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A new adephagan beetle embedded in Burmese amber from northern Myanmar is described as Burmapseudomorphus planus gen. et sp. nov. From its broad and flat habitus, the lack of a pronoto-elytral angle, the short and broad head, the short mesoventrite, and the lancet-shaped elongate prosternal process it resembles beetles belonging to the aquatic Dytiscoidea. The metacoxal plates are similar to those of Noteridae. However, pubescent antennal flagellomeres, an anisochaetous protibial antenna cleaner, transversely oriented metepimera, and metacoxae not reaching beyond the lateral margin of the metaventrite identify the fossil as an atypical species of Carabidae. Externally closed procoxal cavities, lacking procoxal rests of the mesoventrite, a narrow mesepimeron not reaching the mesocoxal cavity, and lobate metepimera indicate a placement in a clade comprising Harpalinae and Brachininae. This is supported by analyses of morphological data and a Hennigian character evaluation. The short and transverse head, the streamlined body without pronoto-elytral angle, and the secondarily elongated prosternal process suggest a placement as stem group member of the specialized Pseudomorphini. In contrast to species of the crown group of this lineage, a distinct submento-mental suture is present, ventral cephalic antennal grooves are missing, and the elytra are not truncated posteriorly. The fossil is the first record for Pseudomorphini and documents an origin of this specialized group of Carabidae at least dating back to the Cretaceous. A superficial similarity with the extant migadopine genus Stichonotus (e.g. broad and oval body, apically pointed prosternal process) is the result of convergence.

Hemipteroid insects (Paraneoptera), with over 10% of all known insect diversity, are a major component of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Previous phylogenetic analyses have not consistently resolved the relationships among major hemipteroid lineages. We provide maximum likelihood-based phylogenomic analyses of a taxonomically comprehensive dataset comprising sequences of 2,395 single-copy, protein-coding genes for 193 samples of hemipteroid insects and outgroups. These analyses yield a well-supported phylogeny for hemipteroid insects. Monophyly of each of the three hemipteroid orders (Psocodea, Thysanoptera, and Hemiptera) is strongly supported, as are most relationships among suborders and families. Thysanoptera (thrips) is strongly supported as sister to Hemiptera. However, as in a recent large-scale analysis sampling all insect orders, trees from our data matrices support Psocodea (bark lice and parasitic lice) as the sister group to the holometabolous insects (those with complete metamorphosis). In contrast, four-cluster likelihood mapping of these data does not support this result. A molecular dating analysis using 23 fossil calibration points suggests hemipteroid insects began diversifying before the Carboniferous, over 365 million years ago. We also explore implications for understanding the timing of diversification, the evolution of morphological traits, and the evolution of mitochondrial genome organization. These results provide a phylogenetic framework for future studies of the group.

A new species of the order Zoraptera, Zorotypus hirsutus Mashimo sp. n., is described from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. The specimen is tentatively assigned to the subgenus Octozoros Engel based on number of antennomeres reduced from nine to eight. It is characterized by an unusually strong setation, appearing much more hirsute than other extant or extinct species of the order. Other unusual autapomorphic features are an elongated head capsule with a concave genal region and very slender, elongate antennomeres. The discovery of this aberrant species suggests that the morphological diversity of Zoraptera was much higher than previously expected. For a reliable placement of Zorotypus hirsutus the discovery of males and a robust species level phylogeny would be required.

Twisted winged insects (Strepsiptera) are a highly specialized small order of parasitic insects. Whether parasitism developed at an early or late stage in the evolution of the group was unknown. Here we record and describe the first definite Mesozoic strepsipteran primary larva embedded in Burmese amber (∼99 million years ago). This extends the origin of parasitism back by at least ∼50 million years, and reveals that this specialized life style has evolved in the Mesozoic or even earlier in the group. The extremely small first instar displays all diagnostic characters of strepsipteran immatures of this stage and is nearly identical with those of Mengenillidae, one of the most “ancestral” extant strepsipteran taxa. This demonstrates a remarkable evolutionary stasis over 100 million years. The new finding strongly weakens the case of small larvae embedded in Cretaceous amber interpreted as strepsipteran immatures. They differ in many structural features from extant strepsipteran primary larvae and are very likely parasitic beetle larvae.

Background: Spasticity resulting from traumatic brain injury (TBI) or stroke can lead to debilitating sequelae, including deformities from joint subluxation and spasticity, causing a loss of functional independence. Despite the effectiveness of surgery to address these issues, it is unclear how often these procedures are performed. The objective of the study was to determine the rate of, and trends associated with, reconstructive upper extremity surgery in patients following TBI or stroke. Methods: The National Inpatient Sample was queried for International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) diagnosis codes for TBI and stroke as well as procedural codes representing functional upper extremity reconstruction from 2001 to 2012. Temporal trends were assessed for case volume, patient demographics, financial considerations, and hospitalizations. Results: A total of 2132 reconstructive procedures were performed in patients with TBI or stroke during the study period, with fewer than 230 cases conducted in any given year and no appreciable increase in case volume over time. This represented less than 1% of eligible, appropriate candidates undergoing surgery. Middle-aged, white females were the most common patients to have such surgery. Medicare was the primary payer for reconstruction, and the cost of surgery increased substantially over time. There was a trend toward longer hospital stays, and the inpatient mortality was approximately 0.5%. Conclusions: There is a substantial underutilization of upper extremity reconstructive surgery for patients with spasticity following TBI or stroke. Increasing costs and limited access to appropriate care may be contributing to differences in use among specific patient subgroups.

External and internal thoracic structures of two carabid species (Trechini) were examined and documented with different techniques. The study has a main focus on the eyeless cave-dwelling specialist Sinaphaenops wangorum, but detailed information is also provided for a species occurring in cave entrances. The phylogenetic background of the structural features of the thoracic skeletomuscular system was addressed. The thoracic morphology of the examined species was compared to conditions observed in previously studied carabids and non-related subterranean leiodids (Staphylinoidea) in order to identify cave adaptations. Main thoracic character complexes linked with cavernicolous habits in Trechini are elongation of the pro- and mesothorax and the legs, and a complete and irreversible reduction of the flight apparatus. The lost flight capacity is linked with a far reaching modification of skeletal elements of the metathorax including a strongly shortened and simplified metanotum, a shortened metaventrite, and completely reduced wings and sclerites of the wing base. The elongate prothorax together with the long and slender head and elongated legs distinctly increases the activity range in the subterranean lightless environment, which likely facilitates foraging of the carnivorous beetles. Some of the observed features like wing loss and elongation of the anterior thorax and legs are also found in some cave-dwelling Leiodidae (Leptodirini), whereas some other subterranean members of the staphylinoid family have a compact body and legs of normal length. In contrast to the predaceous Trechini, Leptodirini are scavengers.

A new species of order Zoraptera, Zorotypus asymmetristernum Mashimo, n. sp., is described from Kakamega, Kenya, with its major diagnostic features and characteristics of the egg described and illustrated. The new species represents the sixth zorapteran species from the Afrotropic ecozone. A brief discussion on vestigial eye spots of apteron individuals and a key to the species of the Afrotropic ecozone are provided.

A wingless and eyeless tiny fossil embedded in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar is described and interpreted phylogenetically as beetle larva, very likely belonging to a cucujiform group of Coleoptera with parasitic habits, probably the family Ripiphoridae. Features supporting this are the lobe-like terminal elements of the legs and the pattern of setae on the abdomen. However the larva display specialized features differing from immatures of extant ripiphorid species, such as for instance the absence of stemmata and the presence of ventral transverse rows of spines. An earlier tentative assignement of a similar larva embedded in Cretaceaous amber from Manitoba (Canada) to Strepsiptera is not followed here. We suggest that this larva is closely related to the beetle larva described here.

A single male specimen of a new species (†Kinzelbachilla ellenbergeri gen. et sp.n.) of a new family of the endoparasitic Strepsiptera (†Kinzelbachillidae fam.n.) from Burmese amber is described and evaluated with respect to its systematic placement. Its features come very close to the presumptive groundplan of the order suggested in recent studies. Preserved plesiomorphic features are the following: fully sclerotized head with long coronal suture, small ommatidia not separated by chitinous bridges, absence of microtrichia between ommatidia, eight antennomeres, robust mandibles with dicondylic articulation, galea distinctly developed, free pro- and mesotrochanters, slender five-segmented tarsi without adhesive soles, and equally sclerotized abdominal tergites and sternites. An important character that is not recognizable due to damage is the shape of the metapostnotum. This structure is transverse in the groundplan of Strepsiptera and in †Protoxenos, but elongated and shield-like in all other known strepsipterans. In a cladistic analyses of 82 characters of adult males and additional characters for females and immatures (scored as unknown for all included fossils) †Kinzelbachilla is placed as sister group of all remaining strepsipterans except for †Protoxenos, followed by †Cretostylops and †Mengea as the third and fourth branches in the stem group, respectively. The position of †Protoxenos as first branch is suggested by three unambiguous apomorphic features of all remaining Strepsiptera, the reduced size of less than 6 mm, mandibles distinctly narrowing distad the basalmost part, and fan-shaped hindwings which are broader than they are long. The hitherto known fossil stem group strepsipterans do not distinctly narrow the large morphological gap separating this order from its sister group, the Coleoptera. This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:07554C01-DEC3-4080-A337-B1F46BC9070F.

1. Sympatric populations of insects adapted to different host plants are good model systems not only to study how they adapt to the chemistry of their food plant, but also to investigate whether morphological modifications evolved enabling them to live successfully on a certain plant species. 2. The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) encompasses at least 11 genetically distinct sympatric host races, each showing a preference for a certain legume species. The leaflet surfaces of these legumes differ considerably in their wax coverage. 3. It was investigated whether the attachment structures of three pea aphid genotypes from different host races are adapted to the different surface properties of their host plants and whether they show differences in their attachment ability on the respective host and non-host plants. 4. The surface morphology of plants and aphid tarsi was examined using SEM (scanning electron microscopy). The ability of the aphids to walk on specific surfaces was tested using traction force measurements. 5. The presence of wax blooms on the leaflets lowers the aphids' attachment ability considerably and diminishes their subsequent attachment on neutral' surfaces like glass. The pea aphid host races differ in their ability to walk on certain surfaces. However, the genotype from the adapted aphid host race was not necessarily the one with the best walking performance on their host plant. All aphids, regardless of the original host plant, were most efficient on the neutral control surface glass. The general host plant Vicia faba was the plant with the most favourable surface for all aphid host races.

Measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) is the clinical gold standard in cases of compromised skeletal integrity, such as with osteoporosis. While BMD is a useful measurement to index skeletal health, it is also limited since it cannot directly assess any mechanical properties. The ability to directly assess mechanical properties of bone tissue would be clinically important. Reference point indentation (RPI) is a technology that has been designed to try and achieve this goal. While RPI has been shown to detect altered bone tissue properties, the underlying physical mechanism of these measurements has not been characterized. Thus, we designed a study whereby the contribution of (1) test cycle number and (2) test load level to RPI test-induced sub-surface damage was characterized and quantified. Standardized specimens were prepared from cadaveric human tibiae (n=6), such that 12 replicates of each testing condition could be carried out. A custom rig was fabricated to accurately position and map indentation sites. One set of tests was carried out with 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 cycles (Max Load: 8 N, Freq: 2 Hz), and a second set of tests was carried out with Load levels of 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 N (Cycle number: 20, Freq: 2 Hz). The RPI parameter Loading Slope (LS) was cycle dependent at 5, 10, 15 and 20 cycles (p0.05). First Cycle Indentation Distance (ID 1st), Total Indentation Distance (TID), Mean Energy Dissipation (ED), First Cycle Unloading Slope (US 1st), Mean Unloading Slope (US) and LS were significantly different at 6, 8 and 10 N compared to 2 N (p0.05). From the histomorphometric measurements, damage zone span was significantly different after 5, 10, 15 and 20 cycles compared with 1 cycle while indent profile width and indent profile depth were significantly different at 10, 15 and 20 cycles (p0.05). With the load varying protocol, each of these parameters differed significantly at each increased load level (4, 6, 8, 10 N) compared with the basal level of 2 N (p0.05). The damage area parameter in both protocols was significantly different from baseline at the three upper levels tested (i.e. 10, 15, 20 cycles and 6, 8, 10 N, in cycle and load variant protocols, respectively). Specimens were scanned by micro-computed tomography, which showed no material or microstructural differences between samples, and processed for histological analyses and damage quantification. Consistent microdamage patterns were present with evidence of damage via compaction at the indented regions. While damage in the direction of loading was established early, the damage area then increased radially with cycle number. These data help to further understand the physical manifestations of RPI parameters and will help to further facilitate its use as a clinical diagnostic tool.

A strong modification of tarsal and pretarsal attachment pads during the postembryonic development is described for the first time. In the exceptionally large thorny devil stick insect Eurycantha calcarata a functional arolium is only present in the immature instars, enabling them to climb on smooth surfaces, especially leaves. Nymphs are also characterized by greyish and hairy euplantulae on tarsomeres 1–4. The gradual modifications of the arolium and the euplantula of tarsomere 5 in the nymphal development are probably mainly related to increased weight. The distinct switch in the life style between the leaf-dwelling nymphal stages and the ground-dwelling adults results in the final abrupt change of the adhesive devices, resulting in a far-reaching reduction of the arolium, the presence of a fully-developed, elongated euplantula on tarsomere 5, and white and smooth euplantulae on tarsomeres 1–4. The developmental remodelling of attachment pads also reflects a phylogenetic pattern. The attachment devices of the earlier instars are similar to those found in the basalmost lineage of extant stick insects, Timema, which is characterized by a very large pan-shaped arolium and a hairy surface of the tarsal and pretarsal attachment pads.

The research for high-throughput diagnostic tests for victims of radio/nuclear incidents remains ongoing. In this context, we have previously identified candidate genes that predict risk of late-occurring hematologic acute radiation syndrome (HARS) in a baboon model. The goal of the current study was to validate these genes after radiation exposure in humans. We also examined ex vivo relative to in vivo measurements in both species and describe dose-response relationships. Eighteen baboons were irradiated in vivo to simulate different patterns of partial- or total-body irradiation (TBI), corresponding to an equivalent dose of 2.5 or 5 Sv. Human in vivo blood samples were obtained from patients exposed to different dose ranges: diagnostic computerized tomography (CT; 0.004-0.018 Sv); radiotherapy for prostate cancer (0.25-0.3 Sv); and TBI of leukemia patients (2 × 1.5 or 2 × 2 Sv, five patients each). Peripheral whole blood of another five baboons and human samples from five healthy donors were cultivated ex vivo and irradiated with 0-4 Sv. RNA was isolated pairwise before and 24 h after irradiation and converted into cDNA. Gene expression of six promising candidate genes found previously by us in a baboon model ( WNT3, POU2AF1, CCR7, ARG2, CD177, WLS), as well as three genes commonly used in ex vivo whole blood experiments ( FDXR, PCNA, DDB2) was measured using qRT-PCR. We confirmed the six baboon candidate genes in leukemia patients. However, expression for the candidate gene FDXR showed an inverse relationship, as it was downregulated in baboons and upregulated in human samples. Comparisons among the in vivo and ex vivo experiments revealed the same pattern in both species and indicated peripheral blood cells to represent the radiation-responsive targets causing WNT3 and POU2AF1 gene expression changes. CCR7, ARG2, CD177 and WLS appeared to be altered due to radiation-responsive targets other than the whole blood cells. Linear dose-response relationships of FDXR, WNT3 and POU2AF1 using human ex vivo samples corresponded with human in vivo samples, suggesting that ex vivo models for in vivo dose estimates can be used over a wide dose range (0.001-5 Sv for POU2AF1). In summary, we validated six baboon candidate genes in humans, but the FDXR measurements underscored the importance of independent assessments even when candidates from animal models have striking gene sequence homology to humans. Since whole blood cells represented the same radiation-responsive targets for FDXR, WNT3 and POU2AF1 gene expression changes, ex vivo cell culture models can be utilized for in vivo dose estimates over a dose range covering up to 3.5 log scales. These findings might be a step forward in the development of a gene expression-based high-throughput diagnostic test for populations involved in large-scale radio/nuclear incidents.

Two palaeontological collections are stored and investigated at the Phyletisches Museum in Jena. With the closure of the geoscientific institutes of the Friedrich-Schiller-University in 1969, the associated palaeontological collection was taken over as a historical entity that has grown since the first half of the eighteenth century. The second collection developed after the foundation of the Phyletisches Museums in 1908 and is presently the main body of the fossil material. One of its best known specimens is a skeleton of an aurochs from Hassleben in western Thuringia (holotype of Bos primigenius taurus), which was studied intensively by J.W. v. Goethe and others. A recently acquired attractive insect fossil is the holotype of a new ancestral family of Strepsiptera embedded in Burmese amber. Palaeontological material is displayed in the exhibition and occasionally used in zoological courses. Research is carried out with specimens from the collection of the Phyletisches Museum, but also with fossils from other institutions and with international cooperation partners.

Insects have invaded marine habitats only rarely and secondarily. Recently, we discovered a flightless dipteran species skating rapidly on the surface of seawater ponds at the Pacific coast of eastern China. Morphological analyses initially suggested an isolated position of the non‐biting midge, suggesting the erection of a new genus within Chironomini (Diptera: Chironomidae). However, an analysis of molecular data revealed that the marine species is in fact nested within the species‐rich genus Dicrotendipes. The apparent conflict between molecular and morphological data can be easily explained. It is likely that the new species has evolved a series of autapomorphic adaptations. These traits clearly distinguish the taxon from other species of the genus but do not justify the erection of a new supraspecific taxon, which would render Dicrotendipes paraphyletic. The switch to marine environments was likely a trigger for various morphological modifications resulting from increased selective pressure. Molecular data suggest that the potential speciation event occurred around 19–29 Ma, linked with a migration from freshwater to seawater ponds along the Pacific Ocean. Considering the results of our analysis, we place the flightless marine skater in the genus Dicrotendipes. All life stages of Dicrotendipes sinicus Qi & Lin sp. n. are described and illustrated, associated with larvae obtained by rearing or confirmed through association with DNA barcodes. The biology and ecology of the species are outlined based on collection data and in situ observations. Evolutionary patterns linked with repeated invasions of marine habitats are discussed. © 2018 Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Open access.

Background: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the most common preventable cause of hospital deaths, and almost all hospitalised patients have at least one risk factor for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Despite the availability of highly effective thromboprophylaxis in preventing VTE, numerous studies worldwide have demonstrated its under-utilisation. The aim of this study was to review and improve the utilisation of thromboprophylaxis in the prevention of VTE in hospitalised patients at Oudtshoorn district hospital, and to make recommendations to the Western Cape Department of Health on how to improve the quality of care for patients at risk for VTE at district hospitals.Method: A quality improvement cycle (QIC). Retrospective analysis of files of adult patients admitted to the male and female wards at Oudtshoorn district hospital was performed prior to and after a five-month intervention phase. The target standards for the QIC were: (1) availability of a written hospital policy on VTE prevention; (2) every adult...

External features of the embryonic development of Stylops ovinae (Strepsiptera) were examined. Eighteen distinct embryological stages are suggested. Many embryological traits are closely correlated to the parasitic life style of the first instar larvae or to vivipary. The high number of eggs, their small size, the characteristic egg membrane, and the lack of micropyles are derived groundplan features of Strepsiptera. The development with a semi-long germ embryo is shared with several other groups of Holometabola. The reduction of the labrum and antennae are autapomorphies of Strepsiptera. The cephalic ventral plate of the first instar larva of S. ovinae is formed by parts of the head capsule and the anlagen of the maxillae and labium. It is involved in the formation of the specific entognathous condition, and the entire character complex is autapomorphic for Stylopidae. The trochanter is recognizable in the anlagen of all three legs. Its fusion with the femur in the later stages is an autapomorphy of Stylopidia. The extreme spiralization and compression of the abdomen during blastokinesis is a derived feature, like the reduction of the anlagen of the anterior abdominal appendages. The caudal bristles on segment XI are possibly re-activated cerci. The same is likely in the case of segment XI.

We compared the postabdominal architecture of Mastigini with extremely long (Stenomastigus) or short (Palaeostigus) aedeagus. A novel mode of copulation was discovered: males of Stenomastigus insert a paramere between the female's abdomen and elytra, and the intromission is stabilized by several structures of both sexes. The intrinsic aedeagal mechanism is indicated as responsible for inflating the endophallus, and the long flagellum does not penetrate the ductus spermathecae during copulation. The structure of the flagellum suggests that it is primarily responsible for the sperm transfer. Asymmetrical postabdominal rotators of the aedeagus were only found in Stenomastigus; they presumably facilitate the withdrawal of the genitalia; their origin as bundles separated from larger muscles is postulated. We discuss a scenario in which the evolution of elongated genitalia was facilitated by the lack of structural constraints and existing preadaptations. Benefits of stabilizing the copulation and intromission are indicated as the driving force for the evolution of extremely long aedeagi, while the short aedeagi might have the advantage of freedom of movements facilitating the initiation of copulation by males. Disruptive selection is suggested as a working hypothesis to further investigate mechanisms that have played a role in the evolution of genital structures of Mastigini.

This study aimed to evaluate patient-reported outcomes and complications after hip arthroscopy in an obese population compared with a matched nonobese control group with a minimum 2-year follow-up, using the Modified Harris Hip Score (MHHS) and Nonarthritic Hip Score (NAHS).Data were analyzed from 21 consecutive obese patients (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 30) and 18 nonobese patients (BMI25) who underwent hip arthroscopy between 2009 and 2012 with a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Data collected included MHHS, NAHS, traction and intraoperative times, and postoperative complications.Traction times were similar between obese and nonobese patients at 48 and 45 minutes (P = .51), respectively. Operative times were also similar at 54 and 51 minutes (P = .79), respectively. Each group had a statistically significant improvement in MHHS from baseline to final follow-up: 45 to 79 (P.001) in the obese group and 49 to 81 (P.001) in the nonobese cohort. Similarly, the NAHS showed significant improvement in each group from baseline to final follow-up: 43 to 75 (P.001) in the obese cohort and 45 to 83 (P.001) in the nonobese group. There was no difference between groups in MHHS or NAHS data. There were 8 complications in the obese group, most commonly deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and worsened pain, whereas the nonobese cohort had one complication (an instance of heterotopic ossification [HO]). Overall, obese patients had 11.1 times the risk of a complication developing than did nonobese patients (95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 99.7).Hip arthroscopy in the obese patient population leads to improved short- to mid-term patient-reported outcomes similar to those seen in nonobese patients. Obese patients, however, are at a significantly increased risk of postoperative complications such as DVTs and worsened hip pain.Level IV, therapeutic case series.

Background: The aim of this study was to compare clinical outcomes, and identify predictors thereof, after fasciectomy for Dupuytren’s disease in a series of diabetic patients compared with non-diabetic patients. Methods: Thirty-eight patients were examined following partial palmar and/or digital fasciectomy for Dupuytren’s disease (11 diabetics, 27 non-diabetics). Each patient was assessed for degree of pre- and post-operative flexion contractures at the MCP and PIP joints, post-operative Patient Evaluation Measure (PEM) total score, post-operative grip strength, limited joint mobility (LJM), recurrence, extension, and a composite outcomes score based upon grip strength and the degree of joint contractures. All measurements in the diabetic cohort were compared to those in the non-diabetic group, and a logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the predictive value of several variables on outcomes. Results: Complication rates between the two groups were statistically similar (p = 0.67). There were no significant differences in pre-operative MCP (p = 0.69), post-operative MCP (p = 0.39), pre-operative PIP (p = 0.40), or post-operative PIP (p = 0.13) joint flexion contractures between the two groups. Additionally, there was no significant difference in extension (p = 0.35) or recurrence (p~1) rates, post-operative grip strengths (p = 0.64), or PEM total scores (p = 0.32). However, the rate of LJM was significantly higher in the diabetic population (p = 0.02). Both female gender (p = 0.01) and a non-smoking status (p = 0.04) were found to be predictive of better outcomes following fasciectomy. Diabetes was not found to be an independent predictor of outcome (p = 0.73). Conclusions: Clinical results after fasciectomy for Dupuytren’s disease in diabetic patients are not different from results obtained in non-diabetic patients. Diabetes is not independently predictive of surgical outcomes. Female gender and non-smoking status are independent predictors of a better outcome following fasciectomy.

Background: The objective of this study was to compare the mechanical performance of 4 different constructs for fixation of oblique scaphoid fractures. Methods: Twenty-eight synthetic scaphoids underwent an oblique osteotomy along the dorsal sulcus. Each was randomly assigned to fixation by 1 of 4 methods: two 1.5-mm headless compression screws, one 2.2-mm screw, one 3-mm screw, or a 1.5-mm volar variable-angle plate. After fixation, scaphoids were potted at a 45° angle and loaded at the distal pole by a hydraulically driven mechanical testing system plunger until the fixation failed. Excursion and load were measured with a differential transformer and load cell, respectively. From these data, the stiffness, load-to-failure, and maximum displacement of each construct were calculated. Results: The 2.2-mm screw demonstrated the highest stiffness and the two 1.5-mm screws had the lowest. However, there were no significant differences among the fixation methods in terms of stiffness. Both 2.2- and 3-mm screw constructs had significantly higher loads-to-failure than two 1.5-mm screws. The maximum load for the plate approached, but did not achieve, statistical significance compared with the 1.5-mm screws. There was no significant difference among constructs in displacement. Conclusions: All constructs demonstrated similar mechanical properties that may provide sufficient stability for effective clinical use. Given their significantly higher loads-to-failure, a 2.2- or 3-mm screw may be superior to two 1.5-mm screws for fixation of unstable scaphoid fractures. The volar plate did not have superior mechanical characteristics to the compression screws.

Sperm of the dictyopteran key taxon Cryptocercus punctulatus was examined. It has largely maintained a blattodean groundplan condition, with a three-layered acrosome, an elongate nucleus, a single centriole, a conspicuous centriole adjunct material, two connecting bands (=accessory bodies), and a long functional flagellum with a 9+9+2 axoneme provided with accessory tubules with 16 protofilaments and intertubular material. These sperm characters are shared with several other polyneopterans. The sperm of C. punctulatus is very similar to what is found in Periplaneta americana and species of other groups of roaches, including the sperm of Loboptera decipiens described here for the first time. The general sperm organization here described can be assumed for the groundplan of Insecta and Pterygota. The following evolutionary path can be suggested: after the split between Cryptocercidae and the common ancestor of Isoptera, the typical pattern of sperm formation was altered very distinctly, resulting in a duplication or multiplication (Mastotermitidae) of the centrioles. Mastotermes has maintained a certain sperm motility, but with a very unusual apparatus of multiple flagella with a 9+0 axoneme pattern. After the split into Mastotermitidae and the remaining Isoptera, sperm motility was completely abandoned, and different modifications of sperm components occurred, and even the loss of the sperm flagellum. J. Morphol. 276:361–369, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Head structures of the leaf mining larva of the chrysomelid species Podagricomela shirahatai are described and illustrated. Internal and external structures were reconstructed three dimensionally based on image stacks obtained with microcomputed tomography. The larval head is characterized by prognathism, a dorsoventrally compressed shape, a flattened maxillolabial complex, a completely reduced coronal suture, and the presence of a deep, V-shaped posterior emargination of the head capsule. Internal structures are not distinctly affected by leaf mining. The cephalic features are compared with conditions found in surface feeding and root feeding alticine larvae and also with characters of chrysomeline larvae of Chrysomela populi Linnaeus. Possible correlations between modifications of the larval head and different feeding behaviors are discussed. Characters are also discussed with respect to possible phylogenetic implications. Some derived features are apparently due to phylogenetic constraints. Apomorphies characterizing alticine larvae with distinctly different life habits are the loss of M. frontoepharyngalis (M. 9), the origin of M. tentoriostipitalis (M. 18) from the head capsule, two insertions of M. tentoriopraementalis inferior (M. 29) and the reduction of stemmata. The study underlines that the anatomical study of chrysomeloid larvae is not only highly desirable in a phylogenetic context, but also crucial for understanding the evolution of different life strategies in this extremely successful group of Coleoptera. J. Morphol. 276:446–457, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Tendinous and ligamentous injuries commonly occur in the elbow. This study characterized the location, surface areas, and origin and insertional footprints of major elbow capsuloligamentous and tendinous structures in relation to bony landmarks with the use of a precision 3-dimensional modeling system.Nine unpaired cadaveric elbow specimens were dissected and mounted on a custom jig. Mapping of the medial collateral ligament (MCL), lateral ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL), triceps, biceps, brachialis, and capsular reflections was then performed with 3-dimensional digitizing technology. The location, surface areas, and footprints of the soft tissues were calculated.The MCL had a mean origin (humeral) footprint of 216 mm(2), insertional footprint of 154 mm(2), and surface area of 421 mm(2). The LUCL had a mean origin footprint of 136 mm(2), an insertional footprint of 142 mm(2), and a surface area of 532 mm(2). Of the tendons, the triceps maintained the largest insertional footprint, followed by the brachialis and the biceps (P.001-.03). The MCL, LUCL, and biceps footprint locations were consistent, with little variability. The surface areas of the anterior (1251 mm(2)) and posterior (1147 mm(2)) capsular reflections were similar (P = .82), and the anterior capsule extended farther proximally.Restoring the normal anatomy of key elbow capsuloligamentous and tendinous structures is crucial for effective reconstruction after bony or soft tissue trauma. This study provides the upper extremity surgeon with information that may aid in restoring elbow biomechanics and preserving range of motion in these patients.

Zoraptera are a cryptic and enigmatic group of insects. The species diversity is lower than in almost all other groups of Hexapoda, but may be distinctly higher than presently known. Several new species were described from different regions recently. The systematic placement was discussed controversially since the group was discovered 100 years ago. Affinities with Isoptera and Psocoptera were discussed in earlier studies. A sister group relationship with Acercaria (Psocodea, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera) was proposed by W. Hennig, for the first time based on a strictly phylogenetic argumentation. More recent studies consistently suggest a placement among the “lower neopteran orders” (Polyneoptera). Close affinities to Dictyoptera were proposed and alternatively a sister group relationship with Embioptera or with Embioptera + Phasmatodea (Eukinolabia), respectively. The precise placement is still controversial and the intraordinal relationships are largely unclear. Recent transcriptome analyses tentatively suggest a clade Zoraptera + Dermaptera as sister group of all other polyneopteran orders. The oldest fossils are from Cretaceous amber. An extinct genus from this era may be the sister group of all the remaining zorapterans. The knowledge of the morphology, development and features related to the reproductive system greatly increased in recent years. The general body morphology is very uniform, whereas the genitalia differ strongly between species. This is likely due to different kinds of selection, i.e. sexual selection in the case of the genital organs. The mating pattern also differs profoundly within the order. A unique external sperm transfer occurs in Zorotypus impolitus. A species-level phylogeny and more investigations of the reproductive system should have high priority.

Habitat shift is a key innovation that has contributed to the extreme diversification of insects. Most groups are well-adapted to more or less specific environments and shifts usually only happen between similar habitats. To colonize a profoundly different habitat type does not only present ecological opportunities but also great challenges. We used Hydrophiloidea (water scavenger beetles) as a system to study transitions between terrestrial and aquatic environments. We estimated the diversification rate of different clades using phylogenetic trees based on a representative taxon sampling and six genes. We also investigated possible evolutionary changes in candidate genes following habitat shifts. Our results suggest that the diversification rate is relatively slow (0.039?0.050 sp/My) in the aquatic lineage, whereas it is distinctly increased in the secondarily terrestrial clade (0.055?0.075 sp/My). Our results also show that aquatic species have a G (Glycine) or S (Serine) amino acid at a given site of COI, while terrestrial species share an A (Alanine) amino acid with terrestrial outgroups. This indicates that habitat factors may create selection pressure on the evolution of functional genes and cause homoplasy in molecular evolution.

Context: With the ever-increasing number of masters athletes, it is necessary to understand how to best provide medical support to this expanding population using a multidisciplinary approach. Evidence Acquisition: Relevant articles published between 2000 and 2013 using the search terms masters athlete and aging and exercise were identified using MEDLINE. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Results: Preparticipation screening should assess a variety of medical comorbidities, with emphasis on cardiovascular health in high-risk patients. The masters athlete should partake in moderate aerobic exercise and also incorporate resistance and flexibility training. A basic understanding of physiology and age-related changes in muscle composition and declines in performance are prerequisites for providing appropriate care. Osteoarthritis and joint arthroplasty are not contraindications to exercise, and analgesia has an appropriate role in the setting of acute or chronic injuries. Masters athletes should follow regular training regimens to maximize their potential while minimizing their likelihood of injuries. Conclusion: Overall, masters athletes represent a unique population and should be cared for utilizing a multidisciplinary approach. This care should be implemented not only during competitions but also between events when training and injury are more likely to occur. Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT): B.

Given the potential for injury due to joint-distraction techniques during hip arthroscopy, this study investigated the outcomes and safety of traction during hip arthroscopy in a series of patients with a prior lower-extremity arthroplasty. Nine patients with a prior hip or knee arthroplasty (Group 1) and a matched cohort of nine additional patients with no prior hip surgery (Group 2) who underwent hip arthroscopy with traction between 2011 and 2013 were evaluated. Collected data included traction and operative times, Modified Harris Hip Scores (MHHS), Non-Arthritic Hip Scores (NAHS), and postoperative complications. Both operative (p = 1) and traction (p = 0.11) times were similar in each group. Each group had a significant improvement in MHHS from baseline to final follow-up: from 39 to 73 (p

Pretarsal attachment structures of representatives of the megadiverse Diptera are examined and documented, mainly using scanning electron microscopy. The focus is on the basal 'nematoceran' lineages. The diversity in structures is much higher than suggested by brief summarizing accounts in earlier studies. Both hairy and smooth attachment structures occur. A well-developed, pad-like empodium with its ventral surface covered with adhesive hairs is arguably a groundplan feature of Diptera. Very often this pad is combined with the presence of hairy pulvilli. However, smooth pulvilli occur in two of the examined groups. A smooth arolium is present in Tipulomorpha and likely an autapomorphy of this clade, suggesting that it was acquired secondarily. Evolutionary transformations are interpreted based on recently published dipteran phylogenies.

Very unusual genitalia of the species Zorotypus caudelli are described. It contains the unique configuration of two different intromittent organs, one of them strongly elongated. Hyper elongated genitalia are known in different groups of insects. Males have to accommodate these unwieldy structures in the limited spaces of the abdomen and manipulate them acutely during copulation. A crucial question is how do species with elongated genitalia cope with these requirements? To investigate this, we studied key features enabling storage, insertion, and withdrawal of the elongated genitalia. The co-existence of an elongated narrow tube and a bulky spermatophore is a highly unusual and apparently paradoxical condition. However, we demonstrate that the tube is not involved in sperm transmission, whereas the large spermatophore is transferred to females by a membranous fold of the genitalia. The movement of the spermatophore is caused by haemolymph pressure, which likely also promotes the insertion of both intromittent organs. A comparison with the genital anatomy and reproductive mode in related groups suggests that the elongated tube and its accommodating pouch is a de novo structure, and that the ancestral sperm transport via spermatophore is a preadaptive condition for the acquisition of this unusual structure

The head morphology of larvae of two undescribed species of the corylophid genus Holopsis were examined. Both are associated with the same basidiomycete host Ganoderma cf applanatum. Whereas the round and convex adults are very similar, one of the disc-shaped larvae is characterized by an elongate weevil-like snout, which is a unique feature in larval beetles. The posterior head region, the mouthparts and the general configuration of the musculature are similar in the larvae of both species. However, in the rostrate Holopsis sp. 1 most muscles are either widened along the longitudinal axis or elongated. Moreover, an additional bundle of M. frontobuccalis posterior is present, which strengthens the pharyngeal pumping apparatus. Both species share an unusual connection between the prepharynx and pharynx. This is a potential autapomorphy of the genus. The larval cephalic morphology of Holopsis sp. 2 and the corylophine genus Sericoderus is quite similar. However, they differ in some muscular features and in the configuration of the foregut. Holopsis species are associated with Basidiomycetes. Whether this is an ancestral condition in Corylophidae remains ambiguous due to conflicting phylogenetic hypotheses and the largely unknown biology of the Australian subfamily Periptyctinae. Several features of Holopsis are likely plesiomorphic and possibly related with the association with basidiomycetes. However, the larval rostrum of sp. 1 is doubtlessly derived, and could have a performance advantage over other species feeding on the spores of Ganoderma cf applanatum including Holopsis sp. 2.

The thoracic morphology of the troglobiontic leiodid species Troglocharinus ferreri (Cholevinae, Leptodirini) is described and documented in detail. The features are mainly discussed with respect to modifications linked with subterranean habits. Troglocharinus is assigned to the moderately modified pholeuonoid morphotype. The body is elongated and slender compared to epigean leiodids and also cave-dwelling species of Ptomaphagini. The legs are elongated, especially the hindlegs, though to a lesser degree than in the most advanced troglobiontic species. The prothorax is moderately elongated but otherwise largely unmodified. Its muscular system is strongly developed, with more muscle bundles that in free-living staphylinoid or hydrophiloid species. The pterothorax is greatly modified, especially the metathoracic flight apparatus. The meso- and metathoracic elements of the elytral locking device are well-developed, whereas the other notal parts are largely reduced. The mesonotum is simplified, with the triangular scutellar shield as the only distinctly developed part. The mesothoracic musculature is strongly reduced, with only 6 muscles compared to 12 or 13 in free-living staphylinoid or hydrophiloid species. The metanotum is greatly reduced, without a recognizable subdivision into prescutum scutum and scutellum. It is strongly narrowing laterally and lacks notal wing processes and other wing-related elements, but well-developed alacristae are present. The wings are reduced to small membranous flap-like structures inserted at the posterior end of the metanotum. A metapostnotum is not developed. Like in the case of the head, cave dwelling species of the related Ptomaphagini and Leptodirini show different trends of adaptations, with a compact ovoid or navicular body shape in the former, and a distinct trend towards elongation of the body and appendages in the latter tribe. Structural affinities of the thoraces of T. ferreri and the troglobiontic trechine carabid Sinaphaenops wangorum are mainly due to the reduced flight apparatus. The degree of muscle reduction in the pterothorax is very similar in both species., Our work was partly funded by project CGL2013-48950-C2 (AEI/FEDER, UE). The first author wants to express his thanks to CSC (No. 201708440281).

The locking compression extra-articular distal humerus plate (EADHP) is an anatomically shaped, angular stable single-column fixation system for distal third humerus fractures. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate clinical and radiographic outcomes after open reduction and internal fixation of distal humerus fractures with this device.Twenty-one consecutive patients with distal humerus fractures were treated with the EADHP system between February 2006 and June 2012. Of these, 19 were clinically and radiographically evaluated after a mean follow-up of 10.4 months. Follow-up assessment included anteroposterior and lateral radiographs, assessment of range of motion (ROM), pain according to a visual analogue scale (VAS) and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score.All fractures demonstrated satisfactory reduction and healing at an average of 7.3 months. One patient showed post-operative sensory ulnar neuropathy that recovered completely, and nine patients had a preoperative radial nerve palsy, which recovered spontaneously following exploration and plating. Mean post-operative ROM was as follows: flexion 126°, extension -7°, pronation 82° and supination 83°. The VAS score was zero points in eight patients, while the mean DASH score was 25.8 points.For extra-articular distal humerus fractures, including high-energy injuries often seen in gunshot wounds or motor vehicle injuries, the anatomically shaped angular stable single-column plate provides satisfactory clinical and radiographic results and serves as a valuable tool in the treatment of these injuries.

The embryonic development of Zorotypus caudelli Karny (Zoraptera) is described with the main focus on its external features. A small heart-shaped embryo is formed on the dorsal side of the egg by the fusion of paired blastoderm regions with higher cellular density. The orientation of its anteroposterior axis is opposed to that of the egg. This unusual condition shows the potential autapomorphy of Zoraptera. The embryo extends along the egg surface and after reach- ing its full length, it migrates into the yolk. After developing there for a period of time, it reappears on the surface, accompanied by a reversion of its antero- posterior axis, finally taking its position on the ventral side of the egg. The definitive dorsal closure completes, and the prelarva hatches after perforating the chorion with very long egg tooth formed on the embryonic cuti- cle. Embryological data suggest the placement of Zor- aptera among the "lower neopteran" or polyneopteran lineage: features supporting this are embryo formation by the fusion of paired regions with higher cellular density and blastokinesis accompanied by full elonga- tion of the embryo on the egg surface. The extraordi- narily long egg tooth has potential synapomorphy with Embioptera or Eukinolabia (5 Embioptera 1 Phasma- todea). Together with the results from our previous studies on the egg structure, male reproductive system and spermatozoa, the close affinity of Zoraptera with Eukinolabia appears likely, that is, a clade Zoraptera 1 (Embioptera 1 Phasmatodea). J. Morphol. 000:000

A brief account of the history of insect morphology is given. Different techniques and analytical methods used in current projects on insect morphology and phylogeny and their optimized combined application are described. These include fixation, dissection, maceration, histology (microtome sectioning), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBFSEM), focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), bleaching, micro-computed tomography (μCT), computer-based three-dimensional reconstruction, focus stacking of digital images, geometric morphometrics and the storage of morphological metadata. The role of insect morphology in the “age of phylogenomics” is discussed.

The adult head of the Hessian fly Mayetiola destructor was examined and described in detail. Morphological features are evaluated with respect to phylogenetic implications and possible effects of miniaturisation. Preserved groundplan features of Diptera are the orthognathous orientation of the head, the vestiture of small microtrichia (possible autapomorphy), filiform antennae inserted frontally between the compound eyes, the presence of a clypeolabral muscle (possible autapomorphy), the presence of labellae (autapomorphy), and the presence of only one premental retractor. Potential synapomorphies of the groups assigned to Bibionomorpha are the origin of M. tentorioscapalis medialis on the frons and the loss of M. craniolacinialis. Further apomorphies of Cecidomyiidae identified in Mayetiola are the unusually massive anterior tentorial arm, the absence of the labro-epipharyngeal food channel, the absence of the lacinia, and the presence of antennal sensilla connected by a seta, a feature not known from any other group of Diptera. The very large size of the compound eyes (in relation to the entire head surface) and the complete loss of ocelli are possible effects of miniaturization. The large size of the brain (in relation to the cephalic lumen), the unusual shape of the optic lobes, and the absence of the frontal ganglion as a separate structure are probably also linked with size reduction.

External and internal head structures of Coleorrhyncha, a key-taxon within the Hemiptera, are described in detail and documented using modern techniques. The main focus is on Hackeriella veitchi, but two additional representatives of the Gondwanan relict group were also examined, and also head structures of Enicocephalidae, a member of a potentially basal heteropteran lineage. Features were compared to those documented in literature for the Sternorrhyncha, Auchenorrhyncha, and Heteroptera. Coleorrhyncha are characterized by highly modified head structures and correspondingly an entire series of autapomorphies, such as for instance a strongly flattened head capsule with fenestrations. However, they also display features that are likely plesiomorphic compared to members of other hemipteran groups. These include the almost complete tentorium and the lack of the gula. The sistergroup relationship between Coleorrhyncha and Heteroptera is well supported by cephalic features. Potential synapomorphies are the presence of a distinct mandibular sulcus, the reduced number of antennomeres, the absence of clasping organs in the labial groove, coiled accessory salivary ducts, the presence of a small cervical muscle M1a (M. pronotopostoccipitalis medialis), the presence of a second mandibular promotor M14 (M. zygomaticus mandibulae), the presence of M28 (M. verticopharyngalis), and M30 (M. frontobuccalis posterior).

Extreme elongation of a part of the intromittent organ, the flagellum, has occurred several times in Criocerinae (Chrysomelidae). These leaf beetles have acquired a specialized pocket to store the flagellum in the abdominal cavity, at the same time allowing a quick control of movements of this structure during copulation. We investigated the morphogenesis of the intromittent organs of species with and without a flagellum to discuss the evolutionary background of parallel evolution of novel structures. We found that the specialized pocket is formed by the invagination of an epidermal layer and a resultant rotation of the primary gonopore. Invagination itself is a well-known phenomenon in morphogenetic processes, which leads us to hypothesize that the novelty is formed by co-opting a previously acquired genetic system. A large open-space is present within the intromittent organ during the entire morphogenesis in species without a flagellum, and the invagination in the species with a flagellum grows in the corresponding area. This means that there are no physical impediments for the growth of a large pocket. In addition the sites of muscular attachments in the species with a flagellum are also different from those without it. The differentiation of muscles is completed immediately before adult emergence, which means the muscles are adjustable during the entire morphogenesis in this group. Simple modifications probably based on a co-option of previously acquired genetic systems, the potential space for adding a new element, and an adjustable factor in morphogenesis of the intromittent organ facilitate the parallel evolution of the extreme elongation.

The salivary glands of two species of Zoraptera, Zorotypus caudelli and Zorotypus hubbardi, were examined and documented mainly using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results obtained for males and females of the two species are compared and functional aspects related to ultrastructural features are discussed. The salivary glands are divided into two regions: the secretory cell region and the long efferent duct, the latter with its distal end opening in the salivarium below the hypopharyngeal base. The secretory region consists of a complex of secretory cells provided with microvillated cavities connected by short ectodermal ducts to large ones, which are connected with the long efferent duct. The secretory cell cytoplasm contains a large system of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus producing numerous dense secretions. The cells of the efferent duct, characterized by reduced cytoplasm and the presence of long membrane infoldings associated with mitochondria, are possibly involved in fluid uptaking from the duct lumen.

Adult head structures are well known in the coleopteran suborders Archostemata and Adephaga, whereas the available information is very fragmentary in the megadiverse Polyphaga, including the successful superfamily Staphylinoidea. In the present study, the cephalic morphology of the cholevine species Catops ventricosus is described in detail and documented. The results were compared to conditions occurring in other polyphagan lineages, especially staphylinoid and scarabaeoid representatives. Specific external features documented in Catops and potential autapomorphies of Leiodidae include a five-segmented antennal club with a reduced eighth antennomere and the presence of periarticular grooves filled with sensilla on antennomeres 7, 9, and 10. The firm connection of the head and pronotum is possibly an apomorphy of Cholevinae. The monophyly of Cholevinae excluding Eucatopini and Oritocatopini is supported by the apical maxillary palpomere as long as or shorter than the subapical one, and the presence of cryptic pore plates on the surface of these palpomeres—a feature described and documented here for the first time. The internal cephalic structures of Catops are mostly plesiomorphic, as for instance the complete tentorium. The pattern of the muscles is similar to what is found in other staphylinoid taxa. The unusual maxillary muscle “Mx” is likely a groundplan apomorphy of the clade Staphyliniformia + Scarabaeoidea. M. hypopharyngomandibularis (M13) was identified in Catops and is ancestral for Coleoptera, even though it is often missing. The same applies to M. tentoriohypopharyngalis (M42)., The PhD study of CAC as well as his research internship at the Friedrich-Schiller-Universität was funded by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) (2012/19002-0 and 2014/22088-0). PG was also supported by FAPESP (2013/06314-7) and MY by the DAAD, which is also gratefully acknowledged. The stay of IR in the Phyletisches Museum in Jena was funded by a Salvador de Madariaga grant (PRX14/00583).

Developments in X-Ray Tomography XI : [Proceedings] - SPIE, 2017. - ISBN 9781510612396 - doi:10.1117/12.2275121 Developments in X-Ray Tomography XI, San Diego, United States, 6 Aug 2017 - 10 Aug 2017; Proceedings of SPIE 10391, 103910P (2017). doi:10.1117/12.2275959, Beamtime and resulting SRμCT data are a valuable resource for researchers of a broad scientific community in life sciences. Most research groups, however, are only interested in a specific organ and use only a fraction of their data. The rest of the data usually remains untapped. By using a new collaborative approach, the NOVA project (Network for Online Visualization and synergistic Analysis of tomographic data) aims to demonstrate, that more efficient use of the valuable beam time is possible by coordinated research on different organ systems. The biological partners in the project cover different scientific aspects and thus serve as model community for the collaborative approach. As proof of principle, different aspects of insect head morphology will be investigated (e.g., biomechanics of the mouthparts, and neurobiology with the topology of sensory areas). This effort is accomplished by development of advanced analysis tools for the ever-increasing quantity of tomographic datasets. In the preceding project ASTOR, we already successfully demonstrated considerable progress in semi-automatic segmentation and classification of internal structures. Further improvement of these methods is essential for an efficient use of beam time and will be refined in the current NOVAproject. Significant enhancements are also planned at PETRA III beamline p05 to provide all possible contrast modalities in x-ray imaging optimized to biological samples, on the reconstruction algorithms, and the tools for subsequent analyses and management of the data. All improvements made on key technologies within this project will in the long-term be equally beneficial for all users of tomography instrumentations., Published by SPIE, Bellingham, Wash.

The phylogeny of insects has been both extensively studied and vigorously debated for over a century. A relatively accurate deep phylogeny had been produced by 1904. It was not substantially improved in topology until recently when phylogenomics settled many long-standing controversies. Intervening advances came instead through methodological improvement. Early molecular phylogenetic studies (1985–2005), dominated by a few genes, provided datasets that were too small to resolve controversial phylogenetic problems. Adding to the lack of consensus, this period was characterized by a polarization of philosophies, with individuals belonging to either parsimony or maximum-likelihood camps; each largely ignoring the insights of the other. The result was an unfortunate detour in which the few perceived phylogenetic revolutions published by both sides of the philosophical divide were probably erroneous. The size of datasets has been growing exponentially since the mid-1980s accompanied by a wave of confidence that all relationships will soon be known. However, large datasets create new challenges, and a large number of genes does not guarantee reliable results. If history is a guide, then the quality of conclusions will be determined by an improved understanding of both molecular and morphological evolution, and not simply the number of genes analysed.

Background Cardiovascular procedures are common and are trending toward endovascular interventions. With this increase in endovascular procedures, there is also increasing awareness of upper extremity morbidity resulting from treatment. Methods Articles indexed within PubMed between the years 1975 and 2015 that discussed such complications were reviewed. Results Percutaneous radial artery access can lead to nerve ischemia, especially in the setting of an incomplete arterial arch, whereas radial artery harvesting for bypass surgery more commonly causes frank tissue ischemia and radial neuropathy. Transulnar catheterization may cause ischemic hand injuries, while transbrachial angiography has resulted in compartment syndrome. Injuries to the nerves themselves often result from surgical equipment, such as sternal retractors, or from patient positioning leading to compression of the ulnar nerve. For percutaneous radial artery access, the incidence of ischemic injury is as high as 24%, whereas nerve injury is too rare to be estimated. In the setting of radial artery harvesting, ischemic injury is limited to case reports, and radial neuropathy is estimated to occur in as many as 25% of patients at discharge. Open heart surgery is the primary setting in which equipment or patient positioning plays a role, affecting 10% of patients with brachial plexus injuries and 15% with ulnar neuropathies. Conclusion Complications following cardiovascular interventions are varied and are typically associated with specific procedures. Careful preoperative and postoperative assessments of patients may aid in preventing, minimizing, and treating these often undiagnosed complications.

The larval cephalic morphology of Corethrella appendiculata Grabham, 1906 is described and documented in detail. The observed features are compared to conditions found in Chaoboridae, Culicidae, and other culicomorph families. The function of antennae, mouthparts and associated muscles is interpreted based on the morphological results. The prey catching mechanism is compared to what occurs in other predaceous larvae of Culicomorpha. The cephalic larval morphology is discussed with respect to homology and possible phylogenetic implications. The horizontal frontoclypeal antennal grooves and the lateral rows of strongly developed bristles are likely larval autapomorphies of Corethrellidae. The presence of raptorial antennae is a highly unusual apomorphy shared with Chaoboridae. The systematic position of Corethrellidae remains ambiguous.

The rectal pads of a species of the controversial polyneopteran order Zoraptera were examined using histological sections and TEM micrographs. Six pads are present along the thin rectal epithelium. Each pad consists of a few large principal cells surrounded by flattened junctional cells, which extend also beneath the principal cells. The cells are lined by a thin apical cuticle. No basal cells and no cavity have been observed beneath the pad. Principal cells have a regular layer of apical microvilli and are joined by intercellular septate junctions, which are interrupted by short dilatations of the intercellular space. At these levels the two adjacent plasma membranes are joined by short zonulae adhaerentes. In the cytoplasm, a rich system of strict associations between lateral plasma membranes and mitochondria forms scalariform junctions. Rectal pads share ultrastructural features with similar excretory organs of several neopteran groups, in particular with Blattodea (roaches and termites) and Thysanoptera, and are involved in fluid reabsorption and ion regulation.

In a few insect groups, males pierce the female’s integument with their penis during copulation to transfer sperm. This so-called traumatic insemination was previously confirmed for Strepsiptera but only in species with free-living females. The more derived endoparasitic groups (Stylopidia) were suggested to exhibit brood canal mating. Further, it was assumed that females mate once and that pheromone production ceases immediately thereafter. Here we examined Stylops ovinae to provide details of the mating behaviour within Stylopidia. By using μCT imaging of Stylops in copula, we observed traumatic insemination and not, as previously suggested, brood canal mating. The penis is inserted in an invagination of the female cephalothorax and perforates its cuticle. Further we show that female Stylops are polyandrous and that males detect the mating status of the females. Compared to other strepsipterans the copulation is distinctly prolonged. This may reduce the competition between sperm of the first mating male with sperm from others. We describe a novel paragenital organ of Stylops females, the cephalothoracic invagination, which we suggest to reduce the cost of injuries. In contrast to previous interpretations we postulate that the original mode of traumatic insemination was maintained after the transition from free-living to endoparasitic strepsipteran females.