Search

This paper illustrates the non-target impact of imidacloprid (IM) residues on the grape global metabolome and biomarker identification with high-resolution mass spectrometry. IM was applied at the recommended dose (SD), and ten times SD (10 RD). The global metabolome analysis revealed that 21 metabolites were up- and down-regulated with IM SD treatment. In 10 RD, 9 metabolites were upregulated, and 28 were downregulated. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed the primary and secondary pathway disruption in grapes. Berry quality was affected with decrease in flavonoids by 32.97% in 10 RD; phenols were reduced by 53.93 in SD, 50.8% in 10 RD. The non-target and target study revealed the degradation of IM in grapes to desnitro-IM and IM-urea which were identified as a potential biomarker for IM residues in grapes, which would benefit the authentication of organic product. Overall, imidacloprid showed a significant impact on the grape metabolome and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] CYP707A is a subfamily member of cytochrome P450 family, encoding ABA8'-hydroxylase, which is a key enzyme in ABA catabolism and plays an important role in plant growth and development. Identification of grape（Vitis vinifera L.）CYP707A gene family may provide theoretical basis for further study of grape fruit ripening mechanism and biological breeding techniques. [Method] Bioinformatics methods were used to analyze the gene structure, protein motif, chromosome localization, collinearity, phylogenetic relationship and cis-acting elements of promoter region of CYP707A family gene in the grape. RT-qPCR was used to analyze the spatiotemporal expression patterns of VvCYP707As gene in tissues, different grape varieties（early and medium maturity variety）and in response to the exogenous ABA treatment were analyzed by. Fruit transient transfection was applied to verify the function of Vitvi07g01751. [Result] There were five VvCYP707As genes identified in grape genome, located on five chromosomes, among which Vitvi02g01269, Vitvi07g01751 and Vitvi18g00792 were fragment replicators. The CYP707A gene family had a high degree of conservation, sharing similarities in gene structure and protein motifs, and all subcellular localization were predominantly localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. The cis-acting elements of growth, development and hormone response were significantly enriched in the promoter regions of the CYP707A gene family, containing ABA hormone-corresponding elements. Furthermore, the RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that VvCYP707A genes demonstrated both spatiotemporal- and tissue-specific expression patterns, with elevated expression levels during the early and expansion stages of fruit development as well as in stem and leaf tissues. Notably, Vitvi07g01751 gene was highly expressed in the fruits of the early maturity variety ‘Yong Zaohong’, and the expression pattern was consistent between these two varieties. The expression pattern of Vitvi07g01751first increased and then decreased with fruit development. Under exogenous ABA treatment, VvCYP707A showed two distinct expression patterns: it induced the high expression of 5 VvCYP707A genes in the grape flesh while significantly suppressing the expressions of these genes in the grape pericarp. Furthermore, upon transient expression of Vitvi07g01751 in the grape flesh, there was a slow accumulation of sugar content, accompanied by a significant upregulation of the ABA receptor VvPYL4 gene, suggesting that Vitvi07g01751 mediated ABA regulation of grape fruit ripens. [Cconclusion] Vitvi07g01751 plays an important role in fruit ripening of grape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The amino acids and the volatile substances in grapes and wines play important roles in their quality, and the concentrations of these substances can be changed by how a vineyard is managed, e.g., irrigation and fertigation regimes. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of fertilizer and water management on the distribution of amino acids, the volatile component profiles, and the sensory characteristics of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes and wines. The results showed that the amino acid concentration in grape berries was the highest under the 100% local fertilizer rate (HF) and 100% water irrigation quota (HW) treatment, and the volatile component concentration in wine was the highest under HF and 80% water irrigation quota (MW) treatment. The effect of irrigation on the amino acid content in grapes was greater than that of fertigation. The synergistic effect of fertilizer and water on arginine, serine, and glutamine in grape berries was significant. The interactive effect of fertigation and irrigation on the volatile substance in grapes was greater than that of fertigation and irrigation alone. The influence of irrigation on volatile substances in wines was greater than that of fertigation. In addition, there was also a correlation between the concentrations of multiple amino acids in grapes and volatile components in wines. Principal component analysis showed that the wine from the HFMW treatment had the best quality among all treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Beta' is a hybrid of Vitis riparia L. and V. labrusca and has a strong ability to adapt to adverse growth environments and is mainly cultivated and used as a resistant rootstock. At present, the most extensively studied MYB TFs are R2R3-type, which have been found to be involved in plant growth, development, and stress response processes. In the present research, VhMYB15, a key transcription factor for abiotic stress tolerance, was screened by bioinformatics in 'Beta' rootstock, and its function under salinity and drought stresses was investigated. VhMYB15 was highly expressed in roots and mature leave under salinity and drought stresses. Observing the phenotype and calculating the survival rate of plants, it was found that VhMYB15-overexpressing plants exhibited relatively less yellowing and wilting of leaves and a higher survival rate under salinity and drought stresses. Consistent with the above results, through the determination of stress-related physiological indicators and the expression analysis of stress-related genes (AtSOS2, AtSOS3, AtSOS1, AtNHX1, AtSnRK2.6, AtNCED3, AtP5CS1, and AtCAT1), it was found that transgenic Arabidopsis showed better stress tolerance and stronger adaptability under salinity and drought stresses. Based on the above data, it was preliminarily indicated that VhMYB15 may be a key factor in salinity and drought regulation networks, enhancing the adaptability of 'Beta' to adverse environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In plants, iron (Fe) regulated transporters (IRT) play important roles in uptake and transport of Fe that contributes to plant growth and development. However, biological functions of IRT transporters in fruit trees are still unknown. This study isolated 10 VvIRT genes from ‘Marselan’ grape, with varying expression levels across different tissues/organs, particularly enhanced under Fe depletion, especially in roots. Notably, VvIRT7 is the most abundantly expressed IRT gene in grape, beneficially restoring the Fe2+ uptake defect of yeast mutant DEY1453. Furthermore, VvIRT7 showed dominant expression in the roots of irt1/35S::IRT7 complementation lines. Overexpressing of VvIRT7 rescued the retarded growth of irt1 knockout mutant, by increasing the fresh weight, dry weight, total root length, total root surface, lateral root numbers, total leaf chlorophyll, ACO activity, NiR activity, SDH activity, and tissue Fe concentration. This study provides insights for understanding molecular mechanisms of Fe uptake and transport in grape.Key message: A grape iron regulated transporter gene involved in Fe2+ transport and resistance to Fe2+ deficiency was isolated, heterologously expressed, and functionally characterized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitis vinifera is cultivated worldwide for its high nutritional and commercial value. More than 60 grape cultivars are cultivated in Chile. Two of these, the país and the corinto cultivars, are the oldest known and widely used for the preparation of traditional homemade drinks and consumption as table grapes. These two grape cultivars are affected by Colomerus vitis, an eriophyid mite which establishes on their leaves and forms erinea, where the mite and its offspring obtain shelter and food. Although C. vitis has a cosmopolitan distribution, few studies of its impact on the structure and physiology of affected plants have been reported. Herein we aimed to evaluate the impact of C. vitis infection on the structural and physiological leaf performance of the two grape cultivars. The results showed tissue hyperplasia and cell hypertrophy in the epidermis, with an overproduction of trichomes and emergences in the abaxial epidermis in both cultivars. The anatomical changes were similar between the país and corinto cultivars, but they were proportionally greater in the país, where the area affected by the erinea were greater. No significant changes were detected in the photosynthetic pigment content; however, there was an increase in the total soluble sugars content in the erineum leaves of the país cultivar. Higher contents of anthocyanins and total phenols, as well as the presence of the pinocembrin in the corinto cultivar, which was less affected by C. vitis, could also indicate some resistance to mites' attack, which should be investigated in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Flavonoids are vital for the development of high‐quality grapes and wine, and manganese deficiency decreases grape berry coloration. However, the effects and underlying mechanisms of action of manganese sulfate on grape metabolic profiles have not been adequately researched. In this study, three concentrations of manganese sulfate solutions, 0.5 μmol·L−1 (low, L), 5 μmol·L−1 (middle, M – the standard manganese concentration of Hoagland nutrient solution, control), and 1000 μmol·L−1 (high, H), were applied to the 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) to explore the effect on berry composition. RESULTS: Manganese application improved manganese concentration effectively in grape organs. Furthermore, the concentrations of malvidin 3‐O‐(6‐O‐acetyl)‐glucoside, malvidin 3‐O‐glucoside, malvidin‐trans‐3‐O‐(6‐O‐p‐coumaryl)‐glucoside, and peonidin 3‐O‐(6‐O‐acetyl)‐glucoside increased significantly under H treatment. Weighted gene co‐expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that the structural genes (VvDFR, VvUFGT, and VvOMT) of flavonoid biosynthesis were upregulated under H treatment, and their transcription levels correlated positively with malvidin‐ and peonidin‐derived anthocyanin concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested that manganese application regulates berry transcriptional and flavonoid metabolic profiles, providing a theoretical basis for improving the color of red grapes and wines. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV) is a recently discovered virus and a major concern for the wine industry. Prior research indicated that GRBV delays grape ripening by reducing °Brix and anthocyanin concentrations in grapes from infected vines, resulting in higher ethanol concentrations in wines made from healthy fruit compared to diseased vines, which have an impact on sensory properties. In this study, infected fruit (Vitis vinifera L. Merlot) was sequentially harvested (in 2016 and 2017) and chaptalized (in 2017) to ameliorate the impact of GRBV on grape and final wine composition. RESULTS: Chemical parameters including phenolic and volatile profiles of grapes and their subsequent wines were measured. Sensory properties were determined by descriptive analyses. Results demonstrated that GRBV decreased sugar accumulation and anthocyanin synthesis in grapes. Wines from GRBV grapes harvested at later ripening stage produced wines that were more similar chemically and sensorially to wines made from healthy fruit than to wines made from GRBV fruit harvested earlier. CONCLUSION: A longer hang time of GRBV grapes is a potential strategy to mitigate the impacts of GRBV. However, chaptalization of diseased fruit must was inefficient at increasing similarities to wines made from healthy fruit. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The swelling agent is a plant growth regulator that alters the composition and content of nutrients and volatile gases in the fruit. To identify whether grape fruit had been treated with swelling agent, the odor information and quality indexes of grape berries treated with different concentrations of swelling agent were examined by using electronic nose technology and traditional methods. The contents of soluble sugars, soluble solids, soluble proteins and vitamin C were significantly increased in N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea (CPPU) treated fruit. The contents of hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, and nonanal aldehydes decreased significantly. Similarly, the levels of phenyl ethanol, 1-octanol, ethanol, and ethyl acetate alcohols and esters also decreased noticeably. Additionally, the levels of damascenone, linalool, and geraniol ketones and terpenoids decreased. However, the contents of benzaldehyde, D-limonene, acetic acid and hexanoic acid increased. In addition, the electrical signals generated by the electronic nose (e-nose) were analyzed by linear discriminant analysis (LDA), support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF). The average recognition rate of SVM was 94.4%. The results showed that electronic nose technology can be used to detect whether grapes have been treated with swelling agent, and it is an economical and efficient detection method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ethylene is one crucial phytohormone modulating plants' organ development and ripening process, especially in fruits, but its action modes and discrepancies in non-climacteric grape and climacteric peach in these processes remain elusive. This work is focused on the action mode divergences of ethylene during the modulation of the organ development and ripening process in climacteric/non-climacteric plants. We characterized the key enzyme genes in the ethylene synthesis pathway, VvACO1 and PpACO1, and uncovered that their sequence structures are highly conserved, although their promoters exhibit important divergences in the numbers and types of the cis-elements responsive to hormones, implying various responses to hormone signals. Subsequently, we found the two have similar expression modes in vegetative organ development but inverse patterns in reproductive ones, especially in fruits. Then, VvACO1 and PpACO1 were further validated in promoting fruit ripening functions through their transient over-expression/RNAi-expression in tomatoes, of which the former possesses a weaker role than the latter in the fruit ripening process. Our findings illuminated the divergence in the action patterns and function traits of the key VvACO1/PpACO1 genes in the tissue development of climacteric/non-climacteric plants, and they have implications for further gaining insight into the interaction mechanism of ethylene signaling during the modulation of the organ development and ripening process in climacteric/non-climacteric plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exosome-like nanoparticles (ELNs) are a class of nanosized extracellular vesicles from plants that can deliver drugs, siRNA, DNA, and proteins to various types of cells. Purification of ELNs from plants are tricky when compared to that from body fluids or cell culture medium because the initial suspension of the former contains high amounts of sugar, fiber, fat, etc. In this study, we have optimized the different steps for the isolation of ELNs from grapes. After preparing the juice, the bulk density was measured by Brix analysis and followed the same bulk density whenever doing the isolation. Differential centrifugation at various speeds and times and membrane filtration using different pore-size membranes were also optimized before the final step of ELN separation by ultracentrifugation. The size, zeta potential, and PDI value of the isolated ELNs were measured using a Malvern Zeta Sizer. SEM analysis showed that the grape ELN has an average size of 140.8 ± 10.75 nm. The results indicated that filtration and centrifugation at different levels are essential before the ultracentrifugation for isolating homogenous grape ELNs with desired size, zeta potential and PDI value. From the optimized method, we have obtained 4.8 ± 0.509 mg protein equivalents of ELNs from 100 g of grapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyraclostrobin is a new broad-spectrum methoxyacrylic acid fungicide. Cyazofamid is a new selective foliar spray acaricide. Here, we studied the degradation rate and final residues of pyraclostrobin and cyazofamid in grape and evaluated their dietary risk to consumers. The average recoveries of pyraclostrobin ether ester, cyazofamid and cyazofamid metabolite (CCIM) in grapes were 84–94%, 92–98% and 99–104%, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 6.0–20.3%, 2.4–10.5% and 1.3–4.0%, respectively, and the LOQs were all 0.05 mg/kg. The digestion dynamics of the experimental sites were in accordance with the first-order kinetic equation. The degradation half-lives of pyraclostrobin ether ester and cyazofamid were 17.8 d–28.9 d and 4.3 d–7.8 d, respectively. The final residues of pyraclostrobin ether ester, cyazofamid and CCIM in grapes were <0.05–1.88 mg/kg, <0.05–0.31 mg/kg and <0.05–0.47 mg/kg, respectively. Using probability models, the total chronic risk values for pyraclostrobin and cyazofamid were calculated to be 0.112–189.617% and 0.021–1.714%, respectively. The results of the contribution analysis indicate that pyraclostrobin poses a much greater risk to Chinese consumers than cyazofamid, especially to children and adolescents, who have a significantly greater risk than adults. This suggests that more consideration should be given to the cumulative risk of compounds for vulnerable groups in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of seedless cultivars is a primary goal in grapevine breeding. Since grapes are stenospermic and tend to abort their embryos before development, traditional breeding methods often yield seedless cultivars at a low frequency. Therefore, embryo rescue has emerged as a promising approach for creating seedless grape cultivars. This study aimed to optimize the ideal sampling time and protocol for efficient embryo rescue in grapes. Ovules from immature berries collected at various days after pollination (20DAP, 30DAP, 40DAP, and 50DAP) were cultured on Nitsch and Nitsch (NN) medium with different concentrations of Benzyl aminopurine (BAP) (0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 mg/L) and Activated Charcoal (AC) (1.5, 2, and 2.5 g/L). Several parameters were assessed, including maximum ovule growth, the percentage of enlarged ovules, percentage of collapsed ovules, callus formation percentage, and embryo germination percentage. The study’s results indicated that berries collected at 40 DAP yielded the best outcomes across all parameters. Regarding treatments, the most favorable results were achieved when ovules were cultured on NN medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L BAP and 2 g/L AC. In conclusion, the study underscores the significance of choosing the right sampling time and treatments to ensure efficient embryo rescue in grapes. The protocol standardized from this research is recommended for effectively rescuing embryos and developing seedless hybrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work examines biochar from carbonization of grape waste, and oat and buckwheat husks at 450°C. The main aspects of the work concern the analysis of the fixed carbon and ash content in accordance with the European Standard. Obtained results showed that biochar from oat and buckwheat husk can be used for barbeque charcoal and barbeque charcoal briquettes production, whereas biochar derived from grape waste can be used for the charcoal briquettes production. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that biochar from grape stalk is characterized by the highest ignition and burnout performance, but in relation to the remaining samples, combustion process occurs in a narrow range of time and temperature. Obtained results showed that biochar from oat and buckwheat husks has properties, as well as combustion stability and reactivity, similar to commercial charcoal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: VviWOX13C plays a key regulatory role in the expansin during fruit set. Expansins as a type of non-enzymatic cell wall proteins, are responsible for the loosening and extension in cell walls leading to the enlargement of the plant cells. However, the current studies are still lacking in expansin genes associated with promoting fruit set. Here, 29 members of the expansin gene family were identified in the whole genome of grapes (Vitis vinifera L.), and the functional prediction of expansins was based on the gene annotated information. Results showed that the 29 members of grape expansin gene family could be mainly divided into four subfamilies (EXPA, EXPB, LIKE A, and LIKE B), distributed on 16 chromosomes. Replication analysis showed that there were four segmental duplications and two tandem duplications. Each expansins sequence contained two conserved domain features of grape EXPs (DPBB_1 and Expansin_C) through protein sequence analysis. The transcriptome sequencing results revealed that VviEXPA37, VviEXPA38, and VviEXPA39 were induced and upregulated by CPPU. Furthermore, transcriptional regulatory prediction network indicated that VviWOX13C targeted regulates VviEXPA37, VviEXPA38, and VviEXPA39 simultaneously. EMSA and dual luciferase assays demonstrated that VviWOX13C directly activated the expression of VviEXPA37, VviEXPA38, and VviEXPA39 by directly binding to its promoter. These results provide a basis for further studies on the function and regulatory mechanisms of expansin genes in fruit set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grape is a very perishable fruit that has a short shelf life. Due to the increase in consumer awareness, the tendency to use natural preservative compounds instead of pesticides and chemical preservatives has increased. Plant essential oils are considered to be the most appropriate natural compounds due to their potentially effective compounds. Therefore, the aim of this research was to identify the chemical compounds of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil, determine its phenolic and flavonoid content, and investigate the antioxidant and antifungal activity of this essential oil against a number of molds that cause spoilage after grape fruit harvesting. The compounds identified in F. vulgare essential oil included limonene, fenchone, p-allylanisole and anethole, which made up 97.60% of the total essential oil. The total phenol content of F. vulgare essential oil was equal to 26.29 mg GAE/g and the total flavonoid content was equal to 19.23 mg QE/g. The antioxidant properties of the essential oil of this plant were obtained by DPPH, ABTS and beta-carotene-linoleic acid decolorization methods, respectively, 38.56, 42.12, and 30.30%. Also, it was found that Foeniculum vulgare essential oil is capable of inhibiting and controlling Rhizopus stolonifera, Aspergillus niger, and Botrytis cinerea. Due to the antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds present in F. vulgare, the essential oil of this plant can be used as a compound with practical properties to increase the shelf life of agricultural products, including grapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments contained in numerous food plants. This study provides an overall quantitative literature analysis on anthocyanins. Bibliometric data were collected through the search string TOPIC = anthocyan*, which yielded 44,121 publications indexed within the Web of Science Core Collection. Term maps were generated using VOSviewer software to visualize frequently mentioned terms alongside their citation data. The literature has been growing fast since the 2000s and predominantly consists of original articles, with a ratio of 13.8:1 compared to reviews. The most productive author was Professor Victor de Freitas from the University of Porto, whereas the most productive countries were China and the United States. Many publications were published in food science & technology and plant sciences journals. Frequently mentioned chemicals/chemical classes included anthocyanin, flavonoid, cyanidin, phenolic compound, and polyphenol. Recurring food items of the anthocyanin papers were grapes, many berries, and specific varieties of rice, maize, potato, and tomato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2020, world fresh grape production increased to 78.03 million metric tons from 77.00 million metric tons in 2019. Approximately 80% of the grapes produced in the world are consumed as wine and fruit juice. In such a large industry, a huge amount of waste is generated after processing. This waste is generally used as fertilizer and burned inefficiently. In this study, the quality and strength parameters of the briquettes obtained were determined in order to investigate the possibility of using grape wastes as fuel briquettes by compressing them under constant pressure (120 MPa) at three different moisture content levels (6.8%, 9.4%, 12.1%) instead of using them as fertilizer or burning them inefficiently. As a result of the study, it was determined that the compression force, compression stress, specific compression force, and quality parameters such as density, water resistance, tumbler, and shatter index of the briquettes obtained from the briquettes with 6.8% raw material moisture content were in accordance with the international standard, ISO 17225‐3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In grapevine varieties - the lack of seeds seen from the perspective of two phenomena parthenocarpy and stenospermocarpy - has a major impact on the consumer, representing an important added economic value, currently being one of the most appreciated features of table grape varieties. In the present work, four varieties of grapes intended for fresh consumption but also for raisins were studied - 'Sultanina' (Thompson seedlles), 'Sublima', 'Supernova' and 'Călina'. The obtained results showed that the productive and qualitative performances obtained, expressed by the values of the productive indices and the organoleptic qualities (brix, glucose, fructose, acidity, gluco-acidometric index), both in the fresh product and in the raisins, correspond to the quality standards. The surprising fact is that these varieties ensure a double use - firstly as table grapes for fresh consumption and secondarily as raw material for obtaining raisins (artificial dehydration at a temperature of 500C). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change has many negative effects on the viticulture sector, as it does in all sectors. In recent years, global climate change has also shown its effect in the form of sudden climatic events. There is an urgent need to develop preventive/protective activities for all plant species in order to prevent the increasing world population from being negatively affected by many negative consequences of climate change such as increasing temperatures, drought, floods, and sudden climatic events. Grape industry is among the sectors that feel the negative effects of climate change the most, and this effect is increasing every year. Along with global warming, there are also important problems in accessing water. Particularly, there is a need to develop cultivars that are more resistant to drought stress and to make applications that will protect grapevine plants from drought stress. One of the most important issues to be overcome is to develop new cultivars that can withstand different stress conditions and to use them more in production. In addition, environmental and human health awareness is increasing day by day. Adaptation strategies to be taken against the negative effects of climate change and the studies to be carried out, as well as the use of new environmentally friendly varieties (requiring less input costs) to be developed in accordance with the sustainable agriculture model, will make significant contributions to protecting both the environment and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study is for a better understanding of how phenolic compounds of grapes keep the body healthy by preventing disease. Plant-based beverages, such as fruit juice, soymilk, tea, coffee, and coconut drinks, often contain high amounts of polyphenols and total phenolic content, which can play a vital role in promoting human health. Here are some of the essential functions and benefits associated with ingredients, such as antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory effects, cardiovascular health, diabetes management, digestive health, brain health, weight management, etc. We used the Folin-Ciocalteu method which is an analytical technique to determine the total phenolic content by using a spectrophotometer in different samples. In that case, our result obtained was 8.632 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram of fresh grape juice and 4.154 mg GAE/g of commercial grape juice. This means that for every gram of the sample being analyzed, there are approximately 8.632 mg GAE/g of phenolic compounds are present. The value is expressed in gallic acid equivalents because gallic acid is used as a standard reference compound to quantify phenolic content. The total phenolic content of 8.632 mg GAE/g in grape juice suggested that it can play a vital role in promoting good health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit quality is dependent on various factors including flavour, texture and colour. These factors are determined by the ripening process, either climacteric or non-climacteric. In grape berry, which is non-climacteric, the process is signalled by a complex set of hormone changes. Abscisic acid (ABA) is one of the key hormones involved in ripening, while sugar availability also plays a significant role in certain ripening aspects such as anthocyanin production. To understand the relative influence of hormone and sugar signalling in situ can prove problematic due to the physiological and environmental (abiotic and biotic) factors at play in vineyards. Here we report on the use of in vitro detached berry culture to investigate the comparative significance of ABA and sugar in the regulation of Pinot noir berry anthocyanin production under controlled conditions. Using a factorial experimental design, pre-véraison berries were cultured on media with various concentrations of sucrose and ABA. After 15 days of in vitro culture, the berries were analysed for changes in metabolites, hormones and gene expression. Results illustrated a stimulatory effect of sucrose and ABA on enhancing berry colour and a corresponding increase in anthocyanins. Increased ABA concentration was able to boost anthocyanin production in berries when sucrose supply was low. The sucrose and ABA effects on berry anthocyanins were primarily manifested through the up-regulation of transcription factors and other genes in the phenylpropanoid pathway, while in other parts of the pathway a down-regulation of key proanthocyanindin transcription factors and genes corresponded to sharp reduction in berry proanthocyanidins, irrespective of sucrose supply. Similarly, increased ABA was correlated with a significant reduction in berry malic acid and associated regulatory genes. These findings suggest a predominance of berry ABA over berry sugar in coordinating the physiological and genetic regulation of anthocyanins and proanthocyanins in Pinot noir grape berries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the proliferation of the consumer's awareness of wine provenance, wines with unique origin characteristics are increasingly in demand. This study aimed to investigate the influence of geographical origins and climatological characteristics on grapes and wines. A total of 94 anthocyanins and 78 non-anthocyanin phenolic compounds in grapes and wines from five Chinese viticultural vineyards (CJ, WH, QTX, WW, and XY) were identified by UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS. Chemometric methods PCA and OPLS-DA were established to select candidate differential metabolites, including flavonols, stilbenes, hydroxycinnamic acids, peonidin derivatives, and malvidin derivatives. CCA showed that malvidin-3-O-glucoside had a positive correlation with mean temperature, and quercetin-3-O-glucoside had a negative correlation with precipitation. In addition, enrichment analysis elucidated that the metabolic diversity in different origins mainly occurred in flavonoid biosynthesis. This study would provide some new insights to understand the effect of geographical origins and climatological characteristics on phenolic compounds in grapes and wines.

The aim of the present study was to optimize the manufacturing process of grapefruit seed extract (GFSE) incorporated Chitosan (0.75 %, 2 % w/w) and various corn starch concentration of CHCS film of ratio 2:1, 1:1, 1:2 respectively using sorbitol as plasticizer. Optimization of chitosan concentration in chitosan corn starch film was done on the basis of physicochemical properties e.g. moisture content, film thickness, solubility, water vapour permeability and characterization of the films were done. It was reported that the films with CH: CS ratio 2:1 had tensile strength values comparable to that of other films with CH: CS ratio 1:1 and 1:2. Hence, films with 2 % (w/w) chitosan and CH: CS ratio 2:1 was found best among all the film samples shelf life extended to 20 days. GFSE incorporated film was found to have better anti-microbial properties as compared to commercial polypropylene (PP) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) films. GFSE incorporated CHCS film of ratio 2:1 was applied on Grape fruits. The antimicrobial effect of coating formulation on grape was mathematically calculated by predictive kinetic models and digital imaging. Sensory evaluation of applied coating formulation was found very efficient and confirmed the shelf life enhancement of 20 days.

Viticulture is a millenary activity, with winemaking as its primary purpose. Traditionally, by-products have been discarded or underutilized. This study explored a comprehensive use of the grape, which are rich in simple carbohydrates, vitamin C, minerals, and phenolic compounds. A filtration process involving a filter and microfiltration with membranes was employed to clarify the fruit juice. This resulted in a clear, transparent juice with reduced sugar and protein content. Meanwhile, the main by-product, the pomace which is a mixture of skin, seeds, and stalks, also contains a high content of phenolic compounds and fiber, was freeze-dried. In this context, various hydrocolloids were studied for their effectiveness in producing a powder with the desired characteristics. The grape flour obtained was characterized and used in the formulation of gluten free cookies and their filling. The sweet filled cookies exhibited higher protein, vegetable fat, and fiber content than the control cookies and were well-received in sensory evaluations. Therefore, utilizing these flours in food formulations represents an excellent opportunity to valorize waste and enhance the value of the wine industry.

Background: Grape seed is a natural herb with many suggested pharmacological effects related to many biologically active compounds in its extract and fractions. Grape seed pharmacological effect is investigated in mice psoriasis like model. Methods: A thirty male albino mice, six weeks’ age used in this research and were divided into five groups. Group I apparently healthy. Group II induction group, imiquimod 5% cream once daily used at the back skin of the animal for five days. Group III, IV and V treatments groups. Group III clobetasol ointment 0.05%, group IV Grape seed extract and group V Grape seed petroleum ether fraction for five days. Results: A high significant increase was found between the apparently healthy and imiquimod induced group for all of the investigated parameters except munro abscess was significant increase. For the grape seed extract group, it was found A significant difference in immunohistochemistry score of IL17, also significant decrease in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) with high significant decrease of other immunohistopathology measurement like parakeratosis. Conclusion: Grape seed extract may have a role in imiquimod-induced psoriasis like skin inflammation in mice treatment which make it a future candidate therapy for psoriasis.

Co-design processes involving the scientific community, practitioners, end users and stakeholders can efficiently characterize harmful weather events during the growing season that potentially result in losses of crop yield and quality. This study builds on the experience of the EU Horizon 2020 project MED-GOLD for grape and olive. The identified agro-climate indicators are extended from the MED-GOLD regions to the entire ones where grape and olive are currently grown in Europe and Turkey, and used to assess climate change impacts with intrinsic adaptation relevance stemming from the co-design process. Before 2000, only a low fraction of the European grape and olive growing areas was exposed to extreme weather events as revealed by the agro-climate indicators, but this has changed rapidly afterward. Projections show increasingly widespread extreme high temperature events from 2020 to 2080. Approximately one-third of grapevine regions and over half of olive cultivation areas are expected to experience extreme drought conditions. Additionally, the frequency of compound extreme events will increase in the future, especially in the Mediterranean region and under the high-end emission scenario RCP8.5. This outcome calls for a new decision-making mindset that embeds expected levels of climate variability and extremes as the “new normal” for grape and olive in Europe. This will facilitate deployment of the required biophysical, economic and policy adaptation tools.

The identification and characterization of Bacillus spp. will provide insights into the potential sources of contamination and contribute to developing effective prevention measures. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate and diagnose the prevalence of Bacillus spp. contamination of locally produced juices, as well as to evaluate the antibacterial ability of honey against Bacillus spp. One hundred random samples were collected from juices locally made in different places like Ta'meem, Al-Andalus, Al-Ramadi Market, Al-Mal'ab, and Al-Sufaya. Various agricultural media were used to isolate strains of Bacillus spp. and determined based on biochemical and cultural characteristics. Additionally, to assess the antibacterial properties of honey, samples were used at (75, 50, and 25%) dilutions and undiluted. The results showed that different species of Bacillus spp highly contaminated the locally produced juices. The most prevalent species were B. cereus, B. subtilis, and other Bacillus spp. the most contaminated types of juice were grape and banana juices. The results also showed that natural honey exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against B. cereus. At the same time, it didn’t affect B. coagulans and B. sphaericus. The findings will help raise awareness about the quality of juice products in the region and provide insights into potential public health risks associated with Bacillus spp. contamination. Honey can be used instead of other medications to treat various diseases, particularly those brought on by bacteria resistant to antibiotics.

Glycosylated volatiles are considered as hidden aroma precursors that affect fruit flavor and are involved in plant defense response. Several uridine-diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferase (UGT) members related to the glycosylation of volatiles have been identified from grapevine berries. Although grapevine leaves produced much higher levels of glycosylated volatiles than berries, UGTs responsible for the production of glycosylated volatiles in leaves have not yet been identified. Here, eight novel UGT genes were cloned, among these four members that belong to UGT85A family (named UGT85A24, UGT85A25, UGT85A26, and UGT85A27) were localized in the cytoplasm and their recombinant proteins showed activity toward volatiles detected in grapevine, with geraniol as the preferred substrate in vitro. Two UGT genes with 98.1% homology differ in R/S-linalool selection. The UGT85A26-catalyzed substrate showed enrichment in S-linalool, whereas UGT85A27 showed a strong preference for R-linalool. UGT85A24 and UGT85A25 were expressed mainly in berries, and UGT85A26 and UGT85A27 were expressed predominantly in grapevine mature leaves and correlated with the highest content of glycosylated volatiles in the mature leaves. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) induced the expression of UGT85A26 and UGT85A27 as well as the production of linalyl-β-glucoside, citronellyl-β-glucoside and phenethyl-β-glucoside. Transient overexpression of UGT85A26 and UGT85A27 in tobacco leaves led to the accumulation of linalyl-β-glucoside and an increase in citronellyl-β-glucoside in vivo. These results indicate that the expression of UGT85A26 and UGT85A27 is a major regulator affecting the content of glycosylated volatiles in grapevine.

In this study, SV 18402 interspecific hybrid (PIWI group grapevines) was subjected to processing by syruping the berries before boiling. The variants were: V1.1. - grape product from berries without skin – filtered; V1.2. - grape product from berries without skin – unfiltered; V2.1. - grape product from berries with skin– filtered; V2.2. - grape product from berries with skin – unfiltered. Before processing, raw material was assessed for total soluble solids (186 g/l sugar), pH (3.25), and acidity (7.35 g/l tartric acid). The variants of products measure soluble dry substance over 67% the minimum amount stipulated by the international standard, which guarantees the conservability of the product. Regarding sensory comparison, products from the whole berries (skin, pulp, and seeds) proved to be more acceptable by the general public, as compared to the other variants.

Plant disease classification is the use of machine learning techniques for determining the type of disease from the input leaf images of the plants based on certain features. It is an important research area since early identification and treatment of plant disease is critical for saving crops, preventing agricultural disasters, and improving productivity in agriculture. This study proposes a new convolutional neural network model that accurately classifies the diseases on the plant leaves for the agriculture sectors. It especially works on the classification of plant diseases for grape leaves from images by designing a deeplearning architecture. A web application was also implemented to help the agricultural workers. The experiments carried out on real-world images showed that a significant improvement (8.7%) on average was achieved by the proposed model (98.53%) against the state-of-the-art models (89.84%) in terms of accuracy.

Abstract Background Anthocyanin synthase (ANS) is the enzyme downstream of the anthocyanins synthesis pathway and the rate-limiting enzyme of the synthesis pathway. It catalyzes the conversion of colorless anthocyanins to anthocyanins and plays an important role in plant color presentation and stress resistance. However, ANS gene is rarely studied in grapes. Results In this study, 121 VvANS genes were identified and distributed on 18 chromosomes, VvANS family members were divided into 8 subgroups. Secondary structure prediction showed mainly irregular coils and α-helices, and subcellular localization indicated that VvANS gene family is mainly located in chloroplast, cytoplasm and nucleus. The promoter region of the VvANS gene family contains multiple cis-acting elements that are associated with light, abiotic stress, and hormones. Intraspecific collinearity analysis showed that there were 13 pairs of collinearity between VvANS genes. Interspecific collinearity analysis showed that there was more collinearity between grape, apple and Arabidopsis, but less collinearity between grape and rice. Microarray data analysis showed that VvANS17, VvANS23 and VvANS75 had higher expression levels in flesh and peel, while VvANS25, VvANS64 and VvANS106 had higher expression levels in flower. The results of qRT-PCR analysis showed that VvANS genes were expressed throughout the whole process of fruit coloring, such as VvANS47 and VvANS55 in the green fruit stage, VvANS3, VvANS64 and VvANS90 in the initial fruit color turning stage. The expression levels of VvANS21, VvANS79 and VvANS108 were higher at 50% coloring stage, indicating that these genes play an important role in the fruit coloring process. VvANS4, VvANS66 and VvANS113 had the highest expression levels in the full maturity stage. Conclusions These results indicated that different members of VvANS gene family played a role in different coloring stages, and this study laid a foundation for further research on the function of ANS gene family.

Abstract Grape production in China is significantly impacted by white rot disease, which is caused by Coniella diplodiella (Speg.) Sacc. This study analyzes the differences in leaf transcriptomes and phenotypes of two grape species, ‘Manicure Finger (Vitis vinifera L.)’ and ‘0940 (Vitis davidii Foex)’, following inoculation with C. diplodiella. Leaf anatomy and H2O2 content confirm the greater resistance of '0940' to C. diplodiella compared to 'Manicure Finger.' Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals that the defense mechanism of '0940' against C. diplodiella involves sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis, plant-pathogen interactions, sulfur relay systems, suberin and wax biosynthesis, monoterpenoid biosynthesis, as well as flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis pathways. Using Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), we identified three modules highly correlated with C. diplodiella resistance and 125 candidate genes, including resistant genes (R genes), pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), and pathogenesis-related proteins genes (PR genes), which may play important roles in grape resistance to this disease.

To investigate the residue characteristics of pesticides in commercial grapes in Hubei and their dietary exposure risk, 46 pesticide residues in 128 grape samples from large-scale local markets and supermarkets of Hubei Province in 2022 were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The dietary exposure of detected pesticides in grapes was assessed by the veterinary drug residues risk ranking matrix of the UK Veterinary Drug Residues Commission and the index of food safety (IFS). The results showed that the detection rate of the pesticide residue in grapes was 78.1%. Moreover, cyhalothrin detected in four samples exceeded the national maximum residue limit of pesticide and the exceeding rate was 3.1%. According to the residual risk score, there were 7 high-risk pesticides (avermectin, triazole alcohol and thiophanate-methyl, etc), 4 medium-risk pesticides (thiamethoxam, tebuconazole, acetamiprid and cypermethrin) and 9 low-risk pesticides (enoylmorpholine, azoxystrobin and imazalil, etc) among the pesticides detected. Based on the results of risk index, medium-risk samples accounted for 3.1%, and low-risk and very low-risk samples accounted for 96.9%. On the basis of the results of the food safety index method, the IFS values of 20 pesticides detected were lower than 1, indicating that the dietary exposure risk was within an acceptable range. In general, the grape samples monitored in this study had good safety characteristics and low health risks.

AbstractImmune system plays a significant role in preventing and controlling diseases. Some studies reported the beneficial effects of grapes and their products on immunity. However, their results are controversial. This review aimed to discuss the effects of grapes and their products on immune system and their mechanisms of action. Although various in-vio and in-vitro studies and some human studies suggested that grapes and their products may help to improve the immune system’s function, clinical trials in this area are limited and inconsistent.In conclusions, although, consumption of grapes and their products may help to having a healthy immune syste, further studies particularly human studies are required to clarify the precise effects of them and their mechanisms regarding immune system.

Monoterpenes are typical aroma components of muscat grape cultivars, providing pleasant floral and fruity aromas to grapes and wines. However, the molecular mechanism of monoterpene biosynthesis between muscat and non-muscat grape remains unclear. Here, the muscat grape cultivar ‘Jumeigui’ and the non-muscat grape cultivar ‘Kyoho’ were chosen as plant materials for a comprehensive transcriptome and metabolite analysis. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis demonstrated that a total of 27 and 23 monoterpene compounds were identified and quantified in the ‘Jumeigui’ and ‘Kyoho’ grape, respectively. ‘Jumeigui’ grape accumulated significantly higher concentrations of monoterpenes than ‘Kyoho’ grape. Furthermore, geraniol, linalool, geranic acid, and β-citronellol might be important odorants contributing to the floral character of the ‘Jumeigui’ grape due to the high levels odor activity values (OAVs). Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that the expression profiles of VvDXS, VvGGPPS.SSU1, VvTPS-b/g showed a positive correlation with monoterpene accumulation in grapes. In addition, the expression patterns of the genes involved in jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis and signal were also positively correlated with monoterpene accumulation. All these results will help guide the functional verification of candidate genes related to monoterpene biosynthesis, as well as identify the master transcriptional and hormonal regulators of this pathway in grapes.

In grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivation, high temperatures (HTs) usually reduce the accumulation of anthocyanins. In order to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis under high-temperature environments, we investigated the effects of HT stress at veraison (5% coloring of grape ears) on fruit coloration and anthocyanin biosynthesis in ‘Summer Black’ (XH) and ‘Flame seedless’ (FL) grapevines. Compared to the control group (35 °C), the total anthocyanin content of XH and FL grapes subjected to a high-temperature (HT) treatment group (40 °C) decreased significantly as the HT treatment continued, but showed an upward trend with fruit development. However, the concentration of procyanidins increased significantly following HT treatment but decreased with fruit development. Nonetheless, FL grapes showed some resistance to the HT condition, producing anthocyanin content at ripeness comparable to the control group, demonstrating a greater adaptability to HT conditions than XH grapes. Based on the CIRG index, at stage S4, the fruit of FL was classified as dark red, while XH was classified as blue-black in the control group. Anthocyanin-targeted metabonomics identified eight different types of anthocyanins accumulating in the peels of XH and FL grapes during ripening, including cyanidins, delphinidins, malvidins, pelargonidins, peonidins, petunidins, procyanidins, and flavonoids. Malvidins were the most abundant in the two grape varieties, with malvidin-3-O-glucoside being more sensitive to high temperatures. HT treatment also down-regulated the expression of structural genes and regulators involved in the anthocyanin synthesis pathways. We used the WGCNA method to identify two modules that were significantly correlated with total anthocyanin and procyanidin contents. Among them, MYBCS1, bHLH137, WRKY65, WRKY75, MYB113-like, bZIP44, and GST3 were predicted to be involved in grape anthocyanin biosynthesis. In conclusion, this study conducted in-depth research on the HT inhibition of the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in XH and FL grapes, for reference.

(1) Background: Spring frost damage is a common phenomenon that occurs in Southern Chile that considerably affects vine productivity and grape quality. (2) Methods: A field trial was conducted in order to study vine phenology and berry physicochemical parameters in Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc and Pinot Noir ungrafted and grafted (onto 101-14 Mgt rootstock) grapevines after a spring frost. This event killed the totality of primary bud shoots when the vines reached the phenological stage of unfolded leaves. (3) Results: From budburst, to flowering of secondary bud shoots, ungrafted Sauvignon Blanc grapevines presented an advanced phenology, whereas 101-14 Mgt rootstock tended to advance the maturity of Pinot Noir grapevines from flowering to ripening of berries. At harvest, berries from secondary buds of vines grafted onto 101-14 Mgt rootstock showed higher soluble solids than the ones from ungrafted Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc vines. High total phenolic content was found in berries from secondary buds of the grafted vines, compared to the ones from the ungrafted vines. Berry soluble solids variability tended to statistically decrease toward harvest in the studied plant materials, and the maximum coefficient of variation for soluble solids, berry weight, berry firmness and berry size reached 9.5%, 25.9%, 18.6% and 8.9%, respectively. (4) Conclusions: These preliminary results may be interesting for the Southern Chilean viticulturists since it seems that 101-14 Mgt rootstock could affect phenology and grape berry maturity of grapevines established in the Cautín Valley after spring frost damage.

Charcoal-based fertilizer could be used extensively and is environmentally friendly. An experiment was designed to investigate the effects of different charcoal-based fertilizer application methods on soil microbiology and grape quality in a vineyard to guide the cultivation of ‘Shine-Muscat’. A control treatment without fertilization and six other treatments were set up. Four treatments applied carbon-based fertilizer as a base fertilizer with or without potassium fulvic acid, a complex microbial agent, or Bacillus subtilis, and two treatments were only applied with two applications of carbon-based fertilizer or compound fertilizer during the expansion period. The results showed that the bacterial phyla were mainly Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mortierellomycota dominated the fungal community. At the genus level, the composition of fungi, compared to bacteria, varied significantly, while the dominant flora differed among fertilization practices. Application of charcoal-based fertilizer enriched beneficial microorganisms, while chemical fertilizers enriched pathogenic microorganisms. The addition of microbial fungicides and biostimulants for a period reduced the size of the microbial network, lowered positive correlations, and enhanced resistance to adverse conditions and diseases and there was no significant correlation between agronomic traits and microbial network topology. A combination of soil microbial and grape agronomic traits suggests that a charcoal-based fertilizer base, with microbial fungicides applied, is the optimal fertilization regimen for grape.

The light plays a key role in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants. However, the molecular basis of anthocyanin synthesis in grape skins irradiated at night with supplemental white light (W), red light (R), blue light (B), and blue light for 3 h, 6 h, 9 h, and 12 h (B3, B6, B9, and B12) is not known. In the present study, the total anthocyanin content in grape skins was significant under different light (DL) and blue-light time (DT) treatments, and the best result was obtained with B9. Analysis of RNA-seq data determined that the key genes in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway, PAL, CHS, DFR, GT, CFIP, VIT_14s0068g00920, VIT_06s0009g02860, and VIT_06s0004g08150, were significantly up-regulated under night-time supplemental light treatments, which led to the significant expression of the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, and the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, which were significantly expressed, promoting the accumulation of anthocyanin. The B caused significant expression of PAL (VIT_08s0040g01710), CFIP (VIT_13s0067g03820, VIT_13s0067g02870) and DFR (VIT_18s0001g12800), which may be one of the reasons for the better effect of B compared to W anthocyanin enrichment in grape skins. The DT treatment resulted in significant expression of GT (VIT_11s0052g01600), Peroxidase, VIT_09s0018g01190, and VIT_11s0037g00570. In addition, many TFs such as bHLH, MYB, ERF, WRKY, C2H2, MYB-related, and NAC were found to be involved in the synthesis of anthocyanins under light regulation. These results provide new insights into plants’ nocturnal supplemental-light regulation of anthocyanin accumulation.

Vinegar is used as one of the best seasoning and preservatives in foodstuffs worldwide; however, it might be contaminated with mycotoxins like ochratoxin A (OTA). This study aimed to investigate the fate of OTA during unit operations utilised for vinegar production, including washing, juicing, alcoholic fermentation, acetic fermentation, and pasteurisation. Results showed that all unit operations used in vinegar production led to OTA reduction. The highest (40.43%) and lowest (9.63%) reduction values of OTA were obtained during alcoholic fermentation and washing stages, respectively. Juicing, acetic fermentation, and pasteurisation stages reduced 18.86%, 35.97%, and 11.28% of OTA content, respectively. The average overall reduction of OTA during grape vinegar was 75.19%, which can play an influential role in reducing the risks of this mycotoxin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]