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The purpose of this investigation was to examine the indirect influence of recalling the consumption of types of gifts, experiential and material, on gratitude by increasing autonomy support. In addition, we tested the conditional influence of the presumed motives of gift-givers from the perspective of gift recipients based on the postulates of Self-Determination Theory. First, participants were randomly to assigned to one of the following conditions: Consumption-of-experiential gift or consumption-of-material gift conditions. After, participants filled out a battery of questionnaires assessing autonomy support and gratitude. Results showed that the consumption of experiential gifts was construed as more autonomy supportive than the consumption of their material counterparts, which then had a positive relationship with gratitude. In experiment two, we tested the proposed mediator, autonomy support, by asking participants to either recall the consumption of the gift that was consistent with their true values or the consumption of an ordinary gift and completed a set of questions assessing autonomy support and gratitude. Results showed that recalling a gift consistent with consumers' true values led to higher levels of autonomy support than recalling an ordinary gift, which was then positively correlated with gratitude. In the third experiment, we conducted a conceptual replication of experiment one and added the examination of the presumed motives of gift-givers as a potential moderator. Results replicated the significant mediation effect found in study 1 and showed that the conditional indirect effect was stronger when gift recipients attributed integrated motives to the gift-givers. The findings were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This work studies the gift of ... in the writings of the Apostle Paul. It is a study that has become necessary due to the perceived relegation of this gift in Pauline theology of charismata. The objective is to rediscover the role that the gift of teaching will need to play in the New Evangelization mission of the Modern-day Church. The gift of teaching when received and employed diligently and faithfully will facilitate according to the Apostle Paul the building up of the Church (...), the unity of faith, maturity in faith, knowledge of the Son of God and combat false doctrines. The gift of ... complements other gifts in the Pauline charismata including the gifts of evangelizing, exhorting, pastoring, prophecy, and apostolate. It facilitates the functioning of other charisms in the Church. It is a gift synonymous with Christian education (...), Catechesis (...), and Transmission of the Christian Faith (...). Sources and methodology are mainly biblical and theological. The work has three parts. The first part looks at the reality of ... in the Greek context including the LXX, Philo, Josephus, and the NT. The Second part underlines the gift of ... in Pauline writings including 1Corinthians, Romans, Galatians, Ephesians, Colossians, 2Thessalonians, 1-2Timothy, Titus, and Hebrews. The third part is a theological reflection on the gift of ... in the Modernday Church. Those who have this gift in the Church are urged to fan it into flame. Teaching preserves continuity: with teaching a community of faith will not die. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This conceptual paper presents a framework that integrates 11 forms of voluntary payments as seemingly disparate as bribes and bequests, and gifts and gratuities to show that "voluntary" payments vary in the shades of gray not only in terms of how much like bribes they are but also in terms of how voluntary they actually are. We provocatively suggest that these payment types might be susceptible to becoming entrenched through self‐reinforcing norms because the voluntary payments are not necessarily voluntary and to an extent akin to bribes. Specifically, it provides an overarching framework to showcase the similarities and differences between bribes, lobbying efforts, suggested fees, pay what you want, tips, bequests, legacies, charity, crowdsourcing, dowry, and gifts, identifying gaps in domains that are under‐researched. Starting with the question as to whether a service has been, is being, or will be performed for the voluntary payment, and whether payments are made to an individual or a cause, the framework highlights the following: (1) the differences in the purpose underlying these payments, (2) the different modes of payment used; (3) the economic and social norms governing the payments; and (4) external and internal emotions associated with these payment types. The integrative framework allows for an amalgam of disparate literatures ranging from morality and behavioral pricing to charity and gift giving. The process model suggests a multitude of areas for future research in the domain of consumers' voluntary payment decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humanitarian giftedness is the deployment of one's gifts and talents in a way that, at some level, benefits humanity. Humanitarian giftedness involves sharing one's gifts with others in a way that makes the world a better place. It is not something people are born with—they develop it in the same way other forms of expertise are developed—through a deployment of abilities as developed by deliberate practice and a focus on giving rather than just receiving. Teachers and parents can develop humanitarian giftedness by being role models, by sharing stories of humanitarian giftedness, and by encouraging it in their students. They also must discourage use of gifts for ends that harm humanity. The road to more humanitarian deployment of gifts is not through tests and other assessments, but through the development of humanitarian gifts as a learned form of expertise—as gifts not from genes, but rather from the interaction of the person with the tasks they confront and the environmental contexts in which they live. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giftedness is typically thought of as an individual characteristic. But the development and labeling of an individual as "gifted" is always a collective process and takes place embedded within local, sociocultural, and temporal contexts. The view of giftedness as individual is deceptive and results in faulty practice, such as the bestowal of huge advantages in development and labeling upon children whose parents have more substantial financial and other resources. This article applies a pentagonal implicit theory of giftedness to the analysis of individual, collective, and contextual factors in development and labeling and concludes that giftedness should never be viewed merely as an individual characteristic. Doing so not only distorts reality but creates procedures that tend to pass identification and development of "giftedness" inequitably through successive generations of families by virtue of the families' resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Athar alrafedain is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Khal'at, or royal gift, a common tradition in Iranian history, has served significant political and fiscal functions in administrative affairs. This essay aims to analyze the role of Khal'at in the Safavid official mechanism, thereby providing a comprehensive understanding of the complex administrative structure of the Safavid government. To construct the desired narrative, and trough employing a reconstructing methodological approach, historiographical sources and travelogues are utilized. The essay reveals a dual-sided problem. On one side, the Shah and the magnates have strived to maintain their political position through Khal'at. Conversely, some governors and the recipients have focused on preserving and continuing their relationship with the central government. Viewing this issue from a mutual benefits perspective, the essay argues that both parties have sought to consolidate and maintain their power through the implementation of an ancient tradition like Khal'at. As a consequence, statesmen, such as governors, exerted pressure on the populace to provide financial resources for Khal'at. This approach has led to repercussions, one of which was an increase in social difficulties. However, classical historiographical texts have typically remained silent on this matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines factors influencing gift sharing on social media. An online survey gathered data from American adults. It investigates how motivations for social media content posting, gift attributes, giver characteristics, and recipient reactions affect gift-sharing behavior. Findings show self-expression motives in content posting drive sharing, while social interaction motives do not. Gifts perceived as experiential and expensive are more likely to be shared. Recipient-centric gifts positively influence gift sharing, while giver-centric gifts hinder sharing. Attitude towards the gift predicts sharing, while appreciation does not. The study enhances understanding of gift sharing on social media and offers marketing insights for leveraging this behavior.