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Author(s): Rafael Fernández-Chacón [1, 2, 3]; Andreas Königstorfer [3, 4]; Stefan H. Gerber [1]; Jesús García [5]; Maria F. Matos [1]; Charles F. Stevens [6]; Nils Brose [4]; Josep Rizo [...]

The release of H(super 3) norepinephrine, which is nicotine-induced, is accelerated by an increase in Ca+2(sub i) which takes place by the influx of sodium through the nicotinic receptor ionophore. The concentration of intracellular Na+(sub i) and Ca+2(sub i) in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells was determined by sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate microfluorimetry. The activation of nicotinic receptors causes the release of catecholamines.

Clinical practice guidelines provide reliable, vetted, and critical information to bring research to practice. Some medical specialties (e.g., physical medicine and rehabilitation) provide multidomain treatment for various conditions. This presents challenges because physical medicine and rehabilitation is a small specialty, a diverse patient base in terms sociodemographics and diagnosis, treatments are difficult to standardize, and rehabilitation research is underfunded. We wished to identify quality and applicability of clinical practice guidelines and searched "Spinal Cord Injury AND Clinical Practice Guidelines AND Rehabilitation" and vetting process. Three hundred fifty-nine articles were identified of which 58 met all criteria for full-text review of which 13 were included in the final selection. Additional publications were accessed from a nondatabase search. Five articles addressed postacute care, community treatment. Nine articles had no recorded vetting process but addressed rehabilitation as an outcome and were included separately. Many of the clinical practice guidelines were developed without evidence from randomized controlled trials, one had input from stakeholders, and some are out of date and do not address important aspects of changes in demographics of the affected population and the use of newer technologies such as sensors and robotics and devices. Identification of these gaps may help stimulate treatment that is clinically relevant, accessible, and current. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to establish a large, densely sampled, U.S. population‐based cohort of people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The Rhode Island Consortium for Autism Research and Treatment (RI‐CART) represents a unique public‐private‐academic collaboration involving all major points of service for families in Rhode Island affected by ASD. Diagnosis was based on direct behavioral observation via the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition. For the first 1,000 participants, ages ranged from 21 months to 64 years. Using Geographic Information System and published prevalence rates, the overall cohort is estimated to represent between 20% and 49% of pediatric age persons in Rhode Island with ASD, with demographics representative of U.S. Census. We observed a high rate of co‐occurring medical and psychiatric conditions in affected individuals. Among the most prominent findings of immediate clinical importance, we found that females received a first diagnosis of ASD at a later age than males, potentially due to more advanced language abilities in females with ASD. In summary, this is the first analysis of a large, population‐based U.S. cohort with ASD. Given the depth of sampling, the RI‐CART study reflects an important new resource for studying ASD in a representative U.S. population. Psychiatric and medical comorbidities in ASD constitute a substantial burden and warrant adequate attention as part of overall treatment. Our study also suggests that new strategies for earlier diagnosis of ASD in females may be warranted. Autism Res 2020, 13: 474–488. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Lay Summary The Rhode Island Consortium for Autism Research and Treatment (RI‐CART) represents a unique public‐private‐academic collaboration involving all major points of service for families in Rhode Island affected by autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this article, we provide results from the first 1,000 participants, estimated to represent >20% of affected families in the state. Importantly, we find a later age at first diagnosis of ASD in females, which potentially calls attention to the need for improved early diagnosis in girls. Also, we report a high rate of co‐occurring medical and psychiatric conditions in affected individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All judges are concerned about fairness and consistency in sentencing. After United States v. Booker1 rendered the Federal Sentencing Guidelines advisory, I began publishing statements of reasons for each sentence I imposed--to ensure transparency and consistency in my own sentencing. I have reviewed the Article written by my former Law Clerks, Carolin Guentert (2016 to 2017) and Ryan Gerber (2017 to 2018). It is, in general, an accurate portrayal of my sentencing practices, as revealed by the public record, not by personal discussions with these clerks. The Article might prove helpful to other judges and to others involved in the sentencing process. In my opinion, the Article comports with ethical rules.2 To the extent it is required, this Foreword serves as the requisite permission--which I do not think is required--for my former Law Clerks to publish this Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]