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Background: The cigarette smoking and its effect on the inflammatory cytokine levels in the smoker's saliva depicted the influence of electronic cigarettes on oral cytokine levels in oral fluids are scarce in the literature. Objectives: The present trial was conducted to compare and determine the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in whole stimulated saliva samples of electronic cigarette smokers, conventional smokers, and participants with no smoke exposure. Materials and Methods: Sixty adult participants were divided into the following four groups of nonsmokers, current smokers, smokers smoking both conventional and e-cigarettes, and e-cigarette smokers. The saliva samples were assessed for Interleukins (IL-1B, 6, 8, 10, and IL-1RA), C-reactive protein (CRP), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Plaque scores and Gingival Index, and body mass index were also calculated. Results: Statistically significant (P < 0.05) and remarkable relationship was seen in plaque scores and IL 1RA, 1 β, and 10 with the respective values as-0.285, 0.268, and 0.267. Regarding anti-inflammatory cytokines, CRP, IL-10, and IL-RA had the P-value of 0.073, 0.945, and 0.834 respectively. When these values were evaluated for proinflammatory cytokines, the P values were 0.0001, 0.019, 0.991, and 903 for TNF-α, IL-1 β, IL-6, and IL-8, respectively. These results were statistically significant for TNF-α (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Within its limitations, the present study concludes that smoking e-cigarettes whether solely or in combination with conventional smoking increases the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1 β with decreased counter IL-1RA levels.

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the gingival health of patients treated with full veneer crown (FVC) restoration with the contralateral natural tooth of that patients in different stages of treatment. Materials and methods: This study compared the gingival health status of 30 endodontically treated posterior teeth with FVC and 30 contralateral natural teeth of 19 patients in terms of gingival index, and plaque index. These patients have been examined from July 2017 to June 2019 in the Dept. of Prosthodontics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) Hospital. The gingival health was assessed with gingival index and plaque index by Leo H in different stages of treatment, also compared with the contralateral natural teeth. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 22) according to the study objectives. Results: Tooth with FVC restoration found high gingival index and plaque index compared to a contralateral natural tooth in different stages of treatment. The mean differences of the gingival index were not significant at baseline, 4th month visits, but it was significant, and highly significant at 8th month, 12th month follow-up visits respectively. The mean differences in plaque index were found significant in all visits except 12th month visit. The gingival index and plaque index increased from baseline to 4th, 8th,12th month visits gradually both in abutments and contralateral natural teeth. Conclusion: If the FVC is fabricated with maintaining proper anatomical contour, equigingival margin with proper marginal adaptation, despite maintaining oral hygiene as well as the general health of patients there is a chance of development of adverse effects on gingival health in comparison to the contralateral natural tooth. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2022; 12 (1): 17-21

Outcome predictors for the restoration of endodontically treated teeth mainly include cavity wall integrity and the presence of a 1.5–2 mm ferrule. However, in some clinical situations, the aforementioned predictors cannot be achieved. Three different techniques have been proposed to obtain an adequate ferrule respecting the supracrestal tissue attachment: surgical crown lengthening, orthodontic forced eruption, and surgical extrusion. There are little published prospective data evaluating periodontal changes after surgical extrusion. Therefore, the aims of this study were to report the outcome of surgical extrusion in single-rooted teeth, to digitally evaluate soft tissue volumetric changes after surgical extrusion, and to observe patient satisfaction regarding the treatment after a minimum of 1 year. This prospective clinical study was performed between 2017 and 2020. Thirteen patients referred for surgical extrusion met the following inclusion criteria: nonsmokers; systemically healthy with at least 1 straight, single-rooted tooth with an insufficient ferrule; a favorable tooth crown-to-root ratio, and no periodontal pathology. Preoperative clinical variables included patient age, sex and phenotype, tooth number, tooth mobility, crown-to-root ratio, gingival index (GI), probing pocket depths at 6 sites, bleeding on probing (BOP), and mesial and distal interproximal papillae volume. Surgical extrusion was performed by a single operator who completed the root canal treatment/retreatment and restored the teeth with a crown. One year later, all patients were controlled, and the following variables were recorded: tooth mobility, crown-to-root ratio, GI, pocket depth, BOP, interproximal papillae aspect, soft tissue rebound, periapical healing, marginal bone loss, and patient-reported outcome measures of the treatment. All variables were analyzed using a descriptive method (mean, %). The Wilcoxon test was used to evaluate pre- and postoperative clinical parameters at a significance level of.05. At a mean follow-up period of 18.8 months, no teeth were extracted. Compared with preoperative GI and BOP, a significant reduction was observed at 1 year after surgery. Likewise, no significant differences in probing depths were shown, and only 1 tooth presented a type 2 mobility. The mean soft tissue rebound was −0.46 ± 0.69 mm. Overall, no significant interproximal papillae height loss was observed.Apical lesions were completely healed after surgery. The tooth crown-to-root ratio was favorable in all cases before extrusion, whereas in 3 cases it was appropriate (1 = 1), and only 1 case presented >25% of marginal bone loss during the follow-up period. The reported success rate was 92.3%, and patients were generally satisfied with the outcome. Surgical extrusion of single-rooted teeth was successful with minimal or no soft tissue loss, and patients were satisfied with the surgical procedure and the esthetic result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study hypothesized that probiotic therapy (PT) does not offer additional benefits to mechanical debridement (MD) for the treatment of diabetic subjects with peri-implant mucositis (PM). This study compared the influence of PT as an adjunct to MD for the treatment of PM in type 2 diabetic and nondiabetic patients over a 12-month follow-up period. Patients with and without type 2 diabetes were included. PM patients were categorized into 2 groups based on the treatment procedure: (1) nonsurgical + PT and (2) nonsurgical MD alone. Demographics and education statuses were recorded. Gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI), crestal bone loss (CBL), and probing depth (PD) were measured at baseline and after 6 and 12 months. Significant differences were detected with P <.01. The hemoglobin A1c level was significantly higher in patients with diabetes at all time durations than in patients without type 2 diabetes (P <.001). Baseline GI, PI, PD, and CBL were comparable in all groups. In patients with type 2 diabetes, there was no difference in PI, GI, PD, and CBL at 6- and 12-month follow-up. In patients without type 2 diabetes, there was a significant reduction in PI (P <.01), GI (P <.01), and PD (P <.01) at 6-month and 1-year follow-up as compared with baseline. In patients without type 2 diabetes, MD with or without adjunct PT reduced soft-tissue inflammatory parameters in patients with PM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Control of supragingival plaque has been the mainstay in the primary and secondary prevention of periodontal diseases. Due to the difficulty in achieving adequate plaque control by mechanical means, there is a great interest in the use of antimicrobial agents to replace or to be used as adjuncts to mechanical approaches. Herbal products are considered as an interesting alternative to synthetic antimicrobials due to their distinctive advantages. Murraya koenigii is one such herb which not only adds aroma to our food but also has a huge panorama of antimicrobial, antioxidative, and cytotoxic properties. Aim: The aim of the study is to comparatively evaluate the effectiveness of 3% M. koenigii and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) mouthwash in the reduction of plaque and gingivitis in patients suffering from mild to moderate gingivitis. Materials and Methods: Forty-five participants participating in this study were divided into three groups and underwent Phase I therapy on the first visit. Patients were recalled after 7 days; Group M, Group C, and Group P participants were instructed to use 3% M. koenigii, 0.2% CHX, and placebo mouthwash respectively, twice a day, for a minute for 2 weeks as an adjunct to mechanical plaque control. Turesky–Glickman–Gilmore modification of Quigley Hein plaque index (PI) and modified gingival index (GI) were recorded at baseline (7th day) and at the end of the study (22nd day). Student's paired t-test and one-way analysis of variance test, post hoc analysis were used for intra and intergroup comparison of parameters, respectively. Results: The results of the study showed that all the Groups M, C, P showed a statistically significant difference in gingival scores with a mean difference of 0.438 ± 0.234, 0.408 ± 0.388, 0.425 ± 0.237, respectively, when compared with baseline. Plaque scores for Group M and Group C were statistically significant with mean difference of 0.878 ± 0.433 and 1.090 ± 0.613, respectively. However, the mean change in PI and GI scores between the Groups M, P, and K was statistically nonsignificant. Conclusion: M. koenigii mouthwash is equally effective as CHX, in the reduction of plaque and gingivitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. This clinical trial evaluated the effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation along with scaling and root planing (SRP) on periodontal and gingival indices in controlled diabetic patients. Methods. Forty-two diabetic patients (controlled type), referred to the Department of Periodontics with chronic periodontitis and eligible for the study, were included in the study. Patients suffering from chronic periodontitis with a probing pocket depth of =5 mm in different quadrants of the oral cavity with radiographic evidence of bone loss were included in the present randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The subjects were instructed to take one capsule of coenzyme Q10 or a placebo every day for 30 days following SRP. Clinical parameters, i.e., plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment level (CAL), and probing pocket depth (PPD), were recorded at baseline and four weeks after treatment by two masked and calibrated examiners. The study results were reported as (mean ± standard deviations) and frequencies (percentages). Results. One month after the intervention, PPD, CAL, BOP, and PI indices in the intervention group were significantly lower than those in the control group. One month after the intervention, the GI was similar in both groups. A significant decrease was observed in the GI in both groups after the intervention. Conclusion. The results of the present study showed that Q10 orally with scaling and root planing in patients with controlled diabetes with chronic periodontitis might accelerate the treatment process and significantly reduce the pocket depths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ban Karem Hassan, Banaz Jabbar Ali, Alyamama Mahmood Alwan, Raed A Badeia Department of Periodontal Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Mustansiriyah, Baghdad, IraqCorrespondence: Banaz Jabbar Ali Email wisdomteeth84@gmail.comAim: The aim of this study was to assess self-reported oral health attitudes and behaviors of the Iraqi dental students and compare the variations in these attitudes and behaviors that linked to dental education level and gender.Materials and Methods: A self-administered questionnaire depended on the English version of the Hiroshima University Dental Behavioral Inventory (HU-DBI) was prepared, the questionnaire given to 198 dental students.Results: About 91.4% of the dental students were worried about the teeth colour, and merely minor percentage of them (18.8%) thought it is not crucial to seek dental advice until they acquire a tooth pain; however, 26.3% of the students were disturbed because of their gum colour, and 75.3% of them examined their teeth after brushing. Besides, 72.2% of the students replied that gum disease could not be prevented by tooth brushing only, 60.1% of the students do not give visiting the dentist such concern, and 14.1% of dental students were smokers. The plaque and gingival indices were significantly higher in preclinical students than clinical students.Conclusion: Iraqi dental students had somewhat good oral health behavior and attitudes; however, extra concentrating is required on the anticipatory and behavioral aspects of oral self-care practices. Female dental students displayed better oral health behavior and attitudes than male colleagues on some issues.Keywords: periodontal health, dental students, self-reported, gingival index, Hiroshima University Dental Behavioral Inventory

Introduction: Glass ionomer and polycarboxylate cement have different effects on the marginal seal, microleakage, pulp tissue stimulation, and gingival health. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of these cement on the gingival health of primary molars restored with stainless steel crowns (SSC). Methods: A total number of 34 children were selected who were within the age range of 4-7 years and required SSCs on both sides. The selected teeth were identical in terms of the dental arch and tooth number. After preparing the teeth, glass ionomer and polycarboxylate were used randomly on each side to cement SSCs. After placing the crowns, parents were asked to maintain the oral hygiene of their children by brushing and flossing their teeth. Subsequently, 6 months after the crown cementation, the gingival index, plaque index, and additional cement were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS software (version 25) using Wilcoxon Rank, Chi-square, and binary logistic regression tests. Results: There was more gingival inflammation in the group of teeth that used polycarboxylate as cement (P=0.022) and in the lower arch (P=0.007). The plaque index was significantly lower 6 months after the crown cementation (PConclusion: Based on the results, gingivitis is less prevalent in primary molars with SSCs cemented with glass ionomer. Moreover, maxillary primary molars have a lower rate of gingivitis after placing SSCs. Besides, gender and tooth numbers did not affect the gingival health of primary molars restored with SSCs Introduction: Glass ionomer and polycarboxylate cements have different effect on marginal seal, microleakage, pulp tissue stimulation and gingival health. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of these cements on gingival health of primary molars restored with stainless steel crowns. Methods: A total number of 34 children between 4 to 7 years old who required stainless steel crowns bilaterally were selected. Selected teeth were the same in terms of dental arch and tooth number. After preparing the teeth, glass ionomer and polycarboxylate were used randomly in each side to cement SSCs. After placing the crowns, parents were asked to be responsible for their children’s oral hygiene, including brushing and flossing. 6 months after crown cementation, gingival index, plaque index and additional cement were evaluated. Statistical analysis were performed by SPSS V.25 using Wilcoxon Rank, Chi-square and binary logistic regression tests. Results: There was more gingival inflammation in the group of teeth that used polycarboxylate as cement (P=0.022) and in the lower arch (P=0.007). The plaque index was significantly lower 6 months after crown cementation (P

Tooth preparation for a metal-ceramic crown with a subgingival finish line can lead to inflammatory changes in the gingival tissue, often accompanied by cell damage. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical signs of inflammation and the cytomorphological status of the gingival tissue before and after tooth preparation. The research included a homogeneous group of 19 patients with an indication for upper canine preparation. Before and after treatment, the gingival and the gingival bleeding indexes were determined, gingival swabs were taken, and direct smears prepared on slides for cytomorphometric analysis. The values of the measured gingival indexes were statistically significantly higher (p < 0.001) after tooth preparation. They decreased over time, which indicated the reversibility of the resulting changes. Cytological examination showed no statistically significant difference between the values of nuclear area, perimeter, Feret diameter, Feret angle, integrated optical density, MinFeret, and roundness, before and after the treatment. Significantly higher values of circularity, integrated optical density, MinFeret (p < 0.05), as well as roundness (p < 0.001) were found after 72 h, compared to those taken 15 min after tooth crown preparation. This study is a pioneering attempt to show gingival changes during fixed prosthodontic treatment and may shed new light on pathogenetic events in prosthodontic patients.

Background: The aim of the present study was to compare dental indexes of pediatric Down syndrome (DS) patients to those who are healthy. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis statement guidelines. The researchers searched title and abstract of major databases, including ProQuest (ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Full Text: Health and Medicine, ProQuest Nursing and Allie Health Source), PubMed, Google Scholar, clinical key, up to date, springer, Cochrane, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science (ISI), up to September 2020 with restriction to English and Persian language This meta-analysis study had three outcomes: decay/miss/filled index, plaque index, and gingival index. Effect size, including mean difference and its 95% of confidence interval, was calculated. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale measured the quality of the selected studies. Heterogeneity was performed using the Q test and I2 index, and reporting bias was assessed using a funnel plot and Egger and Begg's tests. Results: Fifteen studies conducted were included in the meta-analysis process. Conclusion: It showed that DS patients had a higher plaque index and gingival index than healthy individuals, which means that the oral health status of these patients is worse and needs more attention.

Introduction: Dental plaque control has always been an important issue and a variety of methods and materials are provided for this purpose. One of these materials is propolis which has anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of propolis-containing toothpaste on dental plaques of dentistry students of Dental School of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran. Materials and Methods:This cross-sectional double-blind clinical trial was conducted on 30 dentistry students. First, the gums of all students were examined. Then, dental plaque and gingival indices for each participant were prepared at baseline, followed by removing dental calculus and plaque. Students were divided into two groups, the first group was given a propolis-containing toothpaste and the second group was given a non-propolis toothpaste. After two weeks of using these toothpaste types, dental plaque and gingival indices of all subjects were measured. After one week of washout, dental plaque and gingival indices were measured once again. This time, the first group was given a non-propolis toothpaste and the second group was given a propolis-containing toothpaste. After two weeks of usage, dental plaque and gingival indices were measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 22) and independent and paired t-test. Results:Although the plaque index decreased in both toothpaste types, a higher decrease was observed in propolis-containing toothpaste (P=0.002). In addition, the gingival index decreased in both groups; however, this decrease in gingival index in the group using propolis-containing toothpaste was significant (PConclusion:Results of the present study indicated thatpropolis was effective in reducing dental plaque and gingival indices.

Background: Aloe vera has gained significant attention in clinical research, and promoting natural substances is a prevailing trend in dentistry., Aim: This study compares the effectiveness of aloe vera mouthwash and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash in reducing plaque accumulation and gingivitis., Materials and Methods: A single-masked trial included 270 volunteers who were systemically healthy and aged between 18 and 45 years. The participants were randomly assigned to three groups: Group A (the test group) received aloe vera mouth rinse, Group B (the positive control group) received a placebo (distilled water), and Group C (the negative control group) received 0.2% chlorhexidine. Clinical indicators, which include the plaque index (PI) by Sillness and Loe in 1964 and the gingival index (GI) by Loe and Sillness in 1963, were evaluated at baseline, day 15, and day 30 for all three groups. Participants were directed to rinse their mouths with the specified mouthwash twice daily for 30 days., Results: Significant reductions in the GI and PI were observed in both aloe vera and chlorhexidine mouthwashes, with a statistical significance of p<0.001. The placebo mouthwash also showed reductions in both the GI and PI, with a significance level of p<0.001. Post hoc analysis revealed no significant differences between the aloe vera and chlorhexidine groups for the GI and PI, with p-values of 0.6 and 0.8, respectively., Conclusion: Aloe vera has proven equally effective as chlorhexidine in reducing plaque and gingivitis. This makes it a viable alternative for treating and preventing gingivitis, appealing to those preferring natural, holistic oral care. Incorporating aloe vera mouthwash into daily routines offers an effective, natural solution for maintaining gum health., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. The Ethical and Scientific Committee of the Kurdistan Higher Council of Medical Specialties issued approval (reference number: 2276). The study was approved in a letter dated August 12, 2022. The volunteers were fully informed about the methodology employed in the clinical trial before providing their informed written consent. The participants also received sufficient information about their ability to withdraw from the study at any time during its conduct. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Hamonari et al.)

Introduction: Poorly managed diabetes mellitus can elevate oral glucose levels, fostering gum disease. Conversely, untreated periodontal disease may worsen diabetes control. This study aims to assess the prevalence of periodontal disease and its association with diabetes characteristics in South Jordan., Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 249 type 2 diabetic patients from Prince Hashim Bin Abdullah II Clinic in Aqaba, Jordan. Demographics, clinical history, and periodontal indices were recorded, with glycemic control measured via HbA1c. Statistical analyses utilized SPSS., Results: Predominantly female (58%) and married (90%) participants had a mean age of 49.0 years, with uncontrolled diabetes prevalent in 86% (mean HbA1c: 9.16). Dyslipidemia (73%), hypertension (49%), and diabetic neuropathy (21%) were common. Periodontal indices indicated moderate to high scores, reflecting significant plaque accumulation (plaque index score (PIS) = 3: 20%), severe gingival inflammation (gingival index score (GIS) = 3: 22%), and notable bleeding upon probing (papillary bleeding index score (PBIS) = 3-4: 22%). Moreover, a considerable percentage exhibited advanced periodontal disease (community periodontal index score (CPIS) = 3-4: 19%)., Conclusion: A high prevalence of periodontal disease among diabetic patients in South Jordan underscores the need for integrated diabetes and periodontal care strategies. These findings emphasize the interplay between diabetes control and periodontal health, warranting further investigation into effective intervention strategies., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Royal Medical Services issued approval #21.3/2024. The study was performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, 1975. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Showayter et al.)

The relationship between Class II amalgam restorations and alveolar bone loss among diabetic and non-diabetic patients is evaluated at the Faculty of Dentistry, Najran University, KSA. Hence, we compared type 2 diabetic (n = 32) and non-diabetic patients (n=32) using clinical assessments and imaging techniques. Parameters such as bone loss rate, extent, age, and periodontal condition (plaque index and Gingival Index) were analyzed. Analysis of data shows that diabetic patients on average have higher bone loss., (© 2024 Biomedical Informatics.)

Background: The clinical and radiographic efficacy of bone grafts and biomaterials, such as platelet-rich plasma and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), for reconstructing lost periodontal structures has been well documented. However, there is limited data regarding the presence of demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) in an environment with abundant growth factors provided by platelet concentrates., Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare the clinical and radiographic effectiveness of DFDBA with PRF versus DFDBA alone in the treatment of intrabony defects., Material and Methods: Twenty-four intrabony defects in contralateral sites were randomly assigned to either the DFDBA group or the DFDBA combined with PRF group. Clinical parameters, including the plaque index (PI), the gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD), relative attachment level (RAL), and radiographic bone fill (RBF), were measured at baseline, and at 6 and 9 months. Paired and unpaired t-tests were used for intraand intergroup comparisons., Results: Both the PI and the GI showed statistically significant improvements from baseline to 9 months. However, the intergroup comparisons did not reveal any significant differences (p < 0.05) between the groups with regard to clinical and radiographic measurements from baseline to 9 months., Conclusions: Platelet-rich fibrin in combination with DFDBA did not show any additional benefit in terms of reconstructive output in the treatment of intrabony defects compared to the use of DFDBA alone.

Background and Aim: Oral health is a vital indicator of overall well-being, quality of life, and general health, with historical roots in Unani medicine (i.e. preventive measures, oral hygiene, and treatment). This study aims to assess the efficacy and safety of prepared herbal mouthwash in maintaining oral health among school children., Experimental Procedure: 110 schoolchildren were randomly assigned to the test group (treated with herbal mouthwash -Anacyclus pyrenthrum DC, Punica granutum (pericarp), Capparis spinosa (root bark), and Quercus infectoria Oliv (galls)) and the control group (treated with 0.2 % Chlorhexidine Mouthwash) for 30-days. The response was assessed by DMFT, Salivary pH, Oral hygiene index-simplified (OHI-S), Plaque index (Loe & Silness) (PI), Plaque index simplified (O'Leary et al., 1972) (PI-S), Gingival Index (Löe-Silness) (GI), and Bleeding on probing (BOP) on baseline and 30th day GI and PI were further assessed on 60th, 90th and 120th days to determine the sustainable effect of the intervention., Results: After treatment, Mean OHI-S, PI, PI-S, GI and BOP significantly reduced on the 30th day from baseline (p ≤ 0.001) in both groups. After discontinuing intervention, both groups showed significantly lower PI and GI scores on the 120th day from baseline. (p < 0.001)., Conclusion: This study revealed that prepared mouthwash is safe and significantly effective in maintaining oral health, and it could be used as an adjunct to mechanical oral hygiene measures., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Background: The cigarette smoking and its effect on the inflammatory cytokine levels in the smoker's saliva depicted the influence of electronic cigarettes on oral cytokine levels in oral fluids are scarce in the literature. Objectives: The present trial was conducted to compare and determine the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in whole stimulated saliva samples of electronic cigarette smokers, conventional smokers, and participants with no smoke exposure. Materials and Methods: Sixty adult participants were divided into the following four groups of nonsmokers, current smokers, smokers smoking both conventional and e-cigarettes, and e-cigarette smokers. The saliva samples were assessed for Interleukins (IL-1B, 6, 8, 10, and IL-1RA), C-reactive protein (CRP), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Plaque scores and Gingival Index, and body mass index were also calculated. Results: Statistically significant (P < 0.05) and remarkable relationship was seen in plaque scores and IL 1RA, 1 β, and 10 with the respective values as-0.285, 0.268, and 0.267. Regarding anti-inflammatory cytokines, CRP, IL-10, and IL-RA had the P-value of 0.073, 0.945, and 0.834 respectively. When these values were evaluated for proinflammatory cytokines, the P values were 0.0001, 0.019, 0.991, and 903 for TNF-α, IL-1 β, IL-6, and IL-8, respectively. These results were statistically significant for TNF-α (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Within its limitations, the present study concludes that smoking e-cigarettes whether solely or in combination with conventional smoking increases the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1 β with decreased counter IL-1RA levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) shows similar etiologic factors and pathogenic mechanisms as periodontitis (PD); however, the two diseases differ from one another. Both diseases have been associated with some common inflammatory markers. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the periodontal status and reliability of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C Reactive Protein (CRP) as systemic inflammatory markers in RA patients with PD. Sixty subjects were divided into four groups of 15 each on the basis of clinical and laboratory parameters for RA and PD as systemically healthy subjects with a healthy periodontium(H), systemically healthy subjects with periodontitis (PD), RA with a healthy periodontium(RA), RA and PD(RAPD). Blood samples were obtained from all groups. Levels of CRP were estimated by using rapid slide agglutination and levels of ESR were estimated by using Westergren method. ESR and periodontal parameters showed statistically significant differences between the groups except for CRP. ESR seems to be a better and economical alternative to evaluate the systemic inflammatory burden in rheumatoid arthritis patients with periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aim of the present meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of Aloe vera in various forms such as gel, mouthwash, and dentifrice on gingival and plaque index (PI) in comparison to various allopathic products such as chlorhexidine, metformin, chlorine dioxide, fluoridated toothpaste, and alendronate. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive electronic search was conducted on PubMed/MEDLINE, GOOGLE SCHOLAR, and HAND SEARCH of reference list of archived articles published till January 2020. Randomized controlled trials were searched comparing the Aloe vera product with other products which used PI and gingival index (GI) to evaluate the outcomes. Finally, nine studies assessing PI and four studies evaluating GI were considered for the meta-analysis. After extracting the information, a risk of bias was estimated. The standardized mean differences (SMDs) and fixed and random effect models were obtained from the mean treatment differences. Results: The estimates of SMD of PI from fixed effects (SMD = 0.271, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.00134–0.407, P < 0.001) and random effects (SMD = 0.288, 95% CI = 0.048–0.529, P = 0.019) were found slightly different, the models showed consistent results yielding positive and significant treatment effects. For GI fixed effects (SMD = 0.27, 95% CI = −0.035–0.575, P = 0.0803, not significant) and random effects (SMD = 0.259, 95% CI = 0.049–0.469, P = 0.016, significant) were found slightly different and positive. However, one model showed significant and another model showed nonsignificant treatment effects. Conclusion: Results from our meta-analyses confirmed the beneficial effects of A. vera in improving the periodontal parameters and hence may be considered as a safe alternative drug delivery agent for the management of periodontal diseases in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the efficacy of a mouthwash containing 2% green tea as compared to a placebo mouthwash for the control of plaque and gingivitis. Materials and Methods: A randomised controlled clinical trial was conducted on 110 male subjects 18-60 years of age. The inclusion criteria were having a minimum of 20 sound natural teeth, a plaque index (PI) of at least 1.5 and a gingival index (GI) of at least 1.0. The subjects were randomised into two parallel groups, test and control. Subjects in the test group and control group were instructed to rinse twice daily for 1 min with 10 ml of test (mouthwash containing 2% green tea) and placebo mouthwash, respectively. After 28 days of using the mouthwash, inter- and intragroup differences for mean plaque index and gingival index scores were analysed. Results: There was a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in mean GI and PI scores among the test group from baseline to 28 days, whereas it was not significant in the control group. A statistically significant (p < 0.05) reduction was found in the mean difference in GI scores in the test group (0.67 ± 0.22) as compared to the control group (0.05 ± 0.11) and a statistically significant (p < 0.05) reduction was observed in the mean difference in PI scores in the test group (1.65 ± 0.68) compared to the control group (0.45 ± 0.99). Conclusion: The results showed that the green tea mouthwash was effective in the reduction of plaque and gingivitis scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate plaque inhibition of 0.1% octenidine mouthwash (OCT) vs. placebo over 5 days in the absence of mechanical plaque control. Materials and methods: For this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel group, multi-center phase 3 study, 201 healthy adults were recruited. After baseline recording of plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI), collection of salivary samples, and dental prophylaxis, subjects were randomly assigned to OCT or placebo mouthwash in a 3:1 ratio. Rinsing was performed twice daily for 30 s. Colony forming units in saliva were determined before and after the first rinse. At day 5, PI, GI, and tooth discoloration index (DI) were assessed. Non-parametric van Elteren tests were applied with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: Treatment with OCT inhibited plaque formation more than treatment with placebo (PI: 0.36 vs. 1.29; p < 0.0001). OCT reduced GI (0.04 vs. placebo 0.00; p = 0.003) and salivary bacterial counts (2.73 vs. placebo 0.24 lgCFU/ml; p < 0.0001). Tooth discoloration was slightly higher under OCT (DI: 0.25 vs. placebo 0.00; p = 0.0011). Mild tongue staining and dysgeusia occurred. Conclusions: OCT 0.1% mouthwash inhibits plaque formation over 5 days. It therefore can be recommended when regular oral hygiene is temporarily compromised. Clinical relevance: When individual plaque control is compromised, rinsing with octenidine mouthwash is recommended to maintain healthy oral conditions while side effects are limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of topical 0.1% lipid-based Thymoquinone (TQ) gel, as an antiplaque and antigingivitis agent. Materials and Methods: A randomized clinical trial was carried out in the Outpatient Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Dr. Z.A. Dental College, India with a purposive sample of 60 healthy children of 12-18 years of age, having a gingival and plaque index ≥1; the children were divided into two groups by simple randomization. Group A (30 subjects) was advised to apply peanut amount of Chlorhexidine (CHX) gel, twice a day for 2 min. Group B (30 subjects) was advised the same but with a peanut amount of 0.1% lipid-based TQ gel. The clinical parameters were the recording of plaque and gingival indices, prior to the treatment (baseline) and at the 14th and 28th day, respectively (post-treatment). The total duration of the study was 28 days with follow-up. Results: Data analysis was done by employing IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences Windows software, version 20 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA). The 0.1% lipid-based TQ gel had a statistically significant reduction (P < 0.001) in plaque index as compared with CHX gel during the 0-14th day and 0-28th day, respectively. Similarly, 0.1% lipid-based TQ gel showed a statistically significant reduction in gingival index (P = 0.005) during the 0-14th day and a statistically significant reduction during the 0-28th day (P < 0.001), as compared with CHX gel. Conclusions: Statistically significant reduction in plaque (P < 0.001) and gingival index (P < 0.001) with the usage of 0.1% lipid-based TQ gel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the prevalence of periodontal diseases increases and antibiotic resistance develops, there is a need for alternative methods of treatment, safe, reliable and economical. Worldwide, dentistry has recently shown a change in approach to the use of such modalities to treat many inflammatory oral diseases. Aloe vera is a medicinal herb with many advantages and has recently gained considerable importance in clinical research. Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the effect of using Aloe vera mouthwashes on improving periodontal health among secondary school students in in Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Materials and Methods: A quasi experimental study conducted on 289 systemically healthy participants with moderate and severe gingivitis (132 females and 157 males) aged 14-20 years randomly selected from eight secondary schools using multistage random sampling in Duhok city from December 2018 to May 2019. The periodontal status was assessed by using the Gingival Index and Plaque Index before and 4 weeks after using Aloevera mouthwash. Results: there was a significant decrease in the means of plaque and gingival indices after using Aloe vera mouthwash in the whole sample (p < 0.001), and among each gender (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The finding of this study showed that Aloe vera could prove to be effective mouthwash due to its ability to reduce periodontal indices. Therefore, Aloe vera can be used as an alternative product for the prevention and treatment of gingivitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Dental Hygiene is the property of Canadian Dental Hygienists Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To explore the application and effect of the PDCA cycle nursing management model in the treatment of peri-implant mucositis.Methods Thirty patients with peri-implant mucositis were treated nonsurgically. Before treatment, the 30 patients had no history of systemic diseases, drug allergies, or bad habits. According to the principle of single-blind randomized control, the patients were divided into two groups: 15 patients were assigned to the control group and received routine clinical nursing and oral hygiene education according to the doctor′s prescription; and 15 patients were assigned to the intervention group, in which the PDCA cycle nursing management model was adopted. The four steps of “plan, do, check and act” were carried out. The plaque index (PL), gingival index (GI) and probe depth (PD) in the two groups were recorded before treatment and 3 and 6 months after treatment.Results There was no significant difference in the PL, GI or PD between the intervention group and the control group before treatment (P > 0.05). Three months after treatment, the PL in the intervention group was 1.25 ± 0.44, while the PL in the control group was 1.49 ± 0.39, with a significant difference (t=2.56, P=0.008); the GI in the intervention group was 1.21 ± 0.43, while the GI in the control group was 1.56 ± 0.37, with significant difference (t=2.94, P=0.006); and the PD in the intervention group was 4.39 ± 0.41 while the PD in the control group was 4.47 ± 0.52 mm, with no significant difference (t=2.24, P=0.062). Six months after treatment, the PL in the intervention group was 1.26 ± 0.48, while the PL in the control group was 1.51 ± 0.42, with a significant difference (t=2.66, P=0.007); the GI in the intervention group was 1.34 ± 0.28, while the GI in the control group was 1.74 ± 0.48 (t=2.98, P=0.008); and the PD in the intervention group was 4.46 ± 0.52 mm, while the PD in the control group was 4.54 ± 0.66, with no significant difference (t=2.28, P=0.077).Conclusion The PDCA cycle nursing management model can enhance patients′ awareness of oral health maintenance, reduce gingival plaque accumulation, and effectively improve the health status of peri-implant tissues.

A few studies have revealed the self-perceived gingival status using questionnaires among children. Perceived health is a crucial factor that has an impact on quality of life. The objective of the study was to assess self-perceived and clinically diagnosed gingival status among children in Indonesia. This was a cross-sectional study of 494 schoolchildren (aged 12–15 years). Periodontal status was recorded using the gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI) based on the World Health Organization standards. Data were collected through a brief visual, noninvasive clinical oral examination and a self-administered questionnaire. The sensitivity and specificity of self-perceived assessment were calculated using normative assessment as the gold standard. This study showed that self-perceived need for dental treatment showed the highest sensitivity (86% using PI and 85% using GI) and self-perceived swollen gums showed the highest specificity (89% using PI and 88% using GI) for clinically diagnosed plaque (PI cut-off value: 0.74) and gingival problems (GI cut-off value: 0.51). In conclusion, both self-perceived variables showed significant discordance between their respective sensitivity and specificity. Self-perceived information is at a higher-level unawareness that does not reflect the current gingival status. Thus, public health strategies are needed to improve the awareness of better oral health among children by promoting, empowering, and advocating.

Background: Stress has become a part of one's life, which results in the development of depression and anxiety. This is commonly thought to have a net-negative effect on the efficacy of the immune response, subsequently resulting in periodontal breakdown. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of depression, anxiety, and stress [DAS] over periodontal health indicators among the health-care professional students. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in 375 undergraduate health professional students, of which 125 were medical students, 125 were dental students, and 125 were pharmacy students, who were taken from three colleges in Andhra Pradesh. Questionnaires (self-reported oral hygiene questionnaire and DAS Scale questionnaire) were given to the participants, and clinical examination was conducted in all the participants to assess the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth, and clinical attachment level. Statistical analysis was performed using the ANOVA test and post hoc test to compare the psychological parameters with periodontal parameters among three groups of health professional students. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Medical students depicted higher mean stress levels (8.00 ± 2.75) (P < 0.001) and mean DAS score (20.23 ± 6.21) (P < 0.001) than dental and pharmacy students; the mean PI (1.05 ± 0.38) (P < 0.001) and the mean GI (0.72 ± 0.38) (P < 0.001) scores are also increased with stress levels among medical students. Conclusion: Psychological factors have an adverse effect over the plaque levels and gingival status among the students.

Aim: Aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of dental caries and periodontal status among Down’s syndrome population in Riyadh City. Materials and Methods: A total of 81 male Down’s syndrome subjects were examined in this study. All subjects were recruited from the Saudi Center for Down Syndrome, Riyadh. Clinical examination was carried out by a single precalibrated examiner. Dental caries experience was counted according to the DMFT (decayed, missing, and filled teeth) indexes. Periodontal status was evaluated by using plaque and gingival indexes. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 19 version. Consequently, Pearson chi-square test and Fisher exact test was used to calculate p-value for parametric variables. Results: In this study 11.1% of the subjects were not having any decayed teeth, 39.5% were not having any missing teeth, and 55.6% were not having any filled teeth. In plaque index, maximum number of subjects in all the age group were in the fair group, and there was a highly significant (P value

Background: Periodontitis presents itself in the form of gingivitis or periodontal pockets/periodontitis. Gingivitis always precedes the later, but the reverse may not be true. Dental plaque is the primary etiology for chronic gingivitis. Hence, a regular cleaning is necessary especially in the interdental areas for the removal of plaque and to prevent gingivitis and periodontitis by means apart from the regular brushing. The most common and affordable ways of achieving this are through the use of dental floss. Aim: The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of flossing with a waxed dental floss apart from toothbrushing as an effective means to reduce gingival inflammation. Materials and Methods: The study was an open-labeled nonexperimental clinical study. A total of 60 adult patients between 20 and 50 years were selected and randomly assigned to 2 groups – one Group A with only manual toothbrushing (Oral B) and the Group B with manual toothbrushing (Oral B) and flossing with an unwaxed dental floss (Colgate). Both the groups were evaluated at baseline, after 14 days and after 28 days. Gingival index was recorded using the Loe and Sillness index while the gingival bleeding was scored using the Carter and Barnes Bleeding Index. The data collected were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS 20.0 (Chicago, IL, USA). Student's “t”-test was carried out. All P < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Results: There was a statistically significant reduction in the gingivitis, bleeding, and plaque accumulation in the Group B compared to Group A, at baseline and after 28 days of evaluation (P < 0.001). There was no significant reduction in the bleeding index for the lingual surfaces between the two groups. The results thus showed that there was a significant reduction in the plaque accumulation and gingival bleeding for Group B compared to Group A. Conclusion: Regular toothbrushing helped to improve the gingival health and reduce the amount of plaque accumulation. Toothbrushing and flossing served better in achieving interdental plaque control and in reducing gingival bleeding.

It is well-known that proper tooth brushing has the effect of stimulating microcirculation in a healthy gingiva. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microcirculation dynamics at the level of healthy marginal gingiva in adolescents after changing their toothbrush. Three evaluation instruments were employed to assess and quantify the effects on the marginal gingiva: the periodontal probing depth (PD), gingival index (GI) and laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). A total of 12 adolescents, aged between 15 and 20, were enrolled in the study, resulting in a total of 72 frontal upper teeth for PD and GI and 48 gingival interdental sites for LDF assessment. For each measurement, the pulp blood flow signal was recorded for 1 min and represented as a pulsatory signal. Data were collected in four moments: before the toothbrush changed and 24 h, 7 days and 14 days after. For the statistical analysis, the nonparametric Friedman test was applied for comparisons between more than two pair numeric series and for comparisons between two sets of pair values without Gaussian distribution, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was applied. The paired t test was used for two sets of normally distributed paired values. The results showed that using a new toothbrush in the adolescent population with healthy gingiva can induce statistically significant increases in gingival blood flow, which remain at a high level even at two weeks. The GI also increases significantly at 7 days and 14 days, while the periodontal PD does not change significantly.

This pilot study aimed to investigate the effects of gallic acid-containing mouth spray on oral microbiota in healthy cat subjects. Forty healthy cats were recruited and randomly allocated to the control (G1; n = 20) and treatment groups (G2; n = 20). The cats were treated with mouth spray twice daily for 42 days. The changes in the gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI) were measured at baseline (day 0) and end of the study (42nd day). The changes in the oral microbial composition of representative animals (control, n = 9; and treatment, n = 8) were also evaluated at baseline and end of the study. Oral microbial composition was assessed by amplifying the V1–V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene from supragingival dental plaque DNA extracts. The sequences were annotated using the QIIME 2.0. The GI and PI were significantly reduced after 42 days of treatment. The deep sequencing revealed that mouth spray influenced the cats’ oral microbiome and was significantly diverse. About 20 phyla and 59 species were observed after 42 days of mouth spray usage in cats’ oral microbiota. The number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of post-treatment samples (PoTS) of G2 was greatly reduced compared to other samples. Further analysis revealed that mouth spray acts substantially against Desulfomicrobium orale, one of the known pathogens in periodontal disease. The mouth spray efficiently reduced the growth of 22 species and uprooted 17 species. Moreover, the mouth spray supported the growth of normal oral microbiota, including Moraxella and Neisseria species. The preliminary study suggested that the gallic acids-containing mouth spray could be an essential oral product to improve the oral hygiene of the cats. Moreover, further studies are needed to confirm the beneficial effect of mouth spray on cats.

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to assess the current gingival health status in children aged 8–12 years in Damascus city. No contemporary data was available with an immense need for studies evaluating the gingival health status in Syrian children, especially under the current circumstances of the Syrian crisis. Results The study followed the school-based health survey model using stratified random cluster sampling. A total of 1500 children were clinically examined. The mean PI was at (1.39 ± 0.57) and the mean GI was at (1.12 ± 0.46). Of the total sample, (97.93%) had gingivitis. There is a statistically significant relationship between the used indices means and the children’s distribution as to the city’s localities. Also, there is a statistically significant relationship between the used indices means and the children’s gender. Gingival health was seen to be better and plaque accumulations were less in females. The gingival health status is moderate and is within the acceptable ranges while the plaque accumulations are right above moderate. Still, gingivitis prevalence is high and special care as well as developing and implementing advanced preventive programmes are highly needed.

Introduction: A healthy oral cavity is a vital state for a healthy living, which can be influenced by oral cavity diseases such as dental caries and periodontal disease. Dental caries and periodontal disorders are the major oral health problems and indicators of the oral health burden worldwide. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of dental caries and periodontal diseases among secondary school students and their association with socio-demographic factors in Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a randomly selected sample of 809 high school students (395 females and 414 males) aged 14-20 years from eight secondary schools using multistage random sampling in four quarters of Duhok city from December 2018 to May 2019. The dental caries status was assessed by the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) Index and periodontal status was assessed by using the Gingival Index (GI) and Plaque Index (PI). Results: The prevalence of dental caries was significantly higher (p=0.002) among males (93.5%) in comparison to females (86.8%). Also, the DMFT ≥5 among males (62.6%) was significantly higher than that (40.8%) among females (p

Copyright of Journal of Ege University School of Dentistry / Ege Üniversitesi Dis Hekimligi Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ege University Faculty of Dentistry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mouthrinse solutions represent a group of products used for maintaining oral hygiene after tooth brushing. Substances contained by plants bring benefits for the whole mouth health. The purpose of this study was to comparatively evaluate the effectiveness of a commercial mouthwash and of an herbal infusion on dental plaque formation and gingival inflammation. The participants in the study (90 patients) were divided into two groups, the CM group, which rinsed with a commercial fluoride-containing mouthwash and the IM group, which used an herbal infusion. The Silness–Loe plaque index (PI) and the Loe–Silness gingival index (GI) were assessed at baseline and in three following monitoring sessions. Both mouthwashes used had good results in reducing plaque index and gingival index values. In all monitoring sessions, the average PI value calculated in the CM group was relatively lower than in the IM group, probably because of the fluoride contained in the commercial mouthwash. The average GI value calculated in the CM group was slightly higher in showing gingival inflammation than that of the IM group, therefore the IM group had a better average result than the CM group in GI value. Herbal mouthwashes are adequate to induce proper oral prevention through the preservation of good oral health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice is the property of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice (Editorial Board, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: One of the most predominant periodontal diseases is the dental biofilm induced gingivitis. : For the past 20 years, super-oxidized solutions have been shown to be powerful antimicrobials and disinfectants via oxidative damage. The taste is better than chlorhexidine and doesn’t stain the teeth. Microsafe®, a superoxidized solution for gingival care, offers a completely improved approach to treatment of gingivitis. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of super oxidized water mouthwash by improving gingival health in dental biofilm induced gingivitis. . Materials and Methods: 45 adult male patients with generalized dental biofilm induced gingivitis participated in the double blinded randomized controlled parallel study divided into three groups, two mouthwashes and distilled water( negative control) used during seven days periods as adjunctive to regular mechanical oral hygiene(brushing and interdental aids cleaning), one group received super oxidized water mouthwash (Microsafe®) three times daily and the second group received 0.12% alcohol-free chlorhexidine mouthwash (Kin gingival®) twice daily and the third group received distilled water twice daily (negative control). Results: According to the plaque index, highly significant improvement of all treatment groups was observed in the second visit one-week post treatment. Microsafe® (SOW) showed to have clinical outcomes closed to the effect of CHX (the positive control) than the negative control group (D.W group). According to the GI, there was a significant difference between the study groups in the2nd visit after treatment and CHX was appeared to be most effective when compared to Microsafe®. According to BOP, all the treatment groups showed reduced BOP one-week between the 1st visit and the 2nd visit ; although, CHX showed better outcomes (the mean difference was 14.258 ) when compared to D.W and Microsafe® groups( the mean differences were 10.838, 9.9 respectively). Conclusion: There was a positive effect of topical application of Microsafe® mouthwash as adjunctive to regular mechanical oral hygiene on gingival inflammation three times daily after one week. This was improved by clinical periodontal parameters (PlI, GI and BOP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We describe the prevalence, and individual and familial risk indicators for dental caries and gingivitis among 10–19-year-old adolescents in Ile-Ife, South-West Nigeria. Methods: This cross-sectional study collected data through household surveys conducted between December 2018 and January 2019. Adolescents were recruited through multistage sampling. Oral health outcomes were caries, measured by the 'Decayed, Missing due to caries, and Filled Teeth' (DMFT) index, and gingivitis, measured by the Loe and Silness gingival index. Explanatory variables were individual (sex, age, oral health perception) and familial (socioeconomic status, birth rank, family size and parental living status) factors. Oral health behaviors (daily tooth-brushing, use of fluoridated toothpaste, consuming refined carbohydrates in-between meals, use of dental floss, dental service utilization in past 12 months, and smoking habits) were treated as confounders. Poisson regression models with robust estimation were constructed to determine associations between explanatory factors and oral health outcomes. Results: A total of 1472 adolescents were surveyed. Caries prevalence was 3.4%, with mean (standard deviation) DMFT of 0.06 (0.36) and plaque index of 0.84 (0.56). Only 128 (8.7%) adolescents brushed their teeth twice daily, 192 (16.1%) used dental floss daily, 14 (1.1%) utilized dental services in the last 12 months, and 508 (36.1%) consumed refined carbohydrates in-between meals less than once daily. The proportion of respondents who currently smoked cigarettes was 1.6%, and 91.7% of respondents used fluoridated toothpaste daily. The adjusted prevalence ratio of having caries increased by 18% for every additional age-year (APR: 1.18; 95% CI 1.004, 1.34). Additionally, participants with high socioeconomic status had significantly lower prevalence of caries compared to those with lower status (APR: 0.40; 95% CI 0.17, 0.91). Moderate/severe gingivitis was significantly associated with higher frequency of consuming refined carbohydrates in-between meals (APR: 2.33; 95% CI 1.36, 3.99) and higher plaque index scores (APR: 16.24; 95% CI 9.83, 26.82). Conclusion: Caries prevalence increased with increasing age and was higher among Nigerian adolescents with low socioeconomic status, while moderate/severe gingivitis was associated with frequent consumption of refined carbohydrates and higher plaque index score. While behavioral interventions may reduce the risk of gingivitis, structural interventions may be needed to reduce the risk for caries in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A healthy oral cavity is a vital state for a healthy living, which can be influenced by oral cavity diseases such as dental caries and periodontal disease. Dental caries and periodontal disorders are the major oral health problems and indicators of the oral health burden worldwide. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of dental caries and periodontal diseases among secondary school students and their association with socio-demographic factors in Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a randomly selected sample of 809 high school students (395 females and 414 males) aged 14-20 years from eight secondary schools using multistage random sampling in four quarters of Duhok city from December 2018 to May 2019. The dental caries status was assessed by the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) Index and periodontal status was assessed by using the Gingival Index (GI) and Plaque Index (PI). Results: The prevalence of dental caries was significantly higher (p=0.002) among males (93.5%) in comparison to females (86.8%). Also, the DMFT =5 among males (62.6%) was significantly higher than that (40.8%) among females (p<0.001). No significant association was detected between DMFT =5 and the socio-economic status (p=0.090). Likewise, the prevalence of moderate to severe gingivitis was significantly higher among males (63.5%) than females (55.2%) (p=0.016). However, the prevalence of moderate to severe gingivitis was higher among those living in low socio-economic quarters (63%) compared with those living in high socio-economic quarters (56.2%) of Duhok city (p=0.049). Conclusion: The results of this study provide evidence of a high prevalence of caries and periodontal diseases among secondary school students aged 14-20 years in Duhok city. Mean caries and gingival indices were significantly higher in males in comparison to females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Prefabricated zirconia crowns are available to treat anterior and posterior primary teeth, which possess high resistance, long durability, and short working time. They are also esthetic and available in various sizes for all primary teeth. However, their high costs can present a clear disadvantage in many communities around the world. Materials and methods: This random clinical trial study sample included 63 crowns (31 CCZC, 32 NZC) applied to 44 children aged five to nine years with zirconia crowns placed on anterior or posterior primary teeth. Group (1): Locally manufactured crowns were created with different measurements by using CAD/CAM (CCZC) and Group (2): NuSmile® zirconia crowns (NZC). Glass ionomer cement was used to cement all crowns. The children were followed-up at one, three, and six months, using oral hygiene index-simplified (OHI–S), gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and crown margin extension. Statistical analyses used: Mann-Whitney U test, Friedman test, and Wilcoxon test. Results: This study showed that CCZC did not cause gingival changes after crown application in clinical tissue appearance, bleeding, and gingival recession. Reduced plaque accumulation was observed during follow-up periods. Finally, there was no statistically significant difference between CCZC and NZC, according to this study. Conclusions: CCZCs are a convenient and economical option to achieve esthetic, healthy, and functional aspects during restoring primary teeth.

Introduction: Autism is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disease characterised by qualitative abnormalities in reciprocal social interaction and patterns of communication. The incidence of autism has increased in recent years and therefore, the possibility of dentists encountering children with autism is higher. Knowledge about the prevalence of dental disease in these children and the awareness of their care providers towards oral health is crucial to provide quality dental healthcare. Aim: To evaluate the oral health status of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and to assess the awareness of the parents/care providers regarding their oral health. Materials and Methods: This study was a two-stage crosssectional study carried out in July, August 2015 at AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, affiliated to NITTE Deemed to be University. Twenty children diagnosed with ASD formed the study group while 20 healthy children formed the control group. A clinical examination assessed dental caries (DMFT/dft). Gingival disease and oral hygiene of all children were evaluated using the Loe and Sillness gingival index and simplified oral hygiene index, respectively. Parents/care providers of the autistic children were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding the oral hygiene practices and oral health problems of the children. Descriptive statistics were performed for continuous variables, frequencies and percentages for categorical variables and comparisons were made using the Mann-Whitney U test, independent t-test and Chi-square test. Statistical analyses were conducted using EZR software (R version 3.6.3© 2020) and significance level was set at p

People with a diagnosis of serious mental illness (SMI) have a greater incidence of poorer oral health as compared to the general population. The aim of this quasi-experimental study was to determine the effect that a combination of the use of a battery-operated toothbrush and a related educational intervention may have on the oral health of individuals with serious mental illness. Key findings include that the battery-operated toothbrush resulted in a significant improvement in the mean change in gingival index, a common indicator of oral health. The study also found that oral home care instructions, smoking and level of negative symptoms did not have an effect on the mean change in plaque or gingival indices. This project suggests that the implementation of a relatively simple, cost effective measures such as a battery-operated toothbrush may have a positive impact on the oral health in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Autism is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disease characterised by qualitative abnormalities in reciprocal social interaction and patterns of communication. The incidence of autism has increased in recent years and therefore, the possibility of dentists encountering children with autism is higher. Knowledge about the prevalence of dental disease in these children and the awareness of their care providers towards oral health is crucial to provide quality dental healthcare. Aim: To evaluate the oral health status of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and to assess the awareness of the parents/care providers regarding their oral health. Materials and Methods: This study was a two-stage crosssectional study carried out in July, August 2015 at AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, affiliated to NITTE Deemed to be University. Twenty children diagnosed with ASD formed the study group while 20 healthy children formed the control group. A clinical examination assessed dental caries (DMFT/dft). Gingival disease and oral hygiene of all children were evaluated using the Loe and Sillness gingival index and simplified oral hygiene index, respectively. Parents/care providers of the autistic children were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding the oral hygiene practices and oral health problems of the children. Descriptive statistics were performed for continuous variables, frequencies and percentages for categorical variables and comparisons were made using the Mann-Whitney U test, independent t-test and Chi-square test. Statistical analyses were conducted using EZR software (R version 3.6.3© 2020) and significance level was set at p<0.05. Results: The dft values in the children with autism were significantly lower than the control group (p=0.035). Children with autism had higher DMFT values, however this difference was not found to be significant (p=0.757). No statistically significant differences were found in the gingival and oral hygiene indices amongst the children with autism and their healthy controls, (p=0.811, 0.365, respectively). An 85% (n=17) of children were found to use tooth brush and paste for oral hygiene procedures. An 85% (n=17) of children with autism had supervised tooth brushing while only 20% (n=4) of the children with autism had previously visited a dentist. Most care providers of children with ASD seemed to be unaware of the causative factors of dental disease. Pouching of food was not seen in most of the autistic children. Conclusion: Caries experience in the permanent dentition in the autistic children and healthy children were comparable while autistic children had a lower caries experience in the primary dentition. Both autistic children and healthy children exhibited mild gingival inflammation. Whereas, the oral hygiene status was comparable amongst the two groups of children. Most of the autistic children had assisted tooth brushing (parental), however there were significant lacunae of knowledge in the oral health awareness of the parents/care providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetic patients are subject to chronic periodontitis which could adversely affect glycemic control. Aim: This study determined the impact of chronic periodontitis in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM 2). Materials and Methods: We compared the levels of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and HbA1c% between DM 2 patients with chronic periodontitis (study group) and DM 2 patients without chronic periodontitis (control group). Results: Statistically significant differences in fasting blood glucose (FBS), HbA1c, and gingival index (GI) were observed between the study and control group. No differences were found in TNF-α between the patients of both the groups. However, higher levels of TNF-α and FBS were shown in diabetic patients with mild periodontitis group than in those with moderate or severe periodontitis. Conclusion: Chronic periodontitis could affect HbA1c levels in DM 2 patients. In addition, HbA1c was positively correlated with FBS and GI, while negatively correlated with TNF-α, which exhibited a higher level in mild periodontitis compared with severe and moderate periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Smokeless tobacco (SLT) consumption poses a significant global public health challenge because of its adverse effects on oral health. Although the detrimental impact of SLT on oral tissues is well-documented, understanding its multifaceted effects is essential for effective prevention and intervention strategies., Objective: This study aimed to comprehensively assess the impact of SLT on oral health, focusing on various clinical parameters and their differences between placement and non-placement sites of SLT., Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 528 habitual users of SLT was conducted. Clinical parameters included the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), gingival recession (GR), and probing depth (PD). Oral mucosal changes at SLT placement sites have also been reported. Statistical analysis was performed to compare parameters between the placement and non-placement sites., Results:  The study involved 528 subjects, mostly male (82%) and aged 21-40 years (mean±SD=31.14±9.10), habitual users of SLT. Prevalent SLT types included tobacco with betel nuts/masala/gutkha (59.9%) and tobacco with lime (54.5%). Significant differences were observed between SLT placement and non-placement sites: higher gingival inflammation (GI) at placement sites (1.54±0.61 vs. 1.45±0.54, p=0.01), lower GBI at placement sites (40.0% vs. 84.3%, p=0.001), and more prevalent GR (65.7% vs. 34.3%, p=0.03) at placement sites. Probing depths ≥ 3 mm were also less frequent at placement sites (2.67±0.72) than non-placement sites (3.37±1.03, p=0.001). These results highlight the detrimental impact of SLT on periodontal health, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions among SLT users., Conclusion: SLT use is associated with adverse effects on oral health, including GI, plaque accumulation, gingival bleeding, GR, and changes in the oral mucosa. Targeted interventions and public health policies are needed to address these issues effectively., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Arif Khan et al.)

The importance of aesthetics in children has increased over time. Therefore, this multicenter randomized clinical trial aimed to analyze and compare three-dimensional (3D)-printed resin crowns (RCs) as a potential alternative to stainless-steel crowns (SSCs) for restoring primary molars with extensive carious lesions. According to the null hypothesis, no statistically significant difference was observed in restoration failure between RC and SSC groups. A total of 56 primary molars after pulp treatment at two dental hospitals were included. After pulp treatment, the teeth were randomly divided into two groups: SSCs (n = 28) and RCs (n = 28). At 1 week and 3, 6 and 12 months, the Quigley-Hein plaque index (QHI), gingival index (GI), occlusal wear, and survival rate were assessed by examination, radiography and alginate impressions. No significant difference in QHI was observed between the two groups. However, the GI at 12 months and occlusal wear in the RC group were significantly higher than those in the SSC group ( p < 0.05). The survival rates were 100% in the SSC group and 82.1% in the RC group ( p = 0.047). Cracks and discoloration were also observed in the RCs. Within the limitations of this study, 3D-printed RCs are aesthetically superior to SSCs and clinically easy to repair. However, if clinical effectiveness and safety are improved, RCs could potentially become a viable aesthetic alternative in the future., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (©2024 The Author(s). Published by MRE Press.)