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Background The Affordable Medicines Facility for malaria (AMFm) Program was a subsidy aimed at artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) in order to increase availability, affordability, and market share of ACTs in 8 malaria endemic countries in Africa. The WHO supervised the manufacture of the subsidized products, named them Quality Assured ACTs (QAACT) and printed a Green Leaf Logo on all QAACT packages. Ghana began to receive the subsidized QAACTs in 2010. Methods A cross-sectional stock survey was conducted at 63 licensed chemical shops (LCS) and private pharmacies in two districts of the Brong-Ahafo region of Ghana to determine the availability and price of all anti-malarial treatments. Drug outlets were visited over a 3-weeks period in October and November of 2014, about 2 years after the end of AMFm program. Results At least one QAACT was available in 88.9% (95% CI 80.9% – 96.8%) of all drug outlets with no difference between urban and rural locations. Non-Assured ACTs (NAACT) were significantly more available in urban drug outlets [75.0% availability (95% CI 59.1% – 90.9%)] than in rural drug outlets [16.1% availability (95% CI 2.4% – 29.9%)]. The top selling product was Artemether Lumefantrine with the Green Leaf Logo, a QAACT. There was a significant difference in the mean price of a QAACT [$1.04 USD (95% CI $0.98 – $1.11)], and the mean price of a NAACT in both the urban and rural areas [$2.46 USD (95% CI $2.11 – $2.81)]. There was no significant difference in the price of any product that was available in urban and rural settings Conclusion About 2 years after the AMFm program, subsidized QAACTs in Ghana were widely available and more affordable than NAACTs in the Kintampo North District and Kintampo South Municipality of Ghana. The AMFm program appeared to have mostly succeeded in making QAACTs available and affordable.

Maximum light use efficiency ( ${\text{LUE}}_{\rm{max}}$ ) is an important parameter in biomass estimation models (e.g., the Production Efficiency Models (PEM)) based on remote sensing data; however, it is usually treated as a constant for a specific plant species, leading to large errors in vegetation productivity estimation. This study evaluates the feasibility of deriving spatially variable crop ${\text{LUE}}_{\rm{max}}$ from satellite remote sensing data. ${\text{LUE}}_{\rm{max}}$ at the plot level was retrieved first by assimilating field measured green leaf area index and biomass into a crop model (the Simple Algorithm for Yield estimate model), and was then correlated with a few Landsat-8 vegetation indices (VIs) to develop regression models. ${\text{LUE}}_{\rm{max}}$ was then mapped using the best regression model from a VI. The influence factors on ${\text{LUE}}_{\rm{max}}$ variability were also assessed. Contrary to a fixed ${\text{LUE}}_{\rm{max}}$ , our results suggest that ${\text{LUE}}_{\rm{max}}$ is affected by environmental stresses, such as leaf nitrogen deficiency. The strong correlation between the plot-level ${\text{LUE}}_{\rm{max}}$ and VIs, particularly the two-band enhanced vegetation index for winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) and the green chlorophyll index for maize ( Zea mays ) at the milk stage, provided a potential to derive ${\text{LUE}}_{\rm{max}}$ from remote sensing observations. To evaluate the quality of ${\text{LUE}}_{\rm{max}}$ derived from remote sensing data, biomass of winter wheat and maize was compared with that estimated using a PEM model with a constant ${\text{LUE}}_{\rm{max}}$ and the derived variable ${\text{LUE}}_{\rm{max}}$ . Significant improvements in biomass estimation accuracy were achieved (by about 15.0% for the normalized root-mean-square error) using the derived variable ${\text{LUE}}_{\rm{max}}$ . This study offers a new way to derive ${\text{LUE}}_{\rm{max}}$ for a specific PEM and to improve the accuracy of biomass estimation using remote sensing.

The study assessed the sensitivity of weather parameters with respect to total green leaf and two leaves and bud (T & B) productivity of tea crop {Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze}. The maximum temperature ranging from 20.0 to 29.0 oC during March, May, August and September showed positive relationship with values ranging from 0.26 to 3.38 and 0.22 to 3.22 for green leaf and T & B yield, respectively. Similarly, minimum temperature ranging from 9.1 to 20.0 oC during March and July to October found positive 0.001 to 2.93 and 0.28 to 2.91 for green leaf and T & B productivity, respectively. The mean monthly rainfall amounting 52.7 to 664.7 mm during March, May, July to October and 52.7 to 488.4 mm during June, July, September and October also showed positive sensitivity with values ranging from 0.03 to 0.33 and 0.007 to 0.35 for green leaf and T & B yield, respectively. The relative humidity ranging between 41.2 to 77.3% during April to May for green leaf yield (0.32 to 1.71) and during April to May and October for two leaf and bud yield (0.00 to 1.70) showed positive relationship. So, maximum and minimum temperature between 20.0 to 29.0 oC and 9.1 to 20.0 oC, respectively with rainfall of 52.7 to 488.4 mm and relative humidity 41.2 to 77.3% are the most beneficial weather parameters for tea cultivation at Palampur conditions.

This study aimed to characterize the volatile composition and sensory characteristics of virgin olive oils (VOOs) from eight olive cultivars grown in the southeast region of Brazil. The volatiles were extracted by Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) and analyzed by Gas Chromatography coupled to MassSpectrometry (GC-MS). The dominant sensory attributes were determined by Temporal Dominance of Sensations (TDS). C5 and C6 alcohols and C6 aldehydes were the most abundant volatiles in the investigated VOOs. E-2-hexenal was among the majorityof volatiles in all investigated olive oils, mainly in VOOs fromcultivars Arbequina, Arbosana and Grappolo 541, in which it had the most of their chromatographic area (about 60-80%). VOOs from cultivars Maria da Fe, Mission, Arbosana and Arbequina were characterized by the dominance of pungency sensation, as well as Frantoio regarding to bitter. Grappolo yielded an olive oil withpredominance of bitter, and a blended VOO (Grappolo 541 and Arbequina) had predominance of green leaf. VOO from Ascolano cultivar had dominance of fruity and pungency. Overall, pungent was the main dominant sensation in most of the investigated VOOs, which can be related to C5 and C6 volatiles.

The paper describes utilization of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for detection of changes of small water areas and surrounding land cover. UAV is used as a cheap and on-demand available solution for remote data sensing. Its utilization is highly limited by legal regulations and weather conditions. The paper is focused on a monitoring of a small water body by means of vegetation spectral indices, which are calculated only from the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The Normalized Excess Green Index (NExG), Normalized Green-Red Difference Index (NGRDI), Red-Green-Blue Vegetation Index (RGBVI), Green Leaf Index (GLI), Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index (VARI), and Vegetation Index of Excess Green (ExG) are used to classify the collected imagery and identify particular land cover types.

Unmanned aerial vehicles UAV in the visible plays an important role in monitoring agricultural environment, besides their low cost and flexibility, they are used to obtain high-resolution images and extract vegetation information. Numerous color indices are available to help monitoring vegetation, this paper selects four color indices based on the RGB color: Normalized green red difference index NGRDI, Excess green index ExG, Excess Green minus Excess Red ExG-ExR, and Green leaf index GLI. The results of this study indicate that the four color indices can quickly and accurately identify the vegetation coverage area and the recognition accuracy is above 91%. Among them, ExG-ExR index is superior to other indices, it is more stable with high recognition accuracy.

This paper talked about a framework utilizing raspberry PI to detect and prevent plant disease from spreading. The k means clustering algorithm was used for image analysis. It has numerous focal points for use in vast harvest ranches and in this way distinguishes indications of sickness naturally at whatever point they show up on plant leaves. In pharmaceutical research, the recognition of leaf ailment is essential and a critical theme for research, because it has the advantages of monitoring crops in the field in the form and thus automatically detects symptoms of disease by image processing using an algorithm clustering k - means. The term disease refers to the type of plant damage. This paper gives the best strategy to recognizing plant infections utilizing picture preparing and alarming the ailment brought about by email, SMS and showing the malady name on the framework proprietor's screen display. Automatic detection of symptoms of disease is useful for upgrading agricultural products. Completely automatic design and implementation of these technologies will make a significant contribution to the chemical application. The cost of pesticides and other products will be reduced. This will lead to an increase in farm productivity.

This quilted triptych acquaints viewers with the devastating 2018 blaze at the Glasgow School of Art (GSA). I studied, lived, and worked in the Glasgow area for five years, and this work represents my struggle to comprehend the loss of the GSA while imagining an idyllic future. The design integrates aesthetic properties of the Glasgow Style, such as vertical lines, repeating squares, organic forms, and the Glasgow rose, which represents the GSA itself in each panel. By transforming the background colors and the color of the roses, each panel depicts the passage of time following the fire, including the immediate aftermath, the transition from debris removal to fundraising, and finally a rebuilt school. Quilts are constructed by layering and connecting multiple parts, analogous to the way in which buildings are constructed, and therefore this medium, in combination with needlework, was chosen to advocate for rebuilding.

International audience; The dynamics of the Green Leaf Area Index (GLAI) is of great interest for numerous applications such as yield prediction and plant breeding. We present a high-throughput model-assisted method for characterizing GLAI dynamics in maize (Zea mays subsp. mays) using multispectral imagery acquired from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). Two trials were conducted with a high diversity panel of 400 lines under well-watered and water-deficient treatments in 2016 and 2017. For each UAV flight, we first derived GLAI estimates from empirical relationships between the multispectral reflectance and ground level measurements of GLAI achieved over a small sample of microplots. We then fitted a simple but physiologically sound GLAI dynamics model over the GLAI values estimated previously. Results show that GLAI dynamics was estimated accurately throughout the cycle (R2 > 0.9). Two parameters of the model, biggest leaf area and leaf longevity, were also estimated successfully. We showed that GLAI dynamics and the parameters of the fitted model are highly heritable (0.65 ≤ H2 ≤ 0.98), responsive to environmental conditions, and linked to yield and drought tolerance. This method, combining growth modeling, UAV imagery and simple non-destructive field measurements, provides new high-throughput tools for understanding the adaptation of GLAI dynamics and its interaction with the environment. GLAI dynamics is also a promising trait for crop breeding, and paves the way for future genetic studies.

This study examines the effectiveness of a model called LINGRA-N-Plus to simulate the interaction of climate, soil and management on the green leaf and total dry matter yields of ryegrass in England and Wales. The LINGRA-N-Plus model includes modifications of the LINGRA-N model such as temperature- and moisture-dependent soil nitrogen mineralization and differential partitioning to leaves and stems with thermal time from the last harvest. The resulting model was calibrated against the green leaf and total grass yields from a harvest interval x nitrogen application experiment described by Wilman et al. (1976). When the LINGRA-N-Plus model was validated against total grass yields from nitrogen experiments at ten sites described by Morrison et al. (1980), its modelling efficiency improved greatly compared to the original LINGRA-N. High predicted yields, at zero nitrogen application, were related to soils with a high initial nitrogen content. The lowest predicted yields occurred at sites with low rainfall and shallow rooting depth, mitigating the effect of drought at such sites increased yields by up to 4 t ha−1. The results highlight the usefulness of grass models, such as LINGRA-N-Plus, to explore the combined effects of climate, soil, and management, like nitrogen application, and harvest intervals on grass productivity.

This research project is about the advantages and disadvantages of using white LED bulbs and fluorescent lamps when growing fruit rootstocks (VSL -2 fruit rootstock) in Vitro. The comparative analysis of using two different lamps will be based on subject of plant growing, development of root system and green leaf pigmentation. Moreover, pros and cons are summed up in terms of the resulting plant yield, where LED bulbs and fluorescent lamps were used within different illumination.

Indonesia is the center of yardlong bean cultivation, so that it has a wide genetic diversity. The Vegetable Genebank of Universitas Gadjah Mada has a large collection of yardlong bean germplasm. Therefore, it is necessary to characterize the germplasm collection to identify the specific characters of each accession. Morphological characterization of yardlong bean was carried out based on quantitative and qualitative traits. The yardlong bean accessions that were being observed in this research were FB-KP 277, FB-KP 431, FB-KP 688, FB-KP 689, FB-KP 690, and FB-KP 728.The result showed that FB-KP 728 had the highest yield potential. Meanwhile, the yardlong bean accession with the lowest yield potential was FB-KP 277. FB-KP 277 was the only yardlong bean accession that had the specific characteristics, they were twining growth type, pale green leaf color, ovate leaf shape, and brown-cream seed color.

La agricultura familiar es el modelo productivo y forma de vida que se presenta en la zona de las Chispas en la localidad de Garavi, en la provincia de Corrientes. Esta característica de los productores, se ve influenciada por la diversificación en las actividades de subsistencia. Este es el caso de un productor pequeño yerbatero, que buscó cambiar su forma de producción en sus lotes de yerba mate aplicando nuevas técnicas. En ese sentido se planteó el manejo de sus lotes de yerba mate con un enfoque sistemático. Se modificó el sistema de cosecha, el manejo de los fertilizantes químicos y orgánicos, en cuanto a dosis y momentos de aplicación. La aplicación de estas prácticas de manejo y fertilización, en tiempo y forma, logró un incremento de cosecha en los lotes de yerba mate pasando de 3835 kilogramos por hectárea a 11523 kilogramos de hoja verde de yerba mate. La introducción de cubiertas verdes para mantener el suelo con cobertura vegetal fue fundamental para el correcto uso y conservación del suelo. Las capacitaciones no estuvieron alejadas de este panorama, siendo fundamental la instrucción y compartir conocimientos con los trabajadores. El éxito de la aplicación de estas prácticas se debe a la labor consensuada entre los productores y trabajadores, pero también hay que considerar el apoyo de los técnicos que desarrollaron su actividad de extensión visualizando esta situación en el terreno.

An experiment was conducted at Regional Agriculture Research Station, College of Agriculture, Waraseoni, Bagalaght, Madhya Pradesh during the 2014-15 to study on the evaluation of Thiamethoxam 25 per cent WG for the management of stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulasWalker), leaf folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee), gall midge (Orseolia oryzaeWood Mason), leaf hoppers viz., green leaf hopper (Nephotettix virescens Distant), brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal), in rice crop. Thiamethoxam 25 per cent WG used in the experiment was different doses i.e. @ 20 g a.i. /ha, 25 g a.i. /ha, 30 g a.i. /ha, 50 g a.i. /ha, and 100 g a.i. /ha, with insecticidal check Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 30 ml a.i./ha. Two sprays of insecticides were applied at fifteen days interval. The most effective dose of thiomethoxam 25 per cent WG in controlling the rice insect pests was 50 g. a.i./ha followed by 30 g a.i. /ha and 25 g a.i. /ha. Per cent reduction of insect pests over untreated plot after final sprays was followed this order of efficacy: Thiamethoxam 25 per cent WG @ 20 g a.i. /ha> 100 g a.i. /ha, > Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 30 ml a.i./ha.. Highest cost benefit ratio (1:21.69) was observed in thiamethoxam 50 per cent WG @ 20 g a.i. /ha. How to view point the article : Panse, Raju Kumar, Bhandarkar, A.P. and Rajak, S.K. (2016). Evaluation of thiamethoxam 25 per cent WG against major insect pests of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Internat. J. Plant Protec., 9(2) : 551-555, DOI : 10.15740/HAS/IJPP/9.2/551-555.

The effects of restricted access time to pasture (2, 4 or 6 h d−1; 2H, 4H or 6H) on ingestive behaviour and performance were assessed on four occasions per target grazing day (D1, initial day; D4, intermediate day; and D7, final day) in dairy ewes rotationally grazing berseem clover with a 7-day grazing period and a 21-day recovery period. A randomized block design with two replicates per treatment was used. All ewes were supplemented daily with 700 g per head of concentrates and 700 g per head of ryegrass-based hay. Pasture subplot and animal group data were analysed by a factorial model including access time (AT), grazing day (D) and their interaction as fixed factors. Sward height decreased from D1 (P

Environmental management remains a neglected area in the management of hotels. This study has tried to find out the environmental management practices of hotels in Bangkok. This study shows that hotels in Bangkok are practicing environmental management practices. However, at a point they also do not want to compromise with guest comfort. The idea of Green Leaf is very innovative and the hotels are trying their best to be a part of that. The hotels think that cost saving is a force for the practice of environmental management. However, they took it also as a barrier. Over the years, the number of star hotels has increased in all the cities of Asia. However, there is a dearth of research on the environmental management practices of these hotels. Therefore, there is an urgent need of such type of research just to find out how green are our hotels. This study helps us to find out the green environmental practices of hotels in Thailand and what lessons other Asian countries can draw from that.

Endemic species are often replaced by plantings from non-local areas in new suburbs in the developed world. Does this lead to colour changes? This paper compares colour in the leaves of exotic trees planted in suburbs to that of endemics in the Southwest Australian Floristic Region. Colour in plant parts was assessed by the Natural Colour System of Sweden, which enabled quantitative comparison between species. Hue, chromaticness, percentage yellow, blackness, whiteness, luminescence, and visual lightness were determined. The leaves of Australian trees were less chromatic and darker than exotic trees, suggesting that colour changes are occurring with suburbanisation in this region.

The earth is getting hotter due to the increasingly intense sun exposure. Because of that the sun's rays will look bad for humans, especially on human skin. This sun exposure can cause various problems, especially on the skin, such as dry skin. One way to overcome this problem is to use skin moisturizers regularly. Various types of skin moisturizers have been widely circulating in the market, but many people are not suitable to use these items because of many things. Natural moisturizers can be the solution. Formulations of green grass jelly and bengkoang leaves can be an alternative use of natural moisturizers. One of the ingredients in green grass jelly leaves is the content of polyphenols and flavonoids contained in green grass jelly leaves can function as antioxidants. Antioxidants can fight free radicals in the body. Whereas in yam, one of the substances that exist is Flavonoid is a natural sunscreen to prevent skin damage due to free radicals and phenolic substances effective to inhibit the process of formation of melanin bengkoang useful as a natural skin lightener. Based on SNI-16-4399-1996, all samples that have been made meet the existing standards and the formulation samples that comply with the standard are F (D), ie green grass jelly concentration of 2.5% and Bengkong 5%

Spectral vegetation index (SVI) is a mathematical combination of image spectral bands, especially ranges from visible to near infrared portion of the light spectrum. The purpose of SVI is to emphasize the vegetation content information from an image and doesn’t directly correlate with any physical or bio-physical characteristics of vegetation. One of the important biophysical parameters of vegetation that can be derived from SVI is Leaf Area Index (LAI). LAI can be defined as one half the total green leaf area per unit horizontal ground surface area and considered as an indicator to determine the level of mangrove health. Various SVIs have been developed and different SVI affects the accuracy of the LAI model. This study aimed to (1) compare and contrast the performance of several SVIs applied to WorldView-2 (WV-2) image to estimate the LAI, and (2) find the most accurate model for estimating LAI of mangrove forest in Perancak Estuary, Bali. The SVI used are Simple Ratio (SR), Normalized Differenced Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Green Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index (GARI), dan Wide Dynamic Range Vegetation Index (WDRVI). The LAI models developed were based on the semi-empirical relationships between SVIs and field LAI measured from hemispherical photograph. The corresponding values of both parameters were correlated to find the regression function for the modelling. The results show that the best accuracy was obtained from NDVI which has an R2 value of 0.83 and an estimation accuracy of 89.10 %.

The use of synthetic chemical insecticides in controlling rice pest insects has various negative impacts. Chemical insecticides can stimulate pest resistance, the emergence of secondary pests, killing of useful organisms and natural enemies, and contamination of residues in food, soil and water. Another potential effective control alternative is the use of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuil. (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae). The effectiveness of B. bassiana application by spraying on plants or pests directly, can decrease due to the influence of high temperatures, low humidity, and exposure to ultra violet light. The study of the application of B. bassiana by treatment of rice seeds was carried out to determine the cumulative mortality of green leaf hopper, which was carried out in two-time periods at the Bioecology Laboratory for Natural Pests and Enemies, Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University. The first series of studies used B. bassiana collection culture of Bioecology Laboratory, and the second series used the commercially available B. bassiana formulation. Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with each of the 4 treatments and 5 replications was used in this study. The results showed that, coating or soaking rice seeds with entomopathogenic fungi B. bassiana was able to cause mortality to green leafhoppers. Although the mortality is lower than spraying on rice plants or penetrating the body of green leafhoppers, however, with the covering or soaking rice seeds, the mortality of green leafhoppers is significantly higher than control without the application of B. bassiana. This indicates basic potential that requires a study for development of rice seed coating and immersion techniques to increase its effectiveness in controlling green leafhoppers.

Amino acids are important components of mangrove plant metabolisms. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship of mangrove R. mucronata leaf colors to the amino acid content. This study was conducted between March to August 2019. The leaves were taken 50 g. The assessment of Amino acids was conducted using UPLC Waters Acquity Class H with PDA Detector. The principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine the relationship analysis between R. mucronata leaf colors and amino acid concentrations. The largest content was L glutamic acid with a green leaf content of 6139.57 ± 694.17 mg/kg and yellow leaf content of 6105.013 ± 113.2058 mg/kg. The results of PCA 1 showed that the influential amino acids were L-threonine (0.94), L-tyrosine (0.96), L-alanine (0.92), L-vanin (0.93), and PCA 2 showed glutamic acid (0.91). These results indicated that the difference in mangrove leaf colors affects the amino acid contents in the leaves.

Catechins are important chemical components determining the quality of tea. The catechin index (CI, ratio of dihydroxylated catechin (DIC)/trihydroxylated catechin (TRIC)) in the green leaf has a major influence on the amounts of theaflavins in black tea. In this work, the major catechin profiles of wild tea plants originating from Guizhou Province with high CI trait were investigated. We identified a novel flavonoid 3',5' hydroxylase gene ( F3' 5' H) allele with a 14 bp deletion in the upstream regulation region and developed an insertion/deletion (InDel) marker accordingly. The 14 bp deletion in the novel F3' 5' H allele was associated with low F3' 5' H mRNA expression, thereby resulting in low TRIC content and high CI value. The allelic variant in the novel F3' 5' H allele associated with high CI values and DIC contents was confirmed by the introgression lines derived from a distant cross population. The novel F3' 5' H allele in wild tea plants is a valuable gene resource, which could be applied to breeding improvement on tea quality.

Drought is one of major constrains for rice production in Indonesia. Development of drought tolerant rice variety is believed as an efficien and effective strategy to face the challange. Nevertheless, drought is a complex trait thus many approach had been implemented in the selection of drought tolerant rice genotypes. This study aimed to search traits correlated with drought tolerance in rice plant. Two screening methods, i.e. seedling box and mini pot methods was conducted into 60 rice genotypes. The experiments were conducted during dry season 2016. The results showed that based on % recovery, TIL24 had the highest (82.5 %) while number of green leaves had strong positive correlation with root length, root number in zone 1 (horizontal), 2 (medium), and 3 (vertical), total root number, leaf rolling, and plant recovery. Nevertheless, proportion of root in zone 3 negatively correlated with shoot length, green leaf number, root number in zone 1 and 2, total root number, and plant recovery. It seem that proportion of vertical root compensate with other traits in developing drought tolerance, while number of green leaf under stress and root number in zone 2 correlated more with traits supporting drought tolerant in rice.

The study was carried out using 58 species of terrestrial plants of different life forms at the start of their fruiting stage. Photoreceptive systems of the leaves were assessed by means of unconventional numerical indicators of absorption spectra, relative photoabsorption coefficient, photosynthetic pigments' integral absorption intensity and relative absorption intensity coefficient. As the study showed, the leaves of all trees and light-demanding grasses favoring open spaces, which were subjected to the study were featured by the lowest values of numerical indicators of absorption spectra (NIAS). Shade-demanding grasses, which grow beneath the canopy, by contrast, were featured by the highest NIAS values. These values of the shrub leaves were in between those of light-demanding plants and shade-demanding ones. The results obtained are consistent with modern visions concerning the biochemistry and the physiology of plants' photoreceptive system. It is appropriate to apply the NIAS, which were used in this study and reflect a leaf's photoreceptive properties, as spectrophotometric criteria for monitoring and environmental management of natural plant resources and agricultural plants.

This study was carried out aiming to evaluate the biomass components of elephant grass cv. Roxo at seven growth ages, during rainy, transition and dry seasons. A completely randomized design was adopted with a split plot arrangement over time. The treatments consisted of seven growth ages (9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54 and 63) and three seasons (rainy, transition and dry). The variables green forage biomass, dead forage biomass, green stem biomass and green leaf blade biomass showed positive linear responses to age and had their magnitude influenced by the evaluated seasons. The live/dead material ratio showed a decreasing linear response as a function of age. The leaf blade/stem ratio showed a negative linear adjustment in the rainy season, reaching a critical value of 1.0 at 59 days, and it showed a quadratic adjustment in the transition season, with the maximum point at 27.53 days; however, this ratio was not influenced by age in the dry season, revealing an average value of 2.22±0.27. The canopy height and leaf area index showed a positive linear response to age in the three seasons. Tiller population density showed quadratic behaviour for age, with maximum estimated values of 134 and 110 til. m-2 at 31.24 and 37.40 days in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. Rainfall seasonality influences the magnitude of the daily increase of the distinct biomass components of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Roxo. [Componentes da biomassa em ?Pennisetum purpureum ? cv. Roxo manejado sob diferentes idades e épocas de crescimento]. Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar os componentes da biomassa em capim-elefante cv. Roxo em sete idades de crescimento, nas épocas chuvosa, transição e seca. Adotou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas no tempo. Os tratamentos consistiram em sete idades de crescimentos (9; 18; 27; 36; 45; 54 e 63 dias) e três épocas (chuvosa, transição e seca). As variáveis biomassa de forragem verde, forragem morta, colmo verde e de lâmina foliar verde apresentaram resposta linear positiva para o fator idade e tiveram suas magnitudes influenciadas pelas épocas de avaliação. A relação material vivo/material morto respondeu de forma linear decrescente em função das idades. A relação lâmina foliar/colmo apresentou ajuste linear negativo na época chuvosa, atingindo valor crítico de 1,0 aos 59 dias e ajuste quadrático na época de transição, com ponto de máxima aos 27,53 dias, e não foi influenciada pelo fator idade na época seca, com valor médio de 2,22±0,27. A altura do dossel e o índice de área foliar responderam de forma linear positiva para o fator idade, nas três épocas. A densidade populacional de perfilhos apresentou comportamento quadrático para o fator idade, com valores máximos estimados em 134 e 110 perf. m-2 aos 31,24 e 37,40 dias de idade nas épocas chuvosa e seca, respectivamente. A sazonalidade da precipitação pluvial influencia a magnitude do incremento diário nos distintos componentes da biomassa em Pennisetum purpureum cv. Roxo. Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T00:43:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC2018Biomasscomponents.pdf: 462904 bytes, checksum: 7d74c3c55b5a1cd0286bd4ee7085d7d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-22

The objective of this research was to obtain suitable concentration of sucrose and agar in the sweet potato (Ipomea batatas (L) Lam) in vitro preservation medium, in order to make plant grow slowly and healthy. Experiment was done in Molecular Biologi Laboratory of PAU IPB. The experiment was arranged in factorial complete random design, using sweet potato var. Sukuh in order to know the effect of sucrose (40,50,60,70 and 80 g l-1) and agar (7 and 8 g l-1) which were added 1 g l-1 hyponex fertilizer 20-20-20. The experiment was replicated four times. Data were analyzed parametrically and non-parametrically. The result of these experiments showed the suitable conservation media was 1 g l-1 hyponex 20-20-20 + 60 g l-1sucrose + 7 g l-1 agar. Threfore, the media composition MS could produce high green inter nodes number, high root number and more than two green leaf number. This experiment also showed that MS media could be replaced by a cheaper and easily found conservation medium.

Septoria tritici blotch (STB) is the most damaging disease of wheat crops in Europe. Because of the partial nature of genotypic resistance or the increasing resistance against fungicides, the tolerance, i.e. maintaining yield in the presence of expressed disease, is a relevant alternative. Tolerance is generally estimated through the yield loss per unit of source reduction, contrasts of tolerance between genotypes have been observed previously suggesting that either increasing the source availability or improving the use of stored assimilate could improve tolerance. This paper aims at developing a source/sink approach to understand the tolerance mechanism and identifying potential traits to increase tolerance of STB. A field experiment was designed to explore the relation between tolerance of STB and source/sink balance. Based on six wheat genotypes contrasting for tolerance exposed to natural STB epidemics, late nitrogen fertilization and a 50% spikelet removal were applied to change the source/sink balance. The tolerance of genotypes was quantitatively estimated over three additional field experiments. We found that STB tolerance was correlated with traits of healthy crops (high individual grain weight and high proportion of green leaf lamina area as leaf 3; flag leaf = leaf 1). The spikelet removal revealed a highly variable degree of source limitation for grain filling amongst the six genotypes. Thus, we proposed an easily calculated index that highly correlated positively with the labor intensive estimation of STB tolerance. Finally, potential yield and tolerance were not correlated, which suggests that breeding for yield performance and tolerance could be possible.

Zinc is the common micronutrient; its availability is reduced under lowland rice cultivation. Field investigation was carried out at during winter (Rabi) season of 2016-17 at Agricultural College and Research Institute, killikulam, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. The zinc use efficiencies were positively influenced the by the application of zinc as basal and foliar spray at critical stages of rice. The higher physiological efficiency recorded by zinc applied as basal with green leaf manuring. The zinc induced nitrogen use efficiency was noted higher at zinc applied as soil plus foliar application with green leaf manuring. The agronomic efficiency, partial factor productivity and zinc recovery fraction (apparent recovery) was higher under application of zinc as foliar spray twice with green leaf manuring. Incorporation of green leaf manure of Glricidia maculate was favorable influence of increasing use efficiency of applied zinc.

This study maps genomic regions associated with terminal heat- and drought-stress tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). One hundred lines were randomly sampled from a ND24260 × Flagship doubled haploid population and evaluated for stay-green (SG) expression. SG expression including that of parental controls and commercial check varieties was evaluated in two controlled environments; one simulating terminal heat-stress, the other terminal water-stress. During grain-fill the greenness of the spikes (S), flag leaf (FL) and the first leaf under the flag leaf (FL-1) were phenotyped; visually (using a 0–9 scale) and via single-photon avalanche diode measurements. From the visual assessments, the green leaf area of the plant was determined, by using the difference in green area of the S and FL. Composite interval mapping detected 10 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for SG, positioned on chromosomes 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H and 7H; six of which were associated with terminal heat-stress and four with terminal water-stress. None were co-located with previously reported barley stress-response QTL and thus represent novel barley QTL. Although novel, some SG QTL mapped near chromosomal regions previously reported; such as the two heat-stress QTL mapped to bPb-5529 on 5H, adjacent to QTL reported for root length and root-shoot ratio. Detection of SG QTL in barley grown under simulated heat- and water-stressed conditions offers the potential of high through put screening for these traits. If confirmed in field trials, these genomic regions will be candidates for barley breeding programs targeting improved abiotic stress tolerance via marker-assisted selection.

The collaborative work on growing of leafy turnip in condition of salad production line was conducted in ООО PKF «AGROTIP». The possibility of obtaining of ecologically safety salad turnip of cv. Selekta, Sapfir, and Biryuza at hydroponic system are shown. Data of yield, productivity, and content of ascorbic acid in green leaf of turnip growing in condition of flow hydroponic system are presented. The possibilities of using of tested turnip varieties in modern agrotechnological systems are discussed.

This study developed a set of algorithms for satellite mapping of green leaf area index (LAI) in C3 and C4 crops. In situ hyperspectral reflectance and green LAI data, collected across eight years (2001–2008) at three AmeriFlux sites in Nebraska USA over irrigated and rain-fed maize and soybean, were used for algorithm development. The hyperspectral reflectance was resampled to simulate the spectral bands of sensors aboard operational satellites (Aqua and Terra: MODIS, Landsat: TM/ETM+), a legacy satellite (Envisat: MERIS), and future satellites (Sentinel-2, Sentinel-3, and Venµs). Among 15 vegetation indices (VIs) examined, five VIs – wide dynamic range vegetation index (WDRVI), green WDRVI, red edge WDRVI, and green and red edge chlorophyll indices – had a minimal noise equivalent for estimating maize and soybean green LAI ranging from 0 to 6.5 m2 m−2. The algorithms were validated using MODIS, TM/ETM+, and MERIS satellite data. The root mean square error of green LAI prediction in both crops from all s...

The retrieval of crop biophysical parameters using spectral indices obtained from high temporal and spatial resolution satellite data, is a valuable tool to monitor crop growth and status. Tasseled Cap Features (TCFs) for RapidEye data were derived from spectral variances typically present in agricultural scenes. The TCF Greenness (GRE) was aligned to the spectral variance of vital vegetation, and therefore, it represents the typical reflectance characteristics of green vegetation, with relatively higher reflectance at the nearinfrared (NIR) range. The TCF Yellowness (YEL) was aligned to correspond to the reflectance characteristics of senescent crops, with relatively higher reflectance in the visible portion of the spectrum due to chlorophyll breakdown, and lower reflectance in the NIR range due to cell structure decomposition compared to vital green vegetation. The goal of this work was to assess the potential of RapidEye’s TCFs for the prediction of green leaf area index (LAI), plant chlorophyll (Chl), and nitrogen (N) concentration, as well as the identification of senescence patterns. The linear relationships between the biophysical parameters and the TCFs were compared to the performance of the widely used indices NDVI and PSRI. Preliminary results indicate that GRE is strongly related to LAI in vital crops and suggests a higher predictive power than NDVI. YEL demonstrated a strong linear relation and a higher potential to estimate Chl and N concentration in senescent soft white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in comparison to PSRI. PSRI showed a stronger correlation to Chl in senescent soft white spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), compared to YEL. Results indicate that YEL may be used to characterize the variability in senescence status within fields. This information, in conjunction with soil fertility and yield maps, can potentially be used to designate precision management zones.

The objective in this research was to identify photosynthetic responses of three leaf age groups measured in three portions of the leaf blade of two morphologically contrasting genotypes of Panicum maximum. Photosynthetic rate (PR) varied across leaf age groups and among leaf portions. Highest PR (20.6 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1) was recorded on the youngest fully expanded leaf, followed by the oldest green leaf and the expanding leaf. The middle and apical portions of the leaf had, on average, the highest PR (24.2 and 26.3 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1, respectively). In both ‘Massai’ and ‘Tobiata’ cultivars the photosynthetic response was dependent upon leaf age groups and portions of the blade, with highest rates measured on the middle portion of the youngest fully expanded leaf. The P. maximum had similar parameters for the light response curve suggesting similar photosynthetic light response to light intensity across genotypes.

Identification of the correct medicinal plants that goes in to the preparation of a medicine is very important in ayurvedic medicinal industry. The main features required to identify a medicinal plant is its leaf shape, colour and texture. Colour and texture from both sides of the leaf contain deterministic parameters to identify the species. This paper explores feature vectors from both the front and back side of a green leaf along with morphological features to arrive at a unique optimum combination of features that maximizes the identification rate. A database of medicinal plant leaves is created from scanned images of front and back side of leaves of commonly used ayurvedic medicinal plants. The leaves are classified based on the unique feature combination. Identification rates up to 99% have been obtained when tested over a wide spectrum of classifiers. The above work has been extended to include identification by dry leaves and a combination of feature vectors is obtained, using which, identification rates exceeding 94% have been achieved.

In yield experiments conducted at different environments, assessment of Genotype × Environment interactions for investigated traits is a quite significant issue for both agronomists and breeders. GGE biplot analysis was employed in this study to assess the Genotype × Trait, Environment × Trait and Trait Association × Environment of five different traits (silage yield [SY], stem diameter [SD], green leaf weight ratio &91;GLWR], green stem weight ratio [GSWR], green corn cob ratio [GCCR] and plant height [PH]) of 25 silage maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes grown in six environments. The biplot graphs created in this study to assess Genotype × Trait, Environment × Trait and Environment × Trait correlation interactions were able to explain respectively 86%, 92%, and 83% of total variation of experiments. Current findings revealed that the genotype G18 (Safak), with the greatest silage yield in Genotype Trait biplot (GT biplot) also had the greatest SD; DIY14 (DIYARBAKIR-2014) with the greatest distance from the origin over Environment Trait (ET-biplot) graph was the most distinctive environment; SD with the greatest vector length was the most distinctive trait; DIY14 and DIY15 environments were the best environments for PH, GSWR, SY and SD. It was concluded that GGE biplot method with different perspectives could reliably be used in assessment of silage characteristics of maize genotypes grown in different environments.

Tungro is one of the most common diseases of rice plants which caused by double infection of RTBV (Rice Tungro Bacilliform Virus) and RTSV (Rice Tungro Spherical Virus), and it gives a significant economic loss. These viruses are transmitted by green leaf hopper ( Nephotteti x virescen s. Distant), and the interaction between host plant and the viruses were still quite difficult to be fully understood. In order to look at whether there are any differences between the healthy and tungro infected rice, this study was set to examine the character differences between the infected and the healthy plants based on isozyme banding pattern. The infected plants were collected from three districts around Surakarta (Sragen, Sukoharjo, Klaten) followed by Polyacrilamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) to evaluate the isozyme banding patterns. There were peroxidase, esterase and acid phosphotase isozymes used. The results showed that the real differences of isozyme banding patterns of both healthy and tungro infected plants were discovered. In all cases, the Tungro infected rice had thicker and more band numbers compared to the healthy one. This evident suggested that Tungro infected rice could be detected early using PAGE method.