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The morpheme `more' has been mostly studied as a comparative operator. However, it appears that more can be used non comparatively, as in the following sentence: "It rained for three hours this morning, and it rained a little more in the afternoon." There is an interpretation of this sentence in which the second conjunct is an assertion that it rained in the afternoon, possibly less than three hours. We call this use of `more' incremental. We argue that incremental `more' is a pluractional additive operator. Evidence for such a pluractional semantics comes from the analysis of some restrictions on the use of incremental `more' with stative predicates.

It is shown that "another" has an additive interpretation when it combines with Measure Phrases or Numeral Phrases. A number of discourse sensitive properties of additive "another" are studied, and it is argued that these are best accounted for by assuming that additive "another" is anaphoric to a Question Under Discussion, in a model of discourse inspired by Roberts 1996 and Buring 2003. The relation between the interpretation of additive "another" and Focus and Contrastive Topics is discussed. It is argued that additive "another" does not associate with Focus, but that an analysis in terms of association with Contrastive Topics is possible, although the details of this last point are left for further research.

The morpheme `more' has been mostly studied as a comparative operator. However, it appears that more can be used non comparatively, as in the following sentence: "It rained for three hours this morning, and it rained a little more in the afternoon." There is an interpretation of this sentence in which the second conjunct is an assertion that it rained in the afternoon, possibly less than three hours. We call this use of `more' incremental. We argue that incremental `more' is a pluractional additive operator. Evidence for such a pluractional semantics comes from the analysis of some restrictions on the use of incremental `more' with stative predicates.

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[Guillaume-Thomas-François Raynal], Drucker gemäss Titelblatt Bd. 7, Tome 1: xii, 4 S., 1 gef. Bl., 585 S., 1 ungez. S. ; Tome 2: xii S., 1 gef. Bl., 411 S., 3 ungez. S. ; Tome 3: xiii S., 1 gef. Bl., 586 S. ; Tome 4: xii S., 1 gef. Bl., 508 S. ; Tome 5: xii S., 1 gef. Bl., 407 S.,1 ungez. S. ; Tome 6: vi S., 1 gef. Bl., 375 S.,1 ungez. S. ; Tome 7: xii S., 1 gef. Bl., 430 S., Jeder Bd. mit Schmutztitel und Frontispiz, Mit handschriftlicher Besitzvermerk Bodmers (1752?) im vorderen Vorsatz des ersten Bandes.

par Guillaume-Thomas Raynal, Portr. de Raynal en front. du vol. 1: dessiné par N. Cochin et gravé par N. de Launay; les autres frontispices dessinées par J.M. Moreau le Jeune et gravés par N. de Launay et autres, Atlas sans adresse bibliogr. porte le titre: Atlas de toutes les parties connues du globe terrestre, dressé pour l'Histoire philosophique et politique des établissemens et du commerce des Européens dans les deux Indes. Cartes num. 1-17, 17bis à 49, Cartes par Rigobert Bonne, certaines sont signées "André sculp."

Aus dem Französischen des Hrn. Abt Raynals

Sign.: [ ]2[-1], a4, A-4N4, 4O2[-1] Las h. de lám del tomo III son escenacostumbristas y mapa plegados.

Sign.: [ ]2, A4[-1], a4, a5(a4+[ ]1) A-4X4 Las h. de lám. del t. I son retrato del autor: "C.N. Cochin del. L. Le Grand sculp.", escena costumbrista y mapa plegado.

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[abbé Raynal], Portrait gravé par L. Le Grand d'après un dessin de C.N. Cochin ; vignettes en taille-douce signées C.P. Marillier, L'auteur est l'abbé Raynal (Barbier)

Sign.: [ ]2[-1], a4, A-4N4, 4O4[-1] Las h. de lám del tomo II son escena de batalla y dos mapas plegados.

Deforestation and land-use change in tropics have increased over the past decades, driven by the demand for agricultural products. Although phosphorus (P) is one of the main limiting nutrients for agricultural productivity in the tropics, the effect of land-use change on P availability remains unclear. The objective was to assess the impacts of land-use change on soil inorganic and organic P fractions of different availability (Hedley sequential fractionation) and on P stocks in highly weathered tropical soils. We compared the P availability under extensive land-use (rubber agroforest) and intensive land-use with moderate fertilization (rubber monoculture plantations) or high fertilization (oil palm monoculture plantations) in Indonesia. The P stock was dominated by inorganic forms (60 to 85%) in all land-use types. Fertilizer application increased easily-available inorganic P (i.e., H2O-Pi, NaHCO3-Pi) in intensive rubber and oil palm plantations compared to rubber agroforest However, the easily-available organic P (NaHCO3-extractable Po) was reduced by half under oil palm and rubber. The decrease of moderately available and non-available P in monoculture plantation means that fertilization maintains only the short-term soil fertility that is not sustainable in the long run due to the depletion of P reserves. The mechanisms of this P reserve depletion are: 1) soil erosion (here assessed by C/P ratio), 2) mineralization of soil organic matter (SOM) and 3) P export with yield products. Easily-available P fractions (i.e., H2O-Pi, NaHCO3-Pi and Po) and total organic P were strongly positively correlated with carbon content, suggesting that SOM plays a key role in maintaining P availability. Ecologically based management is therefore necessary to mitigate SOM losses and thus increase the sustainability of agricultural production in P-limited, highly weathered tropical soils. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Tropical forest conversion to agricultural land leads to a strong decrease of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. While the decrease of the soil C sequestration function is easy to measure, the impacts of SOC losses on soil fertility remain unclear. Especially the assessment of the sensitivity of other fertility indicators as related to ecosystem services suffers from a lack of clear methodology. We developed a new approach to assess the sensitivity of soil fertility indicators and tested it on biological and chemical soil properties affected by rainforest conversion to plantations. The approach is based on (non-)linear regressions between SOC losses and fertility indicators normalized to their level in a natural ecosystem. Biotic indicators (basal respiration, microbial biomass, acid phosphatase), labile SOC pools (dissolved organic carbon and light fraction) and nutrients (total N and available P) were measured in Ah horizons from rainforests, jungle rubber, rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) and oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) plantations located on Sumatra. The negative impact of land-use changes on all measured indicators increased in the following sequence: forest < jungle rubber < rubber < oil palm. The basal respiration, microbial biomass and nutrients were resistant to SOC losses, whereas the light fraction was lost stronger than SOC. Microbial C use efficiency was independent on land use. The resistance of C availability for microorganisms to SOC losses suggests that a decrease of SOC quality was partly compensated by litter input and a relative enrichment by nutrients. However, the relationship between the basal respiration and SOC was non-linear; i.e. negative impact on microbial activity strongly increased with SOC losses. Therefore, a small decrease of C content under oil palm compared to rubber plantations yielded a strong drop in microbial activity. Consequently, management practices mitigating SOC losses in oil palm plantations would strongly increase soil fertility and ecosystem stability. We conclude that the new approach enables quantitatively assessing the sensitivity and resistance of diverse soil functions to land-use changes and can thus be used to assess resilience of agroecosystems with various use intensities. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Progressive conversion of tropical rainforests to agricultural monocultures in South East Asia increasingly affects landscape types such as riparian areas. The impacts of conversions on soil organic matter (SOM) vary with changing landforms. However, this was often not accounted for in previous studies where SOM in soils in riparian areas was combined with SOM from well-drained adjacent slopes. Because riparian areas have a high carbon (C) storage potential, our objectives were i) to assess their C stocks after conversion to rubber and oil palm plantations in Sumatra (Indonesia) and ii) to compare the impacts of land use conversion on C stocks between riparian and well-drained areas. Average soil C stock losses from the top 30 cm were about 14% and 4% following conversion of riparian forest to rubber and oil palm plantations, respectively, indicating a high resistance of C to mineralization. C losses from well-drained areas were twice as high as from riparian areas after the respective conversion. delta C-13 values from riparian areas showed clear heterogeneity down soil profiles that was explained i) by alternating oxic and anoxic conditions, leading to reduced SOM and litter decomposition in riparian areas and ii) by mineral sediments and organic matter deposition and accumulation by erosion from adjacent slopes covered by plantations. We conclude that riparian areas are more resilient in terms of soil C storage towards land-use change than well-drained areas because of sediment deposition and reduced oxygen availability. On this basis, we developed a conceptual model of the effects of land-use change and various ecotone characteristics on SOM mineralization in the top- and subsoil of riparian areas.

Conversions of natural ecosystems, e.g., from rain forests to managed plantations, result in significant changes in the hydrological cycle including periodic water scarcity. In Indonesia, large areas of forest were lost and extensive oil palm plantations were established over the last decades. We conducted a combined social and environmental study in a region of recent land-use change, the Jambi Province on Sumatra. The objective was to derive complementary lines of arguments to provide balanced insights into environmental perceptions and eco-hydrological processes accompanying land-use change. Interviews with villagers highlighted concerns regarding decreasing water levels in wells during dry periods and increasing fluctuations in stream flow between rainy and dry periods. Periodic water scarcity was found to severely impact livelihoods, which increased social polarization. Sap flux measurements on forest trees and oil palms indicate that oil palm plantations use as much water as forests for transpiration. Eddy covariance analyses of evapotranspiration over oil palm point to substantial additional sources of evaporation in oil palm plantations such as the soil and epiphytes. Stream base flow from a catchment dominated by oil palms was lower than from a catchment dominated by rubber plantations; both showed high peaks after rainfall. An estimate of erosion indicated approximately 30 cm of topsoil loss after forest conversion to both oil palm and rubber plantations. Analyses of climatic variables over the last 20 years and of a standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index for the last century suggested that droughts are recurrent in the area, but have not increased in frequency or intensity. Consequently, we assume that conversions of rain forest ecosystems to oil palm plantations lead to a redistribution of precipitated water by runoff, which leads to the reported periodic water scarcity. Our combined social and environmental approach points to significant and thus far neglected eco-hydrological consequences of oil palm expansion., Open-Access-Publikationsfonds 2016

The strong affinity of phosphorus (P) to iron (Fe) oxides and hydroxides in highly weathered tropical soils limits P availability and therefore plant productivity in tropics. In flooded soils, however, P fixed by Fe oxides and hydroxides can be released into more available forms because of Fe3+ reduction to Fe2+. These P dynamics in flooded soils are well documented for rice paddies. Such effects are much less studied in other land-use types influenced by seasonal flooding, especially in the tropics during heavy monsoon rains. The aim of this study was to investigate the P mobilization during flooding leading to anaerobic conditions in topsoil and subsoil depending on land-use type. Samples were collected in highly weathered Acrisols from four replicate sites under natural rainforest, jungle rubber, rubber and oil palm plantations in Sumatra, Indonesia. Topsoil and subsoil were taken to ensure a wide range of soil organic matter (SOM) and P contents. Soils were incubated under anaerobic, flooded conditions at 30 +/- 1 degrees C for 60 days, Our results confirmed the hypothesis that soil flooding mobilizes P and increases P availability. Two distinct and opposite periods were observed during the flooding. During the first three weeks of flooding, the dissolved P (DP) concentration peaked, simultaneously with the peak of dissolved Fe2+ (DFe2+) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). After three weeks, P availability in soils decreased, although Fe-P (P-NaOH) and available P (P-NaHCO3) did not reach the initial, pre-flooding levels. The impacts of flooding on P and Fe forms was strong in the topsoil, where P dissolution and availability were generally higher under forest and, to a lesser extent, under jungle rubber. A positive correlation between DOC and DFe2+ (R-2 = 0.42) in topsoil indicates that the intensity of microbially-mediated Fe3+ reduction is limited by the amount of available carbon (C) as an energy source for microorganisms and as electron donor. Microbial mineralization of organic P from SOM also increases P availability, and this process requires available C. This interpretation was supported by the strong correlation (R-2 = 0.58) between available P and DOC, as well as between DP and DOC (R-2 = 0.56) in topsoil. The increasing pH in topsoil and subsoil after flooding of all land use types may also influence the P release over time. In summary, the increase of available P and DP during flooding is due to three main mechanisms: (1) P release via the microbially-mediated reductive dissolution of Fe3+ oxides; (2) P release during SOM mineralization and (3) solubility of Fe phosphate due to increasing pH. These mechanisms are relevant not only in riparian areas, where flooding occurs, but also in soils waterlogged after regular heavy rainfalls during the wet season. Therefore, we speculate that the P turnover is faster in compacted soils under plantations because of regular changes of oxic and anoxic conditions. Consequently, more P is pumped by the vegetation and then removed from plantatioris due to yield export.