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Aquaculture is the fastest-growing sector of animal food production worldwide. However, many challenges face aquaculture farms, with two of the most critical being the high costs of production and the prevalence of diseases, which cause significant mortality, especially during the summer months. This study evaluated the effects of adding a commercial probiotic as a water additive for the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) raised in semi-intensive earthen pond systems. The experiment was designed as a field study conducted on farms in various governorates. Four farms were selected, each with eight 2.5-acre ponds. Four ponds were treated with probiotics (W/Pro), while the other four served as control ponds without probiotic addition (W/OPro). On each farm, two ponds were used: one for probiotic addition (W/Pro) and the other as a control (W/OPro). Each pond was stocked with 12,000 fingerlings (5 grams each) per acre. The commercial probiotic (Aqua Star®) was added to the experimental ponds at a rate of 200 grams per acre every two weeks for 180 days. At the end of the evaluation, total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), unionized ammonia (NH3), and nitrite (NO2) levels were significantly (P< 0.05) reduced in the W/Pro ponds compared to the W/OPro ponds. However, total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) showed no significant differences (P< 0.05) between the two groups. Growth parameters such as final weight, weight gain, daily weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), total length, standard length, and condition factor were significantly (P< 0.05) improved in the W/Pro ponds. Pond productivity per acre and survival rates were also significantly (P< 0.05) higher in the W/Pro ponds compared to the W/OPro ponds. However, there were no significant differences (P< 0.05) in feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), or feed efficiency between the two groups. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the use of probiotics in semi-intensive aquaculture systems for the Nile tilapia offers significant benefits, including improved water quality, growth performance, body measurements, pond productivity, and survival rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) have received significant attention due to their harmful impact on fish production. This research investigated the protective effects of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisia (Sc) against MPs-induced toxicity in the Nile tilapia, focusing on growth performance, fed utilization, gene expression (IGF-1, IGF-2, and GH), biochemical markers, and immune responses. A total of 270 fingerlings were divided into nine groups; the control group received a basal diet, while the other groups were exposed to varying concentrations of Sc (2 and 4g/kg) and MPs (10 and 50mg/ L). MPs exposure negatively impacted growth performance, feed efficiency, survival rates, and body composition. Nevertheless, dietary inclusion of Sc notably improved these parameters, particularly in groups receiving 4g/ kg Sc. Exposure to MPs led to down-regulation of gene expression in the liver and gills, whereas Sc supplementation increased gene expression, especially in the liver. Biochemical analysis showed increased levels of AST and ALP in most groups, with kidney function tests revealing elevated blood urea and serum creatinine. Additionally, cholesterol levels were significantly higher in group receiving 4g/ kg Sc. Immune response assessment indicated elevated lysozyme and antiprotease activities, with the highest levels observed in groups treated with 10mg/ L MPs plus 4g/ kg Sc and 50mg/ L MPs plus 4g/ kg Sc. The results suggest that Saccharomyces cerevisia, particularly at a concentration of 4g/ kg, acts as a beneficial probiotic that alleviates MPs toxicity, enhancing growth, gene expression, and immune responses in the Nile tilapia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The length-weight relationship and growth performance of Sparus aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax were calculated at the El Mokretar Aqua fish farm in the Bay of Souahlia on the Algerian coast. During harvest, fish samples were collected from the El Mokretar Aqua fish farm in floating cages C8 and C3. Growth parameters were assessed at the start and end of breeding. The simple fisheries stock Aassessment methods (FSA) package estimated the length-weight relationship as LogWt= -1.18+2.08logLt for D.labrax and Log Wt= - 6.17+3.62logLt for S. aurata. These relationships indicate that the European seabass has a negative allometric growth, while the gilthead seabream has a positive allometric growth. During the rearing period, the zootechnical performance of the gilthead seabream and European seabass indicated favorable growth. Weight gain, specific growth rate, Fulton's condition factor, thermal-unit growth coefficient and feed conversion ratio showed a significant difference. These indicators are useful for planning and managing fish farms rearing these selected species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of diets supplemented with probiotics (Bacillus spp.), prebiotics (chitosan), and synbiotics on the growth performance, innate immune system, antioxidant levels, intestinal community, and food quality of the Nile tilapia over 120 days. Experimental fingerlings (15.5 ± 0.352g) were randomly distributed into 12 rectangular polyethylene tanks, with 60 fish per tank. Four treatments, each with three replicates, were tested: Control, probiotic (Sanolife® PRO-F, Pro), prebiotic (chitosan, Pre), and synbiotic (combination of probiotic and chitosan, Syn). Results showed a significant increase in dissolved oxygen concentration and improved pH levels in the probiotic treatment. Unionized ammonia (NH3) levels were reduced in all treatments compared to the control. The prebiotic-supplemented diet significantly improved the final body weight, final length, weight gain, condition factor, average daily weight gain, specific growth rate, and survival rate. Serum lysozyme activity and nitric oxide levels were higher in all treatments supplemented with probiotics. Additionally, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) enzyme levels in the liver were significantly higher in the probiotic group, while malondialdehyde (MDA) levels decreased. The addition of probiotics and the presence of synbiotics increased the total bacterial counts in fish intestines and pond water over four months. Pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila was identified only in the control group's water during the first month. Escherichia coli and Salmonella were identified in the intestines of the control group in the fourth month. 16S rDNA gene sequencing identified Lysinibacillus sphaericus in the water of the probiotic treatment and Citrobacter freundii in the flesh of the control treatment. Adding Bacillus strains and chitosan individually enhances the growth and health of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the effects of soybean isoflavones on the growth performance and lipid metabolism of juvenile Chinese mitten crabs, six experimental diets were formulated by gradient supplementation with 0%, 0.004% and 0.008% soybean isoflavones at different dietary lipid levels (10% and 15%). The groups were named as follows: NF-0 group (10% fat and 0% SIFs), NF-0.004 group (10% fat and 0.004% SIFs), NF-0.008 group (10% fat and 0.008% SIFs), HF-0 group (15% fat and 0% SIFs), HF-0.004 group (15% fat and 0.004% SIFs) and HF-0.008 group (15% fat and 0.008% SIFs). All crabs with an initial weight of 0.4 ± 0.03 g were fed for 8 weeks. The results showed that dietary supplementation with 0.004% or 0.008% SIFs significantly increased the weight gain and specific growth rate of crabs. Diets supplemented with 0.004% or 0.008% SIFs significantly reduced the content of non-esterified free fatty acids and triglycerides in the hepatopancreas of crabs at the 10% dietary lipid level. Dietary SIFs significantly decreased the relative mRNA expressions of elongase of very-long-chain fatty acids 6 (elovl6), triglyceride lipase (tgl), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (srebp-1), carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1a (cpt-1a), fatty acid transporter protein 4 (fatp4), carnitine palmitoyltransferase-2 (cpt-2), Δ9 fatty acyl desaturase (Δ9 fad), carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1b (cpt-1b), fatty acid-binding protein 10 (fabp10) and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (mttp) in the hepatopancreas of crabs. At the 15% dietary lipid level, 0.008% SIFs significantly increased the relative mRNA expressions of fatty acid-binding protein 3 (fabp3), carnitine acetyltransferase (caat), fatp4, fabp10, tgl, cpt-1a, cpt-1b and cpt-2 and significantly down-regulated the relative mRNA expressions of Δ9 fad and srebp-1. In conclusion, SIFs can improve the growth and utilization of a high-fat diet by inhibiting genes related to lipid synthesis and promoting lipid decomposition in juvenile Chinese mitten crabs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the effects of calcium lactate to water on the growth, molt, and calcium deposition of juvenile Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis), this study conducted a 90-day (two complete molting cycles) rearing experiment on female juvenile crabs with an initial body mass of (4.78±0.51) g. Calcium lactate was added to freshwater at concentrations of 0 mg/L, 218 mg/L, 436 mg/L and 654 mg/L and the calcium ion content in water is 45.6 mg/L, 84.4 mg/L, 123.2 mg/L and 163.6 mg/L.(recorded as Treatment 1# to 4#). The results showed: (1) The addition of calcium lactate improved survival rates of juvenile E. sinensis significantly. (2) With the increase in calcium lactate content, there was an upward trend of body mass, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, and hepatopancreas index of juvenile E. sinensis during the first molting cycle, but the differences were not significant. However, during the second molting cycle, the body weight, carapace length and carapace width growth rates of juvenile E. sinensis significantly increased with the calcium lactate addition, and among them, treatment 3# and 4# were significantly higher than treatment 1#. (3) The addition of calcium lactate had no significant effect on the intermolt duration but significantly reduced the rate of limb loss after each molting. (4) In terms of calcium deposition, the addition of calcium lactate significantly increased the calcium content in hemolymph during the first and second molting cycles, as well as calcium content in the muscle during the first molting cycle. (5) Increasing calcium lactate content significantly elevated the expression of es EcR2- mRNA and es RXR- mRNA. (6) Calcium lactate had no significant effect on water pH, ammonia nitrogen and nitrite, but water hardness and alkalinity significantly rose with increasing calcium lactate content. In summary, the addition of 654 mg/L calcium lactate to the water improved the survival, growth performance, calcium deposition in tissues, and expression of molting-related genes in juvenile E. sinensis, as well as reduced the limb loss rate after each molting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium is a vital trace mineral that is crucial for maintaining regular biological processes in aquatic animals. In this study, a four-week dietary trial was carried out to assess the impact of bio-fermented selenium (Bio−Se) on the growth and immune response of Chinese mitten crabs, Eriocheir sinensis. The crabs were randomly allocated to five dietary treatment groups, each receiving a different dose of Bio−Se. The doses included 0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.5, and 3.0 mg/kg and were accurately measured in basal diet formulations. The results showed the weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), and survival rate (SR) in the 1.5 mg/kg Bio−Se group were the highest, and 3.0 mg/kg of Bio−Se has an inhibitory effect on the WGR, SGR, and SR. The activities of the immune enzymes, including glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and acid phosphatase (ACP), of the hepatopancreas were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in the 1.5 mg/kg Bio−Se group, while they decreased (p < 0.05) in the 3.0 mg/kg feeding group compared to the 0 mg/kg feeding group. The concentration of maleic dialdehyde (MDA) exhibited the opposite pattern. Similarly, the mRNA expression levels of antimicrobial peptides (ALF-1, Crus-1, and LYS), ERK, and Relish genes were also observed to be the highest in the 1.5 mg/kg Bio−Se group compared with the other groups. Furthermore, the administration of 1.5 mg/kg of Bio−Se resulted in an increase in the thickness of the intestinal plica and mucosal layer, as well as in alterations in the intestinal microbial profile and bacterial diversity compared to the dose of 0 mg/kg of Bio−Se. Notably, the population of the beneficial bacterial phylum Fusobacteria was increased after crabs were fed the 1.5 mg/kg Bio−Se diet. In conclusion, the oral administration of 1.5 mg/kg of Bio−Se improved the growth efficiency, antioxidant capabilities, immunity, and intestinal health of E. sinensis. Through a broken-line analysis of the WGR against dietary Bio−Se levels, optimal dietary Bio−Se levels were determined to be 1.1 mg/kg. These findings contribute valuable insights to the understanding of crab cultivation and nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Weaning is a critical and challenging period for piglets, often leading to stress, poor growth, and increased disease incidence. This study investigated using octapeptin as a feed additive for weaned piglets. The results indicated that octapeptin significantly improved diarrhea and enhanced feed conversion ratio by modulating immunity and reducing inflammation compared to standard diets. Octapeptin also decreased TNF-α levels, boosted the immune system, and increased beneficial bacteria, such as Collinsella and Olsenella, positively impacted gut health. These findings suggested that octapeptin is a promising, safe, natural antibiotic alternative that promotes health and growth in weaned piglets. With the prohibition of antibiotics in animal feed, the livestock industry faces significant challenges, including increased morbidity and mortality rates and reduced farming efficiency. Developing green, natural, and safe antibiotic alternatives has become a research hotspot. This study evaluated the effects of octapeptin as a feed additive on growth performance, diarrhea incidence, serum biochemistry, serum immune factors, and gut microbiota of weaned piglets. Seventy-two weaned piglets were randomly assigned to three groups based on body weight and sex, with each group receiving different dietary treatments: a negative control group (CON, basal diet), a positive control group (MC, basal diet + 5 mg/kg Microcin C7), and an octapeptin supplement group (OP, basal diet + 40 mg/kg octapeptin). After 28 days of feeding experimental diets, the results demonstrated that supplementing the diet of weaned piglets with octapeptin significantly improved the feed conversion ratio compared to the control group (p < 0.05) over the entire experimental period. Furthermore, a reduction in diarrhea incidence was observed during the late nursery period (14–28 d), resulting in an overall improvement in diarrhea compared to the other two groups (p < 0.01). Serum biochemical analysis results revealed a trend towards decreased alanine aminotransferase level in the octapeptin group, with no significant differences in other indicators, suggesting potential improvements in liver function without causing liver damage. In addition, compared to the control group, octapeptin enhanced mucosal immunity by decreasing TNF-α level (p < 0.05). Fecal microbiota analysis results showed a significant increase in beneficial bacteria such as Collinsella and Olsenella in the octapeptin group compared to the other two groups (p < 0.05), indicating a positive impact on gut health. These findings supported the potential of octapeptin as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in weaned piglets' diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: High-density intensive farming easily induces stress in largemouth bass, leading to significant impairment of growth performance and intestinal health. Ursolic acid (UA), a naturally abundant pentacyclic triterpenoid, has multifaceted biological activities, encompassing anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, lipid-modulating, and hypoglycemic properties. This study examined the effects of UA on growth performance and intestinal barrier in largemouth bass. Our findings demonstrate that dietary supplementation of UA significantly enhances the growth performance and intestinal antioxidant capacity in largemouth bass, while improving intestinal barrier function through its influence on the abundance of intestinal flora such as Tenericutes, Firmicutes, and Mycoplasma. Optimal dietary UA levels for largemouth bass were determined to be between 498 and 520 mg/kg. These findings serve as a valuable reference for largemouth bass production. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ursolic acid (UA) on the growth performance and intestinal health of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Four diets were formulated with UA supplementation at 0, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg, defined as the control (CON), UA250, UA500, and UA1000, respectively. After an 8-week feeding experiment, the results showed that, in the UA500 group, the final body weight (FBW), weight gain rate (WGR), and specific growth rate (SGR) increased, and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and hepatosomatic index decreased. Total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity exhibited a significant increase, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content decreased. An intestinal histological analysis revealed an improvement in the intestinal structural integrity of the UA500 group. The mRNA relative expression levels of physical barrier-related genes [occludin, claudin-1, and zonula occluden-1 (zo-1)] were upregulated. The mRNA relative expression of interlenkin 10 (il-10) increased, and the mRNA relative expression of interlenkin 1β (il-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (tnf-α) significantly decreased. The abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria decreased, and the abundance of Tenericutes increased. The abundance of Mycoplasma, Cyanobium, and Staphylococcus decreased, while the abundance of Clostridium increased. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of UA significantly enhanced the growth performance and antioxidant capacity of largemouth bass while improving intestinal barrier function through its influence on the abundance of intestinal flora, such as Tenericutes, Firmicutes, and Mycoplasma. Optimal dietary UA levels for largemouth bass were determined to be between 498 and 520 mg/kg based on quadratic regression analyses of WGR, SGR, and FCR or T-SOD and MDA content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study evaluated the effects of adding the probiotic Bacillus (B.) subtilis to the feed of preweaning neonatal calves. Fifty Holstein calves from the same farm were split into two groups: a control group (CG) fed milk replacer and a treatment group (TG) receiving milk replacer plus 7.5 mL/calf/day of B. subtilis. The study began 24 h after birth, with calves' health monitored daily. Significant differences in body weight were observed between the CG and the TG at 30, 60, and 90 days of age. The TG had a higher average body weight at each time point. At 30 days, the TG also showed lower AST activity and higher GGT activity compared to the CG. Phosphorus levels were higher in the TG, while total protein concentrations were lower at both 30 and 60 days. The inclusion of B. subtilis in the calves' diet led to improved growth and a better metabolic profile, suggesting its potential as a beneficial feed additive in dairy farming. This study focused on assessing whether the inclusion of probiotics (B. subtilis) as feed additives during the preweaning stage can enhance the body weight and metabolic condition of neonatal calves. A total of 50 Holstein calves, all born on the same farm, were randomly divided into two homogeneous treatment groups after birth. The calves in the control group (CG) were fed a milk replacer (n = 25) (13 females and 12 males) and those in the B. subtilis-supplement-treated group (TG), (n = 25) (13 females and 12 males) were fed a milk replacer with 7.5 mL/calf/day of B. subtilis probiotic (complied with the manufacturer's guidelines). The probiotic was administered 24 h post-birth, signifying the start of the experimental period. It took one month to collect the animals. Body weight was measured at birth for all animals. A local veterinarian, working on the farm, conducted daily health checks of the calves, recording health parameters and any antibiotic treatments. Blood samples were collected from each calf at birth and 30, 60, and 90 days by puncturing the jugular vein using 10 mL evacuated serum tubes before morning feeding. Significant differences in body weight were observed between the CG and the TG at 30, 60, and 90 days of age. At 30 days, the TG had a 4.11% higher average body weight than the CG (54.38 kg vs. 52.71 kg). At 60 days, the TG's average weight was 3.75% higher (79.21 kg vs. 76.34 kg), and at 90 days, the TG had a 2.91% higher average weight (112.87 kg vs. 109.67 kg). At 30 days of age, the TG showed significantly lower AST activity, with a 41.12% decrease compared to the CG (51.02 IU/L vs. 72.00 IU/L). Conversely, GGT activity was significantly higher in the TG by 64.68% (40.64 IU/L vs. 14.35 IU/L). Phosphorus concentration at 30 days was also significantly higher in the TG by 9.36% (3.27 mmol/L vs. 2.99 mmol/L). Additionally, the TG had a significantly lower total protein concentration, with a 21.63% decrease at 30 days (46.32 g/L vs. 56.34 g/L) and a 20.28% decrease at 60 days (48.32 g/L vs. 58.12 g/L) compared to the CG. These findings indicate that dairy calves given conventional milk replacer along with a daily dose of 7.5 mL of B. subtilis probiotic experienced enhanced growth performance and a more favourable metabolic profile during the first 90 days of their lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Rosemary is a spice plant with a long traditional history, and its flavor and antioxidant properties play an important role in animal diets and healthy growth. Many studies have focused on the effects of rosemary extracts and essential oils on livestock and poultry, with few studies using fresh-leaf rosemary powder in animal feeds. Therefore, our experiment investigated the effects of direct use of fresh rosemary leaf powder on growth performance, meat quality, fatty acid content, intestinal flora, and antioxidant properties of broilers. The scope of our experiment provides a basis for the development and utilization of rosemary as a natural plant feed ingredient. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is a natural spice plant with an aromatic flavor and antioxidant properties that can help enhance the flavor and texture of food, as well as be used as an antioxidant source in pet feed. This study explored the effect of rosemary on the growth performance and antioxidant capacity of broiler chickens. In total, 144 healthy 1-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly divided into four groups: The control group was fed a basic diet, while the positive control group was fed a basic diet supplemented with 30 mg/kg kitasamycin, and the treatment groups were fed a basic diet supplemental with 0.5% rosemary, or 2% rosemary. The average daily feed intake of broilers fed with 0.5% and 2% rosemary in 1–42 days was higher than that in the basal diet group (p < 0.05). The pH was lower in the rosemary groups than in the 30 mg/kg kitasamycin group as measured in the thigh muscle tissue (p < 0.05), and the monounsaturated fatty acid C17:1 heptadecanoic acid content of the 2% rosemary group was higher than that of the other groups (p < 0.05). With 0.5% rosemary supplementation, the activities of the serum and liver antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) activity and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) increased (p < 0.05); malondialdehyde content decreased (p < 0.05). The serum activities of CAT, total superoxide dismutase, and T-AOC increased with 2% rosemary supplementation (p < 0.05). The relative expression of liver antioxidant genes, the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2, glutathione catalase 1, and superoxide dismutase 1 increased (p < 0.05) with 0.5% rosemary supplementation. The addition of rosemary resulted in higher intestinal lactobacilli counts and lower E. coli counts. In summary, adding 0.5% or 2% rosemary to the diet improved the growth performance of Arbor Acres broilers and increased the number of intestinal probiotics, and supplementing with 0.5% rosemary yielded better results than adding 2% rosemary. This study provides valuable insights into the broader application of plant-derived antioxidants in promoting sustainable and health-focused animal farming practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Currently, less information regarding the impact of feeding rates on glucose metabolism in largemouth bronze gudgeon has been reported. In this study, we investigated the effects of feeding rates on growth performance, hepatic glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and glycogen metabolism in juvenile largemouth bronze gudgeon. The results demonstrated that a feeding rate exceeding 3% significantly increased liver glycolysis and glycogen synthesis in juvenile largemouth bronze gudgeon, subsequently accelerating hepatic glycogen and lipid accumulation, which ultimately induced fatty liver formation. The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding rates on growth performance, liver glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis, and glycogen decomposition in juvenile largemouth bronze gudgeon (Coreius guichenoti). A total number of 600 fish were randomly distributed into 12 cylindrical plastic tanks with 50 fish per tank and triplicate tanks per treatment. Fish were fed with 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% feeding rates (body weight per day) three times day−1 for 8 w. The results indicated that the feeding rates significantly increased the body weight, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate (p < 0.05), while showing no significant effects on the condition factor and survival rate (p > 0.05). The feed conversion ratio was significantly enhanced by the feeding rate (p < 0.05), although no significant differences were observed when the feeding rate exceeded 3% (p > 0.05). The plasma glucose levels in the 4% and 5% groups were significantly higher than those in the 2% and 3% groups. Compared with other groups, the 5% group significantly increased the crucial rate-limiting enzyme activities and mRNA levels of glycolysis (PFKL and PK) (p < 0.05), while showing no significant differences on enzyme activities (PC, PEPCK, and G6P) and mRNA (pepck and g6p) levels of gluconeogenesis (p > 0.05). In addition, the mRNA levels of hepatic glut2 and glut4 in the 5% group reached the highest levels (p < 0.05). When the feeding rate exceeded 3%, hepatic glycogen and lipid accumulation were significantly increased, leading to a fatty liver phenotype. Meanwhile, the mRNA level of liver glycogen synthetase (gysl) was significantly increased (p < 0.05), while no significant difference was observed in glycogen phosphorylase (pygl) (p > 0.05). In summary, under the conditions of this study, a feeding rate exceeding 3% significantly accelerated hepatic glycogen and lipid accumulation, which ultimately induced fatty liver formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Gut microbiota has become a key factor affecting various phenotypic characteristics of the host. Chinese indigenous pig breeds (Ningxiang pigs) have shown greater stress resistance compared to commercial breeds (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire (DLY) pigs) which may be related to their distinctive gut microbiota. However, there are few studies on how exogenous microbiota (Ningxiang pigs) change the physiology or metabolism of the host. This study aimed to investigate the effects of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from Ningxiang pigs on the growth performance, fecal microbiota, and serum metabolites of the same-old DLY pigs. The results showed that Ningxiang pig's FMT could alleviate oxidative stress and enhance growth performance in DLY pigs by modulating their gut microbiota and metabolic features. The gut microbiota is crucial for maintaining the host's intestinal homeostasis and metabolism. This study investigated the effects of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from Ningxiang pigs on the growth performance, fecal microbiota, and serum metabolites of the same-old DLY pigs. The results indicated that the average daily gain of FMT pigs was significantly greater than that of the control (CON) group. Compared to the CON group, the FMT group significantly improved the apparent digestibility of crude fiber, crude ash, gross energy, and calcium of the pigs. The analysis of serum antioxidant status revealed that the activities of total superoxide dismutase and catalase in the serum of pigs in the FMT group were significantly elevated, whereas the level of malondialdehyde was significantly reduced. Furthermore, 16S rRNA sequencing analysis revealed that the Ningxiang pig-derived microbiota altered the fecal microbiota structure and modulated the diversity of the gut microbiota in the DLY pigs. Untargeted LC–MS metabolomics demonstrated that pigs in the FMT group exhibited distinct metabolomic profiles compared to those in the CON group. Significant changes were observed in key metabolites involved in amino acid, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism. Additionally, a correlation analysis between serum differential metabolites and the gut microbiota revealed that the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Corynebacterium was highly correlated with lipid compounds. In conclusion, Ningxiang pig-derived microbiota can alleviate oxidative stress and enhance growth performance in DLY pigs by modulating their gut microbiota and metabolic features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of bacterial enzyme fermented feed on growth performance, slaughter performance and gastrointestinal microflora of Xuhuai white goats were studied in this experiment. A total of 40 healthy white goats with the body weight of (10.0±2.0) kg were randomly divided into 4 groups with 1 sheep in each replicate. The goats in control group were fed a basal diet. The goats in groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ were fed the basal diet supplemented with 5%, 10% and 20% bacterial enzyme fermented feed, respectively, and were slaughtered after 180 days. Growth performance, slaughter performance, intestinal morphology and microbial flora structure were measured. The results showed as follows: compared with the control group, the final body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, final body height, final body oblique length, final chest circumference and final tube circumference of trial groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the ratio of feed to gain was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The live weight before slaughter, carcass weight, net meat weight, slaughter rate, bone weight, ratio of bone to meat, eye muscle area, head weight, rumen weight, reticulum weight, valve stomach weight, net meat rate, carcass length, hoof weight, heart weight, liver weight, lung weight and kidney weight of trial group Ⅱ were significantly higher than those of control group (P<0.05). The carcass weight, slaughter rate, net meat weight, rumen weight, reticulum weight, live weight before slaughter and eye muscle area of test group Ⅲ were higher than those of control group (P<0.05). The villi height of duodenum and jejunum in group Ⅰ was significantly higher than that in control group (P< 0.05); the villi height of duodenum, jejunum and ileum in trial groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ was significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05). The rumen Chao1 index, Simpson index and Ace index in the experimental group Ⅱ and Ⅲ group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The abundance values of Bacteroidetes, fibrinobacteria and verrucobacteria in 3 experimental groups were increased compared with control group (P<0.05), while the abundance values of firmicutes and actinobacteria were significantly decreased compared with control group (P<0.05). The abundance values of Prevotella, Butyricothrix, Fibrinobacter and verrucothrix in test groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.05), and the abundance values of Bacteroides and Treponemas in test groups were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.05). The intestinal Chao1 index and Ace index of test groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ were significantly higher than those of control group (P<0.05); the abundance values of firmicutes in test groups were significantly higher than those in control group (P< 0.05), and the abundance values of Proteobacteria were significantly decreased (P<0.05). The abundance values of Prevotella in experimental groups were significantly higher than those in control group (P< 0.05), and the abundance values of Vibrio succinate, Salmonella, Campylobacter and Escherichia were significantly decreased (P<0.05). In conclusion, feeding 10%-20% bacterial enzyme fermented feed can improve the growth performance, slaughter performance and gastrointestinal health of Xuhuai white goats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of composite enzyme preparations on the growth performance, slaughter performance, nutrient apparent digestibility, and ketone body quality of beef cattle. A total of 120 yaks from a large-scale yak farm in Xizang Autonomous Region were selected as test subjects, and were randomly divided into four groups: control group, 100 g/t compound enzyme preparation group, 200 g/t compound enzyme preparation group, and 300 g/t compound enzyme preparation group. Statistical analysis was made on the significant difference of the effects of compound enzyme preparation on various indicators of beef cattle. The average daily weight gain of the experimental group with the addition of complex enzyme preparations in the feed was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05), and the feed to weight ratio was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05); the slaughter rate and backfat thickness of beef cattle in the experimental group showed significant differences compared to the control group (P<0.05); the apparent digestibility of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber in the experimental group of beef cattle was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05); the ketone weight and eye muscle area of the experimental group of beef cattle were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05), while the cooked meat rate and shear force were significantly lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). The results induicate that 200 g/t composite enzyme preparation can significantly improve the growth performance, slaughter performance, nutrient apparent digestibility, and ketone body quality of beef cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the effects of compound Chinese medicine feed additives on the growth performance, serum biochemical indexes, antioxidant indicators, fecal score of small tailed Han sheep. 100 female small tailed Han sheep aged about three months were randomly divided into four groups with five replicates per group and five sheep per replicate, namely the control group, test group Ⅰ, test group Ⅱ, and test group Ⅲ. The growth performance, serum biochemical indicators, antioxidant indicators, and fecal score of the small tailed Han sheep were tested and statistically analyzed. The test lasted for 42 days. The results showed that compared with the control group, the final weight of group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ was significantly increased (P<0.05); the weight gain and average daily weight gain of groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ in the test were significantly increased (P<0.05); the serum TP levels in groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ significantly increased (P< 0.05); the serum ALB content in group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ was significantly increased (P<0.05); the serum MDA content in group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ significantly decreased (P<0.05); in terms of sheep fecal score, On day 28, the fecal scores of group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ significantly decreased (P<0.05); on day 42, the fecal scores of group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ significantly decreased (P<0.05). In summary, adding compound Chinese medicine feed additives to the diet can effectively improve the growth performance of small tailed Han sheep, improve serum growth biochemical indexes, enhance antioxidant capacity, and improve fecal morphology, making it suitable for clinical application, the appropriate amout of additive is 1%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of silymarin on growth performance, liver weight and liver antioxidant capacity of layer chickens induced with diquat (DQ). A total of two hundred and forty one-day-old Hy-Line White layer chickens were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group (group C) and diquat group (group D) were fed a basal diet, and silymarin group (group S) and silymarin + diquat group (group SD) were fed the basal diet supplemented with 1 g/kg of silymarin. Group C and group S were intraperitoneally injected with 1 mL/kg normal sodium, and group D and group SD were intraperitoneally injected with 1 mL/kg diquat solution at 20 day. The experiment was lasted for 21 days. The results showed as follows: ① at 1 to 20 days of age, the average daily gain of groups S and SD was significantly higher than that of groups C and D (P<0.05). At 20 to 21 days of age, the average daily gain and weight change rate of group S were significantly higher than that of group C (P<0.05). And the final weight, average daily gain and weight change rate in the SD group were significantly higher than that in group D (P<0.05). ② Compared with group D, absolute liver weight and relative liver weight was significantly lower in group S (P<0.05) and relative liver weight was significantly lower in group SD (P<0.05). ③ The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver of layer chickens in the group S were significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of group C. Compared with group D, the T-AOC in liver of layer chickens in the group SD was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly decreased (P<0.05). In summary, dietary supplementation with silymarin can improve the growth performance, liver weight and liver antioxidant capacity of layer chickens under DQ-induced oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: In the limited field of research on Kazakhstan's poultry, this study explores a new area by investigating the lack of studies on the impact of probiotics from camel milk and mare's milk. This study provides valuable knowledge about an important aspect of poultry production in the region. Aims: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of probiotics isolated from traditional fermented dairy products, fermented camel milk (shubat) and fermented mare's milk (koumiss) on the growth performance and meat quality of broiler chickens. Methods: In total, 240 1-day-old Ross 308 chicks were randomly separated into four treatment groups of three replicates (20 birds per replicate). Three experimental groups were fed by basal diet plus drinking water containing 0.25 mL, 0.5 mL, and 1.0 mL of probiotics per bird (Pro1, Pro2, and Pro3 respectively). The control group was fed by basal diet plus drinking water. The carcass characteristics included the weights of the body and carcass rate. Organoleptic analysis, proximate composition, pH, drip loss, cook loss and were used to determine meat-quality properties. Key results: According to the study results isolated probiotics Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei SH1, Enterococcus faecalis SH6, and Kazachstania unispora Y 2.2 had a significant effect on body and carcass weight (P < 0.05). Average daily gain and feed conversion ratio were also improved in probiotics groups (P < 0.05). Additionally, Pro 2 group had increased meat protein contents (P < 0.05). No significant differences in organoleptic quality between the control and experimental groups fed with the probiotics were determined. Conclusions: Traditional fermented dairy products could become a source of new effective probiotics useful to improve broiler production. Implications: The readily available shubat and koumiss in Kazakhstan present a promising opportunity for establishing localised probiotic production for poultry, indicating a viable path for promoting sustainable and tailored approaches to poultry farming in the region. This study examined the effectiveness of probiotics derived from fermented camel and mare's milk products (shubat and koumiss) in Kazakhstan for improving broiler chicken production. Several probiotic strains had a significant effect on body and carcass weights, and average daily gain and feed conversion ratio were also improved. Considerable presence of these traditional fermented dairy products in Kazakhstan offers a promising opportunity for the creation of locally derived probiotics specifically designed for poultry use. This potentially enables the adoption of more environmentally friendly and specialised broiler-farming practices in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Heat stress compromises growth performance and meat quality and results in economic losses in pork production. Aims: We investigated the effects of supranutritional levels of selenium (Se) and vitamin E (VitE), along with organic acid blends, on the growth performance and meat quality of finishing pigs over a period of weeks during late summer to early autumn in Westbrook, Queensland, Australia. Methods: A total of 264 crossbred pigs (25.8 ± 2.4 kg, mean ± s.d.) at 11 weeks of age were randomly assigned in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design with two aging times (2 or 5 days) nested within each pig. The factors included antioxidants (Se/E, with recommended or supranutritional doses of Se and VitE), an organic acids (OA) blend added to drinking water (control vs supplemented), and sex (female vs male). Key results: Between 16 and 18 weeks of age, high Se/E decreased daily feed intake (P = 0.010) but had no effects on average daily gain or feed conversion efficiency (FCE). Male pigs grew faster (P = 0.040) and had a higher FCE than females (P = 0.050). Supplementation with OA increased FCE in males but not females (OA × Sex interaction, P = 0.035). Between Weeks 16 and 20, male pigs grew faster (P < 0.001), tended to eat more (P = 0.057), and had higher FCE (P = 0.002) than females (P < 0.001). There were no main effects of Se/E or OA on meat quality, except protein oxidation was reduced by high Se/E (P = 0.047). Sex impacted only Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), with male pigs having lower WBSF than females (P = 0.053). Meat aging decreased WBSF (P < 0.001), but it increased cooking loss (P = 0.036), myofibrillar fragmentation index (P < 0.001), lipid oxidation (P < 0.001) and colour parameters (P < 0.001 for all). Conclusions: Supplementation with Se/E for up to 10 weeks and OA for 5 weeks did not influence production parameters or pork quality in late summer, except that high Se/E decreased protein oxidation, and significant heat stress conditions were not experienced as expected. Implications: Supplementation with Se/E and OA may be effective when environmental temperatures are higher. The management of heat stress is an increasing topic of interest in pork production, especially during summer. This study approaches nutritional management to mitigate the negative impacts of environmental temperature on pork production and meat quality by supplementing selenium and vitamin E in pigs' diets, along with organic acid in drinking water. The results of this study suggest that during cool seasons, supplementing antioxidants and organic acids in grower-finisher's diets may be unnecessary, reducing the feed cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study aimed to study effects of a chronic feeding of deoxynivalenol (DON) on growth performance, organ weight, organ DON accumulation, and blood parameters in pigs. Methods: Forty-eight castrated male pigs with a body weight of 10.4 kg (standard deviation = 1.7) were assigned to one of 2 diet groups in a randomized complete block design with 6 blocks of pens per diet and 4 pigs per pen. A corn-soybean meal-based control diet was prepared to contain a low DON concentration of 0.28 mg/kg. Corn distillers dried grains with solubles naturally contaminated with DON were used at 30.0% to prepare a contaminated diet with a high DON concentration of 1.8 mg/kg. During the 56-day experimental period, body weight and feed intake were recorded every 14 days. A pig from each pen was euthanized for the collection of organs and muscle every 14 days. Results: Gain:feed in pigs fed the contaminated diet during days 14 to 28 and days 28 to 42 were less (p<0.05) compared with the control group. As increasing feeding period, the DON concentrations in fresh liver increased during days 14 to 28 and then decreased during the subsequent periods in the DON group, whereas the DON concentrations in fresh liver were constant during the experimental period in the control group (quadratic interaction p = 0.049). The DON concentration in the kidneys in the DON group was greater (p = 0.002) than that in the control group regardless of feeding period. On day 56, the granulocyte count in the DON group was less (p = 0.035) than the control group. Conclusion: A chronic feeding of DON for 14 to 42 days decreased gain:feed in pigs, and dietary DON naturally contaminated in corn distillers dried grains with solubles accumulated in the liver during days 14 to 28. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study investigated the effects of Apidaecin Api-PR19 as feed additive on growth performance, intestinal health, and small intestinal microbiota of broilers. Methods: A total of 360 1-d-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly assigned to 3 groups with 6 replicates including control group with basal diet (CON), antibiotic growth promotor group with basal plus 10 mg/kg colistin sulfate and 50 mg/kg roxarsone (AGP), and antibacterial peptide group with basal diet plus 330 mg/kg Apidaecin Api-PR19 (ABP). The trial lasted 35 d. Results: Results showed that dietary Api-PR19 addition increased (p<0.05) the average daily feed intake, average daily gain and decreased (p<0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) during 1 to 21 d compared with the CON group. The digestibility of dry matter and crude protein were higher in AGP and ABP groups (p<0.05) where greater trypsin activity was detected in duodenum (p<0.05). The ratio of villus height to crypt depth (V/C) in duodenum and jejunum was increased at 35 d when broilers were given diets with ABP or AGP (p<0.05). Besides, ABP treatments up-regulated (p<0.05) the mRNA expression of EAAT3, GLUT2, ZO-1, and Claudin-1 in duodenum of broilers at 35 d of age. The results of immunohistochemistry showed that ABP treatment significantly increased (p<0.05) duodenal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) content. In addition, 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that there were differences in the intestinal microbiota diversity and composition among three groups. Notably, the linear discriminant analysis effect size showed that p_Firmicutes, g_Enterococcus, g_Carnobacterium, g_Kitasatospora, and g_Acidaminococcus were dominant in ABP group. Redundancy analysis showed that these changes in gut microbiota in ABP group had correlation with growth performance, intestinal morphology, and content of sIgA. Conclusion: In general, these results indicated that dietary 330 mg/kg Apidaecin ApiPR19 supplementation promoted growth performance of broilers by improving intestinal development, nutrients absorption, immune function and modulating intestinal microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Bamboo leaf flavonoids (BLF) are the main bioactive ingredients in bamboo leaves. They have antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antibacterial, and other effects. In this study, the effects of dietary BLF on growth performance, immune response, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal microbiota of broilers were investigated. A total of 288 broilers were divided into three groups with eight replicates and 12 birds in each replicate. Broilers were fed a basic diet or the basic diet supplemented with 1000 or 2000 mg kg−1 BLF for 56 days. RESULTS: The results showed that supplementation of BLF increased body weight (BW) and average daily weight gain (ADG), and reduced average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P < 0.05). The serum immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and interleukin 10 (IL‐10) content of broilers in the BLF1000 group was increased and the interleukin 1β (IL‐1β) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) content was decreased (P < 0.05). The levels of IgM and IL‐10 in jejunum mucosa were found to be enhanced by BLF (P < 0.05). The BLF1000 group exhibited a significant reduction in the concentration of TNF‐α (P < 0.05). Serum and jejunum mucosa total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC) levels in the BLF1000 group were increased (P < 0.05). The serum catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) effects of the BLF1000 group and serum CAT effects of BLF2000 group were increased (P < 0.05). The CON group demonstrated a lower relative abundance of Christensenellaceae_R‐7_group and Oscillibacter than the BLF group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Dietary BLF inclusion enhanced the growth performance, immune, and antioxidant functions, improved the intestinal morphology, and ameliorated the intestinal microflora structure in broiler. Adding 1000 mg kg−1 BLF to the broiler diet can be considered as an effective growth promoter. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweed provides macro-, micro-nutrients, and biological bioactive components that may improve broiler production. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of various levels of brown seaweed (BS) and green seaweed (GS) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, apparent ileal digestibility (AID), and hepatic growth and nutrient transporter gene expressions. The study followed a completely randomized design (CRD) (twelve treatments, six replicates, and seven birds per replicate). The dietary treatments contained: basal diet [negative control (NC)], basal diet + vitamin E (100 mg/kg feed) [positive control (PC)], basal diet + 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, and 1.25% BS and GS, respectively. The data were analyzed using the General Linear Model (GLM) of the statistical analysis system (SAS 9.4) by one-way ANOVA. Duncan's Multiple Range Test was used to assess the significant differences between treatment groups at p<0.05. Various levels of BS and GS (p<0.05) improved body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), and feed intake (FI) at the starter phase. No significant effects were observed in the carcass characteristics. The AID of crude protein (CP), organic matter (OM), and dry matter (DM) during the starter phase were significantly improved. The hepatic growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene had increased expression in birds fed 0.50% and 0.75% of GS-contained diets. Similarly, birds fed 0.50% of BS and 0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75% of GS had higher (p<0.05) expression of the hepatic Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) gene. Furthermore, there were no significant effects on the intestinal nutrient transporters genes, including aminopeptidase (APN), glucose transporter (SGLT5), and oligopeptide transporter (PepT1) at the jejunum tissue. It was therefore concluded that different levels of BS and GS in the broiler chickens' diet improved the starter period growth performance and nutrient digestibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effects of fermented puffed feather meal (FPFM) on growth performance, serum biochemical indices, meat quality, and intestinal microbiota in Arbor Acres (AA) broilers. A single-factor design was adopted, and four treatments were administered with five replicates to 240 one-day-old AA broilers. The control group (group A) received a basal diet, while the experimental groups received a basal diet plus 33% (group B), 67% (group C) and 100% (group D) FPFM, respectively. Compared with group A, (1) the average daily gain (ADG) in group C decreased (P<0.05), and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in group D increased (P<0.05); (2) the level of serum urea nitrogen in treatment groups decreased (P<0.05), and the levels of triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, cholesterol, and glucose contents in group D increased (P<0.05) at day 21; (3) the serum immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in group B and the immunoglobulin A in group C increased (P<0.05) at day 21, and the serum immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in group D decreased (P<0.05) at day 42; (4) the share force of breast muscle and thigh muscle in group D increased (P<0.05); (5) the villus height to crypt depth ratio in the jejunum of group B increased (P<0.05) at day 21, and the villus height in group C and D increased (P<0.05) at day 42; (6) the proteobacteria counts in the cecum digesta in treatment groups decreased (P<0.05) at day 21. The basal diet supplemented with 33% FPFM promoted protein metabolism, enhanced immunity and improved meat quality, promoted the digestion and absorption of nutrients, increased intestinal microbial diversity, and improved the content of beneficial bacteria without affecting the growth performance, it was possible to be used as a good substitute for fish meal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background and objectives: Lamb fattening is one of the important sources of red meat production in the country. Fattening is the management and proper feeding of livestock to obtain maximum extra weight with minimum cost in a certain period of time. The use of concentrate in the diet of fattening lambs in the country is normal and common, but what is important is the appropriate level of concentrate, or in other words, the appropriate ratio of forage to concentrate in the diet. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of increasing the ratio of concentrate to forage on feed intake traits, body weight, feed conversion ratio and carcass characteristics of Afshari fattening male lambs. Materials and methods: The present study was conducted using 24 male lambs with a mean weight of 31.78 ± 1.32 kg and a mean age of 91 ± 3.13 days in three experimental groups (treatments) in a completely randomized experimental design with three treatments and 8 replications. The experimental treatments included diets with different ratios of forage to concentrate in the form of 30:70, 20:80 and 10:90. During the study period, growth performance traits including dry matter intake, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio were measured. Also, at the end of the study, four lambs were selected from each treatment and slaughtered to check the carcass characteristics. Results: The results of growth performance showed that there was a significant difference in dry matter intake, daily weight gain and final weight between experimental treatments (P<0.05). The highest amount of dry matter intake, final weight and daily weight gain was in the treatment containing the ratio of 10:90 forage to concentrate. The results of the carcass characteristics showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental treatments in the slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, carcass efficiency, and also in the carcass parts, including half carcass, tail, neck, head, chest, girdle, neck, and thigh. (P<0.05). The treatment containing the ratio of 10:90 forage to concentrate had the highest values of carcass traits. Conclusion: According to the obtained results, the reduction of forage did not cause any production problems in these animals. Increasing the concentrate and reducing the forage in the diet increases the amount of feed intake and increases the daily weight and overall higher final weight in fattening lambs, and also improves the feed conversion ratio, growth performance and carcass percentage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of black bean (BB) supplementation on the growth performance, lipid metabolism, and antioxidant capacity of high-fat diet-induced obese mice. The results demonstrated that although the inclusion of BBs led to increased body weight, total energy intake, and feed efficiency ratio, it did not significantly alter the overall body composition, including adiposity. Notably, BB consumption reduced total cholesterol levels, suggesting its potential to manage dyslipidemia and reduce the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, BBs significantly enhanced in the total antioxidant capacity, as indicated by the notable increase in both the total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase activity. These findings provide significant insights into the promising health benefits of BBs in the context of metabolic syndrome and related health complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 210 one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were used to investigate the effect of butyric acids glycerides (BAG) and eugenol (EU) on growth performance, intestinal morphology, blood metabolites and bacteriological examination in broilers under necrotic enteritis challenge. Dietary treatments consisted of 2 supplemental BAG levels (0 and 0.2%) and 3 EU levels (0, 500, and 1000 ppm) in a 2×3 factorial arrangement with five replicates and six birds in each group. The treatment groups were as follows: 1) basal diet, negative control group (NC); 2) basal diet + C. perfringens, positive control group (PC); 3) PC + 0.2% butyric acid glycerides (BAG); 4) PC + 500 ppm of eugenol (EU500); 5) PC + 1000 ppm of eugenol (EU1000); 6) PC + 500 ppm of eugenol +0.2% butyric acid glycerides (EU500+BAG); 7) PC + 1000 ppm of eugenol +0.2% butyric acid glycerides (EU1000+BAG). The addition of EU1000 and EU1000+BAG in the diet of challenged chickens increased the body weight compared to the PC group (P < 0.05). Also, adding EU at 500 or 1000 ppm + 0.2% BAG in the diet significantly increased the digestibility of dry matter and organic matter of challenged birds compared to the NC and PC control groups. The lowest cholesterol was observed for the challenged groups that supplemented EU1000+BAG compared to NC and PC controls. Supplementation in the diet with high or low-level EU and 0.2% BAG increased the carcass weight compared to the PC group (P < 0.05). The Thymus, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius weight in the PC group decreased compared to the NC birds (P < 0.05). Counts of the Lactobacillus subgroup were not affected by treatments, but C. perfringens in NC birds was higher compared to the PC group (P < 0.05). Generally, our results showed that adding 1000 ppm EU+0.2% BAG effectively controlled experimental Eimeria and C. perfringens coinfection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Previous studies in several species have demonstrated that dietary γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) supplemented can improve the growth performance, immunity, and antioxidant activity of animals. However, the effects of GABA on growing minks are not well documented. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of GABA on growth performance, immunity, and intestinal microbiota in growing minks, and to determine the optimal level of GABA supplementation for their development. The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on the growth performance, immunity, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal microbiota of growing minks. One hundred minks were evenly allocated across five groups, with each group consisting of 10 males and 10 females. The minks in these groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at 0 (control), 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg of diet, respectively. The experiment lasted for eight weeks. The results showed that GABA significantly affected immunity, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal microbiota (p < 0.05). Compared to the control minks, minks in 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg GABA group had greater total protein quantitative (TP), immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin M (IgM) content, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in serum as well as interleukin-4 (IL-4) level in jejunal mucosa (p < 0.05), and had less serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) content (p < 0.05). Furthermore, compared with the control, the supplementation of GABA at 30 mg/kg of diet improved average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p < 0.05), increased immunoglobulin G (IgG) content in serum, interleukin-10 (IL-10) and secreted immunoglobulin A (SIgA) levels in jejunal mucosa, and decreased jejunal mucosal interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels (p < 0.05). The weight and feed intake of males were higher than females, and the feed/gain ratio (F/G) was lower than females (p < 0.05). Males also had greater serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and GSH-Px activities, and jejunal mucosa IL-2, IL-4, IL-12, SIgA, and IFN-γ levels (p < 0.05), and males had less serum IgA, IgM, and T-AOC contents, and jejunal mucosal tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) level (p < 0.05). The results suggest that the supplementation of GABA at 30 mg/kg of diet can improve immune status and antioxidant capacity, and modulate the intestinal microbiota abundance of growing minks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of incorporating fermented feed into the post-weaning piglet diet, with a focus on its impact on the growth, health, serum markers, immune function, diarrhea rate, and microbial community of post-weaning piglets. Forty-two post-weaning piglets (Duroc × [Landrace × Yorkshire], castrated male), with good health and similar weight (11.40 ± 1.36 kg) at 40 days of age, were randomly assigned to two groups. Throughout the trial, one group received a standard diet (control group) while the other one was given a diet supplemented with fermented feed (experimental group), respectively. The findings revealed that compared to the control group, the post-weaning piglets fed with fermented feed showed increased daily weight gain. The fermented feed also led to an increase in the height of villi in the duodenum or jejunum of post-weaning piglets (p < 0.05), accompanied by an improved ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the experimental group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the fermented feed enhanced the richness and diversity of the intestinal microbial community in post-weaning piglets (p < 0.05), particularly increasing the relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae. These findings demonstrate that incorporating the fermented feed into the diet can reduce the diarrhea rate, improve growth performance, enhance immune function, and promote intestinal development in post-weaning piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the effect of polypropylene (PP) microplastics on the growth performance, hematological profile and oxidative stress responses in the liver and brain tissues of Oreochromis niloticus juvenile. The microplastic exposure was done by offering microplastic‐incorporated feed to the fish. The feed was prepared by mixing microplastics and the feed in three different ratios; Low (1.5 g/kg), Medium (3.0 g/kg), High (4.5 g/kg), and a control with no plastics in it. The trial was done for 7 weeks. A significant impact on the growth performance of the fish was observed in terms of body weight gain, specific growth rate, metabolic growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and energy retention. All the treatments had a significant difference in growth parameters compared to the control. The results of the hematological profile confirmed erythropoietic impairment in the fishes due to high microplastic exposure which led to an anemic condition in the fishes and mortality in the early juvenile stage. The antioxidant enzyme analysis also shows significant oxidative stress induced in liver and brain tissues in a dose‐dependent manner. Exposure to PP microplastics significantly affected the growth, health and metabolism of O. niloticus. Further studies on genetic and cellular levels should be done to elucidate the wide‐ranging effects of MPs on fish species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many countries, scientists have developed techniques and processing methods to minimize animal feed waste and costs. The agricultural waste from each part of the cassava plant is rich in macronutrients, essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals, making it a potential candidate to be used as animal feed. However, the significant content of anti-nutritional properties in cassava, which are linked with the indigestibility of the animal, led to controversy regarding the strategy to use cassava as highly commercialized animal feed. Among the anti-nutritional compounds found in cassava waste, cyanide was found to have the most negative effect on the animals upon feed consumption. Therefore, several strategies to maintain the homeostasis of nutrient and non-nutrient compounds improved the production and commercialization of cassava waste-based animal feed. Physical pretreatment, microbial pretreatment, and fermentation significantly reduced the cyanide content in the cassava waste. In terms of fermentation, solid-state fermentation of moist, solid, non-soluble organic material acts as a nutrient and energy source. Factors such as moisture content, particle size, temperature, pH, media composition, choice of microbial inoculum, and inoculum density were important to increase protein content, improve digestibility, amino acids, enzymes, and vitamins. The impact of using cassava waste as animal feed replacement was significant on the digestibility, growth performance, and changes in blood parameters of the animals. Despite the challenges in nutrient content and biological action, the accessibility and availability of cassava in different geographical areas also pose significant challenges. Therefore, applying technological advancements, particularly in enhancing the nutritional content and biological mechanisms, is important, with the implementation of advanced research and collaboration with industries and other stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the impact of dietary supplementation with Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MOLP) on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, meat quality, and cecum microbiota of Ningdu yellow chickens. A total of 300 78-day-old Ningdu yellow chickens with similar initial body weights were randomly distributed into five treatments consisting of six replicates of 10 birds. The control group (M0) was fed a basal diet, and the experimental groups were fed diets supplemented with 0.5% (M0.5), 1% (M1), 2% (M2), and 4% (M4) of MOLP, respectively. Our results showed that dietary supplementation with 2% MOLP significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the feed to gain (F/G) and showed a quadratic (p < 0.05) decrease with the level of MOLP. Dietary supplementation with 1~4% MOLP resulted in a significant increase (p < 0.05) in serum total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC). Furthermore, both serum T-SOD and T-AOC exhibited linear and quadratic increases (p < 0.01) in response to the supplementation with MOLP in the diets. Dietary supplementation with 1~4% MOLP significantly (p < 0.05) decreased serum uric acid (UA) level. Additionally, 4% MOLP significantly (p < 0.05) decreased triglycerides (TG), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, and showed linear and quadratic effects. The activity of lipase in the duodenum showed a linear decreasing trend (p < 0.05) with the level of MOLP, while the activities of α-amylase (both in duodenum and jejunum) showed a linear and quadratic increasing trend (p < 0.05). In addition, there was a linear decrease response in abdominal fat (p < 0.05) to MOLP supplementation levels in the diets. In terms of meat quality, dietary supplementation with 4% MOLP significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the L*45 min and L*24 h values of the breast muscle, and drip loss had a linear decreasing trend (p < 0.05). In terms of cecum microbiota, dietary supplementation with 1~4% MOLP significantly increased the Bacteroidota abundance but decreased the Firmicutes abundance (p < 0.05). Overall, dietary supplementation with MOLP improved the growth performance and meat quality of Ningdu yellow chickens through improving the antioxidant function, intestinal digestive enzyme activity, and the cecal microbial structure. The optimum level of MOLP in the diet of Nindu yellow chicken is recommended to be 2.59%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The current study aimed to investigate the effect of increasing β-mannanase supplementation in diets containing copra meal (CM) on growth performance, meat quality, liver health, intestinal morphology, and nutrient utilization in broiler chickens. Methods A total of 1,600 3-d-old Ross 308 broiler chickens (initial body weight±standard deviation = 43.3±1.08 g) were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatment groups with 8 replicates. One group was fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet (control). Other 4 diets were prepared by inclusion of 10% commercial CM in the control diet with 0, 400, 800, and 1,600 U β-mannanase/kg. Experiments lasted for 32 d. Results Birds fed the control diet had less (p = 0.001) feed conversion ratio (FCR) than those fed diets containing 10% CM without β-mannanase supplementation. Increasing supplementation of β-mannanase in diets containing 10% CM had no linear and quadratic effects on body weight gain, feed intake, and FCR in broiler chickens. The control diet had greater (p

Objective This study was conducted to determine the effects of capsaicin (CAP) on productive performance, blood profile, intestinal morphology, carcass and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs. Methods Two experimental diets were offered to 36 crossbred barrows: basal diet (0% CAP) and basal diet with CAP at 0.02%. Each experimental group consisted of 18 pigs, with six replications (three each). Results Supplementation of CAP at 0.02% decreased average daily feed intake (p = 0.003) and feed cost/gain (p = 0.056), increased return on investment (p = 0.052) and increased gain:feed ratio (p = 0.037) during the growing period. There was no effect of CAP on the growth rate. The blood urea nitrogen and nitrogen (N) levels in faeces tended to decrease (p = 0.093 and p = 0.087), whereas the basophil level increased with CAP supplementation (p = 0.029). In addition, dietary CAP supplementation decreased crypt depth (p = 0.022) and tended to increase the villus height/crypt depth ratio in the segment of the jejunum (p = 0.084). Backfat (BF) thickness (p = 0.047) was reduced by supplementing CAP. Whereas the protein content increased with CAP supplementation (p = 0.021). Using CAP in the diet of growing pigs increased the pH at 6 h post-mortem (p = 0.046) and tended to increase the springiness value (p = 0.078) of the meat. In terms of meat color, CAP supplementation increased the yellowness (p = 0.029). Conclusion Supplemental CAP improves gut morphology and blood profiles, consequently promoting productive performance as well as carcass and meat quality.

Myostatin is a member of the TGF-β superfamily and functions as a negative regulator for skeletal muscle development and growth. It has become the most targeted gene in aquaculture that used for selective breeding. Previous studies involved in genome editing in several fish species confirmed that CRISPR/Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) system was highly efficient with lower off-target effect, however, no reports were raised in Culter alburnus. In this study, we employed CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system to successfully disrupt mstn gene by co-injection with Cas9 protein and the targeted sgRNA in C. alburnus. Various Indel mutations were obtained with 82% knockout efficiency in the F0 generation by PCR sequencing. In addition, mutations in mstn that induced by CRISPR/Cas9 were detected in the F1 generation by individually mating the wild-type female with the F0 generation of mstn-KO male at sexual maturity. More importantly, the body weight and length were significantly elevated in mstn ± group when compared to those of the control. As expected in mstn ± group, the expression level of mstn was sharply reduced, whereas a slight increase was observed in two growth-related genes (myod and myog). Moreover, higher numbers of muscle fibers were observed in mstn ± group, meaning that growth performance in mstn ± individuals might be represented by increasing the number of muscle fibers. Taken together, our current study successfully obtained a site-specific modification of mstn using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and these results provided a new insight for facilitating topmouth culter genetic studies and breeding.

Abstract Background Nanotechnology has the potential to reduce drug dosage while increasing efficacy; thus, the current work intends to synthesize diclazuril nanoemulsion and assess its performance against experimental coccidiosis in broilers. Methods Diclazuril nanoemulsion (DZN) was formulated and characterized by zeta seizer and zeta potential. The formulated DZN was evaluated in vivo against Eimeria tenella infected chicks. DZN and DZ were used in 2 programs; therapeutic and prophylactic. A total of 210 one-day-old broiler chicks were distributed equally into six groups. The controls were negative uninfected untreated and positive infected untreated (G1 & G2). Therapeutic groups (G3 & G4) treated by DZ and DZN after appearance of the clinical signs of coccidiosis and continued for 5 days. Prophylaxis groups (G5 & G6) received DZ and DZN at 3 days before challenge and continued for 5 days after infection. The treatments dosages were 10 mg/mL for DZ of commercial origin and 2.5 mg/mL for the prepared DZN. All groups (except negative control) orally infected then followed up for clinical signs of coccidiosis, mortality rate, oocysts count, performance, hematological and biochemical parameters in addition to histopathological lesions. Results The therapeutic groups showed that both treated groups (DZ and DZN) revealed similar results including good body weight gain, a low lesion caecal score, a low daily and total oocyst shedding count, and a low mortality rate. Regarding the biochemical parameters, all parameters were affected during infection then restored after the 12th day post infection. However, in the prophylactic groups, showed mild clinical signs and the blood pictures and biochemical parameters were nearly like the control negative without infection. Conclusion DZN at a quarter dose of standard DZ produced the same outcomes as DZ at 10 mg/mL. Furthermore, DZN does not impair the typical safety of diclazuril in treated chicks.

Abstract The growing pressure and irreversible process of reducing and eliminating the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) has stirred research towards development of phytogenic feed additives (PFA) as future alternatives for profitability and sustainability of poultry enterprises. The experiment aimed to compare the effects phytogenic Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MO) vs antibiotic growth promoter on growth performance, carcass characteristics, lymphoid organ indices, intestinal lesions, bloody excreta, microbial population, mortality, and economic viability of broiler chicken. Day-old Cobb-500 (n = 1600) unsexed chicks were allotted 16 pens and randomly assigned to a control standard basal diet group containing antibiotic growth promoters zinc bacitracin (486 mg) and salinomycin (650 mg per kg of feed) (CON) or a basal diet + 1% MO (MO1) or a basal + 3.0% MO (MO3), or basal diet + 5% MO (MO5) in a completely randomised design. The experiment lasted for 35 days. Supplementation with MO in diets significantly decreased ADFI, ADG, and FCR (P

Abstract This study determined production performance, nutrient intake, digestibility, and carcass traits from ostrich chicks fed with barberry (Berberis Vulgaris) leaves (BVL) as a replacement for alfalfa hay (AH). For 150 days, 30 male ostrich (Struthio camelus) (9.10 ± 0.89 kg live weight, mean ± SD) were randomly grouped into five dietary BVL inclusion levels to replace AH: a control diet based on 100% AH (CTRL), and four groups with BVL as a substitute for AH at varying levels including 25% (BVL25), 50% (BVL50), 75% (BVL75), and 100% (BVL100). The average daily feed intakes (ADFI) were recorded and birds were weighed monthly. The nutrient intake and digestibility were measured for the following final 5 days of the trial. The ADFI was higher (p = 0.025) for BVL100 and BVL75 than for CTRL. Ostriches fed on BVL50 had the highest average daily gain (ADG, p = 0.025) and the lowest feed conversation ratio (FCR, p = 0.0001). Return per kg BW gain was also enhanced (p = 0.018) with BVL50 feeding. Dietary BVL levels did not affect the digestibility of OM (p = 0.257), CP (p = 0.260), EE (p = 0.610), CF (p = 0.427), and Ash (p = 0.461). Also, there were no changes in AME (p = 0.180) or AMEn (p = 0.670). The hot carcass weight (HCW, p = 0.331) and dressing BW (p = 0.237) were not affected. Overall, the results suggest that BVL can replace AH in ostrich diets without deleterious impact on performance, however, its partial substitution (for 50% AH of diet) has been associated with improved ADG, FCR, and reduced feeding costs.

Abstract Background After weaning, nursery pigs have difficulty digesting non-starch polysaccharides in their diets, which can result in growth and health problems. Among non-starch polysaccharides, β-mannan is easily found in various cereal grains that form the basis of livestock diets and interferes the digestion and utilization of nutrients. Supplementation of dietary β-mannanase in nursery diet can alleviate the negative effects on nutrient utilization efficiency caused by β-mannan and improve growth and health of pigs. This study was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary β-mannanase supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, fecal microbiota, and systemic immune responses of weaned pigs. Results Dietary β-mannanase (MAN) improved average daily gain (P = 0.053), average daily feed intake (P

Abstract Background Aquaculture, traditionally a form of biotechnology, has evolved to integrate innovative biotechnological applications, such as advanced feed formulations, aimed at improving the growth performance and health of farmed fish species. In the present study, the effects of feeding rainbow trout with novel feed formulations were investigated. Fish growth, gut and liver morphology, the concentration of fatty acids in the fillet, and volatile fatty acids in the gut were assessed. The study also validated scenarios from in vivo experiments using a nutrient-based model called FEEDNETICS™. This globally used model serves as a tool for data interpretation and decision support in the context of precision fish farming. Methods Alternative protein and oil sources, including poultry by-product meal (PBM) and natural algae oil, were explored as sustainable replacements for fishmeal (FM) and fish oil (FO). A 90-day feeding trial was conducted using rainbow trout, comparing two isoproteic, isolipidic and isoenergetic diets. The control diet contained 15% FM, 5% PBM, and 8% FO, while the test diet replaced FM with 15% PBM and 5% feather meal hydrolysate (FMH), and fully substituted FO with VeraMaris® natural algae oil and rapeseed oil. Results PBM successfully replaced FM protein without negatively affecting feed intake, growth performance or feed utilization in trout. The combination of PBM and natural algae oil was well tolerated by the trout and showed no negative effects on gut health. A detailed analysis of fatty acids in the fillet revealed that PUFAs of the n3 and n6 series were significantly higher in the PBM group than in the FM group. Values of fatty acid-related health indexes, including atherogenicity index, and thrombogenicity index, confirmed the high nutritional value of trout filet, thus representing a healthy product for human. In addition, the predictions using the FEEDNETICS™ indicated that the tested novel alternative formulations are economically viable. The validation of the model for fish growth resulted in a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 8%. Conclusions The FEEDNETICS™ application enhances our ability to optimize feeding strategies and improve production efficiency in the aquaculture industry. VeraMaris® algae oil and PBM could serve as viable and sustainable raw materials for fish feed, promoting environmentally friendly aquaculture practices.

Abstract Background Preventing post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) in weaned piglets is a crucial challenge in the swine production industry. The stress of weaning, dietary shifts from maternal milk to solid feed, and environmental changes lead to decreased microbial diversity, increased pathogen abundance, and compromised intestinal integrity. We have previously identified Lactiplantibacillus argentoratensis AGMB00912 (LA) in healthy porcine feces, which demonstrated antimicrobial activity against pathogens and enhanced short-chain fatty acid production. This research aimed to evaluate the efficacy of LA strain supplementation as a strategy to inhibit PWD and enhance overall growth performance in weaned piglets. Results LA supplementation in weaned piglets significantly increased body weight gain, average daily gain, and average daily feed intake. It also alleviated diarrhea symptoms (diarrhea score and incidence). Notably, LA was found to enrich beneficial microbial populations (Lactobacillus, Anaerobutyricum, Roseburia, Lachnospiraceae, and Blautia) while reducing the abundance of harmful bacteria (Helicobacter and Campylobacter). This not only reduces the direct impact of pathogens but also improves the overall gut microbiota structure, thus enhancing the resilience of weaned piglets. LA treatment also promotes the growth of the small intestinal epithelial structure, strengthens gut barrier integrity, and increases short-chain fatty acid levels in the gut. Conclusions The study findings demonstrate the promising potential of LA in preventing PWD. Supplementation with the LA strain offers a promising feed additive for improving intestinal health and growth in piglets during the weaning transition, with the potential to significantly reduce the incidence and severity of PWD.

ABSTRACT: Botanical extracts (BE; Apex, Adisseo) have demonstrated enhanced DMI and improved gut health, whereas direct-fed microbials (DFM), such as Lactobacillus acidophilus fermentation product (Excell [EX], Pacer Technology Inc.), have demonstrated improved gut health and growth performance of growing Holstein calves. The hypothesis was this combination may be synergistic to neonatal calf growth performance and intestinal health. Eighty 2- to 5-d-old Holstein bull calves were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 8 treatments arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial using a randomized complete block design. The main factors were milk replacer (MR) without (control) and with EX added at 5 g/d fed and calf starter (CS). The CS containing no additives (control); CS containing BE at 496 mg/kg; CS containing EX at 2.50 g/kg; and CS containing BE and EX at the same inclusion rates. The MR were fed 2×/d at 0630 and 1800 h along with free choice CS (amounts and orts weighed daily) and water. Weaning occurred after d 42 for the 56-d experiment. No MR by CS main effects interactions were detected for BW, ADG, CS intake, total DMI, feed efficiency, or body frame gain parameters. The BW gain (38.0 and 39.3 kg for control and EX, respectively) for MR main effect was similar for calves fed both MR treatments, whereas CS main effects (38.7, 39.7, 39.2, and 37.2 kg for control, BE, EX, and BE+EX, respectively) was similar among all CS. Gains in body length (10.6 and 10.8 cm), hip width (4.5 and 4.5 cm), withers height, (10.5 and 10.6 cm), heart girth (18.6 and 19.9 cm), and body length (9.1 and 7.9 cm) were similar for calves fed both MR, while CS main effects for hip height (10.5, 10.2, 10.3, and 10.9 cm), hip width (4.7, 4.6, 4.4, and 4.3 cm), withers height (10.7, 10.9, 10.3 and 10.6 cm), heart girth (19.9, 18.9, 18.9, and 19.4 cm), and body length (11.7, 9.1, 8.3, and 8.4 cm) were similar. Total days of a fecal score = 0 was greater for calves fed control MR and BE CS compared with calves fed control MR and the combination of BE+EX, with calves fed the remaining treatments being intermediated and similar. This study demonstrated little calf growth performance and health benefits when feeding a BE or EX alone or in combination compared with calves fed control treatments.

Abstract This 60-day study aimed to examine the efficacy of a diet supplemented with mandarin peel powder (MP) in enhancing the health and survival of Oreochromis niloticus under suboptimal temperature conditions (21 ℃). One hundred and eighty Nile tilapia fish (22.51 ± 0.04 g) were randomly distributed into four experimental groups; each of 3 replicates (15 fish per replicate). The first group (CONT) received a basal diet without MP. The second (MP10%), third (MP15%), and fourth (MP20%) groups were fed diets containing 10, 15, and 20% MP powder, respectively. At the end of the feeding trail, growth performance, serum growth hormone, α-amylase enzyme, lysozyme activity, nitric oxide, protease activity, globulin, serum levels of IL-1ß, antioxidant status, and intestinal histology were measured. The results showed insignificant differences between CONT, MP15%, and MP20% groups in the final body weight and specific growth rate. The growth hormones in the MP15% and MP20% groups did not show a significant difference compared to fish fed a normal basal diet (CONT). However, the amylase enzymes were significantly greater in both groups. The MP20% and MP15% groups showed a significant increase in antioxidant, lysozyme, nitric oxide, and protease activities compared to CONT. The results also showed that fish that were fed a diet with MP had significantly less of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta, and their intestinal villi got wider, especially in the MP20% group. It could be concluded that feeding tilapia on a diet with 20% MP is an effective strategy to improve their health when the temperature is below 21 °C. This is because the fish exhibit higher levels of antioxidant activity, reduced pro-inflammatory responses, and improved intestinal health without difference in the growth performance in compared to control group.

This research aimed to study the effect of supplementation of Lactobacillus brevis and a combination of Lactobacillus brevis and Enterococus faecalis on growth performance, bacterial population and serum biochemical parameters in broilers. A total of 200 one-day-old chicks were obtained from a local hatchery. They were divided into four groups: group 1 served as a control, group 2 received commercial probiotics, group 3 received Lactobacillus brevis, and group 4 received the combination. The main parameters measured through 6 weeks were body weight, food intake, food conversion ratio (FCR), blood total protein, albumin and cholesterol. In addition to enumeration of bacteria from cloaca and caecum. The results showed a statistically significant increase in body weight (26%) for the group receiving the combined supplementation compared to the control. Similarly, there was a significant increase in FCR for this group compared to the control. The results also showed an increase in the Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count in the caecum and a decrease in the total late count (TPC) and coliform count, showing the inhibitory effect of LAB. Also, there was a significant decrease in cholesterol and albumin level, while there was no difference between the different groups regarding protein level. The results showed that Lactobacillus brevis and Enterococus faecalis have a good potential to be used as probiotics in poultry.

Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) is one of the most economically important fish in the northern coastal areas of China. Recently, low salinity stress is an important factor influencing the development of the turbot industry. Lately, the industry has faced challenges posed by low salinity stress, a key factor influencing turbot development. Salinity fluctuations represent a crucial environmental stressor in aquaculture, impacting osmotic pressure and inducing abnormal energy metabolism. Our preliminary research had identified that low salinity stress contributes to lipid metabolism disorders in turbot. This study aims to investigate the impact of varying lipid concentration levels on the lipid metabolism disorders induced by low salinity stress. To achieve this, feeding experiments were conducted with different lipid concentration levels under low salinity stress conditions, determining the optimal lipid requirement for turbot to cope with reduced salinity. Three salinity gradients (10, 20, and 30) were employed, with four lipid concentration gradients (8%, 12%, 16%, and 20%) for each salinity group. The results revealed that at a lipid concentration of 16%, no significant difference in the growth performance of juvenile turbot was observed between the salinities of 20 and 30. However, the growth performance under a salinity of 10 was lower than that under salinities of 20 and 30. Notably, under a salinity of 10, the growth performance of juvenile turbot increased with higher lipid concentrations, reaching its peak at 20%, surpassing values under the salinities of 20 and 30. Regarding the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism, under the salinities of 10 and 20, the expression levels of genes related to lipid synthesis, lxrα, cyp7a1, and srebp-1, showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with increasing lipid concentration, particularly under the salinity of 10. The expression level of the 12% lipid group was higher than that of other groups and the expression level of the 20% lipid group was significantly lower than that of other groups (P < 0.05). In addition, under a salinity of 10, the expression levels of acc and fas also showed a similar situation. They were both suppressed in the 20% lipid group, and the expression levels were higher in the 12% lipid group. The expression level of the gene apoa-IV related to lipid absorption in the 20% lipid group under a salinity of 10 was markedly higher than that in other groups under the same salinity conditions (P < 0.05) and it showed a change with salt under the condition of 20% lipid concentration. The increasing and decreasing trends were contrary to the trends in other lipid groups. The aforementioned results show that after low-salt stress affects lipid metabolism, feeds with different lipid concentrations can alleviate the adverse effects of the stress from the perspectives of lipid synthesis and lipid absorption, and this mitigation effect is more reflected at the level of lipid absorption, thereby improving growth performance under low salt stress. The results reveal the adaptability of fish to low salt from the perspective of salinity affecting lipid metabolism, enrich the concentration of fish stress physiology, and provide theoretical and technical support for the breeding of low-salt tolerant turbot varieties.

Objective This study aims to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of coconut oil extract (COE) in broilers experimentally infected with velogenic Newcastle disease virus (vNDV). Methods A total of 150 broiler birds (day-old) were equally divided into five study groups i.e., negative control, positive control, COE-1, COE-2, and COE-3. On day 10, broilers of groups COE-1, COE-2, and COE-3 were supplemented with 1, 2, and 3 mL of COE respectively per liter of drinking water for 15 days. On day 13, 0.1 mL/bird (10−5.25 ELD50) of vNDV was inoculated in broilers of positive control, COE-1, COE-2, and COE-3 groups intramuscularly. During this study, growth performance, morbidity, and mortality rates of each study group were recorded. The antibody titer against NDV was determined on days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35. The levels of immunoglobulins (IgY and IgM) were also determined on the 7th, 14th, and 21st days post-sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) inoculation. On day 33, avian tuberculin was injected between the 1st and 2nd toes of the left side (intradermally) to measure lymphoproliferative responses. On day 35, the phagocytic activity in the blood was assessed through a carbon clearance assay by injecting carbon black ink into the right-wing vein. The visceral organs having gross lesions were also collected for histopathology. Results The COE significantly improved the growth performance, and lowered the morbidity and mortality rates of broilers. There was a significant rise in antibody titers against NDV and levels of IgY and IgM antibodies against SRBC in COE-supplemented broilers. The lymphoproliferative response and phagocytic activity were also enhanced. Among COE-supplemented groups, the broilers of the COE-3 group showed a significant increase in growth performance and boosted immune defense. Conclusion Coconut oil extract has the potential to boost the growth performance and immune status of broilers. It can be used effectively as a feed additive and alternative to antibiotics to prevent the spread of infectious poultry pathogens.

Objective This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of replacing concentrates with cassava root-top silage (CARTOS) on feed intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation, blood parameters, and growth performance of beef cattle. Methods Twenty crossbred bulls with a body weight (BW) of 226±56 kg were randomly assigned to one of five treatments for 90 d in a randomized complete block design having four blocks based on BW. The concentrates were replaced by CARTOS at levels of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% dry matter (DM). Animals were fed dietary treatments at 1.8% BW, with rice straw offered ad libitum. Results The DM and crude protein (CP) intake were decreased (p

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Tropical peatlands play a crucial role in the global ecosystem. These distinctive ecosystems are frequently regarded as peripheral areas that are not suitable for agricultural purposes. Peatlands serve as efficient carbon storage systems in a consistent climate, however, they are vulnerable to alterations. This study focuses on analyzing the dynamic of peatland use land cover changes, its driver and impact on green house gas emission, and rehabilitating degraded peatlands in Jambi province, Indonesia, specifically in the Bram Itam and Londerang peat forest reserves. This study was depicted into 3 objectives consisted of 1) Utilize spatial analysis to examine the dynamics of peatland use change and the trajectory of peatland use, as well as to identify the drivers behind these changes; 2) describe the effects of altering peatland utilization; and 3) describe seedling performance planted on the peatland forest of Jambi province, as Tanjung Jabung Barat and Tanjung Jabung Timur.METHODS: Land-use and land-cover change analysis was carried out utilizing various map resources. Cellular Automata-Markov is employed to forecast forthcoming land cover alterations by evaluating the likelihood of land cover transitions throughout a given period. Planting trials using native peatland tree species were conducted at 2 locations with 2 different rehabilitation models following social typology of the sites.FINDINGS: Key findings indicate that peatland conversion to non forest use significantly increases greenhouse gas emissions, while rehabilitation with native tree species shows promising results in carbon sequestration. Peatland use land cover alteration in anthropogenically disturbed peat areas significantly contributes to emissions through peat decomposition and fires. Biophysical analysis reveals variations in peat depth, water table levels, and precipitation between these sites. The two locations exhibit notable disparities in terms of peat soil attributes, such as potential of hydrogen, nutrient composition, and exchangeable cations. This study examines the growth performance of several native tree species that were planted on degraded peatlands. Native peatland tree species like Shorea balangeran, Ilex cymosa, and Fagraea crenulata show promising survival and growth rates. Areca nut (Areca catechu), a non native peatland species, was planted for non-timber forest product purposes. This study delivers significant insights for policymakers looking to strike a balance between economic priorities and environmental conservation.CONCLUSION: Land use change that results in the degradation of peatlands must be avoided because it will be a source of greenhouse gas emissionsThe selection of suitable indigenous tree species holds significant importance in the restoration of peatlands, taking into account ecological, social, and economic considerations. The findings support potential for wet agroforestry and paludiculture to restore peatlands, mitigate carbón dioxide emissions, and enhance livelihoods while emphasizing the need for inclusive governance and technical capacity.

Pogostemon cablin essential oil (PEO), extracted from P. cablin, has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-stress properties, as well as the ability to improve gastrointestinal digestion. This study aims to evaluate the effects of PEO on the performance, rumen epithelial morphology, and barrier function in heat-stressed beef cattle. Thirty-six male Jingjiang cattle at 18 months old were randomly assigned into four groups and fed a diet containing PEO at 0 (control), 50, 100, or 150 mg/kg in the feed concentrate (n = 9). All experimental cattle were fed under high temperature and humidity in summer for 60 days. The results indicated that 50 mg/kg of PEO treatment enhanced the average daily gain of beef cattle compared with the control group (P = 0.032). All PEO treatments reduced the diamine oxidase activity (P = 0.004) and malondialdehyde content (P = 0.008) in serum. In addition, the content of 70 kDa heat shock protein in the 100 mg/kg group was increased, and the activity of glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidant capacity in both 100 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg groups were enhanced compared to the control group (P