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The aim of this study was to characterize the type of 5′-deiodinase activity in the prostate of pubescent rats (7–8 weeks), to establish its distribution in the lobes (ventral, dorsolateral, and anterior), and to analyze its modulation by prolactin (PRL), testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and 17β-estradiol (E2). Our results showed that the enzymatic activity was highly susceptible to inhibition by 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil and gold thioglucose, its preferential substrate was reverse tri-iodothyronine (rT3), it exhibited a low dithiothreitol requirement (5 mM), and the apparent Km and Vmax values for substrate (rT3) were approximately 0.25 μM and 9.0 pmol liberated/mg protein per hour, respectively. All these characteristics indicate the preferential expression of type 1 deiodinase (D1), which was corroborated by demonstrating the presence of D1 mRNA in prostate. D1 activity was detected in all lobes and was most abundant in the dorsolateral. Although we detected type 2 deiodinase (D2) mRNA expression, the D2 activity was almost undetectable. D1 activity was enhanced in animals with hyperthyroidism and hyperprolactinemia, in intact animals treated with finasteride (inhibitor of local DHT production), and in castrated animals with E2 replacement. In contrast, activity diminished in castrated animals with testosterone replacement. Our results suggest that thyroid hormones, PRL, and E2 exert a positive modulation on D1 activity, while testosterone and DHT exhibit an inhibitory effect. D1 activity may be associated with prostate maturation and/or function.

To describe the demographic and socioeconomic changes, food availability and food expense in Mexico during 1980-2000.From official statistics (Population Census, FAO Food Balance Sheets, Family Income and Expense National Survey and Economic Census) we estimated the evolution of population distribution according to locality size, occupational structure, woman participation in the wage-earning labor force, minimum wage, availability of food establishments and expense in food.The percentage of the population that lives in urban areas has increased, they are employed in the tertiary sector, womens participation in the labor market has increased but real minimum wages have decreased. Vegetables, oleaginous, oils, fish and seafood availability have decreased whereas animal fat, vegetables, fruits, softdrinks, meats and egg availability have increased. The number of inexpensive restaurants (cocinas económicas and fondas) has also increased. Food expenses have decreased while amount of money spent in food consumed away from home has increased.In Mexico, the growth in urban areas and the tertiary job sector shows a parallel growth in the availability of high fat and protein food, a greater diet variety and more opportunities to consume food not prepared in the home. On the other hand, the sale of equipment and places designed for recreational physical activity have increased. By reducing employment in the primary sector it is foreseeable that labor intensive physical activity will become less important overtime.

Mediante un análisis bibliométrico de la revista Salud Problema se describe el desarrollo de los temas que han interesado a la maestría en Medicina Social que se imparte desde hace treinta años en la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (México), y a lo largo de los cuales se han formado los especialistas en el campo sociomédico en esta institución. Se identifican tipos de trabajos, temas, subtemas y tendencias en el tiempo. El análisis estadístico permite precisar continuidades, recurrencias y ausencias en los problemas abordados por la medicina social; el análisis muestra los principales aportes de este campo científico al estudio de la salud colectiva en el que resalta la documentación de la desigualdad social ante la salud, la enfermedad y la atención médica. Los hallazgos pueden contribuir al enriquecimiento de los contenidos de programa académicos en salud pública, medicina social y ciencias sociales aplicadas a la salud.

This paper reviews evidence showing iodine as an antioxidant and antiproliferative agent contributing to the integrity of normal mammary gland. Seaweed is an important dietary component in Asian communities and a rich source of iodine in several chemical forms. The high consumption of this element (25 times more than in Occident) has been associated with the low incidence of benign and cancer breast disease in Japanese women. In animal and human studies, molecular iodine (I(2)) supplementation exerts a suppressive effect on the development and size of both benign and cancer neoplasias. This effect is accompanied by a significant reduction in cellular lipoperoxidation. Iodine, in addition to its incorporation into thyroid hormones, is bound into antiproliferative iodolipids in the thyroid called iodolactones, which may also play a role in the proliferative control of mammary gland. We propose that an I(2) supplement should be considered as an adjuvant in breast cancer therapy.

In Mexico, cervical uterine cancer (CUC) is one of the leading causes of death among women, however a low degree of participation in the early detection programs has been found. This study is aimed at describing the social determinants of knowledge related to cervical uterine cancer and proper testing being conducted by establishing the social differences with regard thereto among a population of female employees at a public university in Mexico.An analytical cross-sectional study was made. During the March-April 2003 period, a survey was conducted of a representative sample of the female employees who were working at a public university (n=228), 110 of whom were professors (PF) and 118 administrative staff (AS). This population was chosen due to the major socioeconomic differentiation thereof in terms of their job positions (PF versus AS), thus affording the possibility of evaluating the bearing social inequality has on health-related behavior. The survey explored three aspects: living conditions, knowledge of CUC and of proper cervical uterine cancer detection testing.The female professors showed higher levels of income,schooling and knowledge of CUC and of cervical uterine cancer detection testing than the administrative staff. Income and schooling were positively related to the knowledge regarding cervical uterine cancer, cervical uterine cancer detection testing being related to the latter.Socioeconomic inequality among the women studied was reflected in differences in the degree of knowledge and in cervical uterine cancer detection testing being undergone. These differences are associated, above all, to the differences in the level of schooling.En México el cáncer cérvicouterino (CACU) es una de las principales causas de muerte en mujeres; sin embargo, se ha encontrado una baja participación en los programas de su detección oportuna (DOCACU). El objetivo de este estudio fue describir los determinantes sociales del conocimiento sobre el cáncer cérvicouterino y la realización de la detección oportuna estableciendo las diferencias sociales que al respecto muestra una población de mujeres trabajadoras de una universidad pública de México.Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico. Entre marzo y abril de 2003 se aplicó una encuesta a una muestra representativa de las trabajadoras que laboraban en una universidad pública (n=228), 110 eran académicas (AC) y 118 administrativas (AD). Se eligió esta población por su elevada diferenciación socioeconómica en función del puesto laboral (AC vs. AD), esto permitió evaluar la influencia de la desigualdad social sobre las conductas en salud. La encuesta exploró tres aspectos: condiciones de vida, conocimiento del CACU y DOCACU.Las mujeres académicas mostraron mayores niveles de ingreso, escolaridad, conocimiento del CACU y DOCACU que las administrativas. El ingreso y la escolaridad se relacionaron positivamente con el conocimiento sobre el cáncer cervicouterino, la realización de detección oportuna se relacionó con este último.La desigualdad socioeconómica entre las mujeres estudiadas se reflejó en diferencias en el grado de conocimiento y en la práctica de la detección oportuna. Estas diferencias se asocian,sobre todo, a las diferencias en el grado de escolaridad.

We analyzed the effect of molecular iodine (I2), potassium iodide (KI) and a subclinical concentration of thyroxine (T4) on the induction and promotion of mammary cancer induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Virgin Sprague-Dawley rats received short or continuous treatment. Continuous I2 treated rats exhibited a strong and persistent reduction in mammary cancer incidence (30%) compared to controls (72.7%). Interruption of short or long term treatments resulted in a higher incidence in mammary cancer compared to the control groups. The protective effect of I2 was correlated with the highest expression of the I-/Cl- transporter pendrin and with the lowest levels of lipoperoxidation expression in mammary glands. Triiodothyronine serum levels and Na+/I- symporter, lactoperoxidase, or p53 expression did not show any changes. In conclusion continuous I2 treatment has a potent antineoplastic effect on the progression of mammary cancer and its effect may be related to a decrease in the oxidative cell environment.

Con el objetivo de determinar si las condiciones de presion ambiental dadas por: el tiempo de ejecucion, y la ausencia o presencia de publico afectaban el rendimiento de 10 jugadores de baloncesto principiantes y 10 jugadores avanzados al ejecutar 10 tiros libres al aro lo cual permitiria conocer los cambios en la ansiedad grupal e individual de los participantes mediante la aplicacion de los instrumentos POMS de McNair, Loor y Droppleman (1971) y el CSAI-2 de Martens y Vealey (1990). El analisis estadistico se efectuo mediante la aplicacion de un ANOVA de medidas repetidas para buscar diferencias entre los intentos segun el tipo de presion.La determinacion de las diferencias entre grupos, entre las mediciones, segun el nivel de presion ambiental, y la interaccion de la presion de los grupos, se hizo mediante la aplicacion de un ANOVA Factorial Mixto. Los resultados de la investigacion permitieron corroborar la individualidad de las respuestas de la ansiedad ante distintas situaciones y la importancia de la personalizacion del afrontamiento para el manejo de la ansiedad competitiva.

Background Although mammary cancer (MC) is the most common malignant neoplasia in women, the mortality for this cancer has decreased principally because of early detection and the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Of several preparations that cause MC regression, doxorubicin (DOX) is the most active, first-line monotherapeutic. Nevertheless, its use is limited due to the rapid development of chemoresistance and to the cardiotoxicity caused by free radicals. In previous studies we have shown that supplementation with molecular iodine (I2) has a powerful antineoplastic effect in methylnitrosourea (MNU)-induced experimental models of MC. These studies also showed a consistent antioxidant effect of I2 in normal and tumoral tissues. Methods Here, we analyzed the effect of I2 in combination with DOX treatment in female Sprague Dawley rats with MNU-induced MC. In the first experiment (short) animals were treated with the therapeutic DOX dose (16 mg/kg) or with lower doses (8 and 4 mg/Kg), in each case with and without 0.05% I2 in drinking water. Iodine treatment began on day 0, a single dose of DOX was injected (ip) on day 2, and the analysis was carried out on day 7. In the second experiment (long) animals with and without iodine supplement were treated with one or two injections of 4 mg/kg DOX (on days 0 and 14) and were analyzed on day 56. Results At all DOX doses, the short I2 treatment induced adjuvant antineoplastic effects (decreased tumor size and proliferating cell nuclear antigen level) with significant protection against body weight loss and cardiotoxicity (creatine kinase MB, cardiac lipoperoxidation, and heart damage). With long-term I2, mammary tumor tissue became more sensitive to DOX, since a single injection of the lowest dose of DOX (4 mg/Kg) was enough to stop tumor progression and a second DOX4 injection on day 14 caused a significant and rapid decrease in tumor size, decreased the expression of chemoresistance markers (Bcl2 and survivin), and increased the expression of the apoptotic protein Bax and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor type gamma. Conclusions The DOX-I2 combination exerts antineoplastic, chemosensitivity, and cardioprotective effects and could be a promising strategy against breast cancer progression.

Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia de las infecciones respiratorias agudas (IRA) en las dos semanas previas a la entrevista en niños menores de 5 años y describir signos de alarma identificados por padres o cuidadores (PC). Material y métodos. Análisis de las Encuestas Nacionales de Salud y Nutrición 2006 y 2012 y de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2000. Resultados. La prevalencia disminuyó entre 2006- 2012 (47-44.9%); reducción significativa en los menores de un año y en los pertenecientes al nivel socioeconómico más bajo. En la ENSANUT 2012 la prevalencia fue mayor en los menores de un año. La fiebre fue el principal signo de alarma (28.6%) reconocido por PC en contraste con “respira rápido” (10.2%) y “no puede respirar” (20.9%). Conclusiones. La magnitud del problema ha disminuido, principalmente en los grupos más vulnerables como los niños más pequeños y los pertenecientes a los niveles socioeconómicos más bajos. Sin embargo, existen necesidades de capacitación, principalmente a nivel comunitario.

Mortality for mammary cancer (MC) has decreased in the past decade, owing principally to early detection and the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Of several preparations that cause regression of MC, Doxorubicin (DOX) is the most active, first-line monotherapeutic. Nevertheless, its use has been limited due to the rapid development of chemoresistance and cardiotoxicity caused by free radicals. In previous studies we have shown that supplementation with moderately high doses of molecular iodine (I2) has a powerful antineoplastic effect in methylnitrosourea (MNU)-induced MC models. These studies also showed a consistent antioxidant effect of I2 in normal and tumoral tissues. In the present study we analyzed the effect of I2 in combination with DOX treatment. Female Sprague Dawley rats with MNU-induced MC were treated with the therapeutic DOX dose (16 mg/kg) and with two lower doses (8 and 4 mg/kg) with and without 0.05% I2 in drinking water. In a first, short-term experiment, iodine treatment began 2 days before a single DOX injection (ip), and the animals were analyzed after 7 days. In a second experiment, animals received two injections (days zero and 14) of 4 mg/kg DOX without or with long-term I2 treatment throughout the 56 days of observation. The results showed that at every DOX dose, short-term I2 treatment induced synergic antineoplastic effects (decreasing tumor size and PCNA signal) with significant protection against body weight loss and cardiotoxicity (CK-MB enzyme and cardiac lipoperoxidation). With long-term I2 treatment, mammary tumors became more sensitive to 4 mg/kg DOX, decreasing chemoresistance markers (Bcl2 and survivin) and increasing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor type gamma expression, indicating a specific interaction of I2 with these receptors. The authors thank Felipe Ortóz for his technical assistance and Leonor Casanova for academic supports. Supported in part by PAPIIT/UNAM 201210 and CONACYT 78955. Citation Format: Carmen Aceves, Yunuen Alfaro-Hernandez, Guadalupe Delgado. Iodine supplement exerts antineoplastic adjuvancy, chemoresistance inhibition and cardioprotection in mammary cancer treatment with anthracyclines. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B38.

Prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer in men worldwide, but incidence rates vary, being lower in Japan than in the USA. This low incidence in Japanese populations has been explained by the high intake of iodine (5280 μg/day in Japan vs 209 μg in USA), among other factors. Studies in thyroid and breast cancer have shown that iodine supplementation induces apoptosis, reduces cell proliferation, and decreases the expression of cell invasion factors (VEGF, uPa, uPAR). In both tissues, iodide (I−) uptake is mediated by the Na+/I− symporter (NIS), whereas iodine (I2) uptake depends on a facilitated diffusion mechanism. Our group showed that I− or I2 supplementation of rats with prostate hyperplasia (induced with sex hormones) decreases the DNA content and has no harmful effect on normal tissue. In human prostate cancer cells (LNCaP), I− uptake is mediated via NIS, while I2 uptake is independent from NIS. Both I− and I2 treatment activated the apoptotic pathway mediated by Bax/Bcl2, and caspases, suggesting that either form of iodine might be used as an antineoplastic agent against prostate cancer. Here, we determined the uptake of I− and I2 in normal (WT) and tumoral mouse prostate, and analyzed the effect of a mixed iodide/iodine (0.5 mg I−+ 0.25 mg I2) supplement (starting at 6 weeks of age) on the progression of prostate cancer in a transgenic model (Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate, TRAMP). The TRAMP mice developed intraepithelial neoplastic lesions (PIN) and cancer around 12 and 24 weeks of age, respectively. Iodine uptake was analyzed with radioactive tracers (125I− and 125I2), which were ip injected into WT and TRAMP mice at these two ages. The radiolabel was quantified at 120 min post-injection in a gamma counter. The results showed that normal and tumoral prostates take up both chemical forms of iodine, but only I− uptake is blocked by the classic NIS inhibitor perchlorate. These data corroborate NIS participation in I− uptake and support the notion that another transporter mediates I2 uptake. Iodine supplementation had no effect on the genitourinary tract weight, histopathological acini aspect (hematoxylin-eosina stain), or proliferative rate (immunoreactivity to proliferating cell nuclear antigen) of any groups. Currently, we are analyzing the effect of iodine on tumor apoptosis and the expression of molecular factors associated with cell invasion and metastasis (epithelial-mesenchymal transition). The authors are grateful to Felipe Ortiz and Martín García for their technical assistance. Supported by CONACYT (78955, 87196, 127368), PAPIIT (IN201210). Citation Format: Paloma Olvera, Guadalupe Delgado, Carmen Aceves, Brenda Anguiano. Uptake and potential antineoplasic effects of iodine on prostate cancer in the TRAMP model [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr B40.

In spite of advances in therapeutics and screening programs, breast cancer metastasis to vital organs (brain, lungs, and bone) is the main cause of death of the patients diagnosed with this disease. The process of metastasis requires a series of steps including the expression of several molecular factors that permit the invasion, angiogenesis, and colonization of other organs. Data generated in different laboratories including ours have shown that molecular iodine (I2) exerts a potent antineoplastic effect on in vitro and in vivo cancer models. Molecular analyses of this effect in methylnitrosourea-induced mammary cancer showed that, besides activating the Bax-caspase apoptotic pathway, I2 also interfered with the metastatic potential by decreasing the expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), proteins intimately related to invasion and vascularization, respectively. To determine the role of I2 in the implantation and metastatic potential of human mammary cancer, we used xenografts of two human breast cancer cell lines with different metastatic potential (MCF-7 and MDA-MB231). Female athymic homozygotic (Foxn1 nu/nu) mice (8 weeks old) were injected subcutaneously with 5 million parental cells of each cell line in 50 µl PBS and 50 µl matrigel. Drinking water for the control group was deionized water, which was supplemented with 0.025% I2 for the iodine group. All animals were monitored for 6 weeks at weekly intervals for the development of tumors. Tumor sizes were calculated by the ellipsoid formula, proliferation rate was measured by Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemistry, and the metastatic potential was estimated by uPA activity (enzymatic assay). The results showed that the I2 supplement decreases the implantation capacity (incidence), tumoral growth, and cell proliferation of both cell lines, MDA-MB231 (20%; 0.18 ± 0.08 cm3; 34.8% PCNA-positive cells/field) and MCF-7 (50%; 0.5 ± 0.07 cm3; 34.3% PCNA-positive cells/field) in comparison with the control (95.1%; 2.2 ± 0.3 cm3; 42.8% PCNA-positive cells/field). In contrast, I2 decreased the metastatic potential (uPA activity) only in those tumors that had been generated from MCF-7 (32 ± 5.6 vs 52 ± 2.8 IU/mg protein control). In conclusion, our data suggest that I2 supplementation interferes primarily with the implantation and proliferation of mammary cancer cells, but it may be ineffective in decreasing the metastatic potential of those cancer cells with a more aggressive phenotype. Acknowledgements to Biol. Felipe Ortíz, Dr. Laura Vega for the technical support, and Dr. Dorothy Pless for proofreading. Study partially supported by UNAM/DGAPA IN201210 and CONACYT 78955. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4224. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4224

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common type of cancer worldwide in reproductive-age women. Genetic (mutations in the gene BRCA), reproductive (menarche, pregnancy, and menopause), and environmental factors (lipids, alcohol, iodine, etc.) are known to be involved in BC etiology. Previous studies have demonstrated that molecular iodine (I2) has an antineoplastic effect on mammary cancer cells in vivo as well as in vitro through activation of caspase-dependant apoptotic pathways. It has also been demonstrated that this element has a powerful antioxidant effect, even greater than that of vitamin E. These dual beneficial effects of I2 were corroborated in rats with methyl-nitrosourea-induced mammary cancers treated with anthracyclines (AC) – an antineoplastic drug that also has a free radical cardiopathic secondary effect but is commonly used in humans. In combination with AC, I2 acted as an adjuvant, decreasing tumoral size and providing significant cardioprotection. In the present study we did a clinical evaluation of the additive effect of I2 (5 mg/day) or placebo (vegetable dye) with a common antineoplastic cocktail containing AC (Fluorouracil, Epirubicyn, Cyclophosphamide, Taxotere [FEC/TE], four to six cycles) in advanced BC patients (stages III and IV). Preliminary results (N=14) show a significant antineoplastic adjuvant effect of I2 when administered together with FEC/TE, and complete remission in 33 % of the cases. This result permitted conservative surgery on 3 of the 14 patients. Molecular analysis showed that in the tumoral mass of I2-supplemented patients, there was a significant decrease of the cell proliferation rate, as tested with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen, PCNA immunohistochemistry (98.6% vs 80.8%), and of cyclin D1 expression (1.2 ±0.6 vs 0.3 ± 0.06; real time PCR) when compared with the control group (FEC/TE+ placebo). We also found a significant increase in the apoptosis rate (Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling; TUNEL) in the FEC/TE + I2 group (42.2 ± 4.8 vs 73.2 ± 1.8) Significantly lower serum levels of the cardiac kinase CK-MB were found in FEC/TE +I2 patients (21.5 ± 3.8 vs 8.0 ± 2.6 UI/ml) indicating a protective effect against myocardial damage. We confirmed the iodine intake of our patients by measuring the levels of this molecule in urine samples (44 ± 4.5 vs 256 ± 13 ug/dl). In conclusion, our results show a significant dual effect of iodine with FEC/TE that lead us to propose its implementation as a novel treatment for BC that could, in the future, allow lower doses of standard chemotherapy, reducing adverse effects and cost. Acknowledgements to Biol. Felipe Ortíz and Biol. Paloma Olvera for the technical support, and Dr. Dorothy Pless for proofreading. Study partially supported by UNAM/DGAPA IN201210 and CONACYT 78955 Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3509. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3509

La presente investigación exploratoria tuvo como propósito determinar la correlación entre el nivel socio-económico de los estudiantes de secundaria y sus gustos por la práctica de las actividades deportivas. De igual modo interesaba determinar si existían diferencias significativas en los intereses de los estudiantes de acuerdo con el colegio de pertenencia asociado con el estrato social.

Abstract #3082 Breast cancer is the most frequent malignant neoplasia in women. One factor thought to influence the incidence of breast cancer is diet. Japanese women, who have a high dietary intake of iodine (5280 vs 209 µg/day in western population) due to ingestion of seaweed, have the lowest incidence of breast cancer in the world. In normal mammary gland, iodine deficiency is involved in dysplasias, which are reversible with I2 but not with iodide administration. Recent data generated in our laboratory showed that continuous treatment with I2, but not iodide, has a potent antineoplastic effect on tumoral progression in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-treated virgin rats (50-70%). Also I2 treatment in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, but not in normal mammary cells (MCF-12F), shows a significant apoptotic effect induced by activation of Bax-caspases and AIF-PARP-1 pathways. Based on these findings, a study of women diagnosed with cancer (mammography and tru-cut biopsy) was initiated. Patients were divided into placebo or I2 (5 mg/day) groups for 2 to 5 weeks before surgery. One day before beginning the I2 treatment and the day of the surgery, urine and blood samples were collected. The day before surgery, a second mammography was obtained. In the tumor samples proliferation (PCNA), apoptosis (TUNEL), and vasculature area (CD-31) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Bax, Bcl2, p53, and VEGF proteins were analyzed by Western blot. Circulating TSH and T3 levels were measured by RIA and urinary iodide by HPLC. The results showed that although tumor size did not differ between groups, a significantly lower proliferation and increased apoptotic rate were observed in tumors from women supplemented with iodine. In these tumors the ratio Bax/Bcl2 increased, p53 levels were unchanged, and VEGF levels and vasculature area diminished significantly. Serum TSH and T3 showed no changes in any group, indicating that I2 treatment had not compromised the thyroid status. We propose that I2 supplements should be considered for use in clinical trials of breast cancer therapies. We thank Dr. Jorge Álvarez-Aguirre2,3, Dr. Alonso Gallegos-Corona2, Lic. Concepción Correa-Tinajero3, Alejandro Núñez-Nolasco2,3, and Silvia Serrato-Águila2. This work was partially supported by: PAPIIT-UNAM IN201207, and CONACyT 44976-M and 85952. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 3082.

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Introducción: El cáncer de mama es la principal causa de mortalidad entre las mujeres de todo el mundo. Las terapias aplicadas a esta enfermedad (quimioterapia, radioterapia, terapia hormonal) en general son técnicas invasivas e inespecíficas. La terapia fotodinámica (TFD ó PDT por sus siglas en inglés), es una terapia anticancerígena que puede destruir células tumorales, mediante la interacción de un agente fotosensibilizante, que cuando es estimulado por la longitud de onda apropiada induce la formación de especies reactivas de oxígeno (EROS ó ROS, por sus siglas en inglés) que causan muerte celular. La TFD es un procedimiento mínimamente invasivo, no ionizante y una nueva y prometedora alternativa para combatir el cáncer, sin embargo, los mecanismos moleculares que conducen a las células a la muerte siguen sin estar claros. Introduction: Breast cancer is the leading cause of mortality among women worldwide. The therapies applied to this disease (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormonal therapy) in general are invasive and nonspecific techniques. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an anticancer therapy that can destroy tumor cells, through the interaction of a photosensitizing agent, which when stimulated by the appropriate wavelength induces the formation of reactive oxygen species that cause cell death. PDT is a minimally invasive, non-ionizing procedure and a promising new alternative to fight cancer, however, the molecular mechanisms that lead cells to death remain unclear.