamlı farklar tespit edilmemiştir (p>0,05). Sonuçkullanılan değişkenlerin stresle başa çıkma düzeylerini etkilemediği belirlenmiştir. Sporcularınstresle başa çıkma stratejilerinde en fazla kendine güvensiz yaklaşımı, boyun eğici yaklaşımı vesosyal destek arama yaklaşımını tercih ettiği görülmüştür. Anlamlı fark olmamasına rağmenortalamalara bakıldığında sporcuların kendilerine yeteri kadar güvenmediği ve dışardan gelecek birdestek arayışı içerisinde oldukları tespit edilmiştir., The aim of this study is to determine how well student athletes attending Rize Sports High Schoolcope with stress. The study follows a scale research design and was conducted with 207 studentathletes. The Turkish version of the Stress Coping Strategies Scales was completed by participantsvia an online Google form. In addition to descriptive statistical methods, both a One Way Analysis ofVariance and Tukey multiple comparison tests were used to analyze data. No significant differencewas found in the scale’s sub-dimensions by gender, age, sport branch, and years of participation insports (p>0.05). The variables examined were found not to affect participants’ abilities to cope withstress. It was observed that the participants mostly exhibited insecurity, submissiveness, and helpseeking.Although no significant difference was found, the averages revealed that participants didnot have sufficient levels of confidence in themselves and frequently sought support from a thirdparty.

In this study, the presence of neosporosis in wild birds (n=55) including 22 different species found in the western side of Turkey, was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition, PCR positive samples were confirmed by sequencing, BLAST, and phylogenetic analysis using MEGA7.Obtained results showed that the presence ofTo the best of authors' knowledge, this is the first study detectingBu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin batısındaki 22 farklı yabani kuşta (n=55) neosporosis varlığı polimeraz zincir reaksiyon (PZR) ile araştırılmıştır. Ek olarak, PZR pozitif örnekler sekanslanarak MEGA7 kullanılarak BLAST ve filogenetik analiz ile doğrulanmıştır.Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, yabani kuşların beyin-kalp homojenatlarının %5,45’inde (3/55)Yazarların bildiği kadarıyla bu çalışma, küçük sumruda

In this study, the production and characterization of Al matrix particles and compact materials containing 10%, 20% and 40% by weight Boron Carbide (B4C) were carried out. The electrical conductivity values of B4C reinforced Al matrix compact materials were determined as the lowest 6.97% IACS and the highest 20.73% IACS. As a result of experimental studies, it has been understood that B4C reinforcement, which increases in weight in the microstructure, has a positive effect on reducing the density of the structure and increasing its hardness. Density values of Al matrix compact materials containing 10%, 20% and 40% B4C by weight in their structure were measured as 2.622 gr/cm3, 2,598 gr/cm3 and 2,568 gr/cm3. Hardness values were measured as 244.34 HV(0.5), 270.16 HV(0.5) and 290.70 HV(0.5), respectively., Bu çalışmada, ağırlıkça %10, %20 ve %40 Bor Karbür (B4C) içerikli Al matris partiküllerin ve kompakt malzemelerin üretimi ve karakterizasyonu gerçekleştirilmiştir. B4C takviyeli Al matris kompakt malzemelerin elektriksel iletkenlik değerleri en düşük 6,97 %IACS ve en yüksek 20,73 %IACS olarak belirlenmiştir. Deneysel çalışmalar sonucunda, mikro yapıda ağırlıkça artan B4C takviyesinin yapının yoğunluğunu azaltma ve sertliğini arttırma noktasında olumlu etkisi olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Yapısında ağırlıkça %10, %20 ve %40 B4C içeren Al matris kompakt malzemelerin yoğunluk değerleri sırasıyla 2,622 gr/cm3, 2,598 gr/cm3 ve 2,568 gr/cm3 olarak, sertlik değerleri sırasıyla 244.34 HV(0.5), 270.16 HV(0.5) ve 290.70 HV(0.5) olarak ölçülmüştür.

Breast cancer was ranked first in global cancer incidence in 2020, and HER2 overexpression in breast cancer accounts for 20-30% of breast cancer patients. Current therapeutic strategies increase the survival rate, but resistance to them occurs frequently, and there is an urgent need to develop novel treatments such as DNA vaccines which can induce a specific and long-lasting immune response against HER2 antigens. To enhance the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines, dendritic cells (DCs) can be targeted using multi-epitope proteins that provide accurate immune focusing. For this purpose, we generated a DNA vaccine encoding a fusion protein composed of 1) in silico discovered antigenic epitopes of human and rat HER2 proteins (MeHer2) and 2) a single-chain antibody fragment (ScFv) specific for the DC-restricted antigen-uptake receptor DEC205 (ScFvDEC). The xenogeneic multi-epitope DNA vaccine (pMeHer2) encodes three only T-cell epitopes, two only B-cell epitopes, and two T and B cell epitopes, and pScFvDEC-MeHer2 vaccine additionally encodes ScFvDEC introduced at the N terminus of the MeHer2. Then, mouse groups were immunized with pScFvDEC-MeHer2, pMeHer2, pScFvDEC, pEmpty, and PBS to determine the elicited immune response. pScFvDEC-MeHer2 vaccinated mice showed a strong IgG response (P 0.0001) and pScFvDEC-MeHer2 induced a significant IgG2a increase (P 0.01). The percentages of both IFN-γ secreting CD4 and CD8 T cells were higher in mice immunized with pScFvDEC-MeHer2 compared with the pMeHer2. pScFvDEC-MeHer2 and pMeHer2 secreted significantly higher levels of extracellular IFN-γ compared with to control groups (P 0.0001). In addition, the IFN-γ level of the pScFvDEC-MeHer2 vaccine group was approximately two times higher than the pMeHer2 group (P 0.0001). Overall, this study identified the pScFvDECMeHer2 construct as a potential DNA vaccine candidate, supporting further studies to be conducted on HER2

In this study, the production of Al2024/SiC particles containing 10%, 20% and 40% by weight SiC reinforcement by mechanical milling (MM) method and the compaction of these produced particles by hot pressing (SP) method were carried out. The effects of SiC particle reinforcement in varying weight ratios (%10, 20 and 40) in the structure on morphology, microstructure, elemental analysis, hardness and density properties were investigated. As a result of the experimental studies, a homogeneous elemental distribution was observed in the microstructure thanks to the homogeneous particles obtained by the MM process. However, it was determined that the amount of SiC particles increasing in weight in the structure caused the formation of porosity. The % relative density values of the composite samples with 10, 20 and 40 wt% SiC contents were measured as 99.060%, 98.301% and 95.252%, respectively. A very high increase in hardness values was observed with the increase in weight of SiC particle reinforcement in the structure. Hardness values were measured as 177.23 HV(0.5), 250.617 HV(0.5) and 316.67 HV(0.5) for Al2024/SiC composite materials containing 10, 20 and 40 wt% SiC particles, respectively., Bu çalışmada, ağırlıkça %10, %20 ve %40 SiC takviyesi içeren Al2024/SiC parçacıklarının mekanik öğütme (MÖ) yöntemiyle üretimi ve üretilen bu parçacıkların sıcak presleme (SP) yöntemiyle sıkıştırılması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapı içerisinde değişen ağırlık oranlarında (%10, 20 ve 40) SiC toz takviyesinin morfoloji, mikro yapı, element analizi, sertlik ve yoğunluk özellikleri üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. Deneysel çalışmalar sonucunda MÖ işlemi ile elde edilen homojen parçacıklar sayesinde mikro yapıda homojen bir element dağılımı gözlemlenmiştir. Ancak, yapıda ağırlıkça artan SiC toz miktarının porozite oluşumuna neden olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ağırlıkça %10, %20 ve %40 SiC içeriğine sahip kompozit numunelerin % bağıl yoğunluk değerleri sırasıyla %99.060, %98.301 ve %95.252 olarak ölçülmüştür. Yapıdaki SiC tanecik takviyesinin ağırlığının artmasıyla sertlik değerlerinde çok yüksek bir artış gözlenmiştir. Ağırlıkça %10, %20 ve %40 SiC toz içeren Al2024/SiC kompozit malzemeler için sertlik değerleri sırasıyla 177.23 HV(0.5), 250.617 HV(0.5) ve 316.67 HV(0.5) olarak ölçülmüştür.

Al esaslı alaşımlar havacılık, otomotiv ve savunma sanayi gibi birçok sektörde kullanılmaktadır. Düşük yoğunlukları ve yüksek özgül mukavemet özellikleri, Al ve alaşımlarını mühendislik malzemeleri olarak kullanılabilir hale getirir. Al esaslı alaşımlar seramik partiküller ile takviye edildiğinde yüksek sertlik ve mukavemete sahip yeni nesil mühendislik malzemeleri olarak kullanılabilirler. Bu çalışmada Al2O3 partikülleri Al-Cu-Mg matrisine ağırlıkça %10, %20 ve %40 oranında mekanik alaşımlama (MA) yöntemiyle takviye edilmiş ve 560 oC, 500 MPa pres koşullarında sıcak pres (SP) yöntemiyle preslenmiştir. MA işleminden sonra partikül boyutu ölçümleri, partikül boyutlarının azaldığını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Al-Cu-Mg ve Al2O3 partiküllerinin MA işlemi öncesi partikül boyutu ölçüm sonuçları sırasıyla 212,434 μm ve 89,208 μm olarak ölçülmüştür. MA işlemi sonrası partikül boyutları %10, %20 ve %40 Al2O3 takviyeli numuneler için sırasıyla 14,224 μm, 13,747 μm ve 10,885 μm olarak ölçülmüştür. %10, %20 ve %40 Al2O3 içeriği ile üretilen numunelerin sertlik değerleri sırasıyla 146,867 HV (0,5), 165,290 HV (0,5) ve 206,843 HV (0,5) olarak ölçülmüştür., Al-based alloys are used in many sectors such as aerospace, automotive and defense industries. Their low densities and high specific strength properties make Al and its alloys usable as engineering materials. When Al-based alloys are reinforced with ceramic particles, they can be used as new generation engineering materials with high hardness and strength. In this study, Al2O3 particles were reinforced to Al-Cu-Mg matrix by 10%, 20% and 40% by weight by mechanical alloying (MA) method and pressed by hot press (HP) method at 560 oC, 500 MPa pressing conditions. Particle size measurements after the MA treatment revealed that the particle sizes were reduced. The particle size measurement results of Al-Cu-Mg and Al2O3 particles before MA process were measured as 212.434 μm and 89.208 μm, respectively. The particle sizes after MA process were measured as 14.224 μm, 13.747 μm and 10.885 μm for 10%, 20% and 40% Al2O3 reinforced samples, respectively. The hardness values for the samples produced with 10%, 20% and 40% Al2O3 content were measured as 146.867 HV (0.5), 165.290 HV (0.5) and 206.843 HV (0.5), respectively.

The cat flea Ctenocephalides felis has veterinary and medical importance since it is a vector for numerous important pathogens. In this study, a total of 249 flea samples were collected from goats bred in eight different farms (located in Izmir and S,anliurfa provinces of Turkey) and morphologically identified under microscopy. Later, the genetic diversity was investigated in 117 of C. felis samples that were morphologically identified by sequencing the mitochondrial cox1 gene, followed by phylogenetic tree, haplotype, genetic differentiation and gene flow analyses. In addition, Rickettsia spp. and Bartonella spp. which are zoonoses were screened in 27 pools comprising 249 flea samples by PCR. The phylogenetic tree showed that 117 flea samples were clustered in Clade 1 together with isolates from Australia, New Zealand, the Czech Republic, and India. Four haplotypes (haplo-types I, II, III and IV) were detected within the C. felis species. The most prevalent haplotype was haplotype I (57/ 117; 48.7 %). Among the population of flea samples in Izmir and S,anliurfa, the Fst and Nm values were 0.16261 and 2.57, respectively, indicating a moderate genetic differentiation and high gene flow. Rickettsia spp. was detected in four of C. felis pool samples whereas Bartonella spp. was detected in 25 of them. BLAST analysis identified R. raoultii as well as B. henselae and B. elizabethae. In conclusion, the findings showed that C. felis samples collected from goats in Turkey were classified within Clade 1 representing four different haplotypes with a moderate genetic diversity for the first time. Also, R. raoultii, B. henselae and B. elizabethae were demonstrated for the first time in cat flea samples collected in Turkey., Ege University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit; [TGA- 2019-20233], Funding This study was supported by a project given by the Ege University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (Project number: TGA- 2019-20233) to H.C.

Blastocystis sp. is a common enteric protist found in humans and many other animals. Although the clinical relevance of Blastocystis sp. is currently fully unknown for humans, the prevalence of Blastocystis and subtypes are investigated in immunocompetent individuals presenting with symptoms like diarrhea or immunocompromised individuals including cancer patients. In this comprehensive study, the prevalence of Blastocystis sp. and subtypes were investigated in patients (n=94) with different types of malignant solid tumors using PCR targeting SSU rDNA gene and sequencing. All patients were undergoing chemotherapy and had diarrhea. According to obtained results, 46 patients were found to be Blastocystis positive and the molecular prevalence was detected as 48.9%. Among the positive specimens, 43 (43/46; 93.5%) of them were successfully subtyped. ST4 was the most predominant subtype and detected in 24 (55.8%) patients, followed by ST1 (11 patients, 25.6%) and ST3 (8 patients, 18.6%). In the colon cancer group, which had the highest number of patients, Blastocystis sp. was detected with a higher prevalence rate of 61.5% compared with the prevalence rate (48.9%) of all patients. Interestingly, ST3 was not detected in any of this patient group in contrast to ST4 and ST1. In conclusion, high prevalence of the Blastocystis in the immunocompromised patient groups shows the susceptibility of this patient group against any other infectious agents., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUEB ?ITAK) [119S785]; Izmir Katip Celebi University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit [2018-TDU-TIPF-0055], This study was partially supported by a project provided by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUEB ?ITAK) (Project number: 119S785) to H.C and Izmir Katip Celebi University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (Project number: 2018-TDU-TIPF-0055) to A.A.G.

This study concentrated on alloying 0.5% chromium reinforced copper particles by weight by mechanical alloying method accordingto different alloying times and intensifying the produced powders by hot press method. 10:1 ball:powder ratio and 400 rpm rotationspeed were selected as mechanical alloying parameters and the times were determined as 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 hours as variable. Hotpressing parameters were used as constant in all experiments and were determined as 500 ⁰C and 600 MPa. As a result of theexperiments, it was determined that the powders with initially spherical and irregular morphology had a flake-like morphology after0.5 hours of mechanical alloying. In addition, as a result of the experiments, the highest specific surface area was obtained after 1 hourof mechanical alloying and was measured as 0.0667 m2/g. The lowest and highest hardness values of the compact samples producedwithin the scope of this study belong to the samples that were not mechanically alloyed and subjected to 1 hour mechanical alloying,respectively, and were measured as 71.97 HB and 99.12 HB. The highest electrical conductivity value belongs to the sample subjectedto mechanical alloying process for 4 hours and it was measured as 91.27% IACS. In this study, the effects of time, which is one of themechanical alloying process parameters, on the morphology and size of the particles, the microstructure and physical and mechanicalproperties of the compact material were determined., Yapılan bu çalışmada ağırlıkça %0,5 krom takviyeli bakır partiküllerin mekanik alaşımlama yöntemi ile farklı alaşımlama sürelerikullanılarak alaşımlandırılması ve üretilen tozların sıcak pres yöntemiyle yoğunlaştırılması çalışmaları yer almaktadır. Mekanikalaşımlama parametreleri olarak 10:1 bilye:toz oranı, 400 dev/dk dönüş hızı seçilmiştir süreler ise değişken olarak 0, 0,5, 1, 2 ve 4 saatolacak şekilde belirlenmiştir. Sıcak presleme parametreleri tüm deneylerde sabit olarak kullanılmıştır ve 500 ⁰C ve 600 MPa olarakbelirlenmiştir. Yapılan deneyler neticesinde başlangıçta küresel ve düzensiz morfolojiye sahip tozların 0,5 saat mekanik alaşımlamaişlemi sonrasında pulsu benzeri morfolojiye sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca yapılan deneyler sonucunda en yüksek spesifik yüzeyalanı 1 saat mekanik alaşımlama işlemi neticesinde elde edilmiştir ve 0,0667 m2/g olarak ölçülmüştür. Bu çalışma kapsamında üretilenkompakt numunelerin en düşük ve en yüksek sertlik değerleri sırasıyla mekanik alaşımlama işlemi uygulanmamış ve 1 saat mekanikalaşımlama işlemine tabii tutulmuş numunelere aittir ve 71,97 HB ve 99,12 HB olarak ölçülmüştür. En yüksek elektriksel iletkenlikdeğeri de 4 saat mekanik alaşımlama işlemine tabii tutulmuş numuneye aittir ve 91,27 %IACS olarak ölçülmüştür. Yapılan bu çalışmaile mekanik alaşımlama işlem parametrelerinden biri olan sürenin parçacıkların morfolojisi ve boyutu ile kompakt malzemeninmikroyapısı ve fiziksel ve mekanik özellikleri üzerine etkileri belirlenmiştir.

Purpose To compare the mechanical characteristics of five commonly used fixation methods for sagittal split osteotomy with a major advancement and counter-clockwise rotation with a model that mimics the human mandible. Methods Twenty-five virtually osteotomized and 3d printed hemimandibles were fixed with an 8mm gap at the upper border and a 12mm gap at the lower border of the osteotomy. Following fixation methods were used: Group 1: A single miniplate, group 2: Two miniplates, group 3: Three bicortical screws in the upper border, group 4: Three bicortical screws in an inverted L configuration, group 5: A single miniplate and a bicortical screw. A mechanical test using vertical linear loading at 1mm/min velocity on a universal testing machine was carried out. The forces needed to displace the distal segment from 1 to 5 mm were recorded. Results The difference between groups was statistically significant for all displacement levels. Group 1 showed the minimum, group 5 showed the maximum resistance in almost all displacement values and there was a trend for higher to lower resistance values towards groups 5 to 1. Conclusion Fixation methods that use one bicortical screw and a miniplate or three bicortical screws, showed higher load resistance against displacement.

Bolu, Orhan Gazi döneminde 1324 – 1326 tarihleri arasında Osmanlı topraklarına katılmasının ardından Yıldırım Bayezid döneminde gerçekleşen imar faaliyetleri sonucunda hızla gelişmiştir. Bayındırlık faaliyetlerine paralel olarak ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel açıdan da canlanmaya başlamıştır. Bu dönemde şehirdeki ihtiyaçlar göz önüne alınarak farklı yapı türlerinde eserler inşa edilmiştir. Bu yapılardan bir tanesi de Yıldırım Bayezid döneminde inşa edilen Ak Mescid’dir. Mescidin devamını sağlamak için esere farklı tarihlerde vakıf gelirleri bağlanmıştır. Kurulduğu mahalleye zaman içerisinde ismini vermiştir. Mescid ilk inşasından itibaren yangın ve deprem olmak üzere iki önemli afet geçirmiştir. Yangından sonra tekrar inşa edilen yapının, ne yazık ki depremden sonra inşası mümkün olmamıştır. Böylelikle yapı günümüze ulaşamamıştır. Daha önce yapı hakkında detaylı bir çalışma yapılmamıştır. Bu çalışmada başta Cumhurbaşkanlığı Devlet Arşivlerinde bulunan Osmanlı ve Cumhuriyet Dönemi belgeleri olmak üzere, yapıya ait eski fotoğraflar vasıtasıyla yapının kronolojik olarak geçirmiş olduğu evreler ele alınacak, ayrıca tarihi süreçteki değişim ve dönüşümleri incelenecektir. Yapının Türk İslam mimarisindeki yeri belirlenmeye çalışılacaktır., After becoming an Ottoman land by Orhan Ghazi’s conquest between 1324 and 1326, Bolu has been reconstructed rapidly during the reign of Yildirim Bayezid. In addition to the public works, it has also started to revive economically, socially, and culturally. In this period, several architectural structures were built according to the needs of the city. Ak Masjid, which was built during the reign of Yildirim Bayezid is one of them. For the expenses of the masjid, foundation revenues were given at various times. After a while, the name of the mosque was given to the neighborhood where it was built. The masjid has suffered two major disasters, namely fire and earthquake. It was rebuilt after the fire but unfortunately was not possible to rebuild after the earthquake. Thus, the building has not survived to the present day. There is no detailed study that has been done on the structure previously. In this study, the changes and transformations of the building will be presented chronologically with the old photographs of the building, especially the Ottoman and Turkish Republic period documents in the Presidential Archives. The importance of the work in Turkish-Islamic architecture will be emphasized.[You may find an extended abstract of this article after the bibliography.]

Bina enerji performansı ve binalarda enerji tüketimi hesaplamalarında en büyük pay, termal konforu sağlamak üzere harcanan enerjiye aittir. Yazın soğutma, kışın ise ısıtma amacıyla harcanan enerji, tüketilen toplam enerjinin önemli bir bölümünü oluşturmaktadır. Bu yüzden ısıtma ve soğutma amaçlı enerji kullanımını en aza indirmek, yatırım maliyetlerini makul seviyelerde tutmak için yalıtımın her bölge için ayrı ayrı çalışılması ve elde edilen sonuçların uygulamacılarla paylaşılması gerekir. Bu çalışmada, TS 825 standardına uygun olarak Yalova Bölgesi için binalara uygulanması gereken yalıtım kalınlığı ve şartlar incelenmiştir. Analizler COMSOL bilgisayar programı yardımıyla farklı duvar tipi tercihlerine göre ve farklı dış koşullar göz önüne alarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, Yalova’da son 40 yılın kritik dış ortam sıcaklıkları dikkate alınarak yapılan analizde, yalıtım kalınlığının 45 cm ye kadar çıkabileceği görülmüştür. Enerji maliyetlerinin yalıtım malzemelerinin ısı iletim katsayısı ile orantılı olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

This study proposes a geographic information system (GIS)–based rapid visual screening approach for seismic vulnerability assessment of masonry buildings in culturally and architecturally i...

The authors report a patient with masticator space abscess due to an ascending infection following a wisdom tooth extraction. They administered antibiotics and did an incision and drainage; however, osteomyelitis of the mandible and compartment syndrome of the temporal muscle complicated the course. The authors suggest a physiopathology and discuss the management of this study.