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3rd ICRM 2016 International Conference on Ramp-Up Management / Edited by Robert Schmitt 3rd International Conference on Ramp-Up Management, ICRM 2016, Aachen, Germany, 22 Jun 2016 - 24 Jun 2016; Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier, Procedia CIRP, 51, 63-71 (2016). doi:10.1016/j.procir.2016.05.044, Published by Elsevier, Amsterdam [u.a.]

Die Gestaltung eines Unternehmensnetzwerkes bzw. einer Supply Chain stellt eine wesentliche Grundlage fur den Erfolg eines Unternehmens dar. Hierbei sind Entscheidungen der strategischen Netzwerkplanung durch hohe Investitionen sowie einen langfristigen Planungshorizont gekennzeichnet und oftmals nur schwer revidierbar. Die langfristige Vorteilhaftigkeit strategischer Entscheidungen hangt hierbei zumeist stark von der zukunftigen Entwicklung von Planungsparametern aus dem wirtschaftlichen, rechtlichen, technischen und okologischen Umfeld eines Unternehmens ab. Viele dieser Parameter – wie beispielsweise die zukunftige Nachfrage, die Entwicklung technologischer Innovationen oder die Preise fur Rohstoffe – sind angesichts des langen Planungshorizontes mit grosen Unsicherheiten behaftet. Langfristige Entscheidungen mussen daher in der Regel unter Unsicherheit getroffen werden.

This paper addresses section Theobromina within the genus Hebeloma (Agaricales). We recognise seven European species within this section, three of which are de- scribedasnew:Hebelomaalboerumpens,H.griseopruinatum and H. parvicystidiatum. The first two of these species appear to be ectomycorrhizal with Cistaceae: Cistus and Helianthemum. Hebeloma parvicystidiatum is more likely to be in mycorrhizal association with Quercus spp. We also provide a key to the European species within sect. Theobromina and an updated key of known Hebeloma asso- ciates of Cistus. Molecular analyses based on multiple loci further illustrate the distinctness of the newly described taxa and provide molecular evidence, supporting the morphologi- cal evidence, for the relationship that exists among species of this section. The ITS is the only one from the sequenced loci that, alongside with morphology, distinguishes among all of the speciesofsect.Theobromina. Thesection gains mostofits molecular support from the MCM7 locus, followed by RPB2.

In the medium-term, second generation synthetic bio-diesel will make an important contribution to sustainable mobility. However, attributed to political, technical, and market related uncertainties, it is still not clear which interest groups will invest in production capacities and which technologies will be used. Hence, a multi-period MIP-model is presented for integrated location, capacity and technology planning for the design of production networks for second generation synthetic bio-diesel. The approach is applied to the region of Niedersachsen, Germany. Principle network configurations are developed for this region considering different scenarios and different risk attitudes of interest groups. As results of the investigation, recommendations are drawn regarding advantageous plant concepts, as well as strategies for the capacity installation. Finally, recommendations for political decision makers as well as for potential investors are deduced.

Se evaluaron seis regiones de ADN como posibles códigos de barras de ADN para Hongos, el segundo reino más grande de vida eucariota, por un consorcio multinacional y de laboratorios múltiples. La región de la mitocondria se utilizó la subunidad 1 de la citocromo c oxidasa como código de barras animal excluido como un marcador potencial, porque es difícil de amplificar en hongos, a menudo incluye intrones grandes y puede ser insuficientemente variable. Tres subunidades del cistrón de ARN ribosómico nuclear fueron en comparación con las regiones de tres genes de codificación proteica representativos (la subunidad más grande de la ARN polimerasa II, la segunda más grande subunidad de la ARN polimerasa II y mantenimiento de minicromosomas proteína). Aunque las regiones de genes que codifican proteínas a menudo tenían un porcentaje más alto de identificación correcta en comparación con ribosomal marcadores, baja amplificación por PCR y éxito de secuenciación eliminados ellos como candidatos para un código de barras universal para hongos. Entre la regiones del cistrón ribosómico, el espaciador transcrito interno (ITS) tiene la mayor probabilidad de identificación exitosa para la gama más amplia de hongos, con la brecha de código de barras más claramente definida entre la variación inter e intraespecífica. El nuclear subunidad ribosómica grande, un marcador filogenético popular en ciertos grupos, tuvieron una resolución de especies superior en algunos grupos taxonómicos, como los primeros linajes divergentes y las levaduras ascomicetas, pero por lo demás era ligeramente inferior al ITS. El ribosomal nuclear La subunidad pequeña tiene una resolución pobre a nivel de especie en los hongos. SU será propuesto formalmente para su adopción como el código de barras fúngico principal marcador al Consorcio para el Código de Barras de la Vida, con la posibilidad de que se desarrollen códigos de barras suplementarios para grupos taxonómicos estrechamente circunscritos., Six DNA regions were evaluated as potential DNA barcodes for Fungi, the second largest kingdom of eukaryotic life, by a multinational, multilaboratory consortium. The region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 used as the animal barcode was excluded as a potential marker, because it is difficult to amplify in fungi, often includes large introns, and can be insufficiently variable. Three subunits from the nuclear ribosomal RNA cistron were compared together with regions of three representative proteincoding genes (largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, and minichromosome maintenance protein). Although the protein-coding gene regions often had a higher percent of correct identification compared with ribosomal markers, low PCR amplification and sequencing success eliminated them as candidates for a universal fungal barcode. Among the regions of the ribosomal cistron, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region has the highest probability of successful identification for the broadest range of fungi, with the most clearly defined barcode gap between inter- and intraspecific variation. The nuclear ribosomal large subunit, a popular phylogenetic marker in certain groups, had superior species resolution in some taxonomic groups, such as the early diverging lineages and the ascomycete yeasts, but was otherwise slightly inferior to the ITS. The nuclear ribosomal small subunit has poor species-level resolution in fungi. ITS will be formally proposed for adoption as the primary fungal barcode marker to the Consortium for the Barcode of Life, with the possibility that supplementary barcodes may be developed for particular narrowly circumscribed taxonomic groups.

Zygomycetes of the order Mucorales can cause life-threatening infections in humans. These mucormycoses are emerging and associated with a rapid tissue destruction and high mortality. The resistance of Mucorales to antimycotic substances varies between and within clinically important genera such as Mucor , Rhizopus , and Lichtheimia . Thus, an accurate diagnosis before onset of antimycotic therapy is recommended. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI)–time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) is a potentially powerful tool to rapidly identify infectious agents on the species level. We investigated the potential of MALDI-TOF MS to differentiate Lichtheimia species, one of the most important agents of mucormycoses. Using the Bruker Daltonics FlexAnalysis (version 3.0) software package, a spectral database library with m/z ratios of 2,000 to 20,000 Da was created for 19 type and reference strains of clinically relevant Zygomycetes of the order Mucorales (12 species in 7 genera). The database was tested for accuracy by use of 34 clinical and environmental isolates of Lichtheimia comprising a total of five species. Our data demonstrate that MALDI-TOF MS can be used to clearly discriminate Lichtheimia species from other pathogenic species of the Mucorales. Furthermore, the method is suitable to discriminate species within the genus. The reliability and robustness of the MALDI-TOF-based identification are evidenced by high score values (above 2.3) for the designation to a certain species and by moderate score values (below 2.0) for the discrimination between clinically relevant ( Lichtheimia corymbifera , L. ramosa , and L. ornata ) and irrelevant ( L. hyalospora and L. sphaerocystis ) species. In total, all 34 strains were unequivocally identified by MALDI-TOF MS with score values of >1.8 down to the generic level, 32 out of 34 of the Lichtheimia isolates (except CNM-CM 5399 and FSU 10566) were identified accurately with score values of >2 (probable species identification), and 25 of 34 isolates were identified to the species level with score values of >2.3 (highly probable species identification). The MALDI-TOF MS-based method reported here was found to be reproducible and accurate, with low consumable costs and minimal preparation time.

Increasing numbers of regulatory measures are being introduced worldwide to reduce emissions from the transportation sector. In California, whose low emission vehicle regulations have a leading position worldwide, automobile manufacturers must reduce greenhouse gas emissions of their vehicle fleet (GHG regulations) and sell increasing shares of zero emission vehicles (ZEV regulations). Manufacturers have to pay high penalties in case of non-compliance. A dynamic simulation model examines fundamental automobile manufacturer strategies for compliance. Co-evolutionary development of powertrain technologies, corresponding infrastructure coverage, vehicle types offered, and customer behavior during the adjustment to regulations, is considered. The model is applied to a case study considering the state of California. Results show that meeting requirements necessitates an early introduction of alternative powertrains in many vehicle segments. Feedback between GHG and ZEV regulations necessitates the development of joint compliance strategies. Recommendations are derived concerning appropriate manufacturer strategies for complying with California's regulations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Als Hersteller fur Geldgewinnspielgerate fuhrt die adp Gauselmann GmbH neben der Produktion neuer Gerate die Aufarbeitung und Wiederverwendung von Geraten als Gebrauchtgerate und neuwertige Gerate durch. Eine neue Geratetechnik sowie die Anpassung der gesetzlichen Regelungen in der Spielverordnung (SpielV) fuhren zu veranderten Rahmenbedingungen fur die Aufarbeitung. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist die Aufarbeitung unter technischen und okonomischen Aspekten neu zu evaluieren. In diesem Beitrag wird vorgestellt, wie Moglichkeiten der Rucklaufverwendung sowohl technisch identifiziert als auch okonomisch bewertet werden konnen. Handlungsempfehlungen fur die Auswahl und Anwendung der verschiedenen Alternativen werden gegeben. Es zeigt sich, dass die Rucklaufnutzung von Produkten mit neuer Technik technisch und okonomisch sinnvoll ist, die Steuerung der Rucklaufer in die Verwendungsmoglichkeiten jedoch nach Rucklaufqualitaten und zu erstellenden Produkten differenziert gestaltet werden sollte.

Die Verlangerung der Lebensdauer von produkten durch eine wiederverwendung gebrauchter Gerate oder der darin enthaltenen komponenten stellt eine aus gesetzlicher Sicht praferierte Option dar, die zumeist auch unter okologischen aspekten vorteilhaft ist. um auch die okonomische Vorteilhaftigkeit zu gewahrleisten, ist eine effiziente Kreislauffuhrung unter Einsatz von Methoden und Werkzeugen fur das netzwerkmanagement, das prozessmanagement und das Itmanagement im produktrecycling notwendig. Vor diesem hintergrund haben im projekt Gepronet wissenschaftler der technischen universitat Braunschweig gemeinsam mit Industriepartnern drei Jahre lang konzepte zur Einfuhrung und Verbesserung von Produktkreislaufsystemen am Beispiel von elektro(nik)geraten erarbeitet und in der praxis implementiert. Das Ziel des projektes bestand in der entwicklung von methoden, modellen und tools des netzwerkmanagements, prozessmanagements und It-managements zur umsetzung von hochwertigen, funktionellen produktrecyclingoptionen. Diese uwFSchwerpunktausgabe fasst die wesentlichen ergebnisse des Vorhabens Gepronet zusammen. hierbei werden sowohl theoretische aspekte des produktrecyclings beleuchtet als auch die konkreten anwendungen und umsetzungen in den beteiligten unternehmen aufgezeigt. ein wichtiger Schritt im Zuge der umsetzung einer nachhaltigen entwicklung ist die Implementierung des kreislaufprinzips im wirtschaftssystem. In einer kreislaufwirtschaft entstehen Produktkreislaufe durch die Ruckfuhrung, aufarbeitung und wiedervermarktung von gebrauchten produkten oder deren komponenten in eine erneute nutzungsphase. In abgrenzung zu Stoffkreislaufen, bei denen die materialien als Sekundarrohstoffe erneut eingesetzt werden, wird die produktgestalt nicht zerstort, wodurch die im rahmen der produktion eingebrachte wertschopfung erhalten bleibt. Zur realisierung von produktkreislaufen ist es zunachst notwendig, die produkte vom Letztbesitzer zuruckzufuhren. Die Rucklaufer, die aus technischer, okonomischer und okologischer Sicht ein wiederverwendungspotenzial aufweisen, sind dann fur eine erneute Nutzung aufzuarbeiten. Aufarbeitungsoptionen fur ganze Gerate stellen hierbei die Instandsetzung in einen funktionstuchtigen Zustand (repair), die direkte wiederverwendung (reuse), uwf (2010) 18:79–82 DOI 10.1007/s00550-010-0173-9

Die Aufarbeitung von Produkten und deren Komponenten birgt ein groses okologisches und okonomisches Potenzial. Sie erfolgt in Netzwerken unter Beteiligung verschiedener Akteure. Fur eine erfolgreiche Zusammenarbeit der Akteure ist zu bestimmen wann und in welchem Umfang Aufarbeitungsaktivitaten durchgefuhrt werden. Aufgrund zahlreicher Zusammenhange der Aufarbeitung gebrauchter Gerate mit der Produktion von neuen Geraten ist eine integrierte Produktions- und Aufarbeitungsplanung notwendig. In diesem Beitrag wird ein Modell zur integrierten Produktions- und Aufarbeitungsplanung vorgestellt und exemplarisch auf das Produktions- und Aufarbeitungsnetzwerk der adp Gauselmann GmbH angewandt. Aus den resultierenden Ergebnissen konnen Handlungsempfehlungen fur Unternehmen in Hinblick auf die Durchfuhrung von Produktrecyclingaktivitaten in Netzwerken abgeleitet werden.

Der zukunftige Aufbau von Produktionsnetzwerken fur die Herstellung von synthetischen Biokraftstoffen der zweiten Generation stellt potentielle Investoren vor Herausforderungen. Diese Herausforderungen sind masgeblich auf politische, technische und marktseitige Unsicherheiten bei der Umsetzung zuruckzufuhren. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird im Folgenden ein Instrument zur Entscheidungsunterstutzung bei der Gestaltung von Produktionsnetzwerken fur synthetische Biokraftstoffe in Form eines Konzepts zur integrierten Standort-, Kapazitats- und Transportplanung vorgestellt, das diesen Unsicherheiten Rechnung tragt. Das Konzept wird am Fallbeispiel der Region Niedersachsen, Bremen und Hamburg validiert, wobei Netzwerkkonstellationen fur unterschiedliche Szenarien entwickelt werden. Auf Basis der Ergebnisse werden Handlungsempfehlungen sowohl an umweltpolitische Entscheidungstrager als auch an potentielle Investoren mit dem Ziel der Forderung der Produktion von synthetischen Biokraftstoffen abgeleitet.

Circinella (Mucorales, Mucoromycotina) is morphologically similar to Mucor, differing by the production of circinate sporangiophores and sporangia with a persistent and incrusted sporangial wall. During a study on the diversity of Mucorales in areas of the Atlantic Rainforest in Brazil, we isolated a strain that fits the current morphological concept of C. simplex of Hesseltine and Fennell (1955) by forming simple circinate sporangiophores with secondary branches and angular sporangiospores. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on three different markers (ITS, LSU and MCM7) confirmed conspecificity of the Brazilian strain with other angular spored strains of the CBS collection including the strain studied by Hesseltine & Fennell (1955). The molecular phylogenetic analyses clearly placed these strains in the genus Mucor in the close relationship to M. laxorrhizus and M. fuscus. However, in his original description van Tieghem (1875) described and illustrated C. simplex with sporangiophores without secondary branches and globose sporangiospores. Based on these striking morphological differences combined with a differing geographic distribution, we conclude that the angular-spored strains represent a separate undescribed species for which we propose the name Mucor circinatus sp. nov.

Our understanding of the causative agents of fungal diseases has changed considerably in recent years due to molecular studies that compare DNA across a wide range of fungi, including human and animal pathogens. In many cases, what had once been understood as traditional species were found to be species complexes. Importantly, members of such complexes may differ in pathogenicity and susceptibility to antifungals, which suggests a need for accurate identification to provide optimal patient care. This article presents a few striking examples from Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, and Basidiomycetes.

Reducing the quantity of waste for disposal and saving natural resources were main drivers for the introduction of the European Directive on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE-directive). This policy focused on an extension of the producer responsibility (EPR) to the end-of-life-phase of their products. Because of the EPR concept, the national transposition of the WEEE-directive, especially the German transposition in the law ElektroG, caused changes in the organisation and material flows that are sometimes not in line with the aim of the directive, which is to enforce the waste management premise “avoidance prior recycling prior disposal”. Thus, the objective of this contribution is to analyse and compare the situation before and after implementation of the ElektroG in Germany, and deduce improvement potentials. Therefore, a co-operation of a municipality and a nearby disassembly company in Germany is analysed and evaluated, taking into account material flows and costs before/after implementation of the ElektroG, as well as degrees of freedom. Based on this analysis, recommendations are deduced for political decision makers and actors of the WEEE treatment system.

Aufgrund zunehmender Regelungen bezuglich der Rucknahme von Altprodukten, beispielsweise im Bereich von Elektro(nik)altgeraten, kommt dem ordnungsgemasen Recycling von Altprodukten eine immer starkere Bedeutung zu. Derartige Recyclingpflichten werden im Bereich der Elektro(nik)altgerate meist von Dienstleistern ubernommen. Diese Dienstleister sind oftmals als Netzwerke unabhangiger Recyclingunternehmen organisiert. Fur die Koordination innerhalb dieser Netzwerke ist deshalb ein dezentraler Koordinationsansatz notwendig. Auf Basis der bestehenden Rahmenbedingungen werden Anforderungen an einen Koordinationsansatz herausgearbeitet. Es wird ein zweistufiger dezentraler Koordinationsansatz entwickelt und die Umsetzung des Ansatzes in seinen Grundzugen skizziert. Ein derartiger Ansatz scheint ein sinnvoller Ausgangspunkt zu sein fur eine effiziente Allokation von Recyclingaufgaben im Netzwerk, wenn kein zentraler Planer vorhanden ist. Die Funktionsweise des Ansatzes wird anhand eines Beispiels verdeutlicht.

Aktuell sehen sich Unternehmen zunehmend mit einer externen Bewertung ihrer Umweltleistungen durch Stakeholder konfrontiert. Hierfur finden beispielsweise Indikatoren zur Messung der Oko-Effizienz bzw. Oko-Intensitat Einsatz. Gleichzeitig streben Unternehmen intern die Verbesserung der Umweltleistungen an, beispielsweise durch die Implementierung geeigneter Emissionsminderungsmasnahmen. Bisher besteht allerdings eine Lucke zwischen den Ansatzen zur externen Bewertung und zur internen Verbesserung, eine Verknupfung der jeweils verwendeten Bewertungskriterien und Indikatoren fehlt.

Kurzfassung Eine herstellerseitig aktiv betriebene Mehrfachnutzung von Produkten und Komponenten bietet eine Vielzahl vorrangig ökonomischer, aber auch ökologischer und sozialer Potenziale. Um diese zu erschließen, müssen sich produzierende Unternehmen jedoch Herausforderungen im Rahmen des Produkt- wie auch Prozessmanagements stellen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Gleichteilestrategien zur Ermöglichung der Mehrfachnutzung von Komponenten über mehrere Produktgenerationen sowie die Anwendung eines Referenzprozessmodells zur Planung und Steuerung der notwendigen Abläufe als Lösungsansätze vorgestellt.

In this paper we consider a legislation-driven recycling network treating discarded products. The goal of the paper is to develop a decentralised hierarchical negotiation mechanism that allows the recycling network to comply with requirements caused by environmental legislation. We develop a coordination mechanism that enables the network to decentrally assign recycling tasks that result from environmental legislation to the network companies. The negotiation approach is implemented via Lagrangian relaxation and subgradient optimisation which only requires a minimum data exchange. We demonstrate its applicability and examine the performance of the developed coordination mechanism through a numerical study that is based on real-world data. We show that the mechanism can generate very encouraging solutions under specific conditions. Interesting managerial insights are presented.

Fungi colonizing cadavers are capable of drug metabolism and may thus change the metabolite pattern or concentration of drugs in forensic postmortem samples. The purpose of this study was to check for the presence of such changes by searching fungi-specific metabolites of four model drugs (amitriptyline, metoprolol, mirtazapine, and zolpidem) in decomposed postmortem blood samples from 33 cases involving these drugs. After isolation and identification of fungal strains present in the samples, each isolate was incubated in Sabouraud medium at 25°C for up to 120h with each model drug. One part of the supernatants was directly analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), another after liquid-liquid extraction with chlorobutane and concentration. From 21 out of 33 decomposed postmortem blood samples (64%) a total of 30 different strains could be isolated, one from the class of Ascomycete and the rest belonging to 15 species from 8 different genera (number of species): Aspergillus (2), Botrytis (1), Candida (8), Fusarium (1), Mucor (1), Penicillium (1), and Rodothorula (1). In the in vitro studies, these microorganisms were found capable of N-demethylation and N-oxidation of amitriptyline and mirtazapine, O-demethylation followed by side chain oxidation of metoprolol as well as hydroxylation of all four-model drugs. In two of the postmortem blood samples, from which the fungi Aspergillus jensenii, Candida parapsilosis. and Mucor circinelloides had been isolated, a fungi-specific hydroxy zolpidem metabolite was detected. The presence of this metabolite in postmortem samples likely indicates postmortem fungal biodegradation.

The genus Penicillium belongs to the phylum Ascomycota and includes a variety of fungal species important for food and drug production. We report the draft genome sequence of Penicillium brasilianum MG11 . This strain was isolated from soil, and it was reported to produce different secondary metabolites.

International audience; From an eight-year-span, 99 Candida bloodstream isolates were collected at the University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany. In this study, all strains were analyzed using molecular and phenotypic typing methods. Confirmatory species identification revealed three isolates that were initially diagnosed as C. albicans to be actually C dubliniensis. Two isolates contained a mixed culture of C albicans and C glabrata, in one of the specimens both species could be separated while it was not possible to recover C albicans in the other sample. The remaining 95 C albicans isolates were profiled by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Phylogenetic analyses showed a highly heterogenous collection of strains, associated with many different clades and constituting a set of new diploid sequence types (DST). For all strains with identical DST, patient data were reviewed for potential nosocomial transmission. In addition, all isolates were tested for their susceptibility to amphotericin B, caspofungin, fluconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole and voriconazole. No clinically relevant resistance could be detected. Furthermore, these data underline that correlation between minimal inhibitory concentrations for caspofungin and anidulafungin is low.

We describe and illustrate thallic conidiogenesis in 14 species of the Bolbitiaceae sensu Singer studied in culture. Conidiogenesis of 12 species is shown for the first time. Bolbitius vitellinus and the investigated species of Conocybe (C. albipes, C. appendiculata, C. magnicapitata, C. semiglobata, C. subovalis, C. subpubescens, C. sulcatipes and C. teneroides) possessed a similar mode of conidiogenesis. Species of both genera formed mostly coiled conidiogenous hyphae arising sympodially from differentiated conidiophores. The anamorphs of the Agrocybe species were not uniform and predominantly differed from those of Conocybe and Bolbitius. The conidia of Agrocybe dura, A. firma and A. praecox developed by the simple fragmentation of normally branched hyphae. Sympodially proliferating conidiophores occurred in Agrocybe arvalis and A. aegerita. Secretory cells of different size and shape were found in Agrocybe and in Conocybe. Our results corroborate a close phylogenetic relationship between Bolbitius and Conocybe as well as the polyphyly of the Bolbitiaceae as currently treated, which is consistent with recent molecular phylogenetic studies. Consequently we emend the family concept based on anamorphic characters.

Purpose – Owing to new legal requirements, essential changes in the field of treatment of electronic products in Germany are expected. However, consequences in terms of changes of organisation and material flows of the German treatment system are currently unknown. Thus, the objective of this contribution is to predict relevant changes occurring in this context. This lays the framework for a deduction of recommendations for political decision makers and actors of the treatment system.Design/methodology/approach – Within this contribution, a linear, activity‐based model is presented, optimising the allocation of discarded products, disassembly activities and disassembly fractions to actors of the treatment system. Parameter and model modifications allow forecasting of future developments. In a case study, the model is then applied to Lower Saxony, a federal state of Germany. This allows a validation of the model as well as an evaluation of future scenarios.Findings – Based on this analysis, impacts of new ...

Fungal oxidative exo-enzymes lacking substrate specificity play a central role in the cycling of soil organic matter. Due to their broad ecological impact and available knowledge of their gene structure, laccases appeared to be appropriate markers to monitor fungi with this kind of oxidative potential in soils. A degenerate PCR-primer pair Cu1F/Cu2R, specific for basidiomycetes, was designed to assess directly the diversity of laccase genes in soils. PCR amplification of mycelial cultures and fruit-bodies of a wide spectrum of basidiomycetes, covering all functional groups (saprophytes, symbionts, and pathogens), produced multiple DNA fragments around 200 bp. A neighborjoining tree analysis of the PCR-amplified laccase sequences showed a clear species-specificity, but also revealed that most fungal taxa possess several laccase genes showing a large sequence divergence. This sequence diversity precluded the systematic attribution of amplified laccase of unknown origin to specific taxa. Amplification of laccase sequences from DNA, extracted from a brown (moder) forest soil, showed a specific distribution of laccase genes and of the corresponding fungal species in the various soil horizons (Oh ,A h ,B v). The most organic Oh-horizon displayed the highest gene diversity. Saprophytic fungi appeared to be less widespread through the soil horizons and displayed a higher diversity of laccase genes than the mycorrhizal ones. q 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Der Transportsektor tragt mit ca. 23% zu den globalen Treibhausgasemissionen (IEA, 2012) und mit uber 26% zum weltweiten Rohol- Verbrauch bei (EIA, 2013). Vor dem Hintergrund von Ressourcenknappheit und Klimawandel strebt die Europaische Union (EU) fur den Transportsektor daher eine Reduktion der CO 2-Emissionen um 20% bis zum Jahr 2020 bzw. um 60% bis 2050 an (COM (2011) 112). Neben der Verbesserung der Effizienz konventioneller Fahrzeuge und der Entwicklung und Markteinfuhrung neuer Antriebsstrategien bzw. alternativer Mobilitatskonzepte stellt auch die Substitution fossiler Kraftstoffe durch Biokraftstoffe eine Masnahme zur Erreichung dieser Ziele dar. Die hierfur notwendigen hohen Investitionen in Anlagen zur Produktion von Biokraftstoffen bedingen eine langfristige Planung von Seiten der betrieblichen Entscheidungstrager und erfordern langfristig stabile rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen von Seiten der politischen Entscheidungstrager.

Rhizopus microsporus has been used for centuries in the production of oriental fermented foods, but the species is also known as a toxin producer and from severe human infections. To study the diversity and species delimitation of Rhizopus microsporus, 48 isolates from the reference collection of the CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, comprising nine environmental, ten clinical, and 23 foodborne strains, in addition to six strains from unknown sources and representing all existing varieties of the species, were examined. Sequence diversity was based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and on a part of the actin (ACT) and translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF) genes. Differences in physiological properties were assessed including temperature relationships. Spore morphology was studied, mating type tests were performed, and MALDI-ToF profiles were generated. Clinical and food-associated strains as well as members of different varieties mated successfully and consequently they belong to a single biological species. Molecular differences did not match with any other parameter investigated. Based on these results the varieties of Rhizopus microsporus are reduced to synonyms.

Industrial compressed air systems are important contributors to energy demand and energy costs. Thus, numerous measures to increase their energy efficiency have been proposed. Yet it often remains difficult for decision-makers to evaluate the different conceivable measures. Difficulties arise among others from uncertainties related to the evaluation of relevant criteria and from diverging interests within a company. As a mean to facilitate the decision-making processes for evaluating energy-efficiency measures, this paper suggests a fuzzy version of the PROMETHEE method which allows explicitly dealing both with multiple decision-makers and evaluations under uncertainty.

Power demand of private households shows daily fluctuations and is expected to rise with the introduction of power intense technologies like battery electric vehicles (BEV) and heat pumps. This additional demand, especially when it remains unmanaged, will lead to an increase in fluctuations. To balance demand, demand side management may be deployed by utilities. The aim of the paper is to develop a concept for modeling demand side management as interaction between utility and households. The model considers both, a structural and a behavioral level. On the structural level, energy usage and flows are modeled as a mathematical network flow problem. The behavior level represents the consumers’ behavior and the utility-consumer interaction as an agent-based model.

Compensatory base changes (CBCs) in helix II of rDNA ITS2, suggested as a molecular classifier for fungi, were analyzed in Mucor circinelloides and its varieties. Only a few CBCs were found in the complex. Three out of the four accepted formae (f. circinelloides, f. lusitanicus, f. janssenii) did not exhibit CBCs. One CBC was found between strains that form zygospores; consequently, CBC is not always concordant with mating experiments. Strains with two CBC are unable to breed. It is suggested that some strains of the M. circinelloides complex are at the beginning of speciation.

The Entomophthoromycota is a ubiquitous group of fungi best known as pathogens of a wide variety of economically important insect pests, and other soil invertebrates. This group of fungi also includes a small number of parasites of reptiles, vertebrates (including humans), macromycetes, fern gametophytes, and desmid algae, as well as some saprobic species. Here we report on recent studies to resolve the phylogenetic relationships within the Entomophthoromycota and to reliably place this group among other basal fungal lineages. Bayesian Interference (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) analyses of three genes (nuclear 18S and 28S rDNA, mitochondrial 16S, and the protein-coding RPB2) as well as non-molecular data consistently and unambiguously identify 31 taxa of Entomophthoromycota as a monophyletic group distinct from other Zygomycota and flagellated fungi. Using the constraints of our multi-gene dataset we constructed the most comprehensive rDNA phylogeny yet available for Entomophthoromycota. The taxa studied here belong to five distinct, well-supported lineages. The Basidiobolus clade is the earliest diverging lineage, comprised of saprobe species of Basidiobolus and the undescribed snake parasite Schizangiella serpentis nom. prov. The Conidiobolus lineage is represented by a paraphyletic grade of trophically diverse species that include saprobes, insect pathogens, and facultative human pathogens. Three well supported and exclusively entomopathogenic lineages in the Entomophthoraceae center around the genera Batkoa, Entomophthora and Zoophthora, although several genera within this crown clade are resolved as non-monophyletic. Ancestral state reconstruction suggests that the ancestor of all Entomophthoromycota was morphologically similar to species of Conidiobolus. Analyses using strict, relaxed, and local molecular clock models documented highly variable DNA substitution rates among lineages of Entomophthoromycota. Despite the complications caused by different rates of molecular evolution among lineages, our dating analysis indicates that the Entomophthoromycota originated 405±90 million years ago. We suggest that entomopathogenic lineages in Entomophthoraceae probably evolved from saprobic or facultatively pathogenic ancestors during or shortly after the evolutionary radiation of the arthropods.

The in vitro susceptibilities of 66 molecularly identified strains of the Mucorales to eight antifungals (amphotericin B, terbinafine, itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, caspofungin, micafungin, and 5-fluorocytosine) were tested. Molecular phylogeny was reconstructed based on the nuclear ribosomal large subunit to reveal taxon-specific susceptibility profiles. The impressive phylogenetic diversity of the Mucorales was reflected in susceptibilities differing at family, genus, and species levels. Amphotericin B was the most active drug, though somewhat less against Rhizopus and Cunninghamella species. Posaconazole was the second most effective antifungal agent but showed reduced activity in Mucor and Cunninghamella strains, while voriconazole lacked in vitro activity for most strains. Genera attributed to the Mucoraceae exhibited a wide range of MICs for posaconazole, itraconazole, and terbinafine and included resistant strains. Cunninghamella also comprised strains resistant to all azoles tested but was fully susceptible to terbinafine. In contrast, the Lichtheimiaceae completely lacked strains with reduced susceptibility for these antifungals. Syncephalastrum species exhibited susceptibility profiles similar to those of the Lichtheimiaceae. Mucor species were more resistant to azoles than Rhizopus species. Species-specific responses were obtained for terbinafine where only Rhizopus arrhizus and Mucor circinelloides were resistant. Complete or vast resistance was observed for 5-fluorocytosine, caspofungin, and micafungin. Intraspecific variability of in vitro susceptibility was found in all genera tested but was especially high in Mucor and Rhizopus for azoles and terbinafine. Accurate molecular identification of etiologic agents is compulsory to predict therapy outcome. For species of critical genera such as Mucor and Rhizopus , exhibiting high intraspecific variation, susceptibility testing before the onset of therapy is recommended.

A novel dermatophyte species is described in the Microsporum cookei clade. It differs significantly from known taxa in the two molecular markers analyzed, i.e., ITS and partial β-tubulin (BT2). Morphologically the species was characterized by smooth- or only slightly rough-walled conidia, but isolates rapidly became pleomorphic with sparse, smooth- and thick-walled macroconidia in addition to microconidia. A teleomorph was found after mating.

Neue synthetische Biokraftstoffe konnen zukunftig einen entscheidenden Beitrag zu nachhaltiger Mobilitat leisten. Sie weisen im Strasenverkehr ein groses CO2-Minderungspotenzial auf, sie sind durch eine sehr gute technische Vertraglichkeit beim Einsatz in Verbrennungskraftmotoren gekennzeichnet und als Rohstoffbasis konnen Reststoffe aus der Forst- und Landwirtschaft genutzt werden.

Fruiting body evolution is one of the central topics in fungal evolutionary biology. A number of hypotheses have been developed to explain the contemporary diversity of fruiting body forms, but their evaluation has been hampered by the lack of well-sampled data sets and suitable statistical methods. Phylogenetic evidence of the physiological changes that accompany switches in fruiting body type is lacking, and very little is known about the age of major events of fruiting body evolution. Based on a new multigene phylogeny, by using Bayesian methods, we demonstrate the existence of correlation between a number of morphological features and switches from nondeliquescent to deliquescent (autodigesting) fruiting bodies in the mushroom family Psathyrellaceae. Our results show that switches in the anatomy of two types of spacer cells (cystidia and pseudoparaphyses) and basidia (bimorphic or monomorphic) as well as the structure of the mushroom cap follow the evolution of deliquescent fruiting bodies, which suggests strong functional linkage between these traits. We performed Bayes factor-based tests, referred hereafter to as evolutionary pathway test (EPT), to decide which of the correlated characters were gained first during evolution. The EPTs strongly suggest that deliquescence was gained first, followed after short waiting times by the other morphological features. Bayesian relaxed molecular clock analyses suggest that the various events of switching between fruiting body types occurred independently at various ages during the history of the family. The utility of two mushroom fossils (Archaemarasmius and Protomycena), the only ones with unambiguous taxonomic positions, for the calibration of agaric trees were also examined. Based on our results, we suggest that the evolutionary benefit of deliquescence may be prevention against desiccation via accelerated ontogeny of the fruiting body. Hypotheses regarding the functional significance of the correlated evolution are presented and discussed. Further, we argue that the changes in fruiting body types in mushrooms in general can be attributed to independent events (e.g., dispersal and adaptation) and not to particular geologic ages.

Because of increasing CO2-emissions and resulting climate change, ratios for emission accounting (and thus reduction) have gained importance both in research and practice. Indicators such as the Cumulative Emission Intensity (CEI) are able to account for all emissions along a supply chain. However, in order to improve such ratios over time, it is not sufficient for stakeholders to calculate and publish them once a year. Instead, these ratios have to be implemented into the decision-making processes of companies and entire supply chains. Against this background, a concept for implementing emission accounting indicators into decision-making processes within supply chains has been developed. On the one hand, the aggregated indicator is applied top-down for the benchmarking of sites or suppliers using efficiency analysis methods. On the other hand, the ratio is calculated bottom-up based on production planning models. Thereby, no weighting of environmental and economic criteria is applied, but all Pareto efficient solutions are calculated. The decision-making levels are connected using the Pareto optimal solutions. Thus, the decision maker is free to make decisions about trade-offs between the economic and environmental criteria. The concept has been applied to the textile supply chain.

The primary objective of closed-loop supply chains (CLSC) is to improve the maximum economic benefit from end-of-use products. Nevertheless, the literature within this stream of research advocates that closing the loop also helps to mitigate the undesirable environmental footprint of supply chains. Therefore, closed-loop supply chains are assumed to be sustainable supply chains almost by definition. In this paper we analyse if and when this assumption holds. We illustrate our findings based on the Electric and Electronic Equipment (EEE) supply chain. For all phases of the supply chain, i.e. manufacturing, usage, transportation and end-of-life activities, we assess the magnitude of the environmental impacts, based on a single environmental metric, namely the Cumulative Energy Demand (CED). Given the environmental hot-spots in the Electric and Electronic Equipment supply chain, we propose useful extensions for existing CLSC optimisation models to ensure that closed-loop supply chains are at the same time sustainable supply chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forty-four isolates belonging to human pathogenic species of Lichtheimia were tested against nine antifungal agents by using the EUCAST methodology. No remarkable differences were found between the clinical species, although L. ramosa showed slightly higher MICs for all drugs. Amphotericin B was the most active drug. Among azole drugs, posaconazole had the best activity in vitro and voriconazole was inactive. Echinocandins showed activity for some isolates, suggesting a potential role in combination therapy.

Die Erfullung der Nachhaltigkeitsziele bedingt im Rahmen der Gestaltung zukunftiger Wirtschafts- und Gesellschaftssysteme die Berucksichtigung okonomischer, okologischer sowie sozialer Zielsetzungen. Die Voraussetzung fur die Berucksichtigung derartiger Zielsetzungen besteht in der Ermittlung der aus den Transformations- und Konsumprozessen resultierenden Stoff- und Energiestrome als Basis fur die Bewertung der mit einem Produkt, einem Prozess, einem Unternehmen oder einem Wertschopfungsnetzwerk verbundenen Zahlungsstrome bzw. Umweltwirkungen. Im Rahmen einer ex-ante Planung von Produktionssystemen und Produkten ist daher eine Modellierung dieser Stoff- und Energiestrome notwendig. Sind darauf aufbauend im Rahmen der Bewertung okonomische, okologische sowie soziale Zielsetzungen simultan zu verfolgen, resultieren komplexe Entscheidungsprobleme, die Methoden der Entscheidungsunterstutzung erfordern.

Neue globale und irreversible Probleme, wie z.B. der Treibhauseffekt oder die Verknappung endlicher Ressourcen, verdeutlichen die Notwendigkeit eines Strukturwandels der Wirtschafts- und Gesellschaftssysteme. Ein Losungsansatz wird hierbei in einer dauerhaft zukunftstrachtigen – also nachhaltigen – Entwicklung dieser Systeme gesehen. Vor diesem Hintergrund sehen sich insbesondere betriebliche Entscheidungstrager zunehmenden Anforderungen der Lenkungssysteme Markt – Politik – Gesellschaft ausgesetzt. So lasst sich beispielsweise eine Entwicklung der Umweltpolitik ausgehend von nachsorgenden, medienspezifischen und auf einzelne Produktions- und Entsorgungsprozesse ausgerichteten Ansatzen hin zu vorbeugenden, medienubergreifenden und den gesamten Produktlebenszyklus umfassenden Ansatzen beobachten. Derartige neue Vorgaben bedingen eine erweiterte Produktverantwortung der Hersteller uber den gesamten Lebenszyklus der in Verkehr gebrachten Produkte. Im Rahmen der konkreten Umsetzung einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung sind daher geeignete Instrumente zur Erfassung, Bewertung und Optimierung aller durch ein Produkt verursachten Stoff- und Energiestrome entlang des Lebenszyklus zu entwickeln.

Die bisher vorgestellten Planungsansatze fokussieren auf physische, stoffstrom- und transformationsbasierte Aspekte entlang des Produktlebenszyklus. Hierbei wird zunachst davon ausgegangen, dass diese Modelle von einem zentralen Entscheidungstrager mit vollstandiger Information und Entscheidungsgewalt eingesetzt werden. Erfolgt allerdings die Anwendung interdependenter Planungsmodelle in unabhangigen Unternehmen bzw. bei Vorliegen uberbetrieblicher Leistungserstellungsprozesse, erfordert dies uber die vorgestellten stoffstrombasierten Planungsmodelle hinaus Ansatze zur Koordination der unabhangigen Entscheidungstrager. Im folgenden Kapitel soll die bisherige Sichtweise daher um institutionelle, transaktionsbasierte Aspekte erweitert werden. Hierbei wird insbesondere auf Ansatze zur Koordination im Rahmen des uberbetrieblichen Leistungsaustauschs fokussiert, d.h. auf die Abstimmung von Aktivitaten in einem arbeitsteiligen System in Bezug auf ein ubergeordnetes Gesamtziel.

Im Folgenden wird die Einflussnahme des Lenkungssystems (Umwelt-)Politik auf die Diffusion neuer Technologien und Produkte auf dem Weg zu einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung analysiert. Aufgrund der mit der Umsetzung von Innovationen verbundenen hohen technischen und marktlichen Risiken ist ein Eingreifen politischer Entscheidungstrager haufig erforderlich. Hierbei besteht die Zielsetzung politischer Entscheidungstrager darin, die Entwicklung und Implementierung bzw. Diffusion nachhaltiger Technologien und Produkte zu fordern, wobei eine Auswahl geeigneter Politikoptionen aus der Vielzahl an ordnungsrechtlichen Masnahmen und okonomischen Instrumenten sowie den Moglichkeiten der freiwilligen Selbstverpflichtung zu treffen ist. Fur betriebliche Entscheidungstrager bildet eine Analyse der (umwelt-)rechtlichen, marktlichen und gesellschaftlichen Entwicklungen des Planungsumfeldes die Voraussetzung fur strategische Entscheidungen bezuglich des zukunftigen Produkt- und Technologieportfolios. Die Auswirkungen dieser Rahmenbedingungen sind daher vor der Phase der Produktentwicklung zu analysieren.

Common parts in different product variants can lead to decreased procurement costs if recovery strategies are applied. Thereby new parts are substituted by recovered ones. Since long- or mid-term supplier contracts for these new parts exist demand as well as return forecasts are essentially to negotiate contracts. In this article forecasting issues are addressed and a planning procedure to calculate the need of new parts is given.

Concerning increasing carbon emissions and resulting climate change discussions, methods to assess corporate carbon emissions gain importance in research and practice. A transparent and integrated method for decision support to control ratios like eco-efficiency does not exist. Against this background, a concept for the implementation of carbon emission accounting indicators into decision-making processes has been developed, which consists of different aggregation levels and their connections. Within this contribution, a model for the level of internal planning is presented and applied to assess carbon reduction provisions of a dyeing company.