1,887 results on '"Greenwood, B"'
Search Results
102. Latex Agglutination Test For Diagnosing Pneumococcal Pneumonia In Children In Developing Countries
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O'Neill, K. P., Lloyd-Evans, N., Campbell, H., Forgie, I. M., Sabally, S., and Greenwood, B. M.
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- 1989
103. A clonal analysis of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A
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Crowe, B. A., Olyhoek, T., Neumann, B., Wall, B., Hassan-King, M., Greenwood, B., Achtman, M., and Poolman, J. T., editor
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- 1988
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
104. Inaugural meeting of the malaria policy advisory committee to the WHO: conclusions and recommendations
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Abdulla, S, Alonso, P, Binka, F, Graves, P, Greenwood, B, Leke, R, Malik, E, Marsh, K, Meek, S, Mendis, K, Schapira, A, Slutsker, L, Tanner, M, Valecha, N, White, N, Bosman, A, Cibulskis, R, d'Acremont, V, Cunningham, J, D'Souza, B, Lines, J, Mnzava, A, Newman, R, Rietveld, A, Olemese, P, Ringwald, P, and Advisory, WHOMP
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Elimination ,Advisory committee ,Advisory Committees ,Guidelines as Topic ,Meeting Report ,Global Health ,World Health Organization ,Chemoprevention ,World health ,WHO ,Procurement ,parasitic diseases ,Medicine ,Humans ,Rapid diagnostic test ,Surveillance ,business.industry ,Member states ,Health Policy ,Global ,Mosquito control ,medicine.disease ,Malaria ,Infectious Diseases ,Policy development ,Diagnostic tests ,Family medicine ,Drug resistance ,Parasitology ,business ,Malaria control ,Switzerland - Abstract
The Malaria Policy Advisory Committee to the World Health Organization met for the first time from 31 January to 2 February 2012 in Geneva, Switzerland. This article provides a summary of the discussions, conclusions and recommendations from that meeting, as part of the newly launched Malaria Journal thematic series “WHO Malaria Policy Advisory Committee: Reports and Recommendations”. Summaries are provided, referencing the relevant background documents, for the meeting sessions on global malaria control, drug resistance and containment, rapid diagnostic test procurement criteria, larviciding, classification of countries for elimination, estimating malaria cases and deaths, and seasonal malaria chemoprevention. Policy statements, position statements, and guidelines that will arise from the MPAC meeting conclusions and recommendations will be formally issued and disseminated to World Health Organization member states by the World Health Organization Global Malaria Programme.
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- 2016
105. Poisoning by bites of the saw-scaled or carpet viper (Echis carinatus) in Nigeria
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Warrell, D, NMcD, Davidson, Greenwood, B, Ormerod, L, Pope, H, Watkins, B, and Prentice, C
- Abstract
The Saw-scaled or Carpet Viper (Echis carinatus) whose range extends from Senegal to Bengal probably bites and kills more people than any other species of snake. One hundred and fifteen patients with poisoning caused by its bite were studied in the savanna region of Nigeria, where victims of this snake may occupy 10 per cent of hospital beds. Patients showing no signs of envenoming were excluded. All patients had local swelling at the site of the bite. Other features included local blistering (13 per cent), local necrosis (11 per cent), incoagulable blood (93 per cent), and spontaneous systemic bleeding (57 per cent). There was evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation in all cases; fibrinogen was severely depleted, fibrin degradation products were increased (mean 1711 +/- 904 micron per ml), but significant thrombocytopenia (less than 103 000 per mm3) was seen in only ten severe cases. Clotting factors V, VIII, II and XIII were depleted, while X and VII were usually normal. Fibrinolytic activity was rarely increased, so it seems likely that a procoagulant action (direct activation of prothrombin) is principal effect of E. carinatus venom on blood coagulation in man. Development of the haemostatic defect was observed as early as 75 minutes and as late as 27 hours after the bite. Spontaneous haemorrhage is clinically the most important effect of E. carinatus venom, causing the five deaths in this series. The relative importance of procoagulant and haemorrhagic components of the venom in causing haemorrhage is discussed. Complement activation via the classical and alternative pathways may have contributed to vascular damage. Mortality was reduced from the untreated level of between 10 and 20 per cent to 2.8 per cent in a group of 107 patients treated with 10 to 110 ml of specific antivenom. The dose was controlled using a simple clotting test. Blood coagulability was restored in two to 39 (mean 12) hours after the first dose of antivenom. Immediate-type serum reactions were observed in 21 per cent of cases. Additional treatment included blood transfusion for patients in haemorrhagic shock and ealry surgical débridement of necrotic tissue at the site of the bite.
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- 2016
106. Reaching millennium development goal 4 - the Gambia
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Jasseh, M, Webb, E, Jaffar, S, Howie, S, Townend, J, Smith, P, Greenwood, B, and Corrah, T
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Objective To describe how, through a DSS in a rural area of The Gambia, it has been possible to measure substantial reductions in child mortality rates and how we investigated whether the decline paralleled the registered fall in malaria incidence in the country. Methods Demographic surveillance data spanning 19.5years (1 April 1989-30 September 2008) from 42 villages around the town of Farafenni, The Gambia, were used to estimate childhood mortality rates for neonatal, infant, child (1-4years) and under-5 age groups. Data were presented in five a priori defined time periods, and annual rates per 1000 live births were derived from Kaplan-Meier survival probabilities. Results From 1989-1992 to 2004-2008, under-5 mortality declined by 56% (95% CI: 48-63%), from 165 (95% CI: 151-181) per 1000 live births to 74 (95% CI: 65-84) per 1000 live births. In 1- to 4-year-olds, mortality during the period 2004-2008 was 69% (95% CI: 60-76%) less than in 1989-1992. The corresponding mortality decline in infants was 39% (95% CI: 23-52%); in neonates, it was 38% (95% CI: 13-66%). The derived annual under-5 mortality rates declined from 159 per 1000 live births in 1990 to 45 per 1000 live births in 2008, thus implying an attainment of MDG4 seven years in advance of the target year of 2015. Conclusion Achieving MDG4 is possible in poor, rural areas of Africa through widespread deployment of relatively simple measures that improve child survival, such as immunisation and effective malaria control. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
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- 2016
107. NUMEROUS AFRICAN IMMUNOGENETIC AND RED-CELL POLYMORPHISMS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH PROTECTION FROM SEVERE MALARIA
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HILL, A, ALLSOPP, C, KWIATKOWSKI, D, MCMICHAEL, A, and GREENWOOD, B
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- 2016
108. Chloroquine prophylaxis against vivax malaria in pregnancy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
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Villegas, L, Mcgready, R, Htway, M, Paw, M, Pimanpanarak, M, Arunjerdja, R, Viladpai-Nguen, S, Greenwood, B, White, N, and Nosten, F
- Abstract
Objective: To assess the safety of chloroquine (CQ) as prophylaxis against Plasmodium vivax infection during pregnancy. Method: One thousand pregnant Karen women were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of chemoprophylaxis with chloroquine (500 mg phosphate (or 300 mg base) weekly). Women received a median (range) chloroquine phosphate total dose of 9500 (1500-17 500) mg. The mothers were actively followed from inclusion to delivery and their infants until 12 months of age. Results: Chloroquine prophylaxis completely prevented P. vivax episodes; 10.1% (95%CI: 7.3-14.5) of women in the placebo group experienced at least one episode of vivax malaria but no episode occurred in women in the CQ group. By contrast, the numbers of P. falciparum episodes were similar in each group: 7.4% (95%CI: 3.7-11.1) and 5.6% (95%CI: 3.3-7.9) in the placebo and CQ groups respectively (P = 0.56). Chloroquine prophylaxis was well tolerated and there was no difference in the proportions of reported side effects between CQ treated and placebo groups except for the duration of palpitations and sleeping disorders which were more frequent in those who had received CQ. Chloroquine prophylaxis had no impact on maternal anaemia, birth weight, gestational age, development of newborns or on growth, neurological development or visual acuity in infants at 1 year of age. Conclusion: Chloroquine is safe and effective as prophylaxis against P. vivax during pregnancy in this population. © 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
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- 2016
109. Malaria Policy Advisory Committee to the WHO: conclusions and recommendations of September 2013 meeting
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Abdulla, S, Alonso, P, Binka, F, Graves, P, Greenwood, B, Leke, R, Malik, E, Marsh, K, Meek, S, Mendis, K, Schapira, A, Slutsker, L, Tanner, M, Valecha, N, White, N, Bosman, A, Cibulskis, R, D'Souza, B, Lynch, M, MacDonald, M, Mintcheva, R, Mnzava, A, Newman, R, Ringwald, P, Szilagyi, Z, Wongsrichanalai, C, and Comm, WHOMPA
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Mosquito Control ,Elimination ,Advisory Committees ,Plasmodium falciparum ,Guidelines as Topic ,Meeting Report ,World Health Organization ,Chemoprevention ,WHO ,Pregnancy ,parasitic diseases ,Policy making ,Humans ,Disease Eradication ,Pregnancy Complications, Infectious ,Surveillance ,Health Policy ,Prevention ,Malaria ,Infectious Diseases ,Treatment efficacy ,Drug resistance ,Sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine ,Parasitology ,Female ,Plasmodium vivax ,Switzerland - Abstract
The Malaria Policy Advisory Committee to the World Health Organization held its fourth meeting in Geneva, Switzerland from 11 to 13 September, 2013. This article provides a summary of the discussions, conclusions and recommendations from that meeting. Meeting sessions included: recommendations for achieving universal coverage of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets; guidance on estimating the longevity of insecticide-treated nets; improving capacity in entomology and vector control; a review of the latest evidence on intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy; improving dissemination of Malaria Policy Advisory Committee guidance; updates on the development of the global technical strategy for malaria control and elimination (2016–2025) and the global strategy for control and elimination of Plasmodium vivax; updates from the drug resistance and containment technical expert group, the evidence review group on malaria burden estimation, a consultation on malaria case management indicators, and the constitution of the surveillance, monitoring and evaluation technical expert group; subnational elimination criteria; and consideration for future evidence review groups, including diagnosis in low transmission settings and testing for Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency. Policy statements, position statements and guidelines that arise from the Malaria Policy Advisory Committee meeting conclusions and recommendations will be formally issued and disseminated to World Health Organization Member States by the World Health Organization Global Malaria Programme.
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- 2016
110. Allergic Complications Of Meningococcal Disease I: Clinical Aspects
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Whittle, H. C., Abdullahi, M. T., Fakunle, F. A., Greenwood, B. M., Bryceson, A. D. M., Parry, E. H. O., and Turk, J. L.
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- 1973
111. Allergic Complications Of Meningococcal Disease II: Immunological Investigations
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Greenwood, B. M., Whittle, H. C., and Bryceson, A. D. M.
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- 1973
112. Trial Of Chloramphenicol For Meningitis In Northern Savanna Of Africa
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Whittle, H. C., Davidson, N. McD., Greenwood, B. M., Warrell, D. A., Tomkins, A., Tugwell, P., Zalin, A., Bryceson, A. D. M., Parry, E. H. O., Brueton, M., Duggan, M., and Rajković, A. D.
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- 1973
113. Ulcerative Colitis In Africans
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Greenwood, B. M. and Larbi, E. B.
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- 1966
114. Low Incidence Of Rheumatoid Factor And Autoantibodies In Nigerian Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis
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Greenwood, B. M. and Herrick, E. M.
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- 1970
115. Immunoglobulin Levels In C.S.F.
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Greenwood, B. M.
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- 1970
116. Guinea-Worm Arthritis Of Knee Joint
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Greenwood, B. M. and Johnson, Margaret F.
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- 1968
117. Size-Frequency Statistics and Sedimentary Environments: Barnstaple Bay
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Greenwood, B.
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- 1970
118. Pharyngeal carriage of Neisseria species in the African meningitis belt
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Diallo, K, Maiden, M, Bennett, J, Rebbetts, L, Watkins, E, Trotter, C, Timbine, Y, Tamboura, B, Sow, S, Issaka, B, Dano, I, Collard, J, Dieng, M, Diallo, A, Mihret, A, Ali, O, Aseffa, A, Quaye, S, Bugri, A, Osei, I, Gamougam, K, Mbainadji, L, Douglas, D, Gadzama, G, Sambo, Z, Omotara, B, Nascimento, M, Woukeu, A, Manigert, O, Borrow, R, Stuart, J, and Greenwood, B
- Abstract
Objectives. Neisseria meningitidis, together with the non-pathogenic Neisseria species (NPNs), are members of the complex microbiota of the human pharynx. This paper investigates the influence of NPNs on the epidemiology of meningococcal infection. Methods. Neisseria isolates were collected during 18 surveys conducted in six countries in the African meningitis belt between 2010 and 2012 and characterized at the rplF locus to determine species and at the variable region of the fetA antigen gene. Prevalence and risk factors for carriage were analyzed. Results. A total of 4694 isolates of Neisseria were obtained from 46034 pharyngeal swabs, a carriage prevalence of 10.2% (95% CI, 9.8-10.5). Five Neisseria species were identified, the most prevalent NPN being Neisseria lactamica. Six hundred and thirty-six combinations of rplF/fetA_VR alleles were identified, each defined as a Neisseria strain type. There was an inverse relationship between carriage of N. meningitidis and of NPNs by age group, gender and season, whereas carriage of both N. meningitidis and NPNs was negatively associated with a recent history of meningococcal vaccination. Conclusion. Variations in the prevalence of NPNs by time, place and genetic type may contribute to the particular epidemiology of meningococcal disease in the African meningitis belt.
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- 2016
119. Gate oxide yield improvement for 0.18µm power semiconductor devices with deep trenches
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Greenwood, B., primary, Suhwanov, A., additional, Daniel, D., additional, Menon, S., additional, Price, D., additional, Hose, S., additional, Guo, J., additional, Piatt, G., additional, Lu, M., additional, Watanabe, Y., additional, Kanuma, Y., additional, Takada, R., additional, Sheng, L., additional, Gambino, J.P., additional, and Whear, Oli, additional
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- 2017
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120. Gate oxide yield improvement for 0.18μm power semiconductor devices with deep trenches: DP: Discrete and power devices
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Greenwood, B., primary, Watanabe, Y., additional, Kanuma, Y., additional, Takada, R., additional, Sheng, L., additional, Gambino, J. P., additional, Whear, Oli, additional, Suhwanov, A., additional, Daniel, D., additional, Menon, S., additional, Price, D., additional, Hose, S., additional, Guo, J., additional, Piatt, G., additional, and Lu, M., additional
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- 2017
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121. Correction: Safety of Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention (SMC) with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine plus Amodiaquine when Delivered to Children under 10 Years of Age by District Health Services in Senegal: Results from a Stepped-Wedge Cluster Randomized Trial
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NDiaye, J. L., primary, Cissé, B., additional, Ba, E. H., additional, Gomis, J. F., additional, Ndour, C. T., additional, Molez, J. F., additional, Fall, F. B., additional, Sokhna, C., additional, Faye, B., additional, Kouevijdin, E., additional, Niane, F. K., additional, Cairns, M., additional, Trape, J. F., additional, Rogier, C., additional, Gaye, O., additional, Greenwood, B. M., additional, and Milligan, P. J. M., additional
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- 2016
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122. Clinical determinants of early parasitological response to ACTs in African patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria: a literature review and meta-analysis of individual patient data
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Abdulla, S, Adam, I, Adjei, G, Adjuik, M, Alemayehu, B, Allan, R, Arinaitwe, E, Ashley, E, Ba, MS, Barennes, H, Barnes, K, Bassat, Q, Baudin, E, Berens-Riha, N, Bjoerkman, A, Bompart, F, Bonnet, M, Borrmann, S, Bousema, T, Brasseur, P, Bukirwa, H, Checchi, F, Dahal, P, D'Alessandro, U, Desai, M, Dicko, A, Djimde, A, Dorsey, G, Doumbo, O, Drakeley, C, Duparc, S, Eshetu, T, Espie, E, Etard, J, Faiz, A, Falade, C, Fanello, C, Faucher, J, Faye, B, Faye, O, Filler, S, Flegg, J, Fofana, B, Fogg, C, Gadalla, N, Gaye, O, Genton, B, Gething, P, Gil, J, Gonzalez, R, Grandesso, F, Greenhouse, B, Greenwood, B, Grivoyannis, A, Guerin, P, Guthmann, J, Hamed, K, Hamour, S, Hay, S, Hodel, E, Humphreys, G, Hwang, J, Ibrahim, M, Jima, D, Jones, J, Jullien, V, Juma, E, Kachur, P, Kager, P, Kamugisha, E, Kamya, MR, Karema, C, Kayentao, K, Kiechel, J, Kironde, F, Kofoed, P, Kremsner, P, Krishna, S, Lameyre, V, Lell, B, Lima, A, Makanga, M, Malik, E, Marsh, K, Martensson, A, Massougbodji, A, Menan, H, Menard, D, Menendez, C, Mens, P, Meremikwu, M, Moreira, C, Nabasumba, C, Nambozi, M, Ndiaye, J, Ngasala, B, Nikiema, F, Nsanzabana, C, Ntoumi, F, Oguike, M, Ogutu, B, Olliaro, P, Omar, SA, Ouedraogo, J, Owusu-Agyei, S, Penali, L, Pene, M, Peshu, J, Piola, P, Plowe, C, Premji, Z, Price, R, Randrianarivelojosia, M, Rombo, L, Roper, C, Rosenthal, P, Sagara, I, Same-Ekobo, A, Sawa, P, Schallig, H, Schramm, B, Seck, A, Shekalaghe, SA, Sibley, C, Sinou, V, Sirima, S, Som, F, Sow, D, Staedke, S, Stepniewska, K, Sutherland, C, Swarthout, T, Sylla, K, Talisuna, A, Taylor, W, Temu, E, Thwing, J, Tine, R, Tinto, H, Tommasini, S, Toure, O, Ursing, J, Vaillant, M, Valentini, G, Van den Broek, I, Van Vugt, M, Ward, SA, Winstanley, P, Yavo, W, Yeka, A, Zolia, Y, Zongo, I, Based, W, Unité de Recherche sur le Paludisme [Antananarivo, Madagascar], Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, and Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)
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Male ,Infektionsmedicin ,Antimalarial ,MESH: Africa ,law.invention ,Amodiaquine/therapeutic use ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Randomized controlled trial ,[SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases ,law ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Artemether ,Prospective Studies ,Malaria, Falciparum ,Prospective cohort study ,MESH: Plasmodium falciparum ,Medicine(all) ,MESH: Middle Aged ,MESH: Malaria, Falciparum ,Malaria, Falciparum/drug therapy ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,MESH: Infant ,Artemisinins ,3. Good health ,Drug Combinations ,Meta-analysis ,parasite ,Quinolines ,Drug Therapy, Combination ,Artemisinin based Combination Therapy (ACT) ,MESH: Quinolines ,medicine.drug ,Falciparum ,Infectious Medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,030231 tropical medicine ,Plasmodium falciparum ,ARTEMISININ-RESISTANT MALARIA PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM PARASITE CLEARANCE ARTEMETHER-LUMEFANTRINE COMBINATION THERAPY IN-VIVO EFFICACY ARTESUNATE CHILDREN PHARMACOKINETICS ,Quinolines/administration & dosage ,African patients ,03 medical and health sciences ,Antimalarials ,Internal medicine ,MESH: Artemisinins ,parasitic diseases ,Artemisinin combination therapy ,medicine ,Humans ,MESH: Africa South of the Sahara ,Falciparum malaria ,Risk factor ,MESH: Amodiaquine ,Africa South of the Sahara ,Parasite clearance ,MESH: Drug Combinations ,MESH: Humans ,business.industry ,Amodiaquine ,Infant ,Odds ratio ,MESH: Antimalarials ,MESH: Male ,MESH: Prospective Studies ,Surgery ,Malaria ,Clinical trial ,Artemisinins/administration & dosage ,MESH: Drug Therapy, Combination ,chemistry ,Artesunate ,Africa ,Commentary ,Antimalarials/administration & dosage ,business - Abstract
WWARN Artemisinin based Combination Therapy (ACT) Africa Baseline Study Group; International audience; Background: Artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum has emerged in the Greater Mekong sub-region and poses a major global public health threat. Slow parasite clearance is a key clinical manifestation of reduced susceptibility to artemisinin. This study was designed to establish the baseline values for clearance in patients from Sub-Saharan African countries with uncomplicated malaria treated with artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). Methods: A literature review in PubMed was conducted in March 2013 to identify all prospective clinical trials (uncontrolled trials, controlled trials and randomized controlled trials), including ACTs conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa, between 1960 and 2012. Individual patient data from these studies were shared with the WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) and pooled using an a priori statistical analytical plan. Factors affecting early parasitological response were investigated using logistic regression with study sites fitted as a random effect. The risk of bias in included studies was evaluated based on study design, methodology and missing data. Results: In total, 29,493 patients from 84 clinical trials were included in the analysis, treated with artemether-lumefantrine (n = 13,664), artesunate-amodiaquine (n = 11,337) and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (n = 4,492). The overall parasite clearance rate was rapid. The parasite positivity rate (PPR) decreased from 59.7 % (95 % CI: 54.5–64.9) on day 1 to 6.7 % (95 % CI: 4.8–8.7) on day 2 and 0.9 % (95 % CI: 0.5–1.2) on day 3. The 95th percentile of observed day 3 PPR was 5.3 %. Independent risk factors predictive of day 3 positivity were: high baseline parasitaemia (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.16 (95 % CI: 1.08–1.25); per 2-fold increase in parasite density, P 37.5 °C) (AOR = 1.50 (95 % CI: 1.06–2.13), P = 0.022); severe anaemia (AOR = 2.04 (95 % CI: 1.21–3.44), P = 0.008); areas of low/moderate transmission setting (AOR = 2.71 (95 % CI: 1.38–5.36), P = 0.004); and treatment with the loose formulation of artesunate-amodiaquine (AOR = 2.27 (95 % CI: 1.14–4.51), P = 0.020, compared to dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine). Conclusions: The three ACTs assessed in this analysis continue to achieve rapid early parasitological clearance across the sites assessed in Sub-Saharan Africa. A threshold of 5 % day 3 parasite positivity from a minimum sample size of 50 patients provides a more sensitive benchmark in Sub-Saharan Africa compared to the current recommended threshold of 10 % to trigger further investigation of artemisinin susceptibility.
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- 2015
123. The diversity of meningococcal carriage across the african meningitis belt and the impact of vaccination with a group a meningococcal conjugate vaccine
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Ali, O., Aseffa, A., Bedru, A., Lema, T., Moti, T., Tekletsion, Y., Worku, A., Xabher, H. G., Yamuah, L., Boukary, R. M., Collard, J. M., Dano, I. D., Habiboulaye, I., Issaka, B., Jusot, J. F., Ousmane, S., Rabe, I., Daugla, D. M., Gami, J. P., Gamougam, K., Mbainadji, L., Naibei, N., Narbe, M., Toralta, J., Berthe, A., Diallo, K., Keita, M., Onwuchekwa, U., Sow, S. O., Tamboura, B., Traore, A., Toure, A., Clark, T., Mayer, L., Amodu, M., Beida, O., Gadzama, G., Omotara, B., Sambo, Z., Yahya, S., Chandramohan, D., Greenwood, B. M., Hassan-King, M., Manigart, O., Nascimento, M., Stuart, J. M., Woukeu, A., Basta, N. E., Bai, X. L., Borrow, R., Findlow, H., Alavo, S., Bassene, H., Diallo, A., Dieng, M., Doucouré, S., Gomis, J. F., Ndiaye, A., Sokhna, Cheikh, Trape, Jean-François, Akalifa, B., Forgor, A., Hodgson, A., Osei, I., Quaye, S. L., Williams, J., Wontuo, P., Irving, T., Trotter, C. L., Bennett, J., Hill, D., Harrison, O., Maiden, M. C., Rebbetts, L., and Watkins, E.
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meningococcus ,Africa ,meningitis ,Neisseria meningitidis ,carriage - Abstract
Background. Study of meningococcal carriage is essential to understanding the epidemiology of Neisseria meningitidis infection. Methods. Twenty cross-sectional carriage surveys were conducted in 7 countries in the African meningitis belt; 5 surveys were conducted after introduction of a new serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenAfriVac). Pharyngeal swab specimens were collected, and Neisseria species were identified by microbiological and molecular techniques. Results. A total of 1687 of 48 490 participants (3.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.2%-3.6%) carried meningococci. Carriage was more frequent in individuals aged 5-14 years, relative to those aged 15-29 years (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.41; 95% CI, 1.25-1.60); in males, relative to females (adjusted OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.10-1.24); in individuals in rural areas, relative to those in urban areas (adjusted OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.28-1.63); and in the dry season, relative to the rainy season (adjusted OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.37-1.75). Forty-eight percent of isolates had genes encoding disease-associated polysaccharide capsules; genogroup W predominated, and genogroup A was rare. Strain diversity was lower in countries in the center of the meningitis belt than in Senegal or Ethiopia. The prevalence of genogroup A fell from 0.7% to 0.02% in Chad following mass vaccination with MenAfriVac. Conclusions. The prevalence of meningococcal carriage in the African meningitis belt is lower than in industrialized countries and is very diverse and dynamic, even in the absence of vaccination.
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- 2015
124. The effect of dose on the antimalarial efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine: a systematic review and pooled analysis of individual patient data
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Anstey, NM, Price, RN, Davis, TME, Karunajeewa, HA, Mueller, I, D'Alessandro, U, Massougbodji, A, Nikiema, F, Ouedraogo, JB, Tinto, H, Zongo, I, Same-Ekobo, A, Kone, M, Menan, H, Toure, AO, Yavo, W, Kofoed, PE, Alemayehu, BH, Jima, D, Baudin, E, Espie, E, Nabasumba, C, Pinoges, L, Schramm, B, Cot, M, Deloron, P, Faucher, JF, Guthmann, JP, Lell, B, Borrmann, S, Adjei, GO, Ursing, J, Tjitra, E, Marsh, K, Peshu, J, Juma, E, Ogutu, BR, Omar, SA, Sawa, P, Talisuna, AO, Khanthavong, M, Mayxay, M, Newton, PN, Piola, P, Djimde, AA, Doumbo, OK, Fofana, B, Sagara, I, Bassat, Q, Gonzalez, R, Menendez, C, Smithuis, F, Bousema, T, Kager, PA, Mens, PF, Schallig, HDFH, van Den Broek, I, van Vugt, M, Ibrahim, ML, Falade, CO, Meremikwu, M, Gil, JP, Karema, C, Ba, MS, Faye, B, Faye, O, Gaye, O, Ndiaye, JL, Pene, M, Sow, D, Sylla, K, Tine, RCK, Penali, LK, Barnes, KI, Workman, LJ, Lima, A, Adam, I, Gadalla, NB, Malik, EFM, Bjorkman, A, Martensson, A, Ngasala, BE, Rombo, L, Aliu, P, Duparc, S, Filler, S, Genton, B, Hodel, EM, Olliaro, P, Abdulla, S, Kamugisha, E, Premji, Z, Shekalaghe, SA, Ashley, EA, Carrara, VI, McGready, R, Nosten, F, Faiz, AM, Lee, SJ, White, NJ, Dondorp, AM, Smith, JJ, Tarning, J, Achan, J, Bukirwa, H, Yeka, A, Arinaitwe, E, Staedke, SG, Kamya, MR, Kironde, F, Drakeley, CJ, Oguike, M, Sutherland, CJ, Checchi, F, Dahal, P, Flegg, JA, Guerin, PJ, Moreira, C, Nsanzabana, C, Sibley, CH, Stepniewska, K, Gething, PW, Hay, SI, Greenwood, B, Ward, SA, Winstanley, PA, Dorsey, G, Greenhouse, B, Rosenthal, PJ, Grivoyannis, A, Hamed, K, Hwang, J, Kachur, PS, and Nambozi, M
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- 2015
125. Effectiveness of seasonal malaria chemoprevention in children under ten years of age in Senegal : a stepped-wedge cluster-randomised trial
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Cissé, B., Ba, El Hadj, Sokhna, Cheikh, Ndiaye, J. L., Gomis, J. F., Dial, Y., Pitt, C., Ndiaye, M., Cairns, M., Faye, E., Lo, A., Tine, R., Faye, S., Faye, B., Sy, O., Konate, L., Kouevijdin, Ekoué, Flach, C., Faye, O., Trape, Jean-François, Sutherland, C., Fall, F. B., Thior, P. M., Faye, O. K., Greenwood, B., Gaye, O., Milligan, P., Cissé, B., Ba, El Hadj, Sokhna, Cheikh, Ndiaye, J. L., Gomis, J. F., Dial, Y., Pitt, C., Ndiaye, M., Cairns, M., Faye, E., Lo, A., Tine, R., Faye, S., Faye, B., Sy, O., Konate, L., Kouevijdin, Ekoué, Flach, C., Faye, O., Trape, Jean-François, Sutherland, C., Fall, F. B., Thior, P. M., Faye, O. K., Greenwood, B., Gaye, O., and Milligan, P.
- Abstract
Background Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention (SMC) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) plus amodiaquine (AQ), given each month during the transmission season, is recommended for children living in areas of the Sahel where malaria transmission is highly seasonal. The recommendation for SMC is currently limited to children under five years of age, but, in many areas of seasonal transmission, the burden in older children may justify extending this age limit. This study was done to determine the effectiveness of SMC in Senegalese children up to ten years of age. Methods and Findings SMC was introduced into three districts over three years in central Senegal using a stepped-wedge cluster-randomised design. A census of the population was undertaken and a surveillance system was established to record all deaths and to record all cases of malaria seen at health facilities. A pharmacovigilance system was put in place to detect adverse drug reactions. Fifty-four health posts were randomised. Nine started implementation of SMC in 2008, 18 in 2009, and a further 18 in 2010, with 9 remaining as controls. In the first year of implementation, SMC was delivered to children aged 3-59 months; the age range was then extended for the latter two years of the study to include children up to 10 years of age. Cluster sample surveys at the end of each transmission season were done to measure coverage of SMC and the prevalence of parasitaemia and anaemia, to monitor molecular markers of drug resistance, and to measure insecticide-treated net (ITN) use. Entomological monitoring and assessment of costs of delivery in each health post and of community attitudes to SMC were also undertaken. About 780,000 treatments were administered over three years. Coverage exceeded 80% each month. Mortality, the primary end-point, was similar in SMC and control areas (4.6 and 4.5 per 1000 respectively in children under 5 years and 1.3 and 1.2 per 1000 in children 5-9 years of age; the overall mortality rate ra
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- 2016
126. Repeat Sequences in Block 2 of Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Surface Protein 1 Are Targets of Antibodies Associated with Protection from Malaria
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Polley, S D, Tetteh, K K A, Cavanagh, D R, Pearce, R J, Lloyd, J M, Bojang, K A, Okenu, D M N, Greenwood, B M, McBride, J S, Conway, D J, and Cavanagh, David
- Subjects
Antibodies, Protozoan ,ANTIGEN GENE ,VACCINE ,T-CELL ,Epitope ,Immunoglobulin G ,law.invention ,Mice ,Antibody Specificity ,law ,INFECTION ,Malaria, Falciparum ,Child ,Merozoite Surface Protein 1 ,FRAGMENT ,biology ,Vaccination ,Infectious Diseases ,Child, Preschool ,Recombinant DNA ,Antibody ,Adult ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Plasmodium falciparum ,IMMUNE ,Immunology ,Antigens, Protozoan ,Microbiology ,AOTUS MONKEYS ,Antigen ,Malaria Vaccines ,parasitic diseases ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Amino Acid Sequence ,PARASITE ,Antigen Gene ,Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ,EFFICACY ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,Mice, Inbred CBA ,biology.protein ,Parasitology ,Fungal and Parasitic Infections ,Malaria ,RESPONSES - Abstract
Human antibodies to the block 2 region of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1) are associated with a reduced prospective risk of clinical malaria. Block 2 is highly polymorphic, but all known alleles can be grouped into three major types. Two of these types (the K1-like and MAD20-like types) contain type-specific sequences (found in all alleles of a particular type) that flank polymorphic tripeptide repeats. These repeats contain both type-specific and subtype-specific sequences. To evaluate the antibody recognition of these parts of block 2, a new panel of six recombinant proteins was used (fused type-specific flanking sequences and two representative repeat sequences for each of the K1-like and MAD20-like types separately). Extensive testing of these antigens and full-length block 2 antigens showed that human serum immunoglobulin G antibodies induced by infection can recognize (i) type-specific epitopes in the repeats, (ii) subtype-specific epitopes in the repeats, or (iii) type-specific epitopes in flanking sequences. A large prospective study in The Gambia showed that antibodies to the repeats are strongly associated with protection from clinical malaria. The results are important for design of a vaccine to induce protective antibodies, and they address hypotheses about repeat sequences in malaria antigens.
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- 2003
127. malERA: An updated research agenda for diagnostics, drugs, vaccines, and vector control in malaria elimination and eradication
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Kaslow, DC, Okumu, F, Wells, TNC, Rabinovich, R, Bassat, Q, Birkett, A, Bompart, F, Burt, A, Chaccour, C, Chitnis, C, Culpepper, J, Domingo, G, Duffy, P, Ghani, A, Greenwood, B, Hall, BF, Hamon, N, Jacobs-Lorena, M, James, S, Koram, KA, Kremsner, P, Kumar, A, Leroy, D, Leroy, O, Lindsay, S, Majambere, S, Mbogo, C, McCarthy, J, Qi, G, Rasgon, J, Richardson, J, Richie, T, Sauerwein, R, Slutsker, L, Vekemans, J, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and Medical Research Council (MRC)
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0301 basic medicine ,Plasmodium ,GENE DRIVE SYSTEM ,Biomedical Research ,Mosquito Control ,Computer science ,lnfectious Diseases and Global Health Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences [Radboudumc 4] ,law.invention ,DOUBLE-BLIND ,0302 clinical medicine ,law ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,HIGH-THROUGHPUT ASSAY ,Protozoans ,Vaccines ,Collection Review ,Vector control ,Malarial Parasites ,Eukaryota ,Drugs ,General Medicine ,11 Medical And Health Sciences ,TRANSMISSION-BLOCKING ACTIVITY ,Parasitic diseases ,3. Good health ,Infectious Diseases ,Transmission (mechanics) ,Malalties parasitàries ,Risk analysis (engineering) ,Medicine ,Malaria control ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,Drug Research and Development ,Infectious Disease Control ,RESISTANT ANOPHELES-GAMBIAE ,030231 tropical medicine ,Severe disease ,Malària ,Antimalarials ,03 medical and health sciences ,Medicine, General & Internal ,All institutes and research themes of the Radboud University Medical Center ,Malaria elimination ,General & Internal Medicine ,Malaria Vaccines ,Parasite Groups ,Parasitic Diseases ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Disease Eradication ,VIVAX INFECTION ,Pharmacology ,Science & Technology ,NUCLEIC-ACID AMPLIFICATION ,Organisms ,Biology and Life Sciences ,PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM MALARIA ,PYRIPROXYFEN MIXTURE NET ,Tropical Diseases ,medicine.disease ,Parasitic Protozoans ,Insect Vectors ,Malaria ,030104 developmental biology ,Direct Treatment ,Insecticide resistance ,BLOOD-STAGE MALARIA ,Parasitology ,Apicomplexa - Abstract
Since the turn of the century, a remarkable expansion has been achieved in the range and effectiveness of products and strategies available to prevent, treat, and control malaria, including advances in diagnostics, drugs, vaccines, and vector control. These advances have once again put malaria elimination on the agenda. However, it is clear that even with the means available today, malaria control and elimination pose a formidable challenge in many settings. Thus, currently available resources must be used more effectively, and new products and approaches likely to achieve these goals must be developed. This paper considers tools (both those available and others that may be required) to achieve and maintain malaria elimination. New diagnostics are needed to direct treatment and detect transmission potential; new drugs and vaccines to overcome existing resistance and protect against clinical and severe disease, as well as block transmission and prevent relapses; and new vector control measures to overcome insecticide resistance and more powerfully interrupt transmission. It is also essential that strategies for combining new and existing approaches are developed for different settings to maximise their longevity and effectiveness in areas with continuing transmission and receptivity. For areas where local elimination has been recently achieved, understanding which measures are needed to maintain elimination is necessary to prevent rebound and the reestablishment of transmission. This becomes increasingly important as more countries move towards elimination., David Kaslow and colleagues examine the progress in reasearch for diagnostics, drugs, vaccines, and vector control in malaria elimination and eradication and propose a research agenda.
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- 2017
128. Efficacy and Safety of the RTS,S/AS01 Malaria Vaccine during 18 Months after Vaccination: A Phase 3 Randomized, Controlled Trial in Children and Young Infants at 11 African Sites
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Agnandji, ST, Lell, B, Fernandes, JF, Abossolo, BP, Kabwende, AL, Adegnika, AA, Mordmueller, B, Issifou, S, Kremsner, PG, Loembe, MM, Sacarlal, J, Aide, P, Madrid, L, Lanaspa, M, Mandjate, S, Aponte, JJ, Bulo, H, Nhama, A, Macete, E, Alonso, P, Abdulla, S, Salim, N, Mtoro, AT, Mutani, P, Tanner, M, Mavere, C, Mwangoka, G, Lweno, O, Juma, OA, Shekalaghe, S, Tinto, H, D'Alessandro, U, Sorgho, H, Valea, I, Ouedraogo, JB, Lompo, P, Diallo, S, Traore, O, Bassole, A, Dao, E, Hamel, MJ, Kariuki, S, Oneko, M, Odero, C, Otieno, K, Awino, N, Muturi-Kioi, V, Omoto, J, Laserson, KF, Slutsker, L, Otieno, W, Otieno, L, Otsyula, N, Gondi, S, Otieno, A, Ogutu, B, Ochola, J, Onyango, I, Oyieko, J, Njuguna, P, Chilengi, R, Akoo, P, Kerubo, C, Maingi, C, Olotu, A, Bejon, P, Marsh, K, Mwabingu, G, Gitaka, J, Owusu-Agyei, S, Asante, KP, Boahen, O, Dosoo, D, Adjei, G, Adeniji, E, Yawson, AK, Kayan, K, Chandramohan, D, Greenwood, B, Lusingu, J, Gesase, S, Malabeja, A, Abdul, O, Mahende, C, Liheluka, E, Lemnge, M, Theander, TG, Drakeley, C, Mbwana, J, Ansong, D, Agbenyega, T, Adjei, S, Boateng, HO, Rettig, T, Bawa, J, Sylverken, J, Sambian, D, Sarfo, A, Agyekum, A, Martinson, F, Hoffman, I, Mvalo, T, Kamthunzi, P, Nkomo, R, Tembo, T, Tsidya, GTM, Kilembe, J, Chawinga, C, Ballou, WR, Cohen, J, Guerra, Y, Jongert, E, Lapierre, D, Leach, A, Lievens, M, Ofori-Anyinam, O, Olivier, A, Vekemans, J, Kaslow, D, Leboulleux, D, Savarese, B, Schellenberg, D, and Partnership, RTSSCT
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Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,030231 tropical medicine ,Plasmodium falciparum ,Immunology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,parasitic diseases ,Vaccine Development ,Malaria Vaccines ,medicine ,Prevalence ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Parasitic Diseases ,Humans ,Malaria, Falciparum ,Adverse effect ,Africa South of the Sahara ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,Vaccines ,Intention-to-treat analysis ,Malaria vaccine ,business.industry ,Incidence ,Vaccination ,1. No poverty ,RTS,S ,Immunity ,Infant ,Biology and Life Sciences ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,Vaccine efficacy ,Tropical Diseases ,Vaccination and Immunization ,3. Good health ,Malaria ,Infectious Diseases ,Medicine ,Clinical Immunology ,business ,Meningitis ,Research Article - Abstract
Mary Hamel and colleagues in the RTS,S Clinical Trials Partnership report updated safety and efficacy results from an ongoing Phase 3 trial, including calculations of vaccine impact (malaria cases prevented). Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary, Background A malaria vaccine could be an important addition to current control strategies. We report the safety and vaccine efficacy (VE) of the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine during 18 mo following vaccination at 11 African sites with varying malaria transmission. Methods and Findings 6,537 infants aged 6–12 wk and 8,923 children aged 5–17 mo were randomized to receive three doses of RTS,S/AS01 or comparator vaccine. VE against clinical malaria in children during the 18 mo after vaccine dose 3 (per protocol) was 46% (95% CI 42% to 50%) (range 40% to 77%; VE, p, Editors' Summary Background Every year, more than 200 million cases of malaria occur worldwide, and more than 600,000 people, mainly children living in sub-Saharan Africa, die from this parasitic disease. Malaria parasites are transmitted to people through the bites of infected night-flying mosquitoes and cause fever that needs to be treated promptly with anti-malarial drugs to prevent anemia (a reduction in red blood cell numbers) and life-threatening organ damage. Malaria transmission can be prevented by using long-lasting insecticides sprayed on the indoor walls of homes to kill the mosquitoes that spread the malaria parasite or by sleeping under insecticide-treated nets to avoid mosquito bites and further reduce mosquito numbers. Widespread use of these preventative measures, together with the introduction of artemisinin combination therapy (an effective anti-malarial treatment), has reduced the global burden of malaria by 45% in all age groups, and by 51% among young children, since 2000. Why Was This Study Done? Unfortunately, the emergence of insecticide and drug resistance is threatening this advance in malaria control. Moreover, additional interventions—specifically, effective malaria vaccines—will be needed to eliminate malaria in the large areas of Africa where malaria transmission remains high. Currently, there is no licensed malaria vaccine, but RTS,S/AS01, the most advanced malaria vaccine candidate, is undergoing phase 3 clinical trials (the last stage of testing before licensing) in infants and children in seven African countries. The RTS,S Clinical Trials Partnership reported encouraging results on the efficacy and safety of RTS,S/AS01 during 12 months of follow-up in 2011 and 2012. Here, researchers report on the 18-month efficacy and safety of RTS,S/AS01. Vaccine efficacy (VE) is the reduction in the incidence of a disease (the number of new cases that occur in a population in a given period) among trial participants who receive the vaccine compared to the incidence among participants who do not receive the vaccine. What Did the Researchers Do and Find? The researchers randomly assigned 6,537 infants aged 6–12 weeks and 8,923 children aged 5–17 months to receive three doses of RTS,S/AS01 or a control vaccine. During 18 months of follow-up, there were 0.69 episodes of clinical malaria (a high temperature and parasites in the blood) per person-year among the children who received all the planned doses of RTS,S/AS01 (the “per protocol” population) and 1.17 episodes per person-year among the control children—a VE against clinical malaria in the per-protocol population of 46%. A similar VE was seen in an intention-to-treat analysis that included all the enrolled children, regardless of whether they received all of the planned vaccine doses; intention-to-treat analyses reflect the real-life situation—in which children sometimes miss vaccine doses—better than per-protocol analyses. In intention-to-treat analyses, the VE among children against severe malaria (fever, parasites in the blood, and symptoms such as anemia) and hospitalization for malaria was 34% and 41%, respectively. Among infants, the VE against clinical malaria was 27% in both per-protocol and intention-to-treat analyses; the vaccine showed no protection against severe malaria or hospitalization. In both infants and children, VE waned with time since vaccination. Across all the study sites, RTS,S/AS01 averted an average of 829 and 449 cases of clinical malaria per 1,000 children and infants vaccinated, respectively. Finally, the serious adverse event meningitis (inflammation of the tissues lining the brain and spinal cord) occurred more frequently in trial participants given RTS,S/AS01 than in those given the control vaccine, but the incidence of other serious adverse events was similar in both groups of participants. What Do These Findings Mean? These and other findings show that, during 18 months of follow-up, vaccination of children and young infants with RTS,S/AS01 prevented many cases of clinical and severe malaria and that the impact of vaccination was highest in regions with the highest incidence of malaria. They indicate, as in the earlier analysis, that the VE against clinical and severe malaria is higher in children than in young infants and suggest that protection wanes over time. Whether or not the vaccine played a causal role in the observed cases of meningitis cannot be determined from these results, and the occurrence of meningitis will be followed closely during the remainder of the trial. Other study limitations (for example, variations in the clinical characteristics of participants from one center to another) may also affect the accuracy of these findings and their interpretation. However, by showing that even a modest VE can avert a substantial number of malaria cases, these findings suggest that vaccination with RTS,S/AS01 could have a major public health impact in sub-Saharan Africa. Additional Information Please access these websites via the online version of this summary at http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001685. Information is available from the World Health Organization on all aspects of malaria (in several languages), including malaria immunization; the World Malaria Report 2013 provides details of the current global malaria situation; the World Health Organization also provides information on its Global Immunization Vision and Strategy (in English and French) The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provides information on malaria, including a selection of personal stories about malaria Information is available from the Roll Back Malaria Partnership on the global control of malaria and on the Global Malaria Action Plan (in English and French); its website includes a fact sheet about malaria in Africa The latest results from the phase 3 trial of RTS,S are available on the website of the PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative, a global program of the international nonprofit organization PATH that aims to accelerate the development of malaria vaccines and ensure their availability and accessibility in the developing world MedlinePlus provides links to additional information on malaria and on immunization (in English and Spanish)
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- 2014
129. Safety of Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention (SMC) with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine plus Amodiaquine when Delivered to Children under 10 Years of Age by District Health Services in Senegal: Results from a Stepped-Wedge Cluster Randomized Trial
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NDiaye, J. L., primary, Cissé, B., additional, Ba, E. H., additional, Gomis, J. F., additional, Ndour, C. T., additional, Molez, J. F., additional, Fall, F. B., additional, Sokhna, C., additional, Faye, B., additional, Kouevijdin, E., additional, Niane, F. K., additional, Cairns, M., additional, Trape, J. F., additional, Rogier, C., additional, Gaye, O., additional, Greenwood, B. M., additional, and Milligan, P. J. M., additional
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- 2016
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130. Childhood pneumonia and crowding, bed-sharing and nutrition: a case-control study from The Gambia
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Howie, S. R. C., primary, Schellenberg, J., additional, Chimah, O., additional, Ideh, R. C., additional, Ebruke, B. E., additional, Oluwalana, C., additional, Mackenzie, G., additional, Jallow, M., additional, Njie, M., additional, Donkor, S., additional, Dionisio, K. L., additional, Goldberg, G., additional, Fornace, K., additional, Bottomley, C., additional, Hill, P. C., additional, Grant, C. C., additional, Corrah, T., additional, Prentice, A. M., additional, Ezzati, M., additional, Greenwood, B. M., additional, Smith, P. G., additional, Adegbola, R. A., additional, and Mulholland, K., additional
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- 2016
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131. Imaging of strain from deep trenches using X-Ray Diffraction Imaging (XRDI)
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Gambino, J. P., primary, Watanabe, Y., additional, Kanuma, Y., additional, Greenwood, B., additional, Price, D., additional, Suwhanov, A., additional, Hose, S., additional, and Whear, O., additional
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- 2016
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132. (464) Prior voluntary wheel running is protective for neuropathic-like pain
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Grace, P., primary, Strand, K., additional, Galer, E., additional, Anderson, N., additional, Fabisiak, T., additional, Fulgham, S., additional, Greenwood, B., additional, Fleshner, M., additional, Maier, S., additional, and Watkins, L., additional
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- 2016
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133. Implementing a novel community engagement system during a clinical trial of a candidate Ebola vaccine within an outbreak setting
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Smout, E.M., primary, Enria, L., additional, Mooney, T., additional, Lees, S., additional, Watson-Jones, D., additional, Greenwood, B., additional, Leigh, B., additional, and Larson, H.J., additional
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- 2016
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134. Nasopharyngeal colonization of Gambian infants by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae before the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines
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Usuf, E., primary, Bojang, A., additional, Hill, P.C., additional, Bottomley, C., additional, Greenwood, B., additional, and Roca, A., additional
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- 2016
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135. Malaria eradication and elimination: views on how to translate a vision into reality
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Tanner, M, Greenwood, B, Whitty, CJM, Ansah, EK, Price, RN, Dondorp, AM, von Seidlein, L, Baird, JK, Beeson, JG, Fowkes, FJI, Hemingway, J, Marsh, K, Osier, F, Tanner, M, Greenwood, B, Whitty, CJM, Ansah, EK, Price, RN, Dondorp, AM, von Seidlein, L, Baird, JK, Beeson, JG, Fowkes, FJI, Hemingway, J, Marsh, K, and Osier, F
- Abstract
Although global efforts in the past decade have halved the number of deaths due to malaria, there are still an estimated 219 million cases of malaria a year, causing more than half a million deaths. In this forum article, we asked experts working in malaria research and control to discuss the ways in which malaria might eventually be eradicated. Their collective views highlight the challenges and opportunities, and explain how multi-factorial and integrated processes could eventually make malaria eradication a reality.
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- 2015
136. Baseline data of parasite clearance in patients with falciparum malaria treated with an artemisinin derivative: an individual patient data meta-analysis
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Abdulla, S, Ashley, EA, Bassat, Q, Bethell, D, Bjorkman, A, Borrmann, S, D'Alessandro, U, Dahal, P, Day, NP, Diakite, M, Djimde, AA, Dondorp, AM, Duong, S, Edstein, MD, Fairhurst, RM, Faiz, MA, Falade, C, Flegg, JA, Fogg, C, Gonzalez, R, Greenwood, B, Guerin, PJ, Guthmann, J-P, Hamed, K, Tran, TH, Htut, Y, Juma, E, Lim, P, Martensson, A, Mayxay, M, Mokuolu, OA, Moreira, C, Newton, P, Noedl, H, Nosten, F, Ogutu, BR, Onyamboko, MA, Owusu-Agyei, S, Phyo, AP, Premji, Z, Price, RN, Pukrittayakamee, S, Ramharter, M, Sagara, I, Se, Y, Suon, S, Stepniewska, K, Ward, SA, White, NJ, Winstanley, PA, Abdulla, S, Ashley, EA, Bassat, Q, Bethell, D, Bjorkman, A, Borrmann, S, D'Alessandro, U, Dahal, P, Day, NP, Diakite, M, Djimde, AA, Dondorp, AM, Duong, S, Edstein, MD, Fairhurst, RM, Faiz, MA, Falade, C, Flegg, JA, Fogg, C, Gonzalez, R, Greenwood, B, Guerin, PJ, Guthmann, J-P, Hamed, K, Tran, TH, Htut, Y, Juma, E, Lim, P, Martensson, A, Mayxay, M, Mokuolu, OA, Moreira, C, Newton, P, Noedl, H, Nosten, F, Ogutu, BR, Onyamboko, MA, Owusu-Agyei, S, Phyo, AP, Premji, Z, Price, RN, Pukrittayakamee, S, Ramharter, M, Sagara, I, Se, Y, Suon, S, Stepniewska, K, Ward, SA, White, NJ, and Winstanley, PA
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum manifests as slow parasite clearance but this measure is also influenced by host immunity, initial parasite biomass and partner drug efficacy. This study collated data from clinical trials of artemisinin derivatives in falciparum malaria with frequent parasite counts to provide reference parasite clearance estimates stratified by location, treatment and time, to examine host factors affecting parasite clearance, and to assess the relationships between parasite clearance and risk of recrudescence during follow-up. METHODS: Data from 24 studies, conducted from 1996 to 2013, with frequent parasite counts were pooled. Parasite clearance half-life (PC1/2) was estimated using the WWARN Parasite Clearance Estimator. Random effects regression models accounting for study and site heterogeneity were used to explore factors affecting PC1/2 and risk of recrudescence within areas with reported delayed parasite clearance (western Cambodia, western Thailand after 2000, southern Vietnam, southern Myanmar) and in all other areas where parasite populations are artemisinin sensitive. RESULTS: PC1/2 was estimated in 6975 patients, 3288 of whom also had treatment outcomes evaluate d during 28-63 days follow-up, with 93 (2.8 %) PCR-confirmed recrudescences. In areas with artemisinin-sensitive parasites, the median PC1/2 following three-day artesunate treatment (4 mg/kg/day) ranged from 1.8 to 3.0 h and the proportion of patients with PC1/2 >5 h from 0 to 10 %. Artesunate doses of 4 mg/kg/day decreased PC1/2 by 8.1 % (95 % CI 3.2-12.6) compared to 2 mg/kg/day, except in populations with delayed parasite clearance. PC1/2 was longer in children and in patients with fever or anaemia at enrolment. Long PC1/2 (HR = 2.91, 95 % CI 1.95-4.34 for twofold increase, p < 0.001) and high initial parasitaemia (HR = 2.23, 95 % CI 1.44-3.45 for tenfold increase, p < 0.001) were associated independently with an increased risk of recrudescence. In
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- 2015
137. Reactogenicity, safety and immunogenicity of a protein-based pneumococcal vaccine in Gambian children aged 2–4 years: A phase II randomized study
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Odutola, A, primary, Ota, MO, additional, Ogundare, EO, additional, Antonio, M, additional, Owiafe, P, additional, Worwui, A, additional, Greenwood, B, additional, Alderson, M, additional, Traskine, M, additional, Verlant, V, additional, Dobbelaere, K, additional, and Borys, D, additional
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- 2015
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138. PCN225 - Time To Reimbursement For Oncology Drugs In EU5
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Prada, M, Berard, I, Walzer, S, Darba, J, and Greenwood, B
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- 2018
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139. PSY119 - Time for Reimbursement for Orphan Drugs in EU5
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Prada, M, Berard, I, Walzer, S, Darba, J, and Greenwood, B
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- 2018
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140. Malaria Policy Advisory Committee to the WHO: conclusions and recommendations of March 2013 meeting
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Abdulla, S, Alonso, P, Binka, F, Graves, P, Greenwood, B, Leke, R, Malik, E, Marsh, K, Meek, S, Mendis, K, Schapira, A, Slutsker, L, Tanner, M, Valecha, N, White, N, Bosman, A, Cibulskis, R, D'Acremont, V, D'Souza, B, Lynch, M, Mnzava, A, Moorthy, V, Newman, R, Olumese, P, Rietveld, A, Ringwald, P, and Advisory, WHOMP
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Standards ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Mosquito Control ,Fever ,Operations research ,Advisory committee ,Advisory Committees ,Meeting Report ,Global Health ,World Health Organization ,Disease elimination ,Antimalarials ,WHO ,Malaria vaccines ,Pregnancy ,Malaria elimination ,parasitic diseases ,Policy making ,medicine ,Humans ,Scenario planning ,Resource allocation ,Estimation ,Surveillance ,business.industry ,Malaria vaccine ,Health Policy ,Prevention ,Monitoring and evaluation ,medicine.disease ,Malaria ,Infectious Diseases ,Treatment efficacy ,Family medicine ,Parasitology ,Technology roadmap ,business ,Switzerland - Abstract
The Malaria Policy Advisory Committee to the World Health Organization met in Geneva, Switzerland from 13 to 15 March, 2013. This article provides a summary of the discussions, conclusions and recommendations from that meeting. Meeting sessions included: a review of the efficacy of artemisinin-based combination therapy in Guyana and Suriname; the outcomes from a consultation on non-malaria febrile illness; the outcomes from the second meeting of the Evidence Review Group on malaria burden estimation; an update on the review of the WHO Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria; an update regarding progress on the constitution of the vector control Technical Expert Group; updates on the RTS, S/AS01 vaccine and the malaria vaccine technology roadmap; financing and resource allocation for malaria control; malaria surveillance and the need for a surveillance, monitoring and evaluation Technical Expert Group; criteria and classification related to malaria elimination; the next meeting of the Evidence Review Group on Intermittent Preventive Treatment in pregnancy; an update on the soon-to-be launched Elimination Scenario Planning Tool; and an update on the process for the Global Technical Strategy for Malaria Control and Elimination (2016–2025). Policy statements, position statements, and guidelines that arise from the MPAC meeting conclusions and recommendations will be formally issued and disseminated to World Health Organization Member States by the World Health Organization Global Malaria Programme.
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- 2013
141. A clonal analysis of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A
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Crowe, B. A., Olyhoek, T., Neumann, B., Wall, B., Hassan-King, M., Greenwood, B., and Achtman, M.
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- 1987
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142. Meningococcal carriage in the African meningitis belt
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Ali, O., Aseffa, A., Bedru, A., Lemma, T., Moti, T., Worku, A., Xabher, H. G., Yamuah, L., Boukary, R. M., Collard, J. M., Dano, I. D., Habiboulaye, I., Issaka, B., Jusot, J. F., Ousmane, S., Rabe, I., Clark, T., Mayer, L., Gami, J. P., Gamougam, K., Kodbesse, B., Naibei, N., Ngadoua, C., Mbainadji, L., Moto, D. D., Narbe, M., Toralta, J., Berthe, A., Keita, M., Diallo, K., Onwuchekwa, U., Sow, S. O., Tamboura, B., Traore, A., Toure, A., Amodu, M., Beida, O., Gadzama, G., Omotara, B., Sambo, Z., Yahya, S., Chandramohan, D., Greenwood, B., Hassan-King, M., Manigart, O., Nascimento, M., Stuart, J., Woukeu, A., Bai, X. L., Borrow, R., Findlow, H., Avalo, S., Bassene, H., Diallo, A., Dieng, M., Doucouré, S., Gomis, J. F., Ndiaye, A., Sokhna, Cheikh, Trape, Jean-François, Akalifa, B., Forgor, A., Hodgson, A., Osei, I., Quaye, S., Williams, J., Wontuo, P., Basta, N., Irving, T., Trotter, C., Bennett, J., Hill, D., Harrison, O., Rebbetts, L., Maiden, M., Tekletsion, Y., and Watkins, E.
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meningococcal carriage ,MenAfriCar ,meningococcus ,Africa ,Neisseria meningitidis ,meningococcal vaccines - Abstract
A meningococcal serogroup A polysaccharide/tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (PsA-TT) (MenAfriVac) is being deployed in countries of the African meningitis belt. Experience with other polysaccharide/protein conjugate vaccines has shown that an important part of their success has been their ability to prevent the acquisition of pharyngeal carriage and hence to stop transmission and induce herd immunity. If PsA-TT is to achieve the goal of preventing epidemics, it must be able to prevent the acquisition of pharyngeal carriage as well as invasive meningococcal disease and whether PsA-TT can prevent pharyngeal carriage needs to be determined. To address this issue, a consortium (the African Meningococcal Carriage (MenAfriCar) consortium) was established in 2009 to investigate the pattern of meningococcal carriage in countries of the African meningitis belt prior to and after the introduction of PsA-TT. This article describes how the consortium was established, its objectives and the standardised field and laboratory methods that were used to achieve these objectives. The experience of the MenAfriCar consortium will help in planning future studies on the epidemiology of meningococcal carriage in countries of the African meningitis belt and elsewhere.
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- 2013
143. The authors reply
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Hamel, MJ, Abdulla, S, and Greenwood, B
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- 2012
144. New malaria-control policies and child mortality in Senegal : reaching millennium development goal 4
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Trape, Jean-François, Sauvage, C., Ndiaye, O., Douillot, Laetitia, Marra, Adama, Diallo, Aldiouma, Cisse, B., Greenwood, B., Milligan, P., Sokhna, Cheikh, and Molez, Jean-François
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Background. The Demographic Surveillance System established in 1962 in Niakhar, Senegal, is the oldest in Africa. Here, we analyze trends in overall child mortality, malaria, and other causes of death in Niakhar from the beginning of data collection to 2010. Methods. After an initial census, demographic data were updated yearly from 1963 through 2010. From 1984, causes of death were determined by the verbal autopsy technique. Results. During 1963-2010, infant and under-5 mortality rates decreased from 223 parts per thousand to 18 parts per thousand and from 485 parts per thousand to 41 parts per thousand, respectively. The decrease was progressive during the entire observation period, except during 1990-2000, when a plateau and then an increase was observed. Malaria-attributable mortality in under-5 children decreased from 13.5 parts per thousand deaths per 1000 children per year during 1992-1999 to 2.2 parts per thousand deaths per 1000 children per year in 2010. During this period, all-cause mortality among children aged < 5 years decreased by 80%. Conclusions. Inadequate treatment for chloroquine-resistant malaria and an epidemic of meningitis during the 1990s were the 2 factors that interrupted a continuous decrease in child mortality. Direct and indirect effects of new malaria-control policies, introduced in 2003 and completed during 2006-2008, are likely to have been the key cause of the recent dramatic decrease in child mortality.
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- 2012
145. Amodiaquine dosage and tolerability for intermittent preventive treatment to prevent malaria in children
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Cairns, M., Cisse, B., Sokhna, Cheikh, Cames, Cécile, Simondon, Kirsten, Ba, E. H., Trape, Jean-François, Gaye, O., Greenwood, B. M., and Milligan, P. J. M.
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Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine with amodiaquine (SP-AQ) is a highly efficacious regimen for intermittent preventive treatment to prevent malaria in children (IPTc), but the amodiaquine component is not always well tolerated. We determined the association between amodiaquine dosage by body weight and mild adverse events (AEs) and investigated whether alternative age-based regimens could improve dosing accuracy and tolerability, using data from two trials of IPTc in Senegal, one in which AQ dose was determined by age and the other in which it was determined by weight category. Both dosage strategies resulted in some children receiving AQ doses above the recommended therapeutic range. The odds of vomiting increased with increasing amodiaquine dosage. In one study, incidence of fever also increased with increasing dosage. Anthropometric data from 1,956 children were used to predict the dosing accuracy of existing and optimal alternative regimens. Logistic regression models describing the probability of AEs by dosage were used to predict the potential reductions in mild AEs for each regimen. Simple amendments to current AQ dosing schedules based on the child's age could substantially increase dosing accuracy and thus improve the tolerability of IPTc using SP-amodiaquine in situations where weighing the child is impractical.
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- 2010
146. A surveillance system to measure childhood mortality and drug related adverse events in three districts in Senegal
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Elhadji, B. A. K., Ndiaye, J. L., Sokhna, Cheikh, Cisse, B., Gomis, J. F., Marra, Adama, Faye, E., Faye, B., Faye, O., Greenwood, B. M., Trape, Jean-François, Gaye, O., and Milligan, P. J. M.
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- 2010
147. Etiology of severe childhood pneumonia in the Gambia, West Africa, determined by conventional and molecular microbiological analyses of lung and pleural aspirate samples.
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Howie, SRC, Morris, GAJ, Tokarz, R, Ebruke, BE, Machuka, EM, Ideh, RC, Chimah, O, Secka, O, Townend, J, Dione, M, Oluwalana, C, Njie, M, Jallow, M, Hill, PC, Antonio, M, Greenwood, B, Briese, T, Mulholland, K, Corrah, T, Lipkin, WI, Adegbola, RA, Howie, SRC, Morris, GAJ, Tokarz, R, Ebruke, BE, Machuka, EM, Ideh, RC, Chimah, O, Secka, O, Townend, J, Dione, M, Oluwalana, C, Njie, M, Jallow, M, Hill, PC, Antonio, M, Greenwood, B, Briese, T, Mulholland, K, Corrah, T, Lipkin, WI, and Adegbola, RA
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Molecular analyses of lung aspirates from Gambian children with severe pneumonia detected pathogens more frequently than did culture and showed a predominance of bacteria, principally Streptococcus pneumoniae, >75% being of serotypes covered by current pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Multiple pathogens were detected frequently, notably Haemophilus influenzae (mostly nontypeable) together with S. pneumoniae.
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- 2014
148. Chlorproguanil - Dapsone - Artesunate versus artemether - Lumefantrine: A randomized, double-blind phase III trial in African children and adolescents with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria
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Premji, Z., Umeh, R. E., Owusu-Agyei, S., Esamai, F., Ezedinachi, E. U., Oguche, S., Borrmann, S., Sowunmi, A., Duparc, S., Kirby, P. L., Pamba, A., Kellam, L., Guiguemdé, R., Greenwood, B., Ward, Stephen, and Winstanley, P. A.
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wc_770 ,wc_20 ,qx_20 ,qv_4 ,qx_135 ,parasitic diseases ,qv_38 ,ws_460 ,wb_330 ,wc_750 ,ws_430 - Abstract
Background\ud \ud Chlorproguanil-dapsone-artesunate (CDA) was developed as an affordable, simple, fixed-dose artemisinin-based combination therapy for use in Africa. This trial was a randomized parallel-group, double-blind, double-dummy study to compare CDA and artemether-lumefantrine (AL) efficacy in uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria and further define the CDA safety profile, particularly its hematological safety in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) -deficient patients. \ud \ud Methods and Findings\ud \ud The trial was conducted at medical centers at 11 sites in five African countries between June 2006 and August 2007. 1372 patients (≥1 to
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- 2009
149. Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria decreases the anti-Plasmodium schizont antibody response of Senegalese children
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Boulanger, Denis, Sarr, J. B., Fillol, Florie, Cissé, Badara, Sokhna, Cheikh, Riveau, G., Simondon, Kirsten, Trape, Jean-François, Greenwood, B., Simondon, François, and Remoué, Franck
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- 2009
150. Development of a mechatronic sorting system for removing contaminants from wool\ud
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Zhang, L., Dehghani, A., Zhenwei, S., King, T., Greenwood, B., and Levesley, M.
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Automated visual inspection (AVI) systems have been\ud extended to many fields, such as agriculture and the food, plastic\ud and textile industries. Generally, most visual systems only inspect\ud product defects, and then analyze and grade them due to the lack\ud of any sorting function. This main reason rests with the difficulty of\ud using the image data in real time. However, it is increasingly important\ud to either sort good products from bad or grade products into\ud separate groups usingAVI systems. This article describes the development\ud of a mechatronic sorting system and its integration with a\ud vision system for automatically removing contaminants from wool\ud in real time. The integration is implemented by a personal computer,\ud which continuously processes live images under the Windows\ud 2000 operating system. The developed real-time sorting approach\ud is also applicable to many other AVI systems.
- Published
- 2005
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