Search

The paper describes the background of the European Harmonized Reference Value for the cubic meter of Natural Gas at high pressure, which is in use in Germany, The Netherlands and France since May 4th , 2004. The harmonization process began on November 1st , 1999 between Germany and The Netherlands and has been finalized on May 4, 2004 due to the incorporation of the French LNE to the Harmonized Reference Value. The outcome was named: “Harmonized European Natural Gas Cubic Meter” as realized by three independent National Metrology Institutes. The prerequisites of the harmonization process, underlying procedures, results obtained so far and the mutual benefits will be pointed out as well as the economic consequences for the European market as well as for the international user. The paper shows the degree of equivalence between the three participating NMIs PTB, LNE and NMi-VSL. Under auspices of the BIPM (International Bureau for Weight and Measurers) as well as the CIPM (International Conference for Weight and Measures), which is the highest metrological authority worldwide, so called Key Comparisons (KC) have been conducted to get international reference values for all quantities of interest. Among these KCs, the flow area is of economic importance and Key Comparisons for natural gas flow at high pressure and larger flow rates have been conducted successfully. The outcome of such a KC is the international Key Comparisons Reference Value (KCRV), which is then considered to be the worldwide best available realization of Natural Gas Flow at high pressure. These KCs have been conducted among the National Primary Standards of all nations worldwide, represented by their National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) and have been finalized in December 2004 and the KCRV has been approved by the BIPM in April 2005. It turns out at last that the international recommended reference value is exactly the same as the above mentioned European Harmonized Reference Value.Copyright © 2005 by ASME

Adjuvant activity of novel, synthetic sucrose derivatives towards a recombinant glycoprotein was determined in large, non-rodent animal species. Compared to antigen alone, up to 3000-fold higher virus neutralizing antibody titres (VNTs) and 10-fold higher cellular responses against classical swine fever virus were observed in pigs after two immunizations with the sucrose derivatives combined with a squalane-in-water emulsion. The chemical composition of the derivative was crucial and sucrose esters containing one sulphate and seven dodecanoic (C12) or decanoic (C10) esters exerted the highest adjuvanticity. Derivatives without sulphate, with fewer fatty acid esters or with shorter or longer alkyl esters were less effective. Strong adjuvant activity of these formulations was the result of synergistic collaboration between the sucrose ester and the squalane emulsion, as factor of increase in VNT by the individual components was between 4 and 34. Enhanced humoral and cell-mediated immune responses lasted for at least 24 weeks. We concluded that combinations of hydrophobic, negatively-charged sucrose fatty acid sulphate esters plus submicron emulsions of squalane-in-water are strong adjuvants for humoral and cell-mediated immunity and that these formulations are promising adjuvants for future vaccines containing poor immunogens.

Over the last fifteen years, an unusual combination of space technologies coupled with traditional archaeology has given insight into the ancient southern Arabian frankincense trade, including the discovery of the lost "city" of Ubar in present day Oman. Continued research indicates a series of desert caravansaries to the west in modern Yemen. Pliny, the ancient Roman historian, reports that there were "octomansiones" (eight fortresses, or mansions) along the desert frankincense trade route. The authors present work seeks to document this, and illuminate the poorly known civilization which supported frankincense trade. They presently have Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) coverage of most of southern Arabia. They also have geographically discontinuous SIR-C and ERS coverage. At present they also have publicly released quicklook SRTM data for the border area between Yemen and Oman, and eagerly await full coverage with SRTM topographic data. Topographic data will provide critical insight into trade routes and fortresses with regards to water sources and routes from the coast and mountains, where people lived, to the interior desert. Given the nature of this research, comprehensive geographic coverage provided by SRTM and Landsat are a fundamental requirement.

This is a preliminary report on the authors' collaborative work with an ongoing archaeology project undertaken by the East Asian Archaeology Center, Boston University, and the Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS-IA). Since 1990, that project has sought to locate and investigate sites of the early Shang Dynasty (ca. 2000-1500 BC), including the site of the first hang capital and ritual center, Great City Shang. The research area centers on Shangqiu Xian (or Shang-ch'iu Hsien) at the far eastern end of Henan Province in the North China Plain, an area that has been blanketed by alluvial deposits from the Yellow River as its course has wandered across eastern Henan during the past four millennia. As a result, this part of the North China Plain-home of a number of the most important of China's early civilizations-is poorly known archaeologically, a situation that can be significantly improved with the application of a variety of remote sensing technologies. Rapid economic development in the area demands more efficient archaeological prospection before important sites are lost to development. The authors have assembled radar data from JERS, Corona reconnaissance image data, several Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper data sets, SPOT images, and most recently they have acquired 8 new Landsat 7 data sets of the region. Initial remote sensing efforts include standard image processing and analysis methods. They also seek sites related to early copper mining and other infrastructural elements to this early culture using Landsat band ratios and a new vegetation removal algorithm. A highly speculative application of radar data involves InSAR measurements seeking potential elevation changes related to differential swelling/shrinking of soils with moisture content.

We analyzed the role of diffusion and cell size on the flux control properties of the glucose-PTS of Escherichia coli, in silicon cells under various metabolic conditions. To our surprise, the influence of the concentration of phosphoryl-donor PEP on the distribution of control was small. We found for cells of bacterial size that PTS-flux control was mainly located in processes taking place in the membrane and that diffusion hardly controlled the flux (2.8 %). Enlargement of the cells shifted the control from membrane to cytoplasm and from process rates to diffusion rates, the latter now having a total control of about 38 %. In the presence of glucose, nearly all diffusion flux control resided in the component that links the cytoplasmic processes to those in the membrane.

To explore the implementation of patient oriented activities, the perception of an innovation aimed at implementation of patient education and the preconditions for implementation of this innovation among Dutch pharmacists.A survey, based on Roger's theory of diffusion of innovations, was carried out among a random sample (n = 300) of Dutch managing pharmacists.Reported activities regarding patient education, medication surveillance and drug therapy meetings, as well as perception of the innovation and its perceived compatibility with pharmacy practice.The response rate was 49.3%. Hundred (84.7%) respondents reported to provide extra written and verbal information with first prescription medication. Medication surveillance (100% check by computer, and check of the lists by the pharmacist) was reported by 43 (36.4%), and complete participation in drug therapy meetings was reported by 57 (48.3%) respondents. Observability (or results to others) of the new strategy was perceived as important by 90 (77.6%), compatibility (perceived consistency with existing values, past experiences and needs of potential adopters) by 87 (76.4%) and trialability (degree to which an innovation may be experimented with) by 81 (69.8%) respondents. Relative advantages (perception of the innovation as being better) and complexity (relatively difficult to understand and use) of the innovation were perceived as important by less respondents. The preconditions that were met by most pharmacists were 'financial resources' (n = 70; 59.8%), 'enough workspace' (n = 61; 53.1%) and 'enough time' (n = 58; 50%). Fifty-eight (49.2%) respondents intend to adopt the innovation, but this intention would be higher when more time and money and technicians are available, as well as less situations that are experienced as barriers (rush hours, lack of support, illness of employees).Based on the definitions used, we conclude that the implementation of medication surveillance and drug therapy meetings is relatively low compared to patient education. The development of an implementation tool is justified, but should deal with the experienced preconditions, barriers and needs of pharmacists. Combined, comprehensive pharmacy interventions promise to be a good way to change pharmacy practice.

Patient education activities in pharmacies are receiving much attention. These activities are relatively new and implementation requires individual and organisational change in pharmacies. The aim of this study is to identify barriers and facilitators to the implementation of patient education in community pharmacies and to classify these barriers and facilitators into the diffusion stages of Rogers’ ‘Innovations in Organisations’ model [Rogers, EM. Diffusion of innovations. 4th ed. New York: The Free Press, 1995]. Six focus group interviews, three with pharmacists and three with pharmacy technicians (total n=38) were carried out. The initiation phase has been dealt with by community pharmacies, whereas the implementation phase has not. The barriers and facilitators in the redefining/restructuring stage were mainly related to the organisation of patient education. In the clarifying and routinizing stages, barriers were related to repetition and knowledge transfer. The facilitators in these stages relate to performing and talking about patient education. Interventions for implementation of patient education should aim at these barriers and facilitating factors.

In this study two models are integrated for the simulation of sediment distribution and quality in the Lake IJsselmeer area. STRESS-2d, a two dimensional dynamic model for simulation of sediment transport due to resuspension, erosion, sedimentation and horizontal advection and dispersion is used to simulate the sediment transport dynamics for a period of one year. The model is calibrated on water level, suspended solids concentration and sedimentation flux measurements. The model has a high spatial and temporal resolution. The model DIASPORA, which is based on STRESS-2d results, simulates the effects of sediment transport on morphology and contaminant concentrations in the sediment for a period of decades. DIASPORA also simulates dilution by internally produced CaCO3 and consolidation of sediment layers. The models produce a reasonable reconstruction of suspended solids concentrations and long term accumulation of sediments in deep areas within the lake. Also the temporal and spatial variability in the contaminant concentration in sediments in Lake IJsselmeer is reconstructed with sufficient quality. Model simulations show that internal redistribution of old deposits in the IJsselmeer area and internal production of CaCO3 are diluting the contaminated solids supplied by the river IJssel.

The location of the legendary city of Ubar, a desert caravansary which supported the ancient and lucrative frankincense trade, has likely been found at the edge of the Arabian Peninsula's Empty Quarter in modern day Oman. Legend was that Ubar perished in a sandstorm as divine punishment for wicked living. Actually, much of the fortress collapsed into a sinkhole, perhaps undermined by extensive ground water withdrawal used to irrigate the surrounding oasis. The archaeological site was located by an unusual combination of historical research and the application of space technology in support of traditional archaeology.

The data crisis in scenario studies embodies topics such as (i) the relevance of existing data for current and forthcoming models; (ii) deciding on the use ofexisting soil data or sampling new data ; (iii) the sensivity of models to several sources of uncertainty in model inputs and consequences for data sampling; (iv) pragmatic approaches to the data crisis; and (v) the presentation of uncertain model results. In all these topics, the magnitude of the data crisis with respect to any parameter is a function of the spatial and temporal variability of this parameter, and of the sensivity the simulation model shows to this variability. The five topics are addressed using case studies and literature rev iews for illustrative purposes. Conclusions drawn with respect to the above topics, are : (i) soil data have merely an identification function when used with conceptual models, but have an estimation function too with implemented models; (ii) existing soil data may not be representing soil bodies unbiasedly, in which case probability sampling in combination with simulation modelling is a proposed method to select representative data based on soil behaviour; (iii) an uncertainty analysis of a model is a useful method to obtain sampling priorities; (iv) Pragmatic solutions to the data cris is exist in the field of exogenous model inputs, model initialisation and obtaining values for process parameters; (v) the presentation of results of scenario studies in terms of probabilities enables the incorporation of the effects of several sources of uncertainty and hence is a powerful method to be further developed.

A Sagnac interferometric based strain sensor has the potential to measure strain of less than 100 microns over distances of 10 km or more. By incorporating these strain sensors into telecommunication grade fiber otic cable it would be possible to monitor earth movement to high accuracy over very long links at low cost on a continual basis. This technique would be extremely complementary to systems based on the Global Positioning Satellite and Satellite based radar imaging. The potential exists for incorporating the system directly into the local, regional, and national fiber optic telecommunication infrastructure, which would for the first time allow widespread data on earth movement to be obtained. This information would be useful in studying precursory deformation related to earthquake and volcanic activity, landslides, movement of land due to river outflows, and other earth movement features that directly impact the environment. This system could be used to reduce risks in hazardous waste site areas, to monitor strain o power and telecommunication lines, to monitor potential damage due to earth movement of utilities and buildings, and the movement of oil platforms at sea due to river outflows reducing oil spillage risks.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

To identify the main factors contributing to light attenuation in Lake Veluwe (The Netherlands) data collected by several authors are reviewed. To evaluate the effects of a lake restoration program, which started in 1980 and included reduction of the phosphorus load and flushing of the lake, we analyzed changes in the chlorophyll, organic and inorganic tripton concentrations and the vertical attenuation coefficient. Using multiple regression techniques, a linear model relating the vertical attenuation coefficient to the chlorophyll, organic and inorganic tripton concentration was calibrated. Using both this model and the observed changes in the concentration of light absorbing or scattering components it is shown that the Lake Veluwe restoration program resulted in a drastic reduction of the contribution of algae to light attenuation in Lake Veluwe. From a situation in which algae were the major factor determining light attenuation, Lake Veluwe developed to one in which the organic and inorganic tripton concentration, together with a background contribution due to water itself and dissolved humic acids did so.

D. M. Hollenback* and G. A. Blom* Boeing Commercial Airplane Group Seattle, Washington 981 24

In shallow, wind exposed lakes, the light conditions, the cycling of nutrients, heavy metals and organic micro-pollutants and changes in the local composition of the sediment top layer can be dominated by resuspension/erosion of bottom sediment and sedimentation of suspended solids. A 2 dimensional model for Sediment Transport, Resuspension and Sedimentation in Shallow lakes (STRESS-2d), based on an existing transport model, is discussed. In the model, mass balance equations for the water compartment and the bottom sediment are solved numerically. Up to 7 sediment fractions can be taken into account, each having a specific set of resuspension/erosion and sedimentation parameter values. Several options for modelling the changes in the bottom sediment composition are available.

In lake Marken (Markermeer), a shallow lake in the Netherlands, sediment transport and suspended solids concentration are dominated by wind induced resuspension of sediment. The suspended solids concentration in the lake determines the attenuation of light. A 2-dimensional sediment transport model, STRESS-2d, was used to estimate the spacial distribution of the silt content for periods with different wind conditions. The model was calibrated using measured values of the fall velocity distributions of sediment, freshly deposited material and suspended solids. The specific light attenuation coefficient of the various sediment classes was also measured and used in the light attenuation model, CLEAR, together with simulation results from the STRESS-2d model, to simulate the light attenuation variations in time and space. By comparison of the simulation results for different scenarios, the influence of regional planning features on the sediment balance and the light attenuation can quantified. A provisional example of this method is presented.

Chronic immune activation is strongly associated with Human Immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) disease progression. Here, we have investigated the state of T cell immune activation, as well as T cell responses to hepatitis C virus (HCV), in patients with HCV/HIV-1 co-infection on effective anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Co-infected subjects displayed elevated immune activation as determined by CD38 expression in both CD4 and CD8 T cells, as compared to mono-infected control groups. HCV-specific T cells in response to HCV antigens tended to be stronger in the co-infected patients with a more pronounced IFNγ profile by CD8 T cells and this group also had higher HCV loads at baseline. Patients who reached a sustained virological response to peg-interferon-α and ribavirin treatment displayed significantly lower pre-treatment levels of chronic T cell activation and a trend towards stronger HCV-specific T cell responses, as compared to patients who failed to clear. Data suggest a link between high levels of chronic immune activation, poor adaptive immune responses and HCV treatment failure in HCV/HIV-1 co-infected subjects. We suggest that the high level of chronic immune activation may provide a clue as to why patients co-infected with these viruses in general display faster viral disease progression. This work was supported by the Swedish Research Council, SIDA and the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare.

The use of satellite-derived imagery for measuring subresolution horizontal terrain displacments associated with present-day earthquakes is discussed with reference to data from the French SPOT satellite whose sensor array provides 10-m panchromatic imagery. The measured terrain displacements can be up to several meters, but usually no more than 6-8 m even for major earthquakes. The general approach is to spatially match the after image to the before image at each point on a half-kilometer grid by iteratively interpolating one and testing its correlation with the other. The discussion covers the basic algorithm, results of initial tests, error types and limitations, and future work.

In Lake Ketel (The Netherlands) the bottom sediment is contaminated with heavy metals and organic micro pollutants. To simulate the effect of management options on transport of polluted bottom sediment STRESS-2d, a 2-dimensional model for sediment transport, resuspension and sedimentation in shallow lakes was adapted for Lake Ketel. Model development, calibration and simulation results are discussed in some detail, with emphasis on the effects of uncertainty in parameter values.

OBJECTIVE--To study different nutrients and food additives as risk factors for insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in childhood. DESIGN--Prospective case-control study. Parents of the children being studied were asked to fill in a questionnaire regarding the children9s frequency of consumption of various foods. Parents of children with diabetes were asked about the period before onset of the disease. SETTING--Population based study throughout Sweden. SUBJECTS--339 Children aged 0-14 who had recently developed insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and 528 control children matched for age, sex, and county of residence who were traced through the official Swedish population register. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Foods were classified according to their content of protein, fat, carbohydrates, monosaccharides or disaccharides, nitrosamines, nitrates or nitrites, vitamin C, and fibres. The frequency of intake was categorised as high, medium, and low and the relative risk for developing insulin dependent diabetes was estimated for the three frequencies of intake and calculated as odds ratios. RESULTS--Significant linear trends for dose response in odds ratios by frequency of intake were shown for solid foods containing high amounts of protein (odds ratio for low frequency of intake 1.0; medium 2.3; and high 5.5), and nitrosamines (1.0; 1.7; 2.6) and significant but non-linear trends were found for carbohydrates (1.0; 1.3; 4.4) and nitrates or nitrites (1.0; 0.8; 2.4). The significant trends were not affected when the results were standardised for possible confounders. No significant increases in odds ratios were found for protein, monosaccharides and disaccharides, vitamin C, and fibres. CONCLUSION--Nutrients and food additives such as protein, carbohydrate, and nitrosamine compounds may influence the risk of developing insulin dependent diabetes in childhood and significant trends in odds ratios indicate a causal relation.

Undocumented late Miocene and younger strike-slip and normal faults that extend up to 25 km in the eastern and central Mojave Desert Block have been detected and mapped in LANDSAT thematic mapper images. The faults are located in the Bristol Mountains, Cady Mountains, and Alvord Mountain areas. Additional strike-slip faults detected in the adjacent Fort Irwin Military Reservation have yet to be verified in the field. The images were processed to enhance the spectral responses without suppressing topography. The faults are detected on the images because of spectral contrasts mostly at wavelengths longer than the visible. The newly detected faults form part of a complex regional network of right shear that connects faults in the southern Death Valley region with the San Andreas Fault System. Some of the newly identified faults bound blocks that have experienced different Neogene rotational histories. These faults have likely served to accommodate those motions. Structural relations along the faults suggest at least two intervals of movement. In the Bristol Mountains, east of Broadwell Lake, the faults are overlain by unconsolidated alluvial fan debris (late Quaternary ) and are probably inactive. In the Cady Mountains to the west and south, the faults cut all deposits andmore » are currently active. The discovery of these undocumented faults indicates that existing knowledge of fault distribution in the area is incomplete and not fully representative. This has important implications for seismic risk assessment and for determining the suitability of the desert for increased use by man.« less

Undocumented late Miocene and younger strike-slip and normal faults that extend up to 25 km in the eastern, and northeastern Mojave Desert block have been detected and mapped using Landsat thematic mapper (TM), SPOT panchromatic, and synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) images. The faults are located in the Bristol Mountains, Cady Mountains, Alvord Mountain, and Granite Mountains (Fort Irwin military reservation) areas. Some faults are perceived on the TM images because of spectral contrasts primarily at infrared wavelengths. Other faults are highlighted on SPOT panchromatic and radar images because of topographic contrasts. Corregistration of enhanced TM/SPOT panchromatic data maximizes both spectral and topographic information in the images. The newly detected faults form part of a complex regional network of right shear in eastern California that connects faults in the southern Death Valley region with the San Andreas fault system. Structural relations along. the faults suggest at least two intervals of movement and a westward migration of the locus of strain in the southern Mojave. In the Bristol Mountains east of Broadwell Lake, the faults are overlain by undisturbed Pleistocene alluvial fan deposits and are probably inactive. In contrast, the area to the west (Cady Mountains) and south contains faults that cut all deposits and is seismically active. Some faults in the Cady Mountains bound blocks that have experienced differing rotational histories since middle Miocene time. Newly identified faults in the northeastern Mojave suggest that right-slip may be more important to the overall deformation than previously reported.

Enhanced Landsat TM images were used in conjunction with field work to investigate the regional correlation of Miocene rocks in the Colorado River extensional corridor of California and Arizona. Based on field investigations, four sequences of sedimentary and volcanic strata could be recognized in the Mohave Mountains (Arizona) and the eastern Whipple Mountains (California), which display significantly different relative volumes and organization of lithologies. The four sequences were also found to have distinctive appearances on the TM image. The recognition criteria derived from field mapping and image interpretation in the Mohave Mountains and Whipple Mountains were applied to an adjacent area in which stratigraphic affinities were less well known. The results of subsequent field work confirmed the stratigraphic and structural relations suggested by the Tm image analysis.

The subject of this paper is a variable stepsize one-step method of collocation type for solving general nonlinear second kind Volterra integral equations. We extend the iterated collocation method corresponding to polynomial spline collocation to nonlinear Volterra integral equations of the second kind. The resulting superconvergence properties of either the collocation approximation or the iterated collocation approximation are used to obtain (local and global) error estimates which in turn form the basis of a variable stepsize code. The performance of this code is illustrated by means of numerous test problems.

Radar images have unique radiometric and geometric characteristics which present unique problems and opportunities for geological application. This paper reviews preprocessing and analytical techniques found useful or promising for applications of radar images to geologic problems such as rock-type discrimination. The use of coherent monochromatic illumination in radar images results in image speckle noise which interferes with characterization of the imaged surface. Median value filtering of the radar images removes speckle with minimal edge effects and resolution degradation. Variations in radar scene illumination due to uncompensated sensor platform motions or antenna pattern effects can be somewhat corrected for by mean and variance equalization in a direction perpendicular to the resulting image gradient. Registration of radar images to a map base and compensation of terrain induced image distortion can be accomplished by registration to digital elevation models and knowledge of imaging geometry. Analysis of SEASAT images with coregistered LANDSAT images indicates that the radar data can make a significant contribution to rock-type discrimination, especially if textural measures are incorporated. The sensitivity of radar backscatter to local slopes makes radar images an excellent medium from which to extract textural measures. Three techniques for extraction of the textural data inherent in the radar images are presented. Computation of image tone variance over various areas can numerically encode image texture. Hue-saturation-intensity split spectrum processing displays low-frequency variations in color while preserving high-frequency detail.

An assessment of the ability of orbital synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging systems to provide useful information about aeolian features, and to determine how such a system might be constrained by the need to image these features, is presented. Seasat and aircraft radar imagery of five areas of sand dunes are studied, and compared to Landsat imagery and air photos, for two wavelengths (3.0 and 23.5 cm) and incidence angles ranging from 0 to 70 deg. It is shown that the illumination direction of the radar beam is important, since directional dune features must be oriented within 60 deg of perpendicular to the radar illumination direction in order to be imaged. It is concluded that the availability of radar imagery for two directions greatly facilitates interpretation of dune morphology and derivation of conclusions about causative wind regimes.

Linear discriminant analysis of multifrequency and multipolarization radar scatterometer data of lava flows and sedimentary rocks indicates that the lava flows sampled at the Snake River Plain, Idaho, and the sedimentary formations sampled at the San Rafael Swell, Utah, can be discriminated from one another. The necessary radar backscatter data, and optimum wavelengths, polarizations, and incidence angles among those available for these problems are indicated by the discriminant analysis program. For separation of the lava flows, shorter wavelengths and smaller incidence angles are best. For the sedimentary rocks, conversely, the longer wavelengths and somewhat larger incidence angles are preferred. Separation among the lava flows was slightly better using horizontally polarized data, while vertical polarization gave better separation with the sedimentary rocks. The method developed here may provide a rationale for user selection tion of operating parameters for advanced radar systems such as the Shuttle Imaging Radar-C (SIR-C) and that proposed for the Earth Observation System (EOS). The analysis is being extended to other study sites for which we have scatterometer data to determine the generality of the results reported here.

A band ratioing method is developed which directs the retention of topographic expression and albedo information so that they remain depicted as prominent variations in image intensity. Band data are adjusted so that ratio values for each surface material coherently increase with increasing pixel bispectral radiance for all three ratios of the color composite. The retained topographic expression and albedo information do not significantly distort the ratio-enhanced band-variant reflectance information, and the resultant images are similar to chromaticity-enhanced band composite images, but require only simple arithmetic processing steps.

The effects of look angle and wavelength variation in geologically applied radar images are examined and the applications of observations of these effects for the study of other planets are discussed. Seasat, SIR-A, SIR-B, and airborne radar images and multiple look angle and multiwavelength scatterometer data are used. It is found that smaller look angle radar data can provide good discrimination among certain diverse materials which are not distinguishable at larger look angles, such as subpixel fault scarps and volcanic dykes. Discriminant analyses of scatterometer data of all geological targets observed gave best results with minimum data by using all wavelengths available and small look angles. The results provide information on the nature of radar images which could be valuable in interpreting radar images of Venus.

There is a large surplus of low value black cottonwood and other hardwoods in British Columbia. Greatly improved utilization and management are needed to make effective use of B.C. hardwoods.During the past decade, in their efforts to develop an economical supply of high quality veneer logs and pulpwood, West Tree Farms has encountered and solved many operational problems. Therefore, the experience described herein should be of interest to other Canadian foresters who may be faced before long with the need to intensify forest management.Much can be learned in a short period of time. For example, after only 11 years in the field, black cottonwoods and hybrid poplars planted in 1956 either as one-year-old rooted trees or rootless trees (sets) have reached a size considered commercial in many parts of Canada. They averaged 8 inches in dbh and 70 feet in height in October, 1966.Growth and yield of black cottonwood are excellent but it is difficult to grow in nurseries and inferior in form and natural pruning when compared with 'robusta' and similar hybrid poplars. Establishment of hybrid poplars requires either very expensive site preparation and many weedings and thinning or relatively economical strip clearing and planting of either large rooted trees or sets at wide spacings. The latter is preferable in B.C.Prospects for improvement of tree growth and wood quality are excellent but, like development of effective programs for preventing and controlling losses from disease, insects, and other pests, tree improvement requires much long-term research. Research and practice should be sustained and closely related. It is to be hoped, therefore, that the Province of British Columbia will make more land available for tree farming, and that the Federal Government will support the kinds of research needed to improve the programs started by West Tree Farms and others interested in poplar cultivation.

On a Seasat radar image (23.5-cm wavelength) of the Durmid Hills in southern California, the San Andreas fault is expressed as a prominent southeast-trending tonal lineament that is bright on the southwest side and dark on the northeast side. Field investigation established that the bright signature corresponds to outcrops of the Borrego Formation, which weathers to a rough surface. The dark signature corresponds to the Lake Cahuilla sand and silt deposits which are smooth at the wavelength of the Seasat radar. These signatures and field characteristics agree with calculations of the smooth and rough radar criteria. On Landsat and Skylab images of the Durmid Hills, the Borrego and Lake Cahuilla surfaces have similar bright tones and the San Andreas fault is not detectable On a side-looking airborne radar image (0.86-cm wavelength), both the Borrego and Lake Cahuilla surfaces appear rough, which results in bright signatures on both sides of the San Andreas fault. Because of this lack of roughness contrast, the fault cannot be distinguished on the aircraft image acquired at a short radar wavelength. The wavelength of the Seasat radar system is well suited for mapping Durmid Hills geologic features that are obscure on the other remote sensing images evaluated in this report.

Five optical disk recorder/readers were developed, each having an on-line user storage capacity of 101° user bits per disk side. The advantages of optical recording, as compared to magnetic-tape recording, are improved archival life, low cost media, and rapid random access capabilities. Recording at a 5 Mbit/s user data rate is done by laser machining of micron-sized holes in a thin tellurium alloy film allowing direct-read-after-write recording of information. Coding and error correction reduce the user error rate to 10-1°. The recorders have been interfaced to DEC PDP-11 minicomputers and for test purposes to a SEL 32/77 computer.

Understanding the unusual radar scattering characteristics of sand dunes is necessary in the analysis of radar images of aeolian landscapes of the earth and of other planets. In this paper we report on airborne radar scatterometer data of sand dunes, acquired at multiple frequencies and polarizations. Radar backscatter from sand dunes is very sensitive to the imaging geometry. At small incidence angles the radar return is mainly due to quasi-specular reflection from dune slopes favorably oriented toward the radar. A peak return usually occurs at the incidence angle equal to the angle of respose for the dunes. The peak angle is the same at all frequencies as computed from specular reflection theory. At larger angles the return is significantly weaker. The scatterometer measurements verified observations made with airborne and spaceborne radar images acquired over a number of dune fields in the United States, central Africa, and the Arabian peninsula. The imaging geometry constraints indicate that possible dunes on other planets, such as Venus, will probably not be detected in radar images unless the incidence angle is less than the angle of repose of such dunes and the radar look direction is approximately orthogonal to the dune trends.

With regard to the proper use of over-the-counter drugs (OTCs), the importance of drug information has been stressed many times and a counseling role for the pharmacist is becoming more widely recognized. A community pharmacy was studied to determine what kind of information was given about OTCs and subsequently whether this information was adjusted to the informational needs of the patient. We observed 80 pharmacy-patient contacts concerning OTCs and interviewed these patients at home some days afterwards. Drug information was given both verbally and in writing by means of a patient package insert (36% and 63% of the purchases, respectively). In most instances information was provided even though not requested by the patients. When interviewed at home, patients said they were satisfied with the information received. It appeared that the information provided in the pharmacy was adjusted to the informational needs of the persons who use OTCs. Only when asked about the information concerning the use of OTCs in general, did patients' informational needs and drug informing behavior seem to be greater. This discrepancy between the study results is being discussed. The study findings suggest that a patient package insert is an important information source for patients at the moment they use OTCs, and therefore has to be delivered consistently. Further, the fact that the patients seldom asked for drug information at the pharmacy increases the importance of providing patient package inserts.

The NASA/Ames parabolized Navier/Stokes computer code was used to calculate the turbulent flow over the wing/fuselage for a generic fighter at M = 2.2. 18 deg angle-of-attack, and 0 and 5 deg yaw. Good test/theory agreement was achieved in the zero yaw case. No test data were available for the yaw case.