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R2+ (R = Ca, Ba) and B2O3-modified waste soda-lime glass's immobilization of Cs is investigated using product consistency tests. The introduction of Ca2+ and Ba2+ to waste glass can inhibit the diffusion motion of Cs+ in glass network, and thus reducing the leaching concentration of Cs+. The excessive addition of Ca2+ to waste glass produced the crystallization of CaSiO3 and Ca(Si2O7)B2O phases and worsened the ability to immobilize Cs. When B2O3 exists as [BO4] units in glass, the normalized leaching concentration of Cs+ is decreased, the existence of [BO3] units in glass can diminish its ability to immobilize Cs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an innovative infill wall is proposed and examined experimentally and parametrically. The proposed wall has an innovative design and is constructed with lightweight concrete strengthened by waste glass. The proposed wall not only demonstrates robust performance against out-of-plane loading, but also exhibits exceptional behavior under elevated temperatures. Additionally, the necessary equations used to predict the wall's behavior are also presented. The results reveal that glass powders affect weight loss. During the initial temperature application, ranging up to 600 °C, specimens with 0% and 8% glass powder experienced maximum and minimum weight loss, respectively. At 200 °C, glass powder concentrations below 4% caused a reduction in compressive strength, f c ′ , while concentrations between 4% and 8% led to an increase in f c ′ . Consequently, the optimal glass powder volume was determined to be 6% for specimens under varying temperature conditions. The out-of-plane loading tests indicated that although the wall was exposed to heat up to 800 °C, the resistance did not decrease significantly. Given its role as a non-load-bearing wall without the application of gravity, this innovative structure is anticipated to perform admirably in fire scenarios during seismic events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recycling economy and the re-utilization of solid waste have become important parts of sustainable development strategy. To improve the utilization rate of waste glass, glass powder high-strength cementitious material (GHSC) was prepared by replacing part of the cement in the cementitious material with ground waste glass powder. Firstly, the effect of glass powder particle size on the flexural and compressive strength of GHSC was investigated by the gray correlation method, and the optimal grinding time was obtained. Additionally, the effect of the magnitude of steam curing temperature and the length of steam curing time on the compressive strength and flexural strength of GHSC was investigated, and the mechanism of the effect of the curing regime on the strength was explored by examination of the microstructure. Finally, to simplify the curing process of GHSC, the effects of Ca(OH)2 and Na2SO4 as excitation agents on the compressive strength and flexural strength of GHSC at different dosing levels were compared. The results showed that glass powder with a particle size of less than 20 μm would improve the compressive strength and flexural strength of the specimen. Steam curing can significantly improve the flexural strength and compressive strength of GHSC specimens. At a steam curing temperature of 90 °C for a duration of three days, the compressive strength and flexural strength of GHSC increased by 76.7% and 98.2%, respectively, compared with the standard curing specimens. Ca(OH)2 and Na2SO4 as excitation agents significantly enhanced the compressive and flexural strengths of GHSC under standard curing conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretically, glass can be recycled entirely, but there are several requirements for remanufacturing. For the first time, this work studied industrial bottle waste glass (WG), which cannot be used to remanufacture new glass as a cement replacement for concrete applications. Wet and dry milling treatments were performed to reduce the particle size of WG and remove fibre and plastic contaminants. The different waste glasses treated were characterised by chemical, physical, and morphological analysis. Afterwards, mortar-level studies followed, using raw WG and wet-milled WG (AGWG) as a 10% Portland cement replacement. Mechanical and several durability indicators were assessed. WG and AGWG incorporation improved mortar performance against water capillary absorption, chloride ingress, and alkali–silica reaction. The unfavourable effect, namely, mechanical strength loss on glass-modified mortars, was mainly due to fibre contaminants observed by SEM on WG and AGWG samples. Even though wet milling reduced the amount and length of the fibre contaminants, it still did not guarantee adequate mechanical strength for the mortar. Thus, additional or alternative treatments, such as thermal treatments, must be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of Portland cement (PC) is associated with carbon emissions. One-part geopolymer "just add water" is a user- and environmentally-friendly binder that can potentially substitute PC. However, there is limited research on the setting time, fresh, and strength properties of one-part metakaolin (MK)-based geopolymer concrete (OMGPC) incorporating recycled aggregates. Hence, the study explored the fresh, mechanical (compressive, flexural, splitting tensile, and E-modulus) and microstructural properties of ambient cured (7-, 28-, and 90-day) OMGPC containing recycled waste plastics (RESIN8) and recycled fine waste glass aggregate (FWG) at 5% and 10% by volume of the sand. The study result shows that 2% trisodium phosphate by wt. of the binder retard the initial and final setting times of OMGPC. At the same time, the incorporation of RESIN8 and FWG aggregates improved the workability of geopolymer concrete. The lightweight properties of RESIN8 aggregate reduce the hardened density of OMGPC, while the FWG specimens show a similar density to the control. The compressive strength of RESIN8 and FWG OMGPC range from 19.8 to 24.6 MPa and 26.9 to 30 MPa, respectively, compared to the control (26 to 28.9 MPa) at all curing ages. The flexural and splitting tensile strength of the OMGPC range from 2.2 to 4.5 MPa and 1.7 to 2.8 MPa, respectively. OMGPC is a viable alternative to Portland cement, and FWG can substitute sand in structural concrete by up to 10% and RESIN8 aggregate at 5% by volume of the natural sand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper research is a comparative study on the effect of the glass powder (GP) substitute from collected and recycled glass waste, as a fine partial cement replacement on the mechanical performance and durability of high performance concrete (HPC) and ordinary concrete (OC). For this two cement dosing were used of 400 kg/m3 to formulate OC and 450 kg/m3 to formulate HPC, and GP as considered binder like cement and not as fine addition, hence binder represent the sum of cement with GP (L=C+GP) with which will be made our two concretes formulation. Two ratios were used for the Water/Binder (W/B), the first W/B=0.35 for the HPC and the second W/B=0.5 for the OC, this ration is very important to fix the concentration of superplasticizer. A percentage of 10% and 20% substitution of cement CPA without additions noted CEM I 52.5 by the glass powder with fineness of 3600 cm 2/g are used. The evaluation of the compressive strength was followed from 7 to 365 days in order to study the behavior of the GP at different ages affected by the cement dosing and the ratio W/B compared to the reference concrete without GP for the two concretes HPC and OC. At 28 days the strengths of concretes with GP is affected by the replacement of a quantity of cement since the two reference concretes were superior but beyond this age an inverse behavior is noticed such that results obtained at age of 365 days seem to be advantageous in terms of savings in the quantity of cement used by interpreting the compressive strength, and the decrease in quantity of water in the mixtures offers a remarkable difference between the two concretes studied by using 20 % of GP as replacement of cement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Produced added-value glass-ceramics without using chemical additives. • Predicted the crystallisation behaviour of the glass-ceramics. • Anorthite was formed and transformed into wollastonite in glass-ceramics. • The incorporation of waste glass densified and refined the pore structure. Disposal of waste glass and incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA) in landfills is a waste of resources and poses significant environmental risks. This work aims to recycle waste glass and ISSA together to form value-added glass-ceramics. The physical and mechanical properties, leaching behaviour, and microstructure of the glass-ceramics produced with different proportions of waste glass powder (WGP) and ISSA were investigated. Thermodynamic calculations were performed to predict the formation of crystalline phases and the phase transformation involved. The results showed the potential of WGP and ISSA as raw materials in glass-ceramics production. WGP effectively densified the microstructure of the glass-ceramics by forming a viscous phase. As WGP content increased, the total porosity of glass-ceramics decreased whereas the density increased, accompanied by the formed anorthite transforming into wollastonite. The incorporation of WGP densified and refined the pore structure of the glass-ceramics, thereby improving the mechanical properties and reducing the water absorption. The glass-ceramics produced with a 50:50 blend of WGP and ISSA exhibited the highest compressive strength of 43.7 MPa and the lowest water absorption of 0.3 %. All fabricated glass-ceramics exhibited innocuous heavy metal leaching. The co-sintering of ISSA and WGP can produce additive-free glass-ceramics, characterized by reduced energy consumption and notable heavy metal immobilization capacity. These materials hold promise for utilization in construction as building materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite numerous studies conducted on the potential of waste materials as cement substitutes, the resistance of mortars comprising such blended cementitious materials against acidic environments has seldom been investigated. This paper presents an investigation into the potential of waste glass powder (WGP) as a replacement for cement in enhancing the mechanical, and durability of cementitious materials subjected to acidic environments. The study examines the impact of WGP on the resistance of mortar to hydrochloric acid solution attack, with specimens containing 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% WGP produced as cement substitutes. The tests were conducted on the cement mortar and paste after water curing for 7, 14, 28, 42, and 56 days. Initially, the pozzolanic activity index assessment, fresh density, water absorption, and compressive strengths during water curing times were evaluated. Subsequently, the performance of mortars, when subjected to hydrochloric acid solutions, was assessed, including mass loss, residual compressive strength, visual inspection, and microstructure features during 8 weeks of immersion in hydrochloric acid. The results of the study indicated that the incorporation of WGP led to improved hydrochloric acid resistance in the mortar. Furthermore, an increase in WGP content resulted in a reduced reduction in compressive strength against hydrochloric acid attacks as the ages progressed. The study revealed that the mortar containing 5% WGP as a cement substitute had the highest compressive strength compared to other specimens, and using 10% WGP as a supplementary cementitious material was comparable to the control mixture. Finally, the x‐ray diffraction pattern indicated that the specimen containing 5% WGP had a lower intensity of portlandite peaks than the reference specimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The rising concern for the environment and the need for a sustainable economic model has stimulated experimentation in the field of construction materials, notably in replacing certain components from cementitious materials with construction and demolition waste. The main objective of this study is to replace a significant proportion of natural aggregates with glass waste, in the composition of plastering mortars, and to observe the evolution of physical–mechanical characteristics in the fresh state: apparent density, consistency, and segregation tendency, and in the hardened state: apparent density, flexural strength, compression strength, and adhesion to the substrate, across time, at 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. SEM and EDX tests were also performed to observe the microscopical characteristics. The experimental program studied four types of plastering mortars: the reference mortar—CS IV, and three mortars in which aggregates have been replaced with glass waste in the following proportions, by mass: 15%, 30%, and 45%. Results obtained on fresh properties (apparent density and consistency) indicate a decrease in values as the percentage of glass increases, with the exception of the mortar with 30% aggregated glass replacement. The flexural strength and the compressive strength were improved by replacing 30% of the aggregates with glass waste and were not significantly impacted by a replacement of 15%. Mechanical properties decreased at a replacement level of 45%. All glass aggregate mortars had lower adhesion strength to the brick substrate than the reference mortar by up to 70%. SEM and EDX analyses showed the morphology of the studied mortars and the processes taking place to increase mechanical strength. Further research directions are proposed, including studying the glass particles, the occurrence of alkali–silica reactions, durability, and improvement of adhesion to the substrate, for progressing towards the most viable, locally sourced, waste-containing plastering mortar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass is considered a sustainable material with achievable recovery rates within the EU. However, there are limited data available for construction glass waste management. Furthermore, glass is a heavy material, and considering the geographical limitations of Cyprus, the transportation trading cost within the EU is extremely high. Therefore, another method for utilizing this by-product should be developed. The aim of this research is to investigate the production of a low-cost, lightweight and fireproof material able to retain its structural integrity, using the geopolymerization method with the incorporation of randomly collected construction glass waste. The glass waste was initially processed in a Los Angeles abrasion machine and then through a Micro-Deval apparatus in order to be converted to a fine powder. Mechanical (compressive and flexural strength), physical (setting time and water absorption) and thermal properties (thermal conductivity) were investigated. The fire-resistant materials presented densities averaging 450 kg/m3 with a range of compressive strengths of 0.5 to 3 MPa. Additionally, a techno-economic analysis was conducted to evaluate the viability of the adopted material. Based on the results, the final geopolymer product has the potential to be utilized as a fire resistance material, preventing yielding or spalling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to develop a sustainable concrete matrix using industrial waste materials, including marble powder, waste glass sludge (WGS), and crumb rubber from tire waste. The mechanical properties of the newly designed concrete mix, such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength, were evaluated. The results showed improvements in compressive strength by 5%, split tensile strength by 4%, and flexural strength by 5%. Besides, a statistical two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a threshold of less than 0.001 was used, and the residual error was found to be low (4.09), both in terms of lack of fit and pure error. This research proposes a new model to assess the sustainable performance of the newly developed concrete matrix. Data was collected from 21 academic professors and structural engineers, and hypotheses were tested using partial least squares structural equation modelling. The Design Expert software was deployed to check its hypothesis, and the Smart PLS software was deployed to measure data validation. The findings demonstrate that a sustainable concrete matrix positively influences sustainable performance. The proposed model offers valuable insights for decision-makers and engineering managers, highlighting the benefits of adopting sustainable materials to enhance overall sustainability performance. Incorporating marble powder, waste glass sludge, and crumb rubber was beneficial in terms of mechanical strengths and microstructure. Overall, this research contributes to the goal of reducing CO2 emissions in the cement industry and provides practical recommendations for incorporating sustainable materials in construction practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The repair of concrete structures is increasing in prevalence. Conventional repair mortars are expensive materials rich in Portland cement (PC) and other organic and inorganic components that question their economic efficiency and carbon footprint. Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) are an eco-friendly alternative to PC that possess properties desirable for repair mortars. The article presents the mix design, mechanical, bond, and shrinkage properties of alkali-activated binary mortars intended for structural concrete repair. Mix optimisation based on mechanical properties of repair mortar and utilisation of glass waste (GW) is presented together with total and restrained shrinkage, pull-off bond tests, and life cycle assessment (LCA) for selected configurations. Results demonstrate good compressive and flexural strength, exceeding 45 N/mm2 and 7 N/mm2, an excellent pull-off bond strength (1.8–2.3 N/mm2) of the alkali-activated mortar to the concrete substrate, in spite of extensive shrinkage, with an order of magnitude of a couple of thousands of microstrains, which is also reported. Shrinkage appears to increase with the increase of the applied GW in the mixture. LCA revealed that alkali-activated mortars have up to 54% lower CO2 eq. emissions compared to PC-based repair mortar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of red mud in the geopolymer production is an attractive method for managing this waste. However, the processing steps usually applied, such as drying and grinding, can significantly increase the material processing costs, and consequently increase the cost of the final product. In this study, geopolymers were developed using red mud "in natura" (non‐processed slurry) and glass waste powder. Parameters including SiO2/Al2O3 ratio (4, 5, and 6), NaOH solution (6, 8, and 10 M) and curing duration (10, 28, and 56 days), were examined to understand the extent and degree of geopolymerization. Compressive strength tests were performed along with the analysis of their microstructural characteristics using quantitative x‐ray diffraction (QXRD) analysis based on Rietveld's refinement method, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermal analysis (TG and DTA). As a result, higher SiO2/Al2O3 ratios and NaOH solution concentrations generally lead to greater compressive strength, which ranges from 9.7 to 43.1 MPa. Microstructural and compositional analyses demonstrated that the final products consist of an amorphous geopolymer binder, crystalline phases originating from raw RM and a neoformed phase, Garronite. This study showed that the RM without any processing step displays a high potential in the geopolymer production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to promote the sustainable use of resources and reduce the waste of waste glass and tailings resources. The present study focuses on a fluorite mine as the research subject, utilizing coarse tailings, fine tailings, cement substitute-curing agent, and recycled waste glass as the primary raw materials. It investigates the changes in compressive strength of coarse tailing with varying sand- binder ratios and glass content at 3-day, 7-day, and 28-day intervals when the filling slurry concentration is set at 77% and the ratio of coarse tailings to fine tailings is maintained at 2:1. The findings indicate that there is minimal impact on the compressive strength of test blocks when using a sand binder ratio of 4:1 and a glass sand content below 10%. However, once the glass sand content exceeds 10%, a significant decline in compressive strength occurs. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images reveal ettringite crystal formation in test blocks with both 0% and 25% glass sand content due to high levels of Na2O in the glass sand. This leads to internal expansion within test blocks resulting in reduced strength. Notably, when using a sand-binder ratio of 8:1 along with a glass sand content of 25%, early strength characteristics are observed for test blocks. Furthermore, incorporating glass sand has little influence on late-stage strength for backfill when employing either an 8:1 or 12:1 sand-binder ratio. Based on this experiment conducted under conditions including mass concentration of 77%, the optimal waste-glass-to-mine-tailings-filling-sand-binder-ratio is determined as 8:1with a corresponding glass content of 25%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The remediation of water from organic pollutants, such as dyes and related compounds and the reuse of discarded glasses, represents fundamental challenges in highly industrialized countries. Porous glass microspheres have been proposed as efficient adsorbents in wastewater treatment, but their real application is problematic, especially from the perspective of their reuse and recycling. For the first time, the present paper describes the process of preparation and use of highly porous bodies with a specific surface area of nearly 20 m2/g fabricated from alkali activated glass microspheres and applicable for the removal of methylene blue as a model organic dye from wastewater. Alkali activation is applied both as an intermediate step (using 9 M KOH) for the conversion of waste glass into porous microspheres by flame spheroidization process, and as a final step (using 2.5 M NaOH), facilitating low temperature consolidation of the microspheres, and their transformation into porous structures. The experimental adsorption capacity of porous glass microspheres pellet was 122 mg/g. The high correlation coefficient indicates the applicability of Langmuir isotherm adsorption model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) is widely used as an interlayer material in laminated glass applications, mainly in the automotive industry, but also for construction and photovoltaic applications. Post-consumed laminated glass is a waste that is mainly landfilled; nevertheless, it can be revalorized upon efficient separation and removal of adhered glass. PVB interlayers in laminated glass are always plasticized with a significant fraction in the 20–40% w/w range of plasticizer, and they are protected from the environment by two sheets of glass. In this work, the aim is to develop a thorough characterization strategy for PVB films. Neat reference PVB grades intended for interlayer use are compared with properly processed (delaminated) post-consumed PVB grades from the automotive and construction sectors. Methods are developed to open opportunities for recycling and reuse of the latter. The plasticizer content and chemical nature are determined by applying well-known analytical techniques, namely, FT-IR, TGA, NMR. The issue of potential aging during the life cycle of the original laminated material is also addressed through NMR. Based on the findings, a sensor capable of directly sorting PVB post-consumer materials will be developed and calibrated at a later stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the effects of powder waste glass (PWG) at 10%, 15%, and 20 wt.% replacement of cement on the flow characteristic, setting time, compressive strength, water sorption, rate of the heat of hydration, cumulative heat of hydration; alkali-silica reaction (ASR), and microstructure characteristics of the resulting paste and mortar mixtures. A total of eight cementitious mixtures including two control mixtures have been investigated in this experimental program to evaluate the effect of PWG on the fresh and hardened state characteristics of paste and mortar mixtures. Test results show that the incorporation of PWG in the cementitious mixtures results in significant enhancement of their microstructure, increase in compressive strength, improvement in moisture barrier characteristics, and considerable reduction in the rate of the heat of hydration and cumulative heat of hydration. Up to 20 wt.% replacement of cement with fine PWG is seen to be innocuous from the standpoint of ASR. Furthermore, the use of PWG in paste results in delaying the initial and final setting times and increases the flow characteristic of the mortar mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium oxide from discarded eggshells and waste soda-lime-silica were utilized in this study to make wollastonite (CaSiO3) based glass-ceramics. The calcium oxide and silica were made using the melt-quenching process and sintered for 2 hours at 700 to 1000 °C. The XRD data verified that the wollastonite crystalline peak appeared at high sintering temperatures, with crystalline phase values of 39.74%, 47.37%, and 48.91% as the sintering temperature increased at 800-1000°C, respectively. Additionally, crystalline size and phase have no obvious change at 800-1000°C, where the intensity has increased by the sintering temperature. The FTIR spectra revealed the wollastonite phase vibration at the wavelength of 501, 650, 715, 808, 931, and 2129 cm-1. Additionally, the FTIR spectral confirm the Si-O-Ca vibration band at the wavelength of 650 cm-1. For the optical sample, the value of indirect allowed transition with n=2 is the ideal value of the optical band gap based on a band gap rise from 3.89 to 4.23 eV with increasing sintering temperature. The value n=2 which is the indirect allowed transition is the optimal value of the optical band gap based on the value increase from 3.89-4.23 eV as the temperature increase. The synthesis approach introduced the low-cost method, recycle approach, simple and yet uses cheap starting materials for fabrication of wollastonite glass-ceramics product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concrete is a fundamental construction material, widely used due to its durability and versatility. However, enhancing its mechanical properties, such as strength, while simultaneously addressing sustainability concerns remains a significant challenge. This study presents a novel approach to optimize concrete mix designs by incorporating waste glass particles, using a Hybrid Swarm-Intelligent Gravitational Search Optimized Random Forest (SIGSORF) model. The primary objective is to improve the strength assessment of concrete while reducing environmental impact through waste glass utilization. The first step in the study is to examine the physical and chemical characteristics of waste glass to see if it may somewhat substitute traditional pebbles in the manufacturing of mortar. Then clean the data and preprocess for use in training and validating the SIGSORF model. The SIGSORF model is designed to intelligently select proportions of waste glass and other concrete components to maximize compressive strength and flexural strength while minimizing environmental impact. The experimental results are then compared with predictions made by the SIGSORF model, demonstrating its effectiveness in optimizing concrete mix designs for improved strength. Ultimately, this study promotes the utilization of waste materials in construction, fostering a more environmentally responsible and economically viable concrete production approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study utilized machine learning (ML) techniques to investigate the effects of eggshell powder (ESP) and recycled glass powder (RGP) on cement composites subjected to an acidic setting. A dataset acquired from the published literature was employed to develop machine learning-based predictive models for the cement mortar's compressive strength (CS) decrease. Artificial neural network (ANN), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), and linear regression (LR) were chosen for modeling. Also, RreliefF analysis was performed to study the relevance of variables. A total of 234 data points were utilized to train/test ML algorithms. Cement, sand, water, silica fume, superplasticizer, glass powder, eggshell powder, and 90 days of CS were considered as input variables. The outcomes of the research showed that the employed models could be applied to evaluate the reduction percentage of CS in cement composites, including ESP and RGP, after being exposed to acid. Based on the R2 values (0.87 for the ANN, 0.81 for the KNN, and 0.78 for LR), as well as the assessment of variation between test values and anticipated outcomes and errors (1.32% for ANN, 1.57% for KNN, and 1.69% for LR), it was determined that the accuracy of the ANN model was superior to the KNN and LR. The sieve diagram exhibited a correlation amongst the model predicted and target results. The outcomes of the RreliefF analysis suggested that ESP and RGP significantly influenced the CS loss of samples with RreliefF scores of 0.26 and 0.21, respectively. Based on the outcomes of the research, the ANN approach was determined suitable for predicting the CS loss of mortar subjected to acidic environments, thereby eliminating lab testing trails. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of waste in the production of building materials is one of the possible ways to solve problems related to the sustainable management of non-degradable waste and difficult-to-recycle secondary resources. In this paper, a method is proposed for the non-autoclave production of an ultra-lightweight cellular concrete based on Portland cement, glass waste and liquid glass. A mixture of sodium hexafluorosilicate and hydroxide is used as a hardening activator, an aluminum powder serves as a gas-forming agent. The setting and hardening of raw mixtures occurs under the action of exothermal heat release due to a complex of chemical reactions occurring in the system, and the resulting material does not require additional heat treatment. It is optimal to use two fractions of glass waste to achieve acceptable material strength: coarse crushed (fineness modulus Fm = 0.945) and finely ground (specific surface Ssp = 450–550 m2/kg) glass. Glass particles of the fine fraction of glass, along with Portland cement, participate in hydrolytic and structure-forming processes, while glass particles of the coarse fraction play the role of reinforcing filler. The influence of the dispersion of glass and the density of liquid glass on the density, porosity, strength, water absorption and water resistance of the resulting cellular material was determined. At an average density of cellular concrete in the dry state of 150–320 kg/m3, the following characteristics can be achieved: a compressive strength up to 2.0 MPa, bending strength up to 0.38 MPa, thermal conductivity coefficient of the material in the range 0.05–0.09 W/(K·m), and a maximum operating temperature of 800 °C. The proposed ultra-lightweight cellular concrete can be used as a non-combustible heat and sound insulation material, as well as a repairing composition; the cellular concrete blocks can be used as filling masonry and for the construction of non-bearing internal walls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales is the property of Universidad Autonoma Chapingo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fiberglass is a waste generated in the construction materials industry, which is not dangerous for the environment, but long-term and very long-term storage is expensive. Finding a method of reuse as in creating a useful composite material led to the research work in this study. The impact of waste fiberglass and furnace slag on the characteristics of novel composite materials was examined in this study. The density and mechanical properties of the composite samples were examined to determine the impact of waste fiberglass (WFG) concentration in it. Washed river aggregates were replaced with WFG in various ratios in our laboratory tests. Concrete class C16/20 was utilized, having 0.35–0.7 w. % WFG and 2–10% slag. The obtained material was evaluated for density, workability, and compressive strength. The experiments were carried out in an accredited concrete station laboratory. The density of the resulting materials decreased as the WFG content was increased. The densities were higher than the witness sample, ranging from 2358 to 2405 kg/m3. The findings show that adding WFG and slag to concrete has a positive impact on its characteristics. With the addition of WFG, the mixture became more non-homogenous, but these characteristics can be optimized in future. Because of the differential in density between WFG and natural coarse aggregates, the fresh density of obtained composites dropped as the percentage of WFG increased; this could be an advantage, as the newly obtained material became lighter. The findings show that adding waste to concrete has a detrimental impact on its qualities. The introduction of blast furnace slag up to 5% does not modify the compressive strength, compared to the reference samples, but 10% slag causes a decrease in compressive strength of 4.2%. A proportion of 0.25% WFG causes a slight increase in mechanical strength; therefore, 0.25% WFG and 5% slag increased the compressive strength, the maximum value being obtained for a composite with 0.25% WFG, 5% slag, 5% sand and aggregates. Capitalization of WFG and slag resulted in significant economic and environmental benefits by reducing waste storage costs and production costs, and advantages resulted from the new material.

Modern consumption patterns have led to a surge in waste glass accumulating in municipal landfills, contributing to environmental pollution, especially in countries that do not have well-established recycling standards. While glass itself is 100% recyclable, the logistics and handling involved present significant challenges. Flint and amber-colored glass, often found in high quantities in municipal waste, can serve as valuable sources of raw materials. We propose an affordable route that requires just a thermal treatment of glass waste to obtain glass-based antimicrobial materials. The thermal treatment induces crystallized nanoregions, which are the primary factor responsible for the bactericidal effect of waste glass. As a result, coarse particles of flint waste glass that undergo thermal treatment at 720 °C show superior antimicrobial activity than amber waste glass. Glass-ceramic materials from flint waste glass, obtained by thermal treatment at 720 °C during 2 h, show antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli after just 30 min of contact time. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was employed to monitor the elemental composition of the glass waste. The obtained glass-ceramic material was structurally characterized by transmission electron microscopy, enabling the confirmation of the presence of nanocrystals embedded within the glass matrix.

With the rapid expansion of industrial and civil construction, the demands for concrete and its production has increased significantly, resulting in massive wastage. An effective strategy to recycle solid waste involves its aggregation for producing concrete. In this study, through two layers of mortar and concrete, the changing rule and influence mechanism of waste-glass particles on the mechanical properties and permeability of recycled aggregate pervious concrete (RAPC) were analysed. The results indicated the efficacy of using waste-glass particles instead of natural river sand in promoting hydration and enhancing the calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) content, thereby improving the compactness and pore structure of concrete. Specifically, the strength of RAPC increased with an increase in waste-glass particle content, whereas the permeability exhibited a reverse trend. When the replacement rate of waste-glass particles is 100%, the compressive strength of RAPC peaks at 24.19 MPa, which is approximately 66.48% greater than that of pervious concrete manufactured using natural river sand, and its permeability coefficient is 0.63 mm s−1, which meets the requirements set for pervious concrete. Faced with limited availability of natural mineral resources, the substitution of fine aggregates with waste-glass particles is conducive to sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silica, a principal component of waste glass powder (GP) reacts with calcium hydroxide to form the hydration products, and the process is affected by the fineness of GP and the percentage of cement replaced. This study investigates the structural behavior of concrete incorporating GP in reinforced concrete members by 0%–25% (by weight) replacement of cement with GP along with 0%–0.45% addition of glass fibers (GFs). The compressive and tensile strengths, strength activity index (SAI), and failure mode of treated concrete mixtures have revealed the optimum values as 15% replacement of cement with GP with 0.3% of GF. In the second stage of experiment, reinforced concrete beams were cast at various percentages of GP and GF to investigate the load–deflection response. It was observed that the beam specimen treated with GP exhibited considerably less mid‐span deflection (14.8 mm) at failure as compared to the control beam (with no GP and GF) which failed at 29.4 mm. The beam specimen treated with GP only showed significant degradation in stiffness after the peak load due to the fact that a part of GP remains unreacted and acts as a filler. Moreover, the beam specimen cast at optimum percentages of GP (15%) and GF (0.3%) showed large mid‐span deflection and higher failure load as compared to the control beam. These results suggest that the partial replacement of cement with GP should be accompanied by the addition of fibers to avoid unwanted brittle responses of GP concrete, with the additional advantage of reducing the non‐biodegradable waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expansive clay soils, characterized by their propensity to undergo significant volume changes in response to moisture variations, present considerable challenges in construction engineering. These challenges manifest as structural damage, including fractures, asymmetrical settlements, and erosion. This study investigates the application of sustainable waste materials, specifically a mixture of plastic and glass waste, as an innovative approach to soil stabilization. In the context of Anbar, Iraq, laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of incorporating plastic and glass waste in various proportions (0%, 4%, 5%, 6%) into clayey soil. The primary focus was to assess changes in geotechnical properties, notably the reduction in swelling potential and alterations in the maximum dry unit weight of the soil. Results indicated that the inclusion of waste materials in the specified proportions significantly mitigated the soil's swelling behavior, with reductions of 2%, 3%, and 5% observed for the respective waste content. Concurrently, enhancements in soil density were recorded, with increases in the maximum dry unit weight by 4%, 5%, and 9% corresponding to the same proportions of waste additives. These findings underscore the potential of using recycled waste materials in soil stabilization, aligning with environmental sustainability goals through the repurposing of waste. Additionally, this approach offers an economically viable alternative to traditional stabilization methods. The utilization of waste materials not only addresses the environmental impact of construction activities but also contributes to the broader goal of waste management and resource conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geopolymers, known for their enhanced resistance to aggressive environment, are the subject of a new study to further increase their resistance by incorporating various raw materials. This research investigates the influence of waste glass content on the properties of alkali-activated binders exposed to an aggressive environment. The waste glass, replacing slag and metakaolin, was added in varying amounts ranging from 0 to 30 mass%. Sodium water glass, in the mass ratio of 4:5 to the binder, was used as the alkaline activator. The resistance to acid attack was assessed by immersing mortars in a sulfuric acid solution. The samples underwent analysis for appearance, mass and longitudinal change, compressive strength, and loss of alkalinity. Phase composition and microstructure were analysed using X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy techniques. Acid and water leachate was analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The findings of the study revealed that incorporating waste glass content up to 20 mass% reduced porosity and affected the formation of gypsum. Gypsum results from the reaction between the binder and sulfuric acid and contributes to the surface deterioration of the specimens. Consequently, this research demonstrates that waste glass incorporation in the mix design can enhance the resistance of geopolymers to sulfuric acid, thus extending the service life of concrete structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The porous compound generated from the reaction of 4-[tris(4-carboxyphenyl)methyl]benzoic acid (H4MTB) with actinide Th in simulated high-level radioactive waste can adsorb Ru, which can separate Th and Ru by more than 68.1 and 37.3%, respectively, in simulated high-level radioactive waste. The waste liquid before and after separation was vitrified with borosilicate glass and iron phosphate glass. The composition and morphology of the glasses were characterized by XRD, SEM and ICP‒OES, and the product consistency test was used to measure the chemical durability of the glasses. The chemical stability and waste loading of the glasses after the separation of actinide and noble metal elements was significantly improved. This work is of great significance for the recovery and utilization of actinide and noble metal elements in high-level radioactive waste and the optimization of the vitrification process of radioactive waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discovering new processing routes to put waste to use in the manufacturing of high-value products is essential to the success of the circular economy. A glass polishing waste containing 16.4% PbO, 0.672% ZnO and 7.296% rare earth elements (REEs) oxides was subjected to this work. The current research looked into the feasibility of adopting a sequential three-stage leaching procedure to selectively recover Pb, Zn, and REEs from hazardous glass polishing waste (HGPW). First-stage leaching with 1 M H2SO4 at 80 °C for 90 min extracted 75–99.9% of contaminant heavy metals such Fe, Ni, Co, and Cu, leaving behind insoluble residue containing the metals of interest. In the second stage of leaching, the sodium hydroxide solution extracted Pb and Zn from the first spend residue. Using shrinking core models, we were able to assess the kinetics of lead and zinc dissolution. The activation energy was determined to be 32.16 kJ/mol for Pb and 34.59 kJ/mol for Zn. In the final step, the REEs were extracted from the dried alkali-treated residue by leaching it with concentrated H2SO4 at higher temperatures. For the technological recovery of Pb, Zn, and REEs from glass polishing waste, a flow chart was created. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soils are the most commonly used construction material in engineering projects. Fine-grained soils especially clayey soil may expand and lose strength when wet and shrink when dry, resulting in a significant volume change. Construction on weak soils has created challenges for various civil engineering projects worldwide, including roadways, embankments, and foundations. As a result, improving weak soil is vital, particularly for highway construction. The properties of this type of soil can be improved by waste-recycled materials such as waste glass (WG). The WG must be crushed and ground to a fine powder first and then can be mixed in various proportions with the soil. The primary objective of this study is to review the effect of WG on geotechnical properties of finegrained soils treated by WG. To demonstrate the effects, the treated fine-grained soils at varying percentages of WG are compared with untreated soils. Physical properties (e.g., Atterberg limits, swelling, and maximum dry density), mechanical properties (e.g., California bearing ratio, and unconfined compressive strength) are evaluated. The test results from the literature show that adding a certain percentage of WG leads to a substantial effect on the properties of fine-grained soils; hence, using WG could reduce the required thickness of subbases in the construction of driveways and roads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of curing method on the compressive strength of waste glass powder as a supplementary cementitious material. This work presents an experimental study on the physico-mechanical characterization of waste glass powder (GP) as partial replacement of special cement (Algerian cement without additions CPA) based high performance cementitious material, varying the percentage of GP by 10%, 20% and 30% (by weight of cement), the curing methods: water curing at 20± 2 °C and heat curing by under accelerated drying in an oven at 100 °C (stoving). Half of the mortar samples 40x40x160 mm were treated with stoving just after demolding then kept in the open air, the other half was kept in fresh water in order to evaluate their sustainability and index of Poozolanic Activity (I) at different ages: 7, 28, 90 and 365 days. The compressive strength results showed that there is an increase in compressive strength with the increase in age of the two curing methods but the strength of all mixtures which have been stoved is inferior to those of the same mixtures preserved in fresh water at different ages. The best rate of replacement of the cement by GP is 20% following the results obtained for the compressive strength and Poozolanic Activity Index I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste glass is an endless issue for the majority of the countries in the world with a linear economy of usage of materials. Demolition waste is counted as part of total construction and demolition waste (CDW). Even today, there are some statistical problems with the quantification of demolition waste and dividing it from total CDW, since most countries do not provide such a division of waste types. The current review shows possible ways of utilizing waste glass in some useful products in the construction industry. It is elaborated using PRISMA@ methodology with bibliometric and qualitative methods to provide a systematical overview of the publications in the period from 2000 to 2023. The bibliometric search was handled with the application RStudio© using sources in the biggest database, Scopus. Most of the published research items are mainly focused on using waste glass in concrete applications. However, there are seven possible areas of waste glass application in the construction industry: concrete products, gypsum–cement composites, asphalt or concrete pavement, geopolymer mortars, foamed glass ceramics, glass ceramics, and soil foundation strengthening/stabilization. In its turn, the circular economy should be applied since it provides a prolonged turnaround of materials throughout their life cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a glassy borosilicate compound was synthesized using recycled glass and natural clays. Even though glass recycling is the generally accepted standard practice for managing glass waste, fine fractions of container soda-lime glass or cullet of other compositions are still disposed of in landfills. Thus, advanced upcycled products that offer greater economic motivation for implementation in industry may be the key to success, but these are frequently linked to alternative methods of product synthesis. Here, a simple and facile route of borosilicate compound production has been synthesized and characterized. The physicochemical characterization of the compounds was carried out to determine their properties and the antibacterial efficacy of the synthesized compound against Escherichia coli (E. coli) was investigated. The structural and spectroscopic characteristics were identified as a compound that conformed to quartz, cristobalite, and silicon hexaboride (SiB6). For the antibacterial activity, two test types were typically performed; in the first one, the dilutions of the grind were combined with chloramphenicol at a concentration of 20 µg/mL to perform a synergistic action against the bacteria and in the second one, only the amorphous borosilicate compound was tested against E. coli ATCC 25922 strains. The treatments applied considered the dilutions from 8 to 40 µg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) sensitivity tests began with incubation at 37 °C in the tubes and subsequent seeding in Petri dishes for colony-forming unit (CFU) counting. The results obtained indicated that the samples possessed a productive antibacterial effect, which support their use in various biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass waste contributes about 5% of the total solid waste generated worldwide that ends up in landfills without recycling resulting in considerable environmental harm. In this research, Waste Glass Powder (WGP) was studied to be used as a supplementary material substituted with sand in the concrete mix. The concrete mixes were prepared by replacing the natural sand with WGP in weight proportions of 10% to 50%, with a 10% increment to examine the mechanical effect of WGP addition on concrete performance in the fresh and hardened status. The concrete mixes were tested to evaluate the compressive strength for curing ages 7, 14, 21, 28, 56, and 90 days. Splitting tensile strength was also tested for curing at ages of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The obtained results showed a notable decrease in workability value for all concrete mixes with WGP addition. Also, the addition of WGP decreases the compressive strengths of all concrete mixes. However, the WGP enhanced the splitting tensile strength by about 12%. It has been concluded that the WGP can be used as a substituted material replaced with sand up to 30%, which was the optimum replacement ratio based on the Iraqi required specifications. By using this ratio, the compressive strength was decreased by 18% at 28 days of concrete curing age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines the study undertaken regarding the usage and impacts of different particle sizes of Waste Glass Powder (WGP) when used as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Through utilization WGP as a cement substitute, the mechanical and physical attributes, compressive strength and workability of concrete were assessed. The glass has been sieved from #200 sieve which has size of 74 Î?m and also sieved from #325 sieve which has size of 44 Î?m for a partial substitute of cement. To compare the WGP-replaced concrete's properties to reference specimens with no replacement at all, WGP was used to substitute 20% of the Portland cement in the concrete. The control samples were created following the IS-10262-2009 standard to reflect a goal of 30 Mpa, and cylindrical samples were fabricated, subjected to curing, and assessed for workability and compressive strength at intervals of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after its casting. In conclusion, when the WGP particles are smaller, concrete becomes more workable and has a higher compressive strength then concrete with bigger particle sizes of WGP and control samples with no replacement. The findings of this study led to the conclusion that WGP's cementitious properties are acquired by its finer particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Using blended supplementary cementitious materials in the production of concrete has a contribution to make in reducing cement consumption, as well as having a negative environmental impact. The main objective of this study was to investigate the mechanical and microstructural properties of bamboo fiber-reinforced concrete containing a blend of waste marble powder (WMP) and waste glass powder (WGP) as a partial replacement for cement. To achieve these objectives, the physical and chemical properties of concrete ingredients were studied. The design mix was done as per the American Concrete Institute (ACI) mixing procedure by using 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% blended WMP and WGP as a replacement for cement and 0.75% bamboo fiber as an addition. The mechanical tests were conducted after samples were cured for 7 and 28 days in water. The microstructural properties of the hardened concrete from three different mixes were also determined for the 28-day cured specimens. The study result indicated improvement in compressive strength, shear stress, and bond stress at M2 (10%), whereas maximum splitting tensile strength was achieved at M1 (5%). Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a denser microstructure, whereas X-ray diffraction (XRD) illustrated portlandite, calcium aluminum silicate, quartz, and calcium silicate hydrate as common phases of the concrete structure. Eventually, the experimental finding implied that using a 10% blend of WMP and WGP as a partial replacement for cement and 0.75% bamboo fiber improves fresh and hardened concrete properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the possibility of immobilizing nuclear waste by natural metamorphic granite, the phase, microscopic morphology, elemental distribution and the structural evolution of the final waste form were studied. The maximum loading capacity of natural metamorphic granite to simulated nuclear waste (CeO 2) can reach 23 wt %, with half of Ce4+ is reduced to Ce3+ at high temperatures. The mechanical stability of the glass is well kept after waste doping, and the normalized leaching rate of Ce of waste forms is ∼10−6 g/(m2·d) after 42 d. The results indicate that natural metamorphic granite is a stable host matrix for nuclear waste immobilization, which contributes to environmental protection. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incorporating multi-solid wastes to prepare foam glass ceramics could effectively improve the utilization rate of solid wastes, beneficial to promoting the crystallization and bloating of samples. In this study, foam glass ceramics were prepared by a one-step sintering method using waste glass (WG), granite tailings (GT), and high titanium blast furnace slag (HTBFS). At the same time, the phase transformation, sintering, and physical properties of the samples were studied. The results showed that the sintering of foam glass ceramics consisted of three stages: sintering densification, bloating, and bubble coalescence. The low-temperature melting of WG created a favorable liquid phase environment to precipitate microcrystalline phases, such as wollastonite, diopside, and titanite. Adding HTBFS helped crystallize the sample, but increased the viscosity of the system, not favorable for bloating. When the HTBFS content was <15%, the physical properties of the samples were as follows: a bloating temperature of 980–1100 °C, crystallinity of 0%–38.9%, porosity of 48.5%–60.2%, water absorption of 0.6%–1.2%, compressive strength of 9.3–22.6 MPa, and thermal conductivity of 0.31–0.43 W/(m·K). Consequently, the foam glass ceramics prepared in this study can be used in the field of structural insulation of buildings and has significant economic and social benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The limited availability of natural resources, such as sand, and the need to reduce CO2 emissions, which are produced in large quantities in the production of binding materials, indicate the need to look for alternative raw materials used in construction materials. At the same time, there is a strong need to utilise waste packaging materials, the global production of which is constantly increasing. This work aims to investigate the possibility of using recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET), utilised as a partial substitute for fine aggregate, and waste glass, implemented as powder, serving as a partial substitute for cement in the manufacturing of the cementitious composites. An experimental study was carried out to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of the resultant cementitious composites. The incorporated PET aggregate comprised 0%, 5%, and 10% by volume of silica sand and 0%, 10%, and 20% glass powder by weight of cement. The addition of waste raw materials augmented the flow of fresh mortars, predominantly subsequent to the introduction of PET recyclate. The deployment of artificial aggregate in mortars induces a decrease in the volumetric density. Concurrently, the mechanical properties of mortars enriched with waste materials exhibited a reduction, in terms of both compressive and flexural strength, with the detriment escalating in conjunction with the content of waste raw materials. An analysis of statistical significance of effects, grounded in an analysis of variance, is delineated within this document, pinpointing the quantities of waste raw materials that can be assimilated in mortars without inducing a substantial deterioration of strength properties. Through studies on phase composition, it has been demonstrated that the utilised glass waste, possessing a grain size analogous to cement, exhibited poor pozzolanic properties. The test results indicate that it is possible to partially replace cement with glass powder, up to 10%, and fine aggregate with PET waste, up to 5%, without a significant reduction in the mechanical properties of the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A glass foam (GF) of high specific compressive strength (12.17±1.91 MPa g−1 cm−3) and low thermal conductivity (.121±.001 Wm−1 K−1) was produced from waste glass of photovoltaic module, eggshells, and bentonite clay. The influences of the amount of clay and heat‐treatment temperature on the GFs final properties were assessed. X‐ray diffraction results and the data of microscopic analyses demonstrated that addition of clay affected the structure and porosity of the GFs, and consequently their mechanical properties. On the basis of the mechanical property (density), the GF that composed of 80% waste glass, 10% clay, and 10% eggshell at the sintering temperature of 900°C was the best. The GFs reported in this study could serve as promising insulators in situations where high load support is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explores the feasibility of using recycled materials from display glass electronic waste (DGE-waste) in the production of cementitious mortars as a granular corrector for dune sand and as a cementitious addition. The effects of the DGE-waste replacement ratio (5–20% with 5% steps by weight of three types of dune sand from three different regions) on the engineering properties of reinforced cementitious composite were experimentally investigated to assess the performance of dune sand mortar. The results show that the incorporation of DGE-waste in dune sand mortar can increase the mechanical strengths (flexural and compressive) by up to 35% and 43%, respectively, and improve the dynamic modulus of elasticity by at most 12% as compared with the control mortar, as well as decrease open porosity by up to 28%, which reduces micro-cracks and voids. When cement is replaced with 15% recycled DGE-waste, the mechanical strength and dynamic modulus of elasticity, as well as open porosity and absorption, are decreased by 4–7% and 17–20%, respectively. Considering the environmental impact and engineering properties, the optimal percentage of DGE-waste incorporation is 15% for cement replacement and 20% for dune sand replacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of the refractory lining in glass melters used for nuclear waste vitrification is critical to the melter reliability for long-term continuous operation. Monofrax® K-3, a high Cr2O3 fused cast refractory material, has been widely used to build the liners of nuclear waste glass melters in the United States. Corrosion behaviour of Monofrax® K-3 refractory has been evaluated based on crucible-scale testing, inspection of the refractory components following scaled melter testing, and inspections of the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) melter refractory after service. The literature generally consists of empirical models based on short-term testing to describe refractory corrosion dependence on glass composition. Corrosion data from tests with longer testing times, at various temperatures, in the presence of molten salts, and with different redox reactions in the plenum atmosphere exist, may be insufficient to provide accurate refractory service life estimates. Additionally, the corrosion data collected under actual and scaled melter operating conditions are limited. Recommendations to achieve more direct correlation between the laboratory refractory corrosion data predictions and the observed melter service life are discussed to allow for more accurate predictions of the useful life of melter refractory linings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]