133 results on '"Gazeau, Frédéric"'
Search Results
102. Time series of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (2001-2004) and net ecosystem production off the Belgian coast
- Author
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Schiettecatte, Laure-Sophie, Gazeau, Frédéric, Van Der Zee, Claar, Brion, Nathalie, Borges, Alberto, and Analytical and Environmental Chemistry
- Subjects
CO2 air-sea fluxes ,Belgian coastal water ,Scheldt - Abstract
A 4-year time series ( 2001 - 2004) of the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO(2)) and air-sea CO2 fluxes is reported in the Scheldt estuarine plume. This system is oversaturated in CO2 with respect to the atmosphere, except during the spring phytoplanktonic bloom, and acts as a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere of 0.7 mol C m(-2) yr(-1) that represents 7 to 27% of the inner Scheldt estuary CO2 emission. Results also highlight that a high spatial and temporal coverage of the surface pCO(2) in coastal ecosystems is crucial for reliable estimations of air-sea CO2 fluxes. The seasonal variations of pCO(2) seem to be more dominated by biological activities (photosynthesis/respiration) than by temperature change. A stochiometrically linked C/P mass balance budget failed to provide net ecosystem production estimates consistent with the pCO(2) dynamics in this area. It is hypothesized that this discrepancy is related to physiological characteristics of the dominant phytoplanktonic species (Phaeocystis sp.) within the studied area. On the basis of a preliminary dissolved inorganic carbon input/output budget, the annual emission of CO2 toward the atmosphere seems to be largely due to the outgassing of the inputs of CO2 from the inner Scheldt estuary, rather than due to organic carbon degradation.
- Published
- 2006
103. Experimental evidence of formation of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and POC export provoked by dust addition under current and high pCO2 conditions.
- Author
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Louis, Justine, Pedrotti, Maria Luiza, Gazeau, Frédéric, and Guieu, Cécile
- Subjects
ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide ,OCEAN acidification ,BODIES of water ,COMPUTER simulation ,ATMOSPHERIC chemistry - Abstract
The evolution of organic carbon export to the deep ocean, under anthropogenic forcing such as ocean warming and acidification, needs to be investigated in order to evaluate potential positive or negative feedbacks on atmospheric CO
2 concentrations, and therefore on climate. As such, modifications of aggregation processes driven by transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) formation have the potential to affect carbon export. The objectives of this study were to experimentally assess the dynamics of organic matter, after the simulation of a Saharan dust deposition event, through the measurement over one week of TEP abundance and size, and to evaluate the effects of ocean acidification on TEP formation and carbon export following a dust deposition event. Three experiments were performed in the laboratory using 300 L tanks filled with filtered seawater collected in the Mediterranean Sea, during two ‘no bloom’ periods (spring at the start of the stratification period and autumn at the end of this stratification period) and during the winter bloom period. For each experiment, one of the two tanks was acidified to reach pH conditions slightly below values projected for 2100 (~ 7.6–7.8). In both tanks, a dust deposition event of 10 g m-2 was simulated at the surface. Our results suggest that Saharan dust deposition triggered the abiotic formation of TEP, leading to the formation of organic-mineral aggregates. The amount of particulate organic carbon (POC) exported was proportional to the flux of lithogenic particles to the sediment traps. Depending on the season, the POC flux following artificial dust deposition ranged between 38 and 90 mg m-2 over six experimental days. Such variability is likely linked to the seasonal differences in the quality and quantity of TEP-precursors initially present in seawater. Finally, these export fluxes were not significantly different at the completion of the three experiments between the two pH conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
104. A budget approach applied to nutrients (N, P, Si) and DIC in the Southern Bight of the North Sea: results from the CANOPY project
- Author
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Brion, Nathalie, Elskens, Marc, Leermakers, Martine, Chevalier, Emilie, Baeyens, Willy, Chou, Lei, Van Der Zee, Claar, Roevros, N., Schiettecatte, Laure-Sophie, Borges, Alberto, Gazeau, Frédéric, Frankignoulle, M., Laane, Remy, Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, and Chemistry
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CANOPY ,LOICZ budget ,Phosphorus ,Scheldt plume ,North Sea ,nitrogen ,Rhine plume - Abstract
The Southern Bight of the North Sea is strongly influenced by nutrients input giving rise to eutrophication effects. The river and atmosphere inputs are important sources of nutrients and organic matter for the coastal marine waters and directly influence the productivity/respiration of the system and the exchange of CO2 with the atmosphere. We studied the global cycling of inorganic nutrients (ammonium, nitrate, silicates, and phosphates) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) using a budget approach. Nutrient, salinity and DIC distribution data were collected during 7 cruises in the framework of the Belgian funded project CANOPY. Budgets were computed for each of the nutrients and DIC and for different periods of the year by using the general Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ) recommendations. Major inflows, outflows and transformations are identified and discussed to understand the interactions between nutrients cycling and DIC dynamics in a shallow coastal sea.
- Published
- 2005
105. Whole-system metabolism and CO2 fluxes in a Mediterranean Bay dominated by seagrass beds (Palma Bay, NW Mediterranean)
- Author
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Gazeau, Frédéric, Duarte, Carlos M., Gattuso, Jean-Pierre, Barrón, Cristina, Navarro, Nuria, Prairie, Yves T., Calleja, Maria Ll., Delille, Bruno, Frankignoulle, Michel, and Borges, Alberto Vieira
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education - Published
- 2004
106. Impact of ocean acidification and warming on the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis)
- Author
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Gazeau, Frédéric, Alliouane, Samir, Bock, Christian, Bramanti, Lorenzo, López Correa, Matthias, Gentile, Miriam, Hirse, Timo, Pörtner, Hans-Otto, Ziveri, Patricia, Gazeau, Frédéric, Alliouane, Samir, Bock, Christian, Bramanti, Lorenzo, López Correa, Matthias, Gentile, Miriam, Hirse, Timo, Pörtner, Hans-Otto, and Ziveri, Patricia
- Abstract
In order to assess the effects of ocean acidification and warming on the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis), specimens were reared in aquarium tanks and exposed to elevated conditions of temperature (+3°C) and acidity (−0.3 pH units) for a period of 10 months. The whole system comprised a factorial experimental design with 4 treatments (3 aquaria per treatment): control, lowered pH, elevated temperature, and lowered pH/elevated temperature. Mortality was estimated on a weekly basis and every 2 months, various biometrical parameters and physiological processes were measured: somatic and shell growth, metabolic rates and body fluid acid-base parameters. Mussels were highly sensitive to warming, with 100% mortality observed under elevated temperature at the end of our experiment in October. Mortality rates increased drastically in summer, when water temperature exceeded 25°C. In contrast, our results suggest that survival of this species will not be affected by a pH decrease of ~0.3 in the Mediterranean Sea. Somatic and shell growth did not appear very sensitive to ocean acidification and warming during most of the experiment, but were reduced, after summer, in the lowered pH treatment. This was consistent with measured shell net dissolution and observed loss of periostracum, as well as uncompensated extracellular acidosis in the lowered pH treatment indicating a progressive insufficiency in acid-base regulation capacity. However, based on the present dataset, we cannot elucidate if these decreases in growth and regulation capacities after summer are a consequence of lower pH levels during that period or a consequence of a combined effect of acidification and warming. To summarize, while ocean acidification will potentially contribute to lower growth rates, especially in summer when mussels are exposed to sub-optimal conditions, ocean warming will likely pose more serious threats to Mediterranean mussels in this region in the coming decades.
- Published
- 2014
107. Impact of ocean acidification and warming on the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis)
- Author
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European Commission, Gazeau, Frédéric, Alliouane, Samir, Bock, Christian, Bramanti, Lorenzo, López Correa, Matthias, Gentile, Miriam, Hirse, Timo, Pörtner, Hans, Ziveri, Patrizia, European Commission, Gazeau, Frédéric, Alliouane, Samir, Bock, Christian, Bramanti, Lorenzo, López Correa, Matthias, Gentile, Miriam, Hirse, Timo, Pörtner, Hans, and Ziveri, Patrizia
- Abstract
In order to assess the effects of ocean acidification and warming on the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis), specimens were reared in aquarium tanks and exposed to elevated conditions of temperature (+3°C) and acidity (−0.3 pH units) for a period of 10 months. The whole system comprised a factorial experimental design with 4 treatments (3 aquaria per treatment): control, lowered pH, elevated temperature, and lowered pH/elevated temperature. Mortality was estimated on a weekly basis and every 2 months, various biometrical parameters and physiological processes were measured: somatic and shell growth, metabolic rates and body fluid acid-base parameters. Mussels were highly sensitive to warming, with 100% mortality observed under elevated temperature at the end of our experiment in October. Mortality rates increased drastically in summer, when water temperature exceeded 25°C. In contrast, our results suggest that survival of this species will not be affected by a pH decrease of ~0.3 in the Mediterranean Sea. Somatic and shell growth did not appear very sensitive to ocean acidification and warming during most of the experiment, but were reduced, after summer, in the lowered pH treatment. This was consistent with measured shell net dissolution and observed loss of periostracum, as well as uncompensated extracellular acidosis in the lowered pH treatment indicating a progressive insufficiency in acid-base regulation capacity. However, based on the present dataset, we cannot elucidate if these decreases in growth and regulation capacities after summer are a consequence of lower pH levels during that period or a consequence of a combined effect of acidification and warming. To summarize, while ocean acidification will potentially contribute to lower growth rates, especially in summer when mussels are exposed to sub-optimal conditions, ocean warming will likely pose more serious threats to Mediterranean mussels in this region in the coming decades
- Published
- 2014
108. Impact de l'acidification des océans sur l'oursin Echinometra mathaei et son activité bioérosive des récifs coralliens: étude en mésocosmes artificiels
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Grosjean, Philippe, Dubois, Philippe, Chou, Lei, Flammang, Patrick, Gazeau, Frédéric F., De Ridder, Chantal, Moulin, Laure, Grosjean, Philippe, Dubois, Philippe, Chou, Lei, Flammang, Patrick, Gazeau, Frédéric F., De Ridder, Chantal, and Moulin, Laure
- Abstract
Depuis le début de la période industrielle, les activités humaines ont généré une augmentation importante de la concentration atmosphérique en CO2. Une partie de ce CO2 s’accumule dans l’atmosphère, entraînant une augmentation de l’effet de serre naturel et de la température à la surface du globe. Ce processus est plus connu sous le terme réchauffement climatique ou global. De plus, environ 25 % du CO2 produit sont absorbés par les océans. La dissolution du CO2 dans l’eau de mer, entraîne une augmentation de la concentration en protons et en ions bicarbonates (HCO3-) et une diminution de la concentration en ions carbonates (CO32-). Il en résulte une diminution du pH et du taux de saturation de l’eau de mer vis-à-vis du carbonate de calcium. L’ensemble de ces processus est appelé acidification des océans (AO). Le pH des eaux de surface océaniques a déjà diminué de 0,1 unité depuis le début de l’ère industrielle. Ce phénomène devrait s’intensifier au cours du siècle. Selon les prévisions moyennes d’émissions futures de gaz à effet de serre de l’IPCC, la température moyenne des eaux de surface devrait augmenter de 2 à 4 °C et son pH devrait diminuer de 0,3 à 0,4 unité d’ici 2100.Au cours des deux dernières décennies, de nombreuses études ont mis en évidence l’impact négatif de l’AO sur les organismes marins. Les premières études ont été menées principalement en milieu artificiel et ont mis en évidence des conséquences majeures sur la physiologie des organismes, principalement au niveau individuel. Cependant, les dernières études menées dans le domaine ont souligné l'importance de mettre en place des expériences à long terme, à l'échelle de l'écosystème, et dans des conditions plus proches du milieu naturel. Ce type d’étude permet de prendre en compte les interactions écosystémiques et les processus d’acclimatation afin de mieux prévoir les effets directs mais aussi indirects de la diminution du pH dans les océans. L’existence des récifs coralliens tropicaux dépen, Doctorat en Sciences, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
- Published
- 2014
109. Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Sediment Processes in Shallow Waters of the Arctic Ocean
- Author
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Gazeau, Frédéric, primary, van Rijswijk, Pieter, additional, Pozzato, Lara, additional, and Middelburg, Jack J., additional
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- 2014
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110. Carbonate chemistry, Svalbard 2009 experiment
- Author
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Gattuso, Jean-Pierre, Comeau, Steeve, Gazeau, Frédéric, Pizay, Marie-Dominique, Gattuso, Jean-Pierre, Comeau, Steeve, Gazeau, Frédéric, and Pizay, Marie-Dominique
- Published
- 2009
111. Changes in surface CO2 and ocean PH in ICES shelf sea ecosystems
- Author
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Barry, James, Bellerby, Richard, Blackford, Jerry, Børsheim, Knut, Dulvy, Nick, Gattuso, Jean-Pierre, Gazeau, Frédéric, Hain, Stefan, Hardman-Mounford, Nicholas, Hydes, David J., Kildow, Judith, Kröger, Silke, Laing, Ian, Leonardos, Nikos, Marubini, Francesca, Pelejero, Carles, Pörtner, Hans, Studd, Shaun, Suggett, David J., Widdicombe, Steve, Barry, James, Bellerby, Richard, Blackford, Jerry, Børsheim, Knut, Dulvy, Nick, Gattuso, Jean-Pierre, Gazeau, Frédéric, Hain, Stefan, Hardman-Mounford, Nicholas, Hydes, David J., Kildow, Judith, Kröger, Silke, Laing, Ian, Leonardos, Nikos, Marubini, Francesca, Pelejero, Carles, Pörtner, Hans, Studd, Shaun, Suggett, David J., and Widdicombe, Steve
- Abstract
The primary purpose of this document is to report the recommendations resulting from the ICES WORKSHOP ON THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CHANGING OCEAN CO2 AND PH IN ICES SHELF SEA ECOSYSTEMS held between 2 and 4 May 2007 in London. Some excel‐ lent reports have already been published in this field, first by the Scientific Commit‐ tee on Oceanic Research (SCOR; Arvidson, 2005), then by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Science Foundation/US Geological Survey (NOAA/NSF/USGS; Kleypas et al., 2006), the Royal Society (The Royal Society, 2005), the German Advisory Council on Global Change (WBGU; WBGU, 2006), and most recently by the OSPAR Commission (OSPAR, 2006) and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC; Metz et al., 2005). Cognizant of these recent efforts, the ICES Workshop set out with a slightly different aim to investigate the links between potential changes in pH and its effects on marine ecosystem components, such as plankton, fish and shellfish, and cold‐water corals. To this end, the Workshop covered ground already considered by others, to provide a sound base for the prediction of likely impacts. The present report will outline those relevant issues, but the reader is advised to refer to other reports for greater detail. The novel focus of this report is the potential effects on ecosystem functions with links to fisheries, with a recommendation for work to be done to better understand the impact of this problem on the entire ecosystem, and specifically on fisheries. Most of the material used was presented at the Workshop, with Annex 1 being the most significant exception
- Published
- 2008
112. Cascading Effects of Ocean Acidification in a Rocky Subtidal Community
- Author
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Asnaghi, Valentina, primary, Chiantore, Mariachiara, additional, Mangialajo, Luisa, additional, Gazeau, Frédéric, additional, Francour, Patrice, additional, Alliouane, Samir, additional, and Gattuso, Jean-Pierre, additional
- Published
- 2013
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113. Planktonic primary production in estuaries: Comparison of 14C, O2 and 18O methods
- Author
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Gazeau, Frédéric, Pizay, Marie Dominique, Gattuso, Jean-Pierre, Middelburg, Jack, Loijens, Michèle, Vanderborght, Jean-Pierre, Gazeau, Frédéric, Pizay, Marie Dominique, Gattuso, Jean-Pierre, Middelburg, Jack, Loijens, Michèle, and Vanderborght, Jean-Pierre
- Abstract
Rates of primary production were measured in 2 estuaries (Randers Fjord, Denmark, and the Scheldt estuary, Belgium/The Netherlands) using 3 different incubation methods: (1) the oxygen light-dark method (O2-LD), (2) 14C incorporation and (3) 18O labeling. Estimates based on the 14C incorporation technique were not significantly different from those obtained using the O2-LD technique. The 18O approach provided rates significantly lower than the 2 other techniques. Ratios of O2-LD to 18O-based rates (range: 0.99 to 3.54) were often statistically significantly higher than 1 and increased with decreasing salinities and/or lower oxygen concentrations. The underestimation of gross primary production by the 18O method may be due to an intracellular recycling of labeled oxygen which increased in magnitude with decreasing external oxygen conditions. These results suggest that the 18O method must be used with extreme care in nutrient-rich, low oxygen systems. © Inter-Research 2007., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2007
114. Effects of in situ CO2 enrichment on structural characteristics, photosynthesis, and growth of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica.
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Cox, T. Erin, Gazeau, Frédéric, Alliouane, Samir, Hendriks, Iris E., Mahacek, Paul, Le Fur, Arnaud, and Gattuso, Jean-Pierre
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POSIDONIA oceanica ,POSIDONIACEAE ,SEAGRASSES ,PLANT photorespiration ,CARBON fixation - Abstract
Seagrass is expected to benefit from increased carbon availability under future ocean acidification. This hypothesis has been little tested by in situ manipulation. To test for ocean acidification effects on seagrass meadows under controlled CO
2 /pH conditions, we used a Free Ocean Carbon Dioxide Enrichment (FOCE) system which allows for the manipulation of pH as continuous offset from ambient. It was deployed in a Posidonia oceanica meadow at 11m depth in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea. It consisted of two benthic enclosures, an experimental and a control unit both 1.7m3 , and an additional reference plot in the ambient environment (2m2 ) to account for structural artifacts. The meadow was monitored from April to November 2014. The pH of the experimental enclosure was lowered by 0.26 pH units for the second half of the 8-month study. The greatest magnitude of change in P. oceanica leaf biometrics, photosynthesis, and leaf growth accompanied seasonal changes recorded in the environment and values were similar between the two enclosures. Leaf thickness may change in response to lower pH but this requires further testing. Results are congruent with other short-term and natural studies that have investigated the response of P. oceanica over a wide range of pH. They suggest any benefit from ocean acidification, over the next century (at a pH of ~7.7 on the total scale), on Posidonia physiology and growth may be minimal and difficult to detect without increased replication or longer experimental duration. The limited stimulation, which did not surpass any enclosure or seasonal effect, casts doubts on speculations that elevated CO2 would confer resistance to thermal stress and increase the buffering capacity of meadows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
115. Time series of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (2001-2004) and preliminary inorganic carbon budget in the Scheldt plume (Belgian coastal waters)
- Author
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Schiettecatte, Laure-Sophie, Gazeau, Frédéric, Van Der Zee, Clara, Brion, Natacha, Borges, Alberto Vieira, Schiettecatte, Laure-Sophie, Gazeau, Frédéric, Van Der Zee, Clara, Brion, Natacha, and Borges, Alberto Vieira
- Abstract
A 4-year time series (2001-2004) of the partial pressure of CO 2 (pCO 2) and air-sea CO 2 fluxes is reported in the Scheldt estuarine plume. This system is oversaturated in CO 2 with respect to the atmosphere, except during the spring phytoplanktonic bloom, and acts as a net source of CO 2 to the atmosphere of 0.7 mol C m -2 yr -1 that represents 7 to 27% of the inner Scheldt estuary CO 2 emission. Results also highlight that a high spatial and temporal coverage of the surface pCO 2 in coastal ecosystems is crucial for reliable estimations of air-sea CO 2 fluxes. The seasonal variations of pCO 2 seem to be more dominated by biological activities (photosynthesis/respiration) than by temperature change. A stochiometrically linked C/P mass balance budget failed to provide net ecosystem production estimates consistent with the pCO 2 dynamics in this area. It is hypothesized that this discrepancy is related to physiological characteristics of the dominant phytoplanktonic species (Phaeocystis sp.) within the studied area. On the basis of a preliminary dissolved inorganic carbon input/output budget, the annual emission of CO 2 toward the atmosphere seems to be largely due to the outgassing of the inputs of CO 2 from the inner Scheldt estuary, rather than due to organic carbon degradation. Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union., SCOPUS: ar.j, FLWIN, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2006
116. Whole-system metabolism and CO2 fluxes in a Mediterranean Bay dominated by seagrass beds (Palma Bay, NW Mediterranean)
- Author
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Gazeau, Frédéric, Duarte, Carlos M., Gattuso, Jean-Pierre, Barrón, Cristina, Navarro, Nuria, Ruiz, Simón, Prairie, Yves T., Calleja, Maria Ll., Delille, Bruno, Frankignoulle, Michel, Borges, Alberto Vieira, Gazeau, Frédéric, Duarte, Carlos M., Gattuso, Jean-Pierre, Barrón, Cristina, Navarro, Nuria, Ruiz, Simón, Prairie, Yves T., Calleja, Maria Ll., Delille, Bruno, Frankignoulle, Michel, and Borges, Alberto Vieira
- Abstract
Planktonic and benthic incubations (bare and Posidonia oceanica vegetated sediments) were performed at monthly intervals from March 2001 to October 2002 in a seagrass vegetated area of the Bay of Palma (Mallorca, Spain). Results showed a contrast between the planktonic compartment, which was on average near metabolic balance (-4.6±5.9 mmol O2 m-2 d -1) and the benthic compartment, which was autotrophic (17.6±8.5 mmol O2 m-2 d-1). During two cruises in March and June 2002, planktonic and benthic incubations were performed at several stations in the bay to estimate the whole-system metabolism and to examine its relationship with partial pressure of CO-2 (pCO-2) and apparent oxygen utilisation (AOU) spatial patterns. Moreover, during the second cruise, when the residence time of water was long enough, net ecosystem production (NEP) estimates based on incubations were compared, over the Posidonia oceanica meadow, to rates derived from dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and oxygen (O2) mass balance budgets. These budgets provided NEP estimates in fair agreement with those derived from direct metabolic estimates based on incubated samples over the Posidonia oceanica meadow. Whereas the seagrass community was autotrophic, the excess organic carbon production therein could only balance the planktonic heterotrophy in shallow waters relative to the maximum depth of the bay (55 m). This generated a horizontal gradient from autotrophic or balanced communities in the shallow seagrass-covered areas, to strongly heterotrophic communities in deeper areas of the bay. It seems therefore that, on an annual scale in the whole bay, the organic matter production by the Posidonia oceanica may not be sufficient to fully compensate the heterotrophy of the planktonic compartment, which may require external organic carbon inputs, most likely from land.
- Published
- 2005
117. Effect of Carbonate Chemistry Alteration on the Early Embryonic Development of the Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas)
- Author
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Gazeau, Frédéric, primary, Gattuso, Jean-Pierre, additional, Greaves, Mervyn, additional, Elderfield, Henry, additional, Peene, Jan, additional, Heip, Carlo H. R., additional, and Middelburg, Jack J., additional
- Published
- 2011
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118. Impact of elevated CO2 on shellfish calcification
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Gazeau, Frédéric, primary, Quiblier, Christophe, additional, Jansen, Jeroen M., additional, Gattuso, Jean‐Pierre, additional, Middelburg, Jack J., additional, and Heip, Carlo H. R., additional
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
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119. Time series of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (2001-2004) and preliminary inorganic carbon budget in the Scheldt plume (Belgian coastal waters)
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Schiettecatte, Laure-Sophie, primary, Gazeau, Frédéric, additional, van der Zee, Claar, additional, Brion, Natacha, additional, and Borges, Alberto V., additional
- Published
- 2006
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120. Impact of elevated CO2 on shellfish calcification.
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Gazeau, Frédéric, Quiblier, Christophe, Jansen, Jeroen M., Gattuso, Jean-Pierre, Middelburg, Jack J., and Heip, Carlo H. R.
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- 2007
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121. Gas transfer velocities of CO2 in three European estuaries (Randers Fjord, Scheldt, and Thames).
- Author
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Borges, Alberto Vieira, Delille, Bruno, Schiettecatte, Laure-Sophie, Gazeau, Frédéric, Abril, Gwenaël, and Frankignoulle, Michel
- Subjects
ESTUARIES ,CARBON dioxide ,BIOTIC communities ,BIOGAS ,BIOMASS chemicals - Abstract
We measured the flux of CO
2 across the air-water interface using the floating chamber method in three European estuaries with contrasting physical characteristics (Randers Fjord, Scheldt, and Thames). We computed the gas transfer velocity of CO2 (k) from the CO2 flux and concomitant measurements of the air-water gradient of the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2 ). There was a significant linear relationship between k and wind speed for each of the three estuaries. The differences of the y-intercept and the slope between the three sites are related to differences in the contribution of tidal currents to water turbulence at the interface and fetch limitation. The contribution to k from turbulence generated by tidal currents is negligible in microtidal estuaries such as Randers Fjord but is substantial, at low to moderate wind speeds, in macrotidal estuaries such as the Scheldt and the Thames. Our results clearly show that in estuaries a simple parameterization of k as a function of wind speed is site specific and strongly suggest that the y-intercept of the linear relationship is mostly influenced by the contribution of tidal currents, whereas the slope is influenced by fetch limitation. This implies that substantial errors in flux computations are incurred if generic relationships of the gas transfer velocity as a function of wind speed are employed in estuarine environments for the purpose of biogas air-water flux budgets and ecosystem metabolic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2004
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122. Variability of the Gas Transfer Velocity of CO2 in a Macrotidal Estuary (the Scheldt).
- Author
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Borges, Alberto Vieira, Vanderborght, Jean-Pierre, Schiettecatte, Laure-Sophie, Gazeau, Frédéric, Ferrón-Smith, Sarah, Delille, Bruno, and Frankignoulle, Michel
- Abstract
We report a large set of 295 interfacial carbon dioxide (CO
2 ) flux measurements obtained in the Scheldt estuary in November 2002 and April 2003, using the floating chamber method. From concomitant measurements of the air-water CO2 gradient, we computed the gas transfer velocity of CO2 . The gas transfer velocity is well correlated to wind speed and a simple linear regression function gives the most consistent fit to the data. Based on water current measurements, we estimated the contribution of water current induced turbulence to the gas transfer velocity, using the conceptual relationship of O'Connor and Dobbins (1958). This allowed us to construct an empirical relationship to compute the gas transfer velocity of CO2 that accounts for the contribution of wind and water current. Based on this relationship, the spatial and temporal variability of the gas transfer velocity in the Scheldt estuary was investigated. Water currents contribute significantly to the gas transfer velocity, but the spatial and temporal variability (from daily to seasonal scales) is mainly related to wind speed variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
123. Variability of the gas transfer velocity of CO2in a macrotidal estuary (the Scheldt)
- Author
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Borges, Alberto Vieira, Vanderborght, Jean-Pierre, Schiettecatte, Laure-Sophie, Gazeau, Frédéric, Ferrón-Smith, Sarah, Delille, Bruno, and Frankignoulle, Michel
- Abstract
We report a large set of 295 interfacial carbon dioxide (CO2) flux measurements obtained in the Scheldt estuary in November 2002 and April 2003, using the floating chamber method. From concomitant measurements of the air-water CO2gradient, we computed the gas transfer velocity of CO2. The gas transfer velocity is well correlated to wind speed and a simple linear regression function gives the most consistent fit to the data. Based on water current measurements, we estimated the contribution of water current induced turbulence to the gas transfer velocity, using the conceptual relationship of O'Connor and Dobbins (1958). This allowed us to construct an empirical relationship to compute the gas transfer velocity of CO2that accounts for the contribution of wind and water current. Based on this relationship, the spatial and temporal variability of the gas transfer velocity in the Scheldt estuary was investigated. Water currents contribute significantly to the gas transfer velocity, but the spatial and temporal variability (from daily to seasonal scales) is mainly related to wind speed variability.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
124. [Untitled]
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Cox, T. Erin, Gazeau, Frédéric, Alliouane, Samir, Hendriks, Iris E., Mahacek, Paul, Le Fur, Arnaud, and Gattuso, Jean-Pierre
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Mediterranean climate ,Posidonia ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,biology ,010604 marine biology & hydrobiology ,Ocean acidification ,15. Life on land ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Seagrass ,Mediterranean sea ,Oceanography ,chemistry ,13. Climate action ,Benthic zone ,Posidonia oceanica ,Carbon dioxide ,14. Life underwater ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Earth-Surface Processes - Abstract
Seagrass is expected to benefit from increased carbon availability under future ocean acidification. This hypothesis has been little tested by in situ manipulation. To test for ocean acidification effects on seagrass meadows under controlled CO2/pH conditions, we used a Free Ocean Carbon Dioxide Enrichment (FOCE) system which allows for the manipulation of pH as continuous offset from ambient. It was deployed in a Posidonia oceanica meadow at 11 m depth in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea. It consisted of two benthic enclosures, an experimental and a control unit both 1.7 m3, and an additional reference plot in the ambient environment (2 m2) to account for structural artifacts. The meadow was monitored from April to November 2014. The pH of the experimental enclosure was lowered by 0.26 pH units for the second half of the 8-month study. The greatest magnitude of change in P. oceanica leaf biometrics, photosynthesis, and leaf growth accompanied seasonal changes recorded in the environment and values were similar between the two enclosures. Leaf thickness may change in response to lower pH but this requires further testing. Results are congruent with other short-term and natural studies that have investigated the response of P. oceanica over a wide range of pH. They suggest any benefit from ocean acidification, over the next century (at a pH of ∼ 7.7 on the total scale), on Posidonia physiology and growth may be minimal and difficult to detect without increased replication or longer experimental duration. The limited stimulation, which did not surpass any enclosure or seasonal effect, casts doubts on speculations that elevated CO2 would confer resistance to thermal stress and increase the buffering capacity of meadows.
125. Impact of dust addition on Mediterranean plankton communities under present and future conditions of pH and temperature: an experimental overview
- Author
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'Gazeau, Frédéric
126. Concomitant ocean acidification and increasing total alkalinity at a coastal site in the NW Mediterranean Sea (2007-2015).
- Author
-
Kapsenberg, Lydia, Alliouane, Samir, Gazeau, Frédéric, Mousseau, Laure, and Gattuso, Jean-Pierre
- Subjects
OCEAN acidification ,GLOBAL Ocean Observing System ,ALKALINITY ,COASTS - Abstract
Monitoring of global ocean change is necessary in coastal zones due to their physical and biological complexity. Here, we document changes in coastal carbonate chemistry at the coastal time-series station, Point B, in the NW Mediterranean Sea from 2007 through 2015 at 1 and 50 m. The rate of surface ocean acidification (-0.0028 ± 0.0003 units pHT yr
-1 ) was faster-than-expected based on atmospheric carbon dioxide forcing alone. Changes in carbonate chemistry were predominantly driven by an increase in total dissolved inorganic carbon (CT, +2.97 ± 0.20 μmol kg-1 yr-1 ), > 50 % of which was buffered by a synchronous increase in total alkalinity (AT, +2.08 ± 0.19 μmol kg[sup -1][yr-1 ). The increase in AT was unrelated to salinity and its cause remains to be identified. Interestingly, concurrent increases in AT and CT were most rapid from May to July. Changes at 50 m were slower compared to 1 m. It seems therefore likely that changes in coastal AT cycling via a shallow coastal process gave rise to these observations. This study exemplifies the importance of understanding coastal ocean acidification through localized biogeochemical cycling that extends beyond simple air-sea gas exchange dynamics, in order to make relevant predictions about future coastal ocean change and ecosystem function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
127. Impact of climate change on Arctic macroalgal communities.
- Author
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Lebrun, Anaïs, Comeau, Steeve, Gazeau, Frédéric, and Gattuso, Jean-Pierre
- Subjects
- *
ARCTIC climate , *COMMUNITIES , *CLIMATE change , *CORALLINE algae , *MARINE algae , *ALGAL communities , *CARBON cycle - Abstract
The Arctic region faces a warming rate that is more than twice the global average. Sea-ice loss, increase in precipitation and freshwater discharge, changes in underwater light, and amplification of ocean acidification modify benthic habitats and the communities they host. Here, we synthesize existing information on the impacts of climate change on the macroalgal communities of Arctic coasts. We review the short- and long-term changes in environmental characteristics of shallow hard-bottomed Arctic coasts, the floristics of Arctic macroalgae (description, distribution, life-cycle, adaptations), the responses of their biological and ecological processes to climate change, the resulting winning and losing species, and the effects on ecosystem functioning. The focus of this review is on fucoid species, kelps, and coralline algae which are key ecosystem engineers in hard-bottom shallow areas of the Arctic, providing food, substrate, shelter, and nursery ground for many species. Changes in seasonality, benthic functional diversity, food-web structure, and carbon cycle are already occurring and are reshaping Arctic benthic ecosystems. Shallow communities are projected to shift from invertebrate- to algal-dominated communities. Fucoid and several kelp species are expected to largely spread and dominate the area with possible extinctions of native species. A considerable amount of functional diversity could be lost impacting the processing of land-derived nutrients and organic matter and significantly altering trophic structure and energy flow up to the apex consumers. However, many factors are not well understood yet, making it difficult to appreciate the current situation and predict the future coastal Arctic ecosystem. Efforts must be made to improve knowledge in key regions with proper seasonal coverage, taking into account interactions between stressors and across species. • The impacts of environmental change on Arctic coastal macroalgae are species-specific and can be positive or negative. • Borealization may increase biodiversity in the short-term involving new species interactions and new ecosystem functioning. • Multifactorial studies at the community level on interactions between stressors and between species are lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
128. Free Ocean CO2 Enrichment (FOCE) experiments: Scientific and technical recommendations for future in situ ocean acidification projects.
- Author
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Stark, Jonathan S., Peltzer, Edward T., Kline, David I., Queirós, Ana M., Cox, T. Erin, Headley, Kent, Barry, James, Gazeau, Frédéric, Runcie, John W., Widdicombe, Stephen, Milnes, Mark, Roden, Nicholas P., Black, James, Whiteside, Steven, Johnstone, Glenn, Ingels, Jeroen, Shaw, Emily, Bodrossy, Levente, Gaitan-Espitia, Juan Diego, and Kirkwood, William
- Subjects
- *
ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide , *OCEAN acidification , *SYSTEMS design , *BENTHIC ecology , *ECOSYSTEM services , *CORAL reefs & islands - Abstract
Highlights • Recommendations for FOCE systems are proposed based on past experience. • Field testing the system design is essential; a backup power supply is recommended. • Replicate treatment enclosures; focus on a core set of common scientific hypotheses. • Accurately monitor carbonate chemistry; allow sufficient time for CO 2 equilibration. • FOCE can inform conceptual and quantitative models of ecosystem responses to CO 2. Abstract Free Ocean CO 2 Enrichment (FOCE) experiments are a relatively recent development in ocean acidification research, designed to address the need for in situ , long-term, community level experiments. FOCE studies have been conducted across different marine benthic habitats and regions, from Antarctica to the tropics. Based on this previous research we have formed some core operating principles that will aid those embarking on future FOCE experiments. FOCE studies have potential to provide important insight into the effects of ocean acidification that can add to or refine conclusions drawn from laboratory or single species studies because they are conducted in situ on intact assemblages. Scaling up from sub-organismal and individual effects to also include indirect impacts on the ecosystem and ecosystem services, make FOCE experiments essential in filling in current knowledge gaps in our understanding of ocean acidification. While FOCE systems are complex, relatively costly, and somewhat difficult to operate, the challenges they pose are tractable and they have proven to be a useful approach in ocean acidification research. The aim of this paper is to draw from the experiences of past FOCE experiments and provide practical advice for designing, building and operating a FOCE experiment. Some of the most important recommendations include: field testing the system design; having a backup power supply; using replicate treatment enclosures; monitoring and maintaining the chemistry appropriately; allowing sufficient time to achieve near CO 2 equilibrium conditions; and having a scientific focus with a core set of hypotheses. Future FOCE experiments could focus on longer durations, multiple factors, and testing more intact benthic marine communities and ecosystems. We hope this paper will encourage further FOCE deployments and experiments, as well as provide some guidelines to improve future FOCE studies and advance ocean acidification research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
129. Impact of ocean acidification on the sea urchin Echinometra mathaei and itsbioerosive activity of coral reefs: study in artificial mesocosms
- Author
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Moulin, Laure, Grosjean, Philippe, Dubois, Philippe, Chou, Lei, Flammang, Patrick, Gazeau, Frédéric F., and De Ridder, Chantal
- Subjects
Coral reefs and islands ,Acidification des océans ,bioerosion ,Ocean acidification ,physiologie ,long terme ,bioérosion ,sea urchin ,Acid-base equilibrium ,mésocosmes ,Equilibre acido-basique ,Récifs et îles de coraux ,physiology ,oursins ,Echinodermes ,long term ,mesocosms ,tropical coral reef ,Biologie ,Mer -- Acidification ,récifs coralliens tropicaux ,Sciences exactes et naturelles ,Echinodermata - Abstract
Depuis le début de la période industrielle, les activités humaines ont généré une augmentation importante de la concentration atmosphérique en CO2. Une partie de ce CO2 s’accumule dans l’atmosphère, entraînant une augmentation de l’effet de serre naturel et de la température à la surface du globe. Ce processus est plus connu sous le terme réchauffement climatique ou global. De plus, environ 25 % du CO2 produit sont absorbés par les océans. La dissolution du CO2 dans l’eau de mer, entraîne une augmentation de la concentration en protons et en ions bicarbonates (HCO3-) et une diminution de la concentration en ions carbonates (CO32-). Il en résulte une diminution du pH et du taux de saturation de l’eau de mer vis-à-vis du carbonate de calcium. L’ensemble de ces processus est appelé acidification des océans (AO). Le pH des eaux de surface océaniques a déjà diminué de 0,1 unité depuis le début de l’ère industrielle. Ce phénomène devrait s’intensifier au cours du siècle. Selon les prévisions moyennes d’émissions futures de gaz à effet de serre de l’IPCC, la température moyenne des eaux de surface devrait augmenter de 2 à 4 °C et son pH devrait diminuer de 0,3 à 0,4 unité d’ici 2100.Au cours des deux dernières décennies, de nombreuses études ont mis en évidence l’impact négatif de l’AO sur les organismes marins. Les premières études ont été menées principalement en milieu artificiel et ont mis en évidence des conséquences majeures sur la physiologie des organismes, principalement au niveau individuel. Cependant, les dernières études menées dans le domaine ont souligné l'importance de mettre en place des expériences à long terme, à l'échelle de l'écosystème, et dans des conditions plus proches du milieu naturel. Ce type d’étude permet de prendre en compte les interactions écosystémiques et les processus d’acclimatation afin de mieux prévoir les effets directs mais aussi indirects de la diminution du pH dans les océans. L’existence des récifs coralliens tropicaux dépend de la vitesse de formation du socle récifal qui les façonnent (principalement via la calcification des coraux hermatypiques) qui doit rester supérieure à sa (bio)érosion. D’une part, plusieurs études ont montré que le taux de calcification des coraux hermatypiques diminue lorsque la pCO2 augmente. D’autre part, les oursins sont d’importants bioérodeurs des récifs et contribuent donc à la perte de masse calcaire récifale. Cependant, les oursins empêchent également, par leur broutage, le recouvrement des coraux par les algues favorisées par l’AO. Dès lors l’effet de l’élévation de la pCO2 sur les oursins et leur capacité bioérosive peut être déterminant pour l'avenir des récifs coralliens tropicaux au cours du siècle, particulièrement ceux où la densité de ces bioérodeurs est importante. Une telle prédiction est d’autant plus complexe si l’on prend en compte la possible acclimatation des différents acteurs à long terme.Dès lors, le but du présent travail fut d'évaluer l'effet à long terme de l’élévation de la pCO2 prévue en 2100 sur la physiologie et l’activité érosive d’un oursin clé de certains récifs coralliens, Echinometra mathaei, dans un dispositif artificiel reproduisant l’écosystème corallien.La première étape a été la mise en place un outil expérimental permettant de maintenir à long terme un écosystème de récifs coralliens simplifié en condition contrôle et au pH prévu en 2100 tout en maintenant les autres paramètres physico-chimiques identiques et proches du milieu naturel (y compris dans leurs variations journalières). Le système mis en place est composé de scléractiniaires hermatypiques comme constructeurs de récif, d’oursins (E. mathaei) comme bioérodeurs et brouteurs et un substrat calcaire de récif avec ses communautés d’algues, bactéries, archae, champignons et méiofaune. Les variations journalières de pH et de température reproduisent celles mesurées in situ dans le site de La Saline, Ile de La Réunion, d’où proviennent une partie des organismes. Le pH moyen des aquariums contrôles a été maintenu avec succès à une moyenne de 8,09 ± 0,04, celui des aquariums à pCO2 élevée à 7,63 ± 0,02. L’alcalinité totale du système a pu être maintenue entre 2350 et 2450 µmol.kg-1. L’impact de l’AO prévue en 2100 (pH 7,7) sur la physiologie d’E. mathaei été étudié à court terme (sept semaines). La principale source de nourriture des oursins fut la communauté algale se développant sur le substrat, comme en conditions naturelles. Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence, à court terme, la capacité de résistance de cet oursin à une AO modérée. En effet, la croissance et le métabolisme ne furent pas affectés significativement. Ces observations ont été associées au maintien de la balance acide-base du fluide extracellulaire, le liquide cœlomique, par accumulation de bicarbonates dans celui-ci.Une même expérience a ensuite été réalisée à long terme. La diminution du pH a été induite progressivement durant six mois jusqu'à atteindre un pH moyen de 7,65 qui fut ensuite maintenu à cette valeur pendant sept mois supplémentaires. La capacité de régulation de la balance acide-base du liquide cœlomique et la résistance d’E. mathaei à l’AO a été confirmée à long terme. Tant la croissance que le métabolisme et les propriétés mécaniques du squelette ne furent pas affectés. Cette résistance apparaît liée aux capacités de régulation acide-base d’E. mathaei, un trait apparemment d’origine génétique. Cette résistance pourrait également dépendre de la quantité et de la qualité de la nourriture disponible (calcaire ou non). Il est suggéré que les ions bicarbonates impliqués dans la régulation acide-base proviendraient en partie de la nourriture. Parallèlement à ces mesures physiologiques, l’activité érosive d’E. mathaei a été mesurée. Les résultats indiquent que le taux de bioérosion triple en conditions acidifiées (pH 7,65). Cette augmentation serait liée à l’augmentation de l'activité de broutage des oursins et à la dissolution biologique du substrat, les propriétés mécaniques des dents des oursins et du squelette des coraux ne semblant pas affectés significativement. Nous suggérons que cette activité érosive accrue pourrait avoir un impact sur l'équilibre dynamique entre bioerosion et bioaccrétion des coraux et pourrait déterminer l'avenir des récifs coralliens où E. mathaei est le principal bioérodeur. Il faut toutefois noter que l’activité érosive de cet oursin est liée à une consommation accrue des macro-algues en compétition avec les coraux et algues corallines, favorisant ainsi ces derniers.Les résultats obtenus, associés à ceux provenant de la littérature, indiquent que les changements globaux pourraient provoquer un changement profond des écosystèmes coralliens tropicaux. En effet, l’ensemble des bioérodeurs principaux étudiés jusqu’à présent semblent résistants aux changements climatiques globaux et montrent une augmentation de leur activité érosive. Dans le cas des récifs ayant déjà à l’heure actuelle une faible calcification nette, l’augmentation de la bioérosion pourrait mener à l’érosion nette et à la réduction puis à la disparition du récif. La prédiction du devenir des récifs coralliens tropicaux à l’échelle planétaire doit toutefois prendre en compte de nombreux paramètres :acclimatation, résistance/sensibilité et interactions des différents acteurs des récifs. D’autres études comparables à celles menées dans le présent travail devraient être mises en place afin de tester ces différents facteurs. Les données obtenues pourraient dès lors être utilisées dans la construction d’un modèle mécanistique permettant de mettre en place localement des mesures de conservation du récif, en complément de l’indispensable réduction massive de l’émission de CO2 atmosphérique à l’échelle mondiale., Doctorat en Sciences, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
- Published
- 2014
130. Impact de l’acidification des océans sur l’oursin Echinometra mathaei et son activité bioérosive des récifs coralliens :étude en mésocosmes artificiels / Impact of ocean acidification on the sea urchin Echinometra mathaei and itsbioerosive activity of coral reefs: study in artificial mesocosms
- Author
-
Moulin, Laure, Flammang, Patrick, Gazeau, Frédéric, De Ridder, Chantal, Chou, Lei, Grosjean, Philippe, and Dubois, Philippe
- Subjects
Acidification des océans ,bioerosion ,Ocean acidification ,physiologie ,long terme ,bioérosion ,sea urchin ,mésocosmes ,physiology ,oursins ,long term ,mesocosms ,tropical coral reef ,récifs coralliens tropicaux - Abstract
Depuis le début de la période industrielle, les activités humaines ont généré une augmentation importante de la concentration atmosphérique en CO2. Une partie de ce CO2 s’accumule dans l’atmosphère, entraînant une augmentation de l’effet de serre naturel et de la température à la surface du globe. Ce processus est plus connu sous le terme réchauffement climatique ou global. De plus, environ 25 % du CO2 produit sont absorbés par les océans. La dissolution du CO2 dans l’eau de mer, entraîne une augmentation de la concentration en protons et en ions bicarbonates (HCO3-) et une diminution de la concentration en ions carbonates (CO32-). Il en résulte une diminution du pH et du taux de saturation de l’eau de mer vis-à-vis du carbonate de calcium. L’ensemble de ces processus est appelé acidification des océans (AO). Le pH des eaux de surface océaniques a déjà diminué de 0,1 unité depuis le début de l’ère industrielle. Ce phénomène devrait s’intensifier au cours du siècle. Selon les prévisions moyennes d’émissions futures de gaz à effet de serre de l’IPCC, la température moyenne des eaux de surface devrait augmenter de 2 à 4 °C et son pH devrait diminuer de 0,3 à 0,4 unité d’ici 2100. Au cours des deux dernières décennies, de nombreuses études ont mis en évidence l’impact négatif de l’AO sur les organismes marins. Les premières études ont été menées principalement en milieu artificiel et ont mis en évidence des conséquences majeures sur la physiologie des organismes, principalement au niveau individuel. Cependant, les dernières études menées dans le domaine ont souligné l'importance de mettre en place des expériences à long terme, à l'échelle de l'écosystème, et dans des conditions plus proches du milieu naturel. Ce type d’étude permet de prendre en compte les interactions écosystémiques et les processus d’acclimatation afin de mieux prévoir les effets directs mais aussi indirects de la diminution du pH dans les océans. L’existence des récifs coralliens tropicaux dépend de la vitesse de formation du socle récifal qui les façonnent (principalement via la calcification des coraux hermatypiques) qui doit rester supérieure à sa (bio)érosion. D’une part, plusieurs études ont montré que le taux de calcification des coraux hermatypiques diminue lorsque la pCO2 augmente. D’autre part, les oursins sont d’importants bioérodeurs des récifs et contribuent donc à la perte de masse calcaire récifale. Cependant, les oursins empêchent également, par leur broutage, le recouvrement des coraux par les algues favorisées par l’AO. Dès lors l’effet de l’élévation de la pCO2 sur les oursins et leur capacité bioérosive peut être déterminant pour l'avenir des récifs coralliens tropicaux au cours du siècle, particulièrement ceux où la densité de ces bioérodeurs est importante. Une telle prédiction est d’autant plus complexe si l’on prend en compte la possible acclimatation des différents acteurs à long terme. Dès lors, le but du présent travail fut d'évaluer l'effet à long terme de l’élévation de la pCO2 prévue en 2100 sur la physiologie et l’activité érosive d’un oursin clé de certains récifs coralliens, Echinometra mathaei, dans un dispositif artificiel reproduisant l’écosystème corallien. La première étape a été la mise en place un outil expérimental permettant de maintenir à long terme un écosystème de récifs coralliens simplifié en condition contrôle et au pH prévu en 2100 tout en maintenant les autres paramètres physico-chimiques identiques et proches du milieu naturel (y compris dans leurs variations journalières). Le système mis en place est composé de scléractiniaires hermatypiques comme constructeurs de récif, d’oursins (E. mathaei) comme bioérodeurs et brouteurs et un substrat calcaire de récif avec ses communautés d’algues, bactéries, archae, champignons et méiofaune. Les variations journalières de pH et de température reproduisent celles mesurées in situ dans le site de La Saline, Ile de La Réunion, d’où proviennent une partie des organismes. Le pH moyen des aquariums contrôles a été maintenu avec succès à une moyenne de 8,09 ± 0,04, celui des aquariums à pCO2 élevée à 7,63 ± 0,02. L’alcalinité totale du système a pu être maintenue entre 2350 et 2450 µmol.kg-1. L’impact de l’AO prévue en 2100 (pH 7,7) sur la physiologie d’E. mathaei été étudié à court terme (sept semaines). La principale source de nourriture des oursins fut la communauté algale se développant sur le substrat, comme en conditions naturelles. Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence, à court terme, la capacité de résistance de cet oursin à une AO modérée. En effet, la croissance et le métabolisme ne furent pas affectés significativement. Ces observations ont été associées au maintien de la balance acide-base du fluide extracellulaire, le liquide cœlomique, par accumulation de bicarbonates dans celui-ci. Une même expérience a ensuite été réalisée à long terme. La diminution du pH a été induite progressivement durant six mois jusqu'à atteindre un pH moyen de 7,65 qui fut ensuite maintenu à cette valeur pendant sept mois supplémentaires. La capacité de régulation de la balance acide-base du liquide cœlomique et la résistance d’E. mathaei à l’AO a été confirmée à long terme. Tant la croissance que le métabolisme et les propriétés mécaniques du squelette ne furent pas affectés. Cette résistance apparaît liée aux capacités de régulation acide-base d’E. mathaei, un trait apparemment d’origine génétique. Cette résistance pourrait également dépendre de la quantité et de la qualité de la nourriture disponible (calcaire ou non). Il est suggéré que les ions bicarbonates impliqués dans la régulation acide-base proviendraient en partie de la nourriture. Parallèlement à ces mesures physiologiques, l’activité érosive d’E. mathaei a été mesurée. Les résultats indiquent que le taux de bioérosion triple en conditions acidifiées (pH 7,65). Cette augmentation serait liée à l’augmentation de l'activité de broutage des oursins et à la dissolution biologique du substrat, les propriétés mécaniques des dents des oursins et du squelette des coraux ne semblant pas affectés significativement. Nous suggérons que cette activité érosive accrue pourrait avoir un impact sur l'équilibre dynamique entre bioerosion et bioaccrétion des coraux et pourrait déterminer l'avenir des récifs coralliens où E. mathaei est le principal bioérodeur. Il faut toutefois noter que l’activité érosive de cet oursin est liée à une consommation accrue des macro-algues en compétition avec les coraux et algues corallines, favorisant ainsi ces derniers. Les résultats obtenus, associés à ceux provenant de la littérature, indiquent que les changements globaux pourraient provoquer un changement profond des écosystèmes coralliens tropicaux. En effet, l’ensemble des bioérodeurs principaux étudiés jusqu’à présent semblent résistants aux changements climatiques globaux et montrent une augmentation de leur activité érosive. Dans le cas des récifs ayant déjà à l’heure actuelle une faible calcification nette, l’augmentation de la bioérosion pourrait mener à l’érosion nette et à la réduction puis à la disparition du récif. La prédiction du devenir des récifs coralliens tropicaux à l’échelle planétaire doit toutefois prendre en compte de nombreux paramètres :acclimatation, résistance/sensibilité et interactions des différents acteurs des récifs. D’autres études comparables à celles menées dans le présent travail devraient être mises en place afin de tester ces différents facteurs. Les données obtenues pourraient dès lors être utilisées dans la construction d’un modèle mécanistique permettant de mettre en place localement des mesures de conservation du récif, en complément de l’indispensable réduction massive de l’émission de CO2 atmosphérique à l’échelle mondiale., Doctorat en Sciences, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2014
131. Summer primary production of Arctic kelp communities is more affected by duration than magnitude of simulated marine heatwaves.
- Author
-
Miller CA, Gazeau F, Lebrun A, Alliouane S, Urrutti P, Schlegel RW, Gattuso JP, and Comeau S
- Abstract
Fjord systems in the Norwegian Arctic are experiencing an increasing frequency and magnitude of marine heatwaves. These episodic heat stress events can have varying degrees of acute impacts on primary production and nutrient uptake of mixed kelp communities, as well as modifying the biogeochemical cycling in nearshore systems where vast areas of kelp create structural habitat. To assess the impact of future marine heatwaves on kelp communities, we conducted a 23 day mesocosm experiment exposing mixed kelp communities to warming and heatwave scenarios projected for the year 2100. Three treatments were considered: a constant warming (+1.8°C from the control), a medium magnitude and long duration heatwave event (+2.8°C from the control for 13 days), and two short-term, more intense, heatwaves(5 day long scenarios with temperature peaks at +3.9°C from the control). The results show that both marine heatwave treatments reduced net community production, whereas the constant warm temperature treatment displayed no difference from the control. The long marine heatwave scenario resulted in reduced accumulated net community production, indicating that prolonged exposure had a greater severity than two high magnitude, short-term heatwave events. We estimated an 11°C temperature threshold at which negative effects to primary production appeared present. We highlight that marine heatwaves can induce sublethal effects on kelp communities by depressing net community production. These results are placed in the context of potential physiological resilience of kelp communities and implications of reduced net community production to future Arctic fjord environmental conditions., Competing Interests: The authors have no competing interests to declare., (© 2024 The Author(s). Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
132. Productivity of mixed kelp communities in an Arctic fjord exhibit tolerance to a future climate.
- Author
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Miller CA, Gazeau F, Lebrun A, Gattuso JP, Alliouane S, Urrutti P, Schlegel RW, and Comeau S
- Subjects
- Arctic Regions, Ecosystem, Svalbard, Seawater, Climate Change, Kelp, Estuaries
- Abstract
Arctic fjords are considered to be one of the ecosystems changing most rapidly in response to climate change. In the Svalbard archipelago, fjords are experiencing a shift in environmental conditions due to the Atlantification of Arctic waters and the retreat of sea-terminating glaciers. These environmental changes are predicted to facilitate expansion of large, brown macroalgae, into new ice-free regions. The potential resilience of macroalgal benthic communities in these fjord systems will depend on their response to combined pressures from freshening due to glacial melt, exposure to warmer waters, and increased turbidity from meltwater runoff which reduces light penetration. Current predictions, however, have a limited ability to elucidate the future impacts of multiple-drivers on macroalgal communities with respect to ecosystem function and biogeochemical cycling in Arctic fjords. To assess the impact of these combined future environmental changes on benthic productivity and resilience, we conducted a two-month mesocosm experiment exposing mixed kelp communities to three future conditions comprising increased temperature (+ 3.3 and + 5.3°C), seawater freshening by ∼ 3.0 and ∼ 5.0 units (i.e., salinity of 30 and 28, respectively), and decreased photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, - 25 and - 40 %). Exposure to these combined treatments resulted in non-significant differences in short-term productivity, and a tolerance of the photosynthetic capacity across the treatment conditions. We present the first robust estimates of mixed kelp community production in Kongsfjorden and place a median compensation irradiance of ∼12.5 mmol photons m
-2 h-1 as the threshold for positive net community productivity. These results are discussed in the context of ecosystem productivity and biological tolerance of kelp communities in future Arctic fjord systems., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2024
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133. Ocean acidification affects calcareous tube growth in adults and reared offspring of serpulid polychaetes.
- Author
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Díaz-Castañeda V, Cox TE, Gazeau F, Fitzer S, Delille J, Alliouane S, and Gattuso JP
- Subjects
- Animals, France, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Larva drug effects, Larva growth & development, Mediterranean Sea, Polychaeta chemistry, Polychaeta drug effects, Species Specificity, Carbonates chemistry, Polychaeta growth & development, Seawater chemistry
- Abstract
The energetically costly transition from free-swimming larvae to a benthic life stage and maintenance of a calcareous structure can make calcifying marine invertebrates vulnerable to ocean acidification. The first goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of ocean acidification on calcified tube growth for two Serpulidae polychaete worms. Spirorbis sp. and Spirobranchus triqueter were collected at 11 m depth from the northwest Mediterranean Sea and maintained for 30 and 90 days at three mean pH
T levels (total scale): 8.1 (ambient), 7.7 and 7.4. Moderately decreased tube elongation rates were observed in both species at pHT 7.7 while severe reductions occurred at pHT 7.4. There was visual evidence of dissolution and tubes were more fragile at lower pH but fragility was not attributed to changes in fracture toughness. Instead, it appeared to be due to the presence of larger alveoli covered in a thinner calcareous layer. The second objective of this study was to test for effects on S. triqueter offspring development. Spawning was induced, and offspring were reared in the same pH conditions that the parents experienced. Trochophore size was reduced at the lowest pH level but settlement success was similar across pH conditions. Post-settlement tube growth was most affected. At 38 days post-settlement, juvenile tubes at pHT 7.7 and 7.4 were half the size of those at pHT 8.1. The results suggest future carbonate chemistry will negatively affect the initiation and persistence of both biofouling and epiphytic polychaete tube worms., Competing Interests: Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing or financial interests., (© 2019. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.)- Published
- 2019
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