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Background: Glomus tumor is a benign and vascular hamartoma that originates from the neuromyoarterial cells of the normal glomus apparatus in the reticular dermis. The etiology of glomus tumors is unknown. It usually presents as a small, slightly raised, bluish or pinkish-red, painful nodule of the fingertips and the pulp. we report an atypical case of a patient of painless glomus tumor., Case Presentation: Our patient, a 60-year-old Moroccan man, had a 2.5 cm purplish painless soft tumor, covered with melliciric and hemorrhagic crusts, involving the first phalanx of his right index finger. This tumor was compressing his nail plate. No bony lesions were identified by radiographic studies, but magnetic resonance imaging was suggestive of glomus tumor. Surgical excision was performed with directed healing., Conclusions: The diagnosis of a glomus tumor is an eventuality even in the absence of pain.

A young man presented with blue nodules on the trunk, face, and extremities that gradually increased in number and size. His mother had similar lesions. Initially, blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome was suspected, but histological findings confirmed the diagnosis of hereditary glomuvenous malformations. Making the correct diagnosis spares the patient unnecessary evaluation for the arteriovenous malformations of the gastrointestinal tract associated with the former diagnosis.

A glomus tumour is a benign, small, rare tumour, primarily localised to the fingers. Literature describes a delayed diagnosis, and patients will describe a classic triad of symptoms: paroxysmal pain, hypersensitivity, and pinpoint pain at the location of the tumour. MRI can confirm the presence and the localisation of a glomus tumour, and an osseous defect can often be found by X-ray. If the patient show classic symptoms, exploratory surgery should be performed, despite negative radiology. Excision of the tumour will provide immediate pain relief and has a very low rate of recurrence.

Background: Glomus tumors are rare, benign, vascular neoplasms arising from the glomus body. Although they can develop in any part of the body, they commonly do so in the upper extremities, most frequently subungual areas. They can be either solitary or multiple. Most typically they present as a small, round, bluish nodule visible through the nail plate with a classic triad of symptoms: hypersensitivity to cold, heightened pinprick sensitivity, and paroxysmal pain. Several tests can help in diagnosing these tumors with multiple imaging tools such as X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonography. However, only histology can confirm the diagnosis. Complete surgical excision of the tumor is the only effective treatment to achieve pain relief and low recurrence rate., Case Presentation: We report here a rare case of a 54-year-old Moroccan Berber woman presenting with a 10-year history of a glomus tumor at an unusual site. Dermoscopy and histology were helpful to confirm the diagnosis., Conclusions: We aim to discuss clinical, dermoscopical aspects of this tumor and surgical modalities. We also emphasize the importance of keeping this tumor in mind among the possibilities of differential diagnosis of painful digital nodules.

The glomus tumour is a rare neoplasm derived from the glomus apparatus. Subungual sites are most common with only three published cases involving the dorsal tongue. To our knowledge, this is the first case of an intraoral malignant glomus tumour (glomangiosarcoma) to be published in English literature. We report a case of a single glomus tumour located on the posterior dorsal tongue of a middle-aged man, which was surgically excised. Immunohistological features were indicative of a glomus tumour; however, in this case, malignant features were also discovered, warranting re-excision., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2018. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Rationale: Liver glomus tumor is very rare, and only 6 cases have been reported. Herein, we report another case of liver glomus tumor and the clinicopathological features are summarized., Patient Concerns: An 18-year-old male patient was admitted due to hypertension and arrhythmia for 4 days., Diagnoses: Abdominal enhanced CT revealed a 6.0-cm solid and cystic mass in the left liver lobe. The mass was collected by hepatic lobectomy. Microscopically, the tumor cells were round or oval, and had no malignant features and no evident atypia. Immumohistochemically, tumor cells were positive for positive for SMA and vimentin, but partially positive for syn, CD34 and desmin. He was pathologically diagnosed with liver glomus tumor., Interventions: The patient underwent a left hepatic lobectomy., Outcomes: After surgery, this patient was followed up for 6 months, and metastasis/recurrence was not observed., Lessons: Primary liver glomus tumor has no specific clinical manifestations, and imaging examinations have limitations for its diagnosis. Immunostaining for SMA and vimentin is necessary to prove the diagnosis. Complete resection is strongly advised and it has a favorable prognosis.

Background: Glomus tumor is a rare benign neoplasm, which most frequently occurs in the subungual regions of digits. Tumor rupture and infection occurred in one patient with a glomus tumor have never been reported., Case Presentation: We report a 59-year-old female presented to our hospital with a five-year history of progressively sharp pain and severe tenderness in the tip of her right middle finger. The treatment was surgical excision through a lateral incision accompanied with removal of the nail. After the surgery, the patient gained a functional recovery of her previously afflicted finger., Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of finger infection caused by a ruptured subungual glomus tumor. Patients and physicians should be aware of the properties of glomus tumor so that early diagnosis and treatment of subungual glomus tumor as well as avoidance of tumor rupture and infection can be achieved.

Glomus tumors are small, benign tumors that arise from glomus bodies, structures found normally within the dermis that assist in temperature regulation via their vasoconstrictive response to sympathetic stimuli. Glomus tumors are found typically in the hand and are classically a cause of focal pain and temperature sensitivity. They often present as a small blue lesion seen under the nail bed of a finger or a toe and cause point tenderness. Glomus tumors of peripheral nerves are exceedingly rare and can lead to disability akin to compressive neuropathy when present. This case report explores the unusual presentation of a rare and large glomus tumor of the sciatic nerve. The patient presented with symptoms such as those mentioned above and was assumed to have sciatica emanating from spinal and neuroforaminal stenosis. Although she repeatedly and appropriately sought medical attention for her condition, she was improperly diagnosed and ultimately experienced a significant deterioration of her function, eventually undergoing an unnecessary surgical procedure. On referral to the authors' institution, the patient was evaluated and found to have a glomus tumor involving the sciatic nerve. This is the largest glomus tumor of a peripheral nerve that has been reported to date. Although the patient's presentation was insidious and her diagnosis was uncommon, this underscores the importance of developing a differential diagnosis based primarily on a thorough physical examination and, only then, correlating imaging to clinical findings. Additionally, given the atypical presentation and intractable course of this patient's condition, the examiner must consider neoplastic entities and space-occupying lesions as part of the differential diagnosis. [Orthopedics. 2018; 41(1):e151-e153.]., (Copyright 2017, SLACK Incorporated.)

Gastric glomus tumors are extremely rare, constituting approximately 1% of gastric mesenchymal tumors. We report the case of a 45-year-old female patient in whom upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed a 3-cm submucosal tumor with a bridging fold in the posterior wall of the antrum of the stomach. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed the tumor to be hypervascular in the arterial phase and exhibit continuous enhancement in the post-venous phase. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging showed that the tumor was hypervascular in the early phase and persistently enhanced in the late phase. Endoscopic ultrasonography revealed a mosaic echo pattern. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy was performed. Immunohistochemical examination revealed that the tumor was positive for α-smooth muscle actin and synaptophysin, but negative for CD56, chromogranin A and C-kit. Furthermore, 1-2% of the tumor cell nuclei were Ki-67-positive. Thus, the preoperative diagnosis was a benign glomus tumor. The patient then underwent non-exposed endoscopic wall-inversion surgery (NEWS), and the tumor was completely resected. In conclusion, NEWS is an effective method for the treatment of gastric glomus tumors.

Objectives/hypothesis: To describe our current multidisciplinary approach to pediatric malignant glomus tumors of the head and neck and review the current literature., Study Design: Retrospective chart review at a tertiary referral children's hospital and a comprehensive literature review., Methods: A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and EBSCO with respect to malignant glomus tumors of the head and neck was conducted. We obtained expert input from other pertinent specialties, including oncology, pathology, and radiology. To highlight the difficulty of evaluation and management of these patients, we also present a pediatric patient with a left neck malignant glomus tumor and lung metastases., Results: Only two cases of pediatric malignant glomus tumor (including our own) have been reported in the English literature. Overall, 14 malignant glomus tumors have been reported in the head and neck (11 primary and three metastatic). Surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment, but local recurrence is common (five of 11, 45%)., Conclusions: Malignant glomus tumor of the head and neck is an extremely rare tumor in children. Evaluation consists of imaging, and tissue biopsy is necessary for definitive diagnosis. Management options include surgical resection with or without an adjuvant chemotherapy protocol similar to those designed for sarcoma. Additional reports are necessary so that we may determine the utility, if any, of radiotherapy in the management of this tumor. Laryngoscope, 127:2873-2882, 2017., (© 2017 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc.)

Glomus tumours are benign soft tissue neoplasms. In this paper, we present a case with subungual glomus tumour. Transungual resection was performed to remove tumour. The patient was doing well 6 months after the surgery with no sign of recurrence or nail deformity., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© BMJ Publishing Group Ltd (unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.)

Glomus tumors are rare and benign. They originate from the neuromyoarterial glomus body. Digital glomus tumors are a well-known condition in hand surgery. On the contrary, there is a lack of knowledge with regard to extradigital glomus tumor resulting in diagnostic and therapeutic errors. We here report a new case of glomus tumor of the thigh. Our literature review aims to focus attention on these uncommon locations.

Introduction: Glomus tumor is a rare and benign vascular tumor. Although symptoms specific for this tumor are quite clear, there is still a delay between the onset of symptoms, diagnosis and subsequent surgical therapy. The authors monitor the time from the onset of symptoms to the diagnosis and management of the problems., Material and Methods: Between 2004-2012, a total of 5 patients were diagnosed with subungual glomus tumor in the area of the distal phalanges of the hand. It involved 3 women and 2 men with the mean age of 32.2 years (26-47 years). During the first examination, we monitored the duration of symptoms, number and specialty of the doctors who examined the patient, and what examinations were performed. When the cold test was positive, MRI was performed and the patients were indicated for surgical revision. Tissue samples in all patients were histologically examined. Patients were followed for 2 years., Results: It was found that the patients had clinical symptoms for an average of 2.4 years. In our group, the patients were examined by an average of 5.4 physicians (3-9 physicians). On examination before surgery, three patients reported changes in the nail bed and two patients reported no change. When following the patients 2 years after the surgery, relapse occurred in one patient and it was treated with reoperation. During regular follow-up 2 years after the surgery, 4 patients were without nail deformity. In one patient, there was resulting nail deformity. Relapse occurred in only one case., Discussion: Because the glomus tumor is a rare lesion, occurring most frequently in the nail bed, early diagnosis is still a problem. Even in literature, we encounter a similar time frame from the onset of symptoms until the final diagnosis of 1.9 to 8 years., Conclusion: Although clinical signs and problems concerning the glomus tumor are very obvious, there still remains a long time for diagnosis. It would certainly be most beneficial for patients with persistent symptoms not to be referred to different specialists, but directly to a department that specializes in hand surgery.

Previous tracheal surgeries were performed under tracheal and cross-field intubation. However, the intubation would lead to bleeding if the tumors were large or hemorrhagic. Moreover, the tracheal intubation might interfere the surgical vision and anastomosis during the reconstruction process. Therefore, we performed a tracheal tumor resection and reconstruction via nonintubated spontaneous anesthesia. We describe the feasibility and safety of tracheal surgeries via such anesthesia., (Copyright © 2017 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Glomus tumors are painful benign neoplasms. They commonly present in the hand and are mostly solitary lesions. We report a rare case of multiple glomus tumors in the lower leg. Moreover, 1 of the tumors was in the tarsal tunnel. Resection of the tumors resulted in the early diagnosis of glomus tumors and complete symptom relief. Because of its rarity, diagnosing an extradigital glomus tumor is difficult. Recognition of glomus tumors allows for an early diagnosis and resection, and preoperative magnetic resonance imaging helps in the detection of multiple lesions. Before resection, we considered tarsal tunnel syndrome in the differential diagnosis because of the symptoms and location of the tumor. Tarsal tunnel syndrome is a comparatively well-known disease in the foot. When tarsal tunnel syndrome is suspected, a glomus tumor should also be considered in the differential diagnosis., (Copyright © 2017 American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Glomus tumors (GTs) are rare, perivascular soft tissue tumors. Although GTs are usually found in the subcutaneous tissue, they may be detected in extracutaneous sites and mucosal areas. Transducing-like enhancer of split 1 (TLE1) is a highly useful immunohistochemical marker, which basically helps in differential diagnosis of synovial sarcoma. Based on a coincidental detection of TLE1 in one GT case, we studied 26 additional GT cases to establish the importance and distribution of TLE1 in GTs. Of 24 subcutaneous GTs, 22 (91.6%) were positive for TLE1 antibody and the remaining 2 mucosal GTs were negative. Of the 22 positive cases, 10 showed strong nuclear positivity. There was no difference between the subtypes of the GTs. Although TLE1 expression is significantly correlated to SS18 (SYT) rearrangements in synovial sarcomas, the fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses of the GTs showed no evidence of translocation involving this locus. TLE1 is a potential immunohistochemical marker for GTs, but further studies are required to confirm this finding.

A glomus tumor of uncertain malignant potential is defined as a glomus tumor with some, but not all, criteria for malignancy and without a known metastasis. Here, we present a rare example presenting in the median nerve in a 40-year-old woman with a long history of severely impaired left median nerve function. A large panel of immunohistochemical stains excluded other diagnoses, and the designation of a "uncertain malignant potential" was based on the high proliferative activity, the tumor size and location, and the lack of WHO malignancy criteria such as marked nuclear atypia, necrosis, or atypical mitoses. A BRAF mutation was found in the tumor. Although extremely rare, both benign and malignant glomus tumors may present in large peripheral nerves and should therefore be considered in the differential diagnosis.
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Hypopituitarism is defined as one or more pituitary hormone deficits due to a lesion in the hypothalamic-pituitary region. By far, the most common cause of hypopituitarism associated with a sellar mass is a pituitary adenoma. A high index of suspicion is required for diagnosing hypopituitarism in several other conditions such as other massess in the sellar and parasellar region, brain damage caused by radiation and by traumatic brain injury, vascular lesions, infiltrative/immunological/inflammatory diseases (lymphocytic hypophysitis, sarcoidosis and hemochromatosis), infectious diseases and genetic disorders. Hypopituitarism may be permanent and progressive with sequential pattern of hormone deficiencies (radiation-induced hypopituitarism) or transient after traumatic brain injury with possible recovery occurring years from the initial event. In recent years, there is increased reporting of less common and less reported causes of hypopituitarism with its delayed diagnosis. The aim of this review is to summarize the published data and to allow earlier identification of populations at risk of hypopituitarism as optimal hormonal replacement may significantly improve their quality of life and life expectancy., (© 2017 European Society of Endocrinology.)

A glomus tumor is an uncommon, predominantly benign, neoplastic lesion that primarily involves a thermoregulatory microvascular apparatus, the glomus body. Although these lesions can occur anywhere in the body, the subungual tissue of the hand represents the most common presentation site. Glomus tumors are not often encountered in the foot. Symptoms traditionally include the classic triad of pain, pressure, and cold sensitivity. This case report describes a variant location for a glomus tumor in the subcuticular tissue adjacent to the medial middle phalanx of the second toe. The nonsubungual location for this presentation should prompt the inclusion of glomus tumor in a digital soft-tissue lesion differential diagnosis. The lesion was excised surgically and was subsequently diagnosed histopathologically as a glomus tumor.

Cervical metastases from breast carcinoma are extremely rare after several years of disease-free survival. In this article, a metastatic tumor of the neck originating from a breast carcinoma, which has been treated 14 years ago, is discussed. A case is presented of a 48-year-old female patient with a history of breast carcinoma, which was surgically treated approximately 14 years ago. Patient was evaluated as glomus vagale because of clinical and radiologic characteristics. The resection of the mass was performed under general anesthesia, without any complications. The diagnosis of metastatic breast carcinoma was confirmed by histopathologic evaluation. In the differential diagnosis of cervical masses, the cervical metastasis of the breast carcinoma with mimicking clinical presentations should be kept in the mind; especially patients with breast cancer history.

Background: Intravenous glomus tumors are extremely rare. Methods: We report a patient with an intravenous glomus tumor within a venous aneurysm misdiagnosed as a neuroma of the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve, based on clinical exam, electrodiagnostic studies, and findings on a magnetic resonance imaging neurogram. Results: After surgical resection, the patient's symptoms, including pain and localized hypersensitivity, totally resolved. Conclusions: This case illustrates 2 important points. First, unlike extradigital glomus tumors, magnetic resonance imaging is not reliable in diagnosing intravenous glomus tumors. Second, in the presence of chronic localized neuroma type pain and sensitivity in the upper limb without a clear cause, an extradigital cutaneous or intravenous glomus tumor must be considered in the differential diagnosis., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Background and Aims: Accurate diagnosis of small gastric subepithelial tumors (SETs) is essential to assess their malignant potential. Endoscopic unroofing has been reported to yield sufficient tissue samples for histologic evaluation. This study aimed to evaluate the safety, diagnostic yield, and potential therapeutic effects of this technique over time., Methods: This retrospective analysis of prospectively collected clinical data identified patients who underwent endoscopic unroofing at the Medical University of Vienna from January 2003 to December 2012. Demographic data, indications for endoscopic unroofing, intraprocedural adverse events, hospital stay, histologic results, and follow-up procedures were reviewed., Results: A total of 14 patients (7 men; 7 women; median age, 70 years; range, 51-95 years) underwent endoscopic unroofing of 14 gastric SETs with a mean diameter of 26 ± 13 mm at EUS. In 9 of 14 cases, endoscopic unroofing was done exclusively for diagnostic purposes; in the remaining cases, it was performed with therapeutic intent because of bleeding from the gastric SETs. Unroofing was technically successful in 13 of 14 cases and revealed 8 cases of GI stromal tumor (GIST) and 1 case each of leiomyoma, fibroid polyp, glomus tumor, pancreatic rest, and nondiagnostic material at histology. Intraprocedural bleeding was the only adverse event (4 cases) and could be managed endoscopically. A follow-up EUS was available (median, 8 months) for 10 of the 14 patients. Notably, most patients showed complete regression of their gastric SETs after unroofing (on white light and EUS), including the glomus tumor, the leiomyoma, and 6 of the 8 cases of GIST., Conclusions: Endoscopic unroofing was safe and had a very favorable diagnostic yield in this study. Unexpectedly, it led to complete regression in most gastric SETs. Although it is not an oncologically curative treatment, endoscopic unroofing can be a valuable option to treat local adverse events in patients unfit for surgical therapy. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT02587923.)., (Copyright © 2016 American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

We report a case of a 76-year-old man that referred to our hospital because of progressive mixed right hearing loss, aural fullness and pulsatile tinnitus synchronized with heart beats. Otoscopic examination revealed a reddish pulsatile mass beyond tympanic membrane. CT and MRI scans showed a class C glomus tumor. Anamnesis and a complete physical examination, with careful differential diagnosis, should be obtained to rule out highly vascularized middle ear lesion before any invasive procedure.

Glomus tumors are rare tumors most often occurring in the extremities of the limbs. We report a unique case of a glomus tumor, originally arising in the paraspinal region, which was excised and subsequently recurred in the chest wall with malignant transformation. The recurrence is likely to have been caused by wound seeding. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in the English literature of a glomus tumor recurrence secondary to the notion of wound seeding., (Copyright © 2016 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Fourteen cases of primary intrathoracic glomus tumor and glomangiosarcoma are presented. The patients were 9 men and 5 women aged 36 to 63 years (mean, 49.5 years). Clinically, 11 patients presented with nonspecific symptoms including cough, hemoptysis, chest pain, and back pain while 3 patients were asymptomatic. Anatomically, 9 tumors were in an intrapulmonary location, 3 in the mediastinum, and 2 in the trachea. Surgical resection was performed in all cases, and grossly the tumors varied in size from 1.5 to 4.5 cm in greatest diameter. Histologically, 12 cases corresponded to glomus tumor characterized by a homogenous proliferation of medium-sized cells with round nuclei and inconspicuous nucleoli and no evidence of mitotic activity or necrosis. In 2 cases, the presence of marked cellular pleomorphism, nuclear atypia, and mitotic activity was more in keeping with a diagnosis of glomangiosarcoma. The 2 glomangiosarcomas were located in the lung, one of which was associated with lymph node metastasis. Immunohistochemical stains for smooth muscle actin were positive in all cases while negative for epithelial, vascular, neuroendocrine, and neural markers. Clinical follow-up showed that all patients with a glomus tumor are alive and well after a period of 12 to 36 months after surgical resection. In contrast, the 2 patients with glomangiosarcoma died of tumor 24 and 36 months, respectively, after initial diagnosis. The current cases highlight the ubiquitous distribution of these tumors within the thoracic cavity and stress the importance of including these tumors in the differential diagnosis of thoracic neoplasms.

Glomus tumor is a rare benign vascular hamartoma derived from the modified smooth muscle cells of the glomus body. Paroxysmal pain is the leading symptom. A 78-year-old woman presented at our clinic with a 50-year history of a slow growing painful purple blue tender nodule under the right fourth finger nail. Dermoscopy and magnetic ressonance confirmed the presence of a large subungual tumor and total surgical excision was performed after partial nail plate avulsion. Histologic examination confirmed a glomus tumor. After 1 year of follow-up, the nail grew with normal shape and neither complications nor recurrence were observed.

Glomus tumours are benign tumours typically arising from the glomus bodies and primarily found under the fingernails or toenails. These rare neoplasms account for <2% of all soft tissue tumours and are generally not found in the gastrointestinal tract. We report a case of a 40-year-old man presenting with recurrent epigastric pain and pyrosis. Endoscopy revealed a solitary tumour in the antrum of the stomach. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy was suspicious for a gastrointestinal stroma tumour. After CT indicated the resectability of the tumour, showing neither lymphatic nor distant metastases, a laparoscopic-assisted gastric wedge resection was performed. Surprisingly, histology revealed a glomus tumour of the stomach., (2016 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.)

Glomus tumors most commonly occur in distal extremities, particularly in the subungual region. The origin of these tumors is modified smooth muscle cells of glomus bodies. Trachea is one of the rare sites where normal glomus bodies may be sparse or absent, so occurrence of glomus tumor in trachea is very rare. Only 30 cases have been reported in the literature so far. In this case report, the authors describe a very rare and in fact first case of glomus tumor of trachea in a 45-year male Pakistani patient.

Herein, we report a case of epithelioid glomus tumor involving the uterine cervix. A 67-yr-old woman with a long-standing history of cervical dysplasia underwent cervical conization. In addition to the patient's high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, histologic examination demonstrated an incidental, 0.2-cm glomus tumor in the cervical submucosa. The tumor was composed of bland epithelioid cells in scattered nests closely associated with small-caliber blood vessels. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were diffusely positive for smooth muscle actin and caldesmon and only focally positive for desmin and CD34. To our knowledge, only 2 similar case reports exist in the literature. The present case is the first cervical case seen with epithelioid features and in association with cervical dysplasia.

Glomus tumors are rare, usually benign, vascular hamartomas consisting cells resembling the smooth muscle cells of the normal glomus body. They can be solitary or multiple, whereas solitary tumors are majorly located on the digits. Digital glomus tumors most commonly appear in subungual region and show a strong female predominance. There are several classical symptoms, clinical tests, and imaging tools, such as X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonography, which can provide good accuracy for clinical diagnosis. However, misdiagnosis and delayed diagnosis are still commonly observed because primary physicians are unfamiliar with classical symptoms and clinical tests. Complete surgical excision often can result in complete relief of symptoms. Recurrence is largely caused by incomplete excision, but repeated image study is recommended to rule out new or malignant lesions. This series is a retrospective review of 50 cases with glomus tumors managed at our institute. We aim to review the key aspects of glomus tumor and provide a simple guideline for earlier diagnosis and treatment.

We present the case of a patient with a glomus tumor that was atypical because of its large size and histologic characteristics. It was located in the dorsal-distal zone of the fifth ray of the left foot and was associated with a neuroma under the fifth metatarsal head. Although the pain (of a neurologic type) was attributed to the neuroma, the unknown nature and evolution of the dorsal lesion (glomus tumor) made surgical treatment necessary. Surgery, together with compensating treatment of the functional alterations of the patient's feet (pronation of the subastragalar joint, supination of the forefoot, and fifth metatarsal overload syndrome), resolved the case.

Glomus tumor is an uncommon benign neuromyoarterial tumor. The extradigital location at the knee is unusual. Ignorance of this disease characterized by atypical clinical signs and the absence of specific imaging are responsible for a significant diagnostic delay in these forms localized in the knee. Complete resection of the tumor results in an immediate resolution of the pain. We report three rare locations of glomus tumor in the knee with an exceptional location in the quadriceps tendon and discuss epidemiological, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of these tumors., (Copyright © 2015 Société française de rhumatologie. Published by Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.)

Unlabelled: Glomus tumor, originally known as an angioneuromyoma, is a benign neoplasm arising from specialized structures called glomus bodies, involved in thermoregulation. Although it has been reported at a number of sites in the body, this rare tumor is most commonly seen in the subungual areas of the digits of the hand. Only a handful of lesions have been reported in the toes. Because most foot conditions are treated by podiatrists and dermatologists, orthopaedic surgeons are generally unaccustomed to making early diagnoses. The purpose of this case report is to alert the attending surgeon regarding the possibility of glomus tumor as a cause of chronic toe pain. Also it has been observed that the behavior of this tumor varies with the site of occurrence-whether digital or extradigital. So we have extensively reviewed all similar reports in the literature to analyze the behavior of this tumor at this unusual location, apart from comparing it with the more common finger variety, to ensure it possibly is not a misclassification like the chemodectomas that were earlier thought to be glomus tumors., Levels of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV: Case Study., (© 2015 The Author(s).)

Glomus tumours are rare benign neoplasms arising from the glomus body, accounting for 1-5% of all soft-tissue tumours of the hand. The diagnosis of glomus tumour is frequently delayed, varying from 3 to 15 years. We present a case of a recurred glomus tumour of the thumb where symptoms persisted for a period of 6 years after an attempted surgical excision. The patient presented with classical symptoms of localised tenderness, cold sensitivity and excruciating pain on touch. Findings on radiograph, ultrasonography and contrast-enhanced MRI further supported the diagnosis. Complete surgical excision, the only recommended treatment, resulted in complete symptomatic relief to the patient. This case report highlights the importance of meticulous complete excision and clinical awareness of the disease among primary care physicians., (2016 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.)

This report outlines the workup and management of a 55-year-old woman with a synovial sarcoma of the lateral border of the tongue that was initially diagnosed as a glomus tumor. A review was performed of the literature on synovial sarcomas of the oral cavity and current National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. Synovial sarcomas of the tongue are rare neoplasms, with variable morphologic microscopic types and immunohistochemical profiles. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of the known gene translocation also can be used in diagnosis. According to the literature, resection of the tumor is the current treatment of choice; however, owing to the rarity of this entity, diagnosis and management prove challenging for the oral and maxillofacial surgeon., (Copyright © 2016 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)