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101. Planck intermediate results: XXXVI. Optical identification and redshifts of Planck SZ sources with telescopes at the Canary Islands observatories

Author: Ade, PAR, Aghanim, N, Arnaud, M, Ashdown, M, Aumont, J, Baccigalupi, C, Banday, AJ, Barreiro, RB, Barrena, R, Bartolo, N, Battaner, E, Benabed, K, Benoit-Lévy, A, Bernard, JP, Bersanelli, M, Bielewicz, P, Bikmaev, I, Böhringer, H, Bonaldi, A, Bonavera, L, Bond, JR, Borrill, J, Bouchet, FR, Burenin, R, Burigana, C, Calabrese, E, Cardoso, JF, Catalano, A, Chamballu, A, Chary, RR, Chiang, HC, Chon, G, Christensen, PR, Clements, DL, Colombo, LPL, Combet, C, Comis, B, Crill, BP, Curto, A, Cuttaia, F, Dahle, H, Danese, L, Davies, RD, Davis, RJ, De Bernardis, P, De Rosa, A, De Zotti, G, Delabrouille, J, Diego, JM, Dole, H, Donzelli, S, Doré, O, Douspis, M, Dupac, X, Efstathiou, G, Elsner, F, Enßlin, TA, Eriksen, HK, Ferragamo, A, Finelli, F, Forni, O, Frailis, M, Fraisse, AA, Franceschi, E, Fromenteau, S, Galeotta, S, Galli, S, Ganga, K, Génova-Santos, RT, Giard, M, Gjerløw, E, González-Nuevo, J, Górski, KM, Gruppuso, A, Hansen, FK, Harrison, DL, Hempel, A, Hernández-Monteagudo, C, Herranz, D, Hildebrandt, SR, Hivon, E, Hornstrup, A, Hovest, W, Huffenberger, KM, Hurier, G, Jaffe, TR, Keihänen, E, Keskitalo, R, Khamitov, I, Kisner, TS, Kneissl, R, Knoche, J, Kunz, M, Kurki-Suonio, H, Lamarre, JM, Lasenby, A, Lattanzi, M, Lawrence, CR, Leonardi, R, and León-Tavares, J
Subjects: large-scale structure of Universe, galaxies: clusters: general, catalogs, astro-ph.CO, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Astronomical and Space Sciences
Abstract: We present the results of approximately three years of observations of Planck Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) sources with telescopes at the Canary Islands observatories as part of the general optical follow-up programme undertaken by the Planck Collaboration. In total, 78 SZ sources are discussed. Deep-imaging observations were obtained for most of these sources; spectroscopic observations in either in long-slit or multi-object modes were obtained for many. We effectively used 37.5 clear nights. We found optical counterparts for 73 of the 78 candidates. This sample includes 53 spectroscopic redshift determinations, 20 of them obtained with a multi-object spectroscopic mode. The sample contains new redshifts for 27 Planck clusters that were not included in the first Planck SZ source catalogue (PSZ1).
Published: 2016

102. Planck intermediate results: XXXI. Microwave survey of Galactic supernova remnants

Author: Arnaud, M, Ashdown, M, Atrio-Barandela, F, Aumont, J, Baccigalupi, C, Banday, AJ, Barreiro, RB, Battaner, E, Benabed, K, Benoit-Lévy, A, Bernard, JP, Bersanelli, M, Bielewicz, P, Bobin, J, Bond, JR, Borrill, J, Bouchet, FR, Brogan, CL, Burigana, C, Cardoso, JF, Catalano, A, Chamballu, A, Chiang, HC, Christensen, PR, Colombi, S, Colombo, LPL, Crill, BP, Curto, A, Cuttaia, F, Davies, RD, Davis, RJ, De Bernardis, P, De Rosa, A, De Zotti, G, Delabrouille, J, Désert, FX, Dickinson, C, Diego, JM, Donzelli, S, Doré, O, Dupac, X, Enßlin, TA, Eriksen, HK, Finelli, F, Forni, O, Frailis, M, Fraisse, AA, Franceschi, E, Galeotta, S, Ganga, K, Giard, M, Giraud-Héraud, Y, González-Nuevo, J, Górski, KM, Gregorio, A, Gruppuso, A, Hansen, FK, Harrison, DL, Hernández-Monteagudo, C, Herranz, D, Hildebrandt, SR, Hobson, M, Holmes, WA, Huffenberger, KM, Jaffe, AH, Jaffe, TR, Keihänen, E, Keskitalo, R, Kisner, TS, Kneissl, R, Knoche, J, Kunz, M, Kurki-Suonio, H, Lähteenmäki, A, Lamarre, JM, Lasenby, A, Lawrence, CR, Leonardi, R, Liguori, M, Lilje, PB, Linden-Vørnle, M, López-Caniego, M, Lubin, PM, Maino, D, Maris, M, Marshall, DJ, Martin, PG, Martínez-González, E, Masi, S, Matarrese, S, Mazzotta, P, Melchiorri, A, Mendes, L, Mennella, A, Migliaccio, M, Miville-Deschênes, MA, Moneti, A, Montier, L, Morgante, G, and Mortlock, D
Subjects: ISM: supernova remnants, cosmic rays, radio continuum: ISM, astro-ph.GA, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Astronomical and Space Sciences
Abstract: The all-sky Planck survey in 9 frequency bands was used to search for emission from all 274 known Galactic supernova remnants. Of these, 16 were detected in at least two Planck frequencies. The radio-through-microwave spectral energy distributions were compiled to determine the mechanism for microwave emission. In only one case, IC 443, is there high-frequency emission clearly from dust associated with the supernova remnant. In all cases, the low-frequency emission is from synchrotron radiation. As predicted for a population of relativistic particles with energy distribution that extends continuously to high energies, a single power law is evident for many sources, including the Crab and PKS 1209-51/52. A decrease in flux density relative to the extrapolation of radio emission is evident in several sources. Their spectral energy distributions can be approximated as broken power laws, Sν ∝ ν-α, with the spectral index, α, increasing by 0.5-1 above a break frequency in the range 10-60 GHz. The break could be due to synchrotron losses.
Published: 2016

103. Planck intermediate results: XXXVIII. E- and B-modes of dust polarization from the magnetized filamentary structure of the interstellar medium

Author: Ade, PAR, Aghanim, N, Arnaud, M, Ashdown, M, Aumont, J, Baccigalupi, C, Banday, AJ, Barreiro, RB, Bartolo, N, Battaner, E, Benabed, K, Benoit-Lévy, A, Bernard, JP, Bersanelli, M, Bielewicz, P, Bonaldi, A, Bonavera, L, Bond, JR, Borrill, J, Bouchet, FR, Boulanger, F, Bracco, A, Burigana, C, Calabrese, E, Cardoso, JF, Catalano, A, Chamballu, A, Chary, RR, Chiang, HC, Christensen, PR, Colombo, LPL, Combet, C, Crill, BP, Curto, A, Cuttaia, F, Danese, L, Davies, RD, Davis, RJ, De Bernardis, P, De Rosa, A, De Zotti, G, Delabrouille, J, Delouis, JM, Dickinson, C, Diego, JM, Dole, H, Donzelli, S, Doré, O, Douspis, M, Dunkley, J, Dupac, X, Efstathiou, G, Elsner, F, Enßlin, TA, Eriksen, HK, Falgarone, E, Ferrière, K, Finelli, F, Forni, O, Frailis, M, Fraisse, AA, Franceschi, E, Frolov, A, Galeotta, S, Galli, S, Ganga, K, Ghosh, T, Giard, M, Gjerløw, E, González-Nuevo, J, Górski, KM, Gruppuso, A, Guillet, V, Hansen, FK, Harrison, DL, Helou, G, Hernández-Monteagudo, C, Herranz, D, Hildebrandt, SR, Hivon, E, Hornstrup, A, Hovest, W, Huang, Z, Huffenberger, KM, Hurier, G, Jaffe, TR, Jones, WC, Juvela, M, Keihänen, E, Keskitalo, R, Kisner, TS, Kneissl, R, Knoche, J, Kunz, M, Kurki-Suonio, H, Lamarre, JM, Lasenby, A, Lattanzi, M, Lawrence, CR, and Leonardi, R
Subjects: polarization, galaxies: ISM, submillimeter: ISM, ISM: general, astro-ph.GA, astro-ph.CO, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Astronomical and Space Sciences
Abstract: The quest for a B-mode imprint from primordial gravity waves on the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) requires the characterization of foreground polarization from Galactic dust. We present a statistical study of the filamentary structure of the 353 GHz Planck Stokes maps at high Galactic latitude, relevant to the study of dust emission as a polarized foreground to the CMB. We filter the intensity and polarization maps to isolate filaments in the range of angular scales where the power asymmetry between E-modes and B-modes is observed. Using the Smoothed Hessian Major Axis Filament Finder (SMAFF), we identify 259 filaments at high Galactic latitude, with lengths larger or equal to 2° (corresponding to 3.5 pc in length for a typical distance of 100 pc). These filaments show a preferred orientation parallel to the magnetic field projected onto the plane of the sky, derived from their polarization angles. We present mean maps of the filaments in Stokes I, Q, U, E, and B, computed by stacking individual images rotated to align the orientations of the filaments. Combining the stacked images and the histogram of relative orientations, we estimate the mean polarization fraction of the filaments to be 11%. Furthermore, we show that the correlation between the filaments and the magnetic field orientations may account for the E and B asymmetry and the CℓTE/CℓEE ratio, reported in the power spectra analysis of the Planck353 GHz polarization maps. Future models of the dust foreground for CMB polarization studies will need to take into account the observed correlation between the dust polarization and the structure of interstellar matter.
Published: 2016

104. Planck intermediate results: XXXIV. The magnetic field structure in the Rosette Nebula

Author: Aghanim, N, Alves, MIR, Arnaud, M, Arzoumanian, D, Aumont, J, Baccigalupi, C, Banday, AJ, Barreiro, RB, Bartolo, N, Battaner, E, Benabed, K, Benoit-Lévy, A, Bernard, JP, Bersanelli, M, Bielewicz, P, Bonaldi, A, Bonavera, L, Bond, JR, Borrill, J, Bouchet, FR, Boulanger, F, Bracco, A, Burigana, C, Calabrese, E, Cardoso, JF, Catalano, A, Chamballu, A, Chiang, HC, Christensen, PR, Colombi, S, Colombo, LPL, Combet, C, Couchot, F, Crill, BP, Curto, A, Cuttaia, F, Danese, L, Davies, RD, Davis, RJ, De Bernardis, P, De Rosa, A, De Zotti, G, Delabrouille, J, Dickinson, C, Diego, JM, Dole, H, Donzelli, S, Doré, O, Douspis, M, Ducout, A, Dupac, X, Efstathiou, G, Elsner, F, Enßlin, TA, Eriksen, HK, Falgarone, E, Ferrière, K, Finelli, F, Forni, O, Frailis, M, Fraisse, AA, Franceschi, E, Frejsel, A, Galeotta, S, Galli, S, Ganga, K, Ghosh, T, Giard, M, Gjerløw, E, González-Nuevo, J, Górski, KM, Gregorio, A, Gruppuso, A, Guillet, V, Hansen, FK, Hanson, D, Harrison, DL, Henrot-Versillé, S, Herranz, D, Hildebrandt, SR, Hivon, E, Hobson, M, Holmes, WA, Hornstrup, A, Hovest, W, Huffenberger, KM, Hurier, G, Jaffe, AH, Jaffe, TR, Jewell, J, Juvela, M, Keskitalo, R, Kisner, TS, Knoche, J, Kunz, M, Kurki-Suonio, H, Lagache, G, Lamarre, JM, Lasenby, A, and Lattanzi, M
Subjects: ISM: magnetic fields, polarization, radiation mechanisms: general, radio continuum: ISM, submillimeter: ISM, astro-ph.GA, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Astronomical and Space Sciences
Abstract: Planck has mapped the polarized dust emission over the whole sky, making it possible to trace the Galactic magnetic field structure that pervades the interstellar medium (ISM). We combine polarization data from Planck with rotation measure (RM) observations towards a massive star-forming region, the Rosette Nebula in the Monoceros molecular cloud, to study its magnetic field structure and the impact of an expanding H ii region on the morphology of the field. We derive an analytical solution for the magnetic field, assumed to evolve from an initially uniform configuration following the expansion of ionized gas and the formation of a shell of swept-up ISM. From the RM data we estimate a mean value of the line-of-sight component of the magnetic field of about 3 μG (towards the observer) in the Rosette Nebula, for a uniform electron density of about 12 cm-3. The dust shell that surrounds the Rosette H ii region is clearly observed in the Planck intensity map at 353 GHz, with a polarization signal significantly different from that of the local background when considered asa whole. The Planck observations constrain the plane-of-the-sky orientation of the magnetic field in the Rosette's parent molecular cloud to be mostly aligned with the large-scale field along the Galactic plane. The Planck data are compared with the analytical model, which predicts the mean polarization properties of a spherical and uniform dust shell for a given orientation of the field. This comparison leads to an upper limit of about 45° on the angle between the line of sight and the magnetic field in the Rosette complex, for an assumed intrinsic dust polarization fraction of 4%. This field direction can reproduce the RM values detected in the ionized region if the magnetic field strength in the Monoceros molecular cloud is in the range 6.5-9 μG. The present analytical model is able to reproduce the RM distribution across the ionized nebula, as well as the mean dust polarization properties of the swept-up shell, and can be directly applied to other similar objects.
Published: 2016

105. Planck intermediate results. XXXIII. Signature of the magnetic field geometry of interstellar filaments in dust polarization maps

Author: Planck Collaboration, Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Alves, M. I. R., Arnaud, M., Arzoumanian, D., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Bartolo, N., Battaner, E., Benabed, K., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bernard, J. -P., Berné, O., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bonaldi, A., Bonavera, L., Bond, J. R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F. R., Boulanger, F., Bracco, A., Burigana, C., Calabrese, E., Cardoso, J. -F., Catalano, A., Chamballu, A., Chiang, H. C., Christensen, P. R., Clements, D. L., Colombi, S., Combet, C., Couchot, F., Crill, B. P., Curto, A., Cuttaia, F., Danese, L., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., de Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Dickinson, C., Diego, J. M., Donzelli, S., Doré, O., Douspis, M., Ducout, A., Dupac, X., Elsner, F., Enßlin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Falgarone, E., Ferrière, K., Forni, O., Frailis, M., Fraisse, A. A., Franceschi, E., Frejsel, A., Galeotta, S., Galli, S., Ganga, K., Ghosh, T., Giard, M., Giraud-Héraud, Y., Gjerløw, E., González-Nuevo, J., Gregorio, A., Gruppuso, A., Guillet, V., Hansen, F. K., Hanson, D., Harrison, D. L., Hernández-Monteagudo, C., Herranz, D., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hivon, E., Hobson, M., Holmes, W. A., Huffenberger, K. M., Hurier, G., Jaffe, A. H., Jaffe, T. R., Jones, W. C., Juvela, M., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T. S., Knoche, J., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lagache, G., Lamarre, J. -M., Lasenby, A., Lawrence, C. R., Leonardi, R., Levrier, F., Liguori, M., Lilje, P. B., Linden-Vørnle, M., López-Caniego, M., Lubin, P. M., Macías-Pérez, J. F., Maffei, B., Mandolesi, N., Mangilli, A., Maris, M., Martin, P. G., Martínez-González, E., Masi, S., Matarrese, S., Mazzotta, P., Melchiorri, A., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Mitra, S., Miville-Deschênes, M. -A., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mortlock, D., Munshi, D., Murphy, J. A., Naselsky, P., Nati, F., Natoli, P., Nørgaard-Nielsen, H. U., Noviello, F., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., Oppermann, N., Pagano, L., Pajot, F., Paladini, R., Paoletti, D., Pasian, F., Perrotta, F., Pettorino, V., Piacentini, F., Piat, M., Pierpaoli, E., Pietrobon, D., Plaszczynski, S., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Pratt, G. W., Puget, J. -L., Rachen, J. P., Rebolo, R., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renault, C., Renzi, A., Ricciardi, S., Ristorcelli, I., Rocha, G., Rosset, C., Rossetti, M., Roudier, G., Rubiño-Martín, J. A., Rusholme, B., Sandri, M., Savelainen, M., Savini, G., Scott, D., Soler, J. D., Stolyarov, V., Sutton, D., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Sygnet, J. -F., Tauber, J. A., Terenzi, L., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Tucci, M., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, B., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Wade, L. A., Wandelt, B. D., Yvon, D., Zacchei, A., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: Planck observations at 353GHz provide the first fully-sampled maps of the polarized dust emission towards interstellar filaments and their backgrounds. The polarization data provide insight on the structure of their magnetic field (B). We present the polarization maps of three nearby star forming filament of moderate column density (NH~10^22cm^-2): Musca, B211, and L1506. We use the spatial information to separate Stokes I, Q, and U of the filaments from those of their backgrounds, an essential step to measure the intrinsic polarization fraction (p) and angle (psi) of each emission component. We find that the polarization angles in the three filaments (psi_fil) are coherent along their lengths and not the same as in their backgrounds (psi_bg). The differences between psi_fil and psi_bg are 12deg, 6deg, and 54deg for Musca, B211, and L1506, respectively. These differences for Musca and L1506 are larger than the dispersions of psi, both along the filaments and in their backgrounds. The observed changes of psi are direct evidence for variations of the orientation of the plane of the sky (POS) projection of the B-field. As in previous studies, we find a decrease of several percent of p with NH. We show that the drop in p cannot be explained by random fluctuations of the orientation of B within the filaments because they are too small (sigma_psi<10deg). We recognize the degeneracy between dust alignment efficiency and the structure of B in causing variations in p, but we argue that the decrease of p from the backgrounds to the filaments results in part from depolarization associated with the 3D structure of B: both its orientation in the POS and with respect to the POS. We do not resolve the inner structure of the filaments, but at the smallest scales accessible with Planck (~0.2pc), the observed changes of psi and p hold information on the B-field structure within filaments., Comment: 16 pages, 14 figures, Submitted to Astronomy & Astrophysics
Published: 2014
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106. Planck intermediate results. XXXII. The relative orientation between the magnetic field and structures traced by interstellar dust

Author: Planck Collaboration, Adam, R., Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Alves, M. I. R., Arnaud, M., Arzoumanian, D., Ashdown, M., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Bartolo, N., Battaner, E., Benabed, K., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bonaldi, A., Bonavera, L., Bond, J. R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F. R., Boulanger, F., Bracco, A., Burigana, C., Butler, R. C., Calabrese, E., Cardoso, J. -F., Catalano, A., Chamballu, A., Chiang, H. C., Christensen, P. R., Colombi, S., Colombo, L. P. L., Combet, C., Couchot, F., Crill, B. P., Curto, A., Cuttaia, F., Danese, L., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., de Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Dickinson, C., Diego, J. M., Dole, H., Donzelli, S., Doré, O., Douspis, M., Ducout, A., Dupac, X., Efstathiou, G., Elsner, F., Enßlin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Falgarone, E., Ferrière, K., Finelli, F., Forni, O., Frailis, M., Fraisse, A. A., Franceschi, E., Frejsel, A., Galeotta, S., Galli, S., Ganga, K., Ghosh, T., Giard, M., Gjerløw, E., González-Nuevo, J., Górski, K. M., Gregorio, A., Gruppuso, A., Guillet, V., Hansen, F. K., Hanson, D., Harrison, D. L., Henrot-Versillé, S., Hernández-Monteagudo, C., Herranz, D., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hivon, E., Holmes, W. A., Hovest, W., Huffenberger, K. M., Hurier, G., Jaffe, A. H., Jaffe, T. R., Jones, W. C., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T. S., Kneissl, R., Knoche, J., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lagache, G., Lamarre, J. -M., Lasenby, A., Lattanzi, M., Lawrence, C. R., Leonardi, R., Levrier, F., Liguori, M., Lilje, P. B., Linden-Vørnle, M., López-Caniego, M., Lubin, P. M., Macías-Pérez, J. F., Maffei, B., Maino, D., Mandolesi, N., Maris, M., Marshall, D. J., Martin, P. G., Martínez-González, E., Masi, S., Matarrese, S., Mazzotta, P., Melchiorri, A., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Miville-Deschênes, M. -A., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mortlock, D., Munshi, D., Murphy, J. A., Naselsky, P., Natoli, P., Nørgaard-Nielsen, H. U., Noviello, F., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., Oppermann, N., Oxborrow, C. A., Pagano, L., Pajot, F., Paoletti, D., Pasian, F., Perdereau, O., Perotto, L., Perrotta, F., Pettorino, V., Piacentini, F., Piat, M., Plaszczynski, S., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Ponthieu, N., Popa, L., Pratt, G. W., Prunet, S., Puget, J. -L., Rachen, J. P., Reach, W. T., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renault, C., Ristorcelli, I., Rocha, G., Roudier, G., Rubiño-Martín, J. A., Rusholme, B., Sandri, M., Santos, D., Savini, G., Scott, D., Soler, J. D., Spencer, L. D., Stolyarov, V., Sudiwala, R., Sunyaev, R., Sutton, D., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Sygnet, J. -F., Tauber, J. A., Terenzi, L., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Tucci, M., Umana, G., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, B., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Wade, L. A., Wandelt, B. D., Wehus, I. K., Wiesemeyer, H., Yvon, D., Zacchei, A., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: The role of the magnetic field in the formation of the filamentary structures observed in the interstellar medium (ISM) is a debated topic. The Planck all-sky maps of linearly polarized emission from dust at 353GHz provide the required combination of imaging and statistics to study the correlation between the structures of the Galactic magnetic field and of interstellar matter, both in the diffuse ISM and in molecular clouds. The data reveal structures, or ridges, in the intensity map with counterparts in the Stokes Q and/or U maps. We focus on structures at intermediate and high Galactic latitudes with column density from $10^{20}$ to $10^{22}$ cm$^{-2}$. We measure the magnetic field orientation on the plane of the sky from the polarization data, and present an algorithm to estimate the orientation of the ridges from the dust intensity map. We use analytical models to account for projection effects. Comparing polarization angles on and off the structures, we estimate the mean ratio between the strengths of the turbulent and mean components of the magnetic field to be between 0.6 and 1.0, with a preferred value of 0.8. We find that the ridges are preferentially aligned with the magnetic field measured on the structures. This trend becomes more striking for increasing polarization fraction and decreasing column density. We interpret the increase of alignment with polarization fraction as a consequence of projections effects. The decrease of alignment for high column density is not due to a loss of correlation between the structures and the geometry of the magnetic field. In molecular complexes, we observe structures perpendicular to the magnetic field, which cannot be accounted for by projection effects. We discuss our results in the context of models and MHD simulations, which describe the formation of structures in the magnetized ISM., Comment: Submitted to Astronomy & Astrophysics
Published: 2014
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107. Planck intermediate results. XXX. The angular power spectrum of polarized dust emission at intermediate and high Galactic latitudes

Author: Planck Collaboration, Adam, R., Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Arnaud, M., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Bartlett, J. G., Bartolo, N., Battaner, E., Benabed, K., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bonaldi, A., Bonavera, L., Bond, J. R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F. R., Boulanger, F., Bracco, A., Bucher, M., Burigana, C., Butler, R. C., Calabrese, E., Cardoso, J. -F., Catalano, A., Challinor, A., Chamballu, A., Chary, R. -R., Chiang, H. C., Christensen, P. R., Clements, D. L., Colombi, S., Colombo, L. P. L., Combet, C., Couchot, F., Coulais, A., Crill, B. P., Curto, A., Cuttaia, F., Danese, L., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Delouis, J. -M., Désert, F. -X., Dickinson, C., Diego, J. M., Dolag, K., Dole, H., Donzelli, S., Doré, O., Douspis, M., Ducout, A., Dunkley, J., Dupac, X., Efstathiou, G., Elsner, F., Enßlin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Falgarone, E., Finelli, F., Forni, O., Frailis, M., Fraisse, A. A., Franceschi, E., Frejsel, A., Galeotta, S., Galli, S., Ganga, K., Ghosh, T., Giard, M., Giraud-Héraud, Y., Gjerløw, E., González-Nuevo, J., Górski, K. M., Gratton, S., Gregorio, A., Gruppuso, A., Guillet, V., Hansen, F. K., Hanson, D., Harrison, D. L., Helou, G., Henrot-Versillé, S., Hernández-Monteagudo, C., Herranz, D., Hivon, E., Hobson, M., Holmes, W. A., Huffenberger, K. M., Hurier, G., Jaffe, A. H., Jaffe, T. R., Jewell, J., Jones, W. C., Juvela, M., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T. S., Kneissl, R., Knoche, J., Knox, L., Krachmalnicoff, N., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lagache, G., Lamarre, J. -M., Lasenby, A., Lattanzi, M., Lawrence, C. R., Leahy, J. P., Leonardi, R., Lesgourgues, J., Levrier, F., Liguori, M., Lilje, P. B., Linden-Vørnle, M., López-Caniego, M., Lubin, P. M., Macías-Pérez, J. F., Maffei, B., Maino, D., Mandolesi, N., Mangilli, A., Maris, M., Martin, P. G., Martínez-González, E., Masi, S., Matarrese, S., Mazzotta, P., Melchiorri, A., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Mitra, S., Miville-Deschênes, M. -A., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mortlock, D., Moss, A., Munshi, D., Murphy, J. A., Naselsky, P., Nati, F., Natoli, P., Netterfield, C. B., Nørgaard-Nielsen, H. U., Noviello, F., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., Pagano, L., Pajot, F., Paladini, R., Paoletti, D., Partridge, B., Pasian, F., Patanchon, G., Pearson, T. J., Perdereau, O., Perotto, L., Perrotta, F., Pettorino, V., Piacentini, F., Piat, M., Pierpaoli, E., Pietrobon, D., Plaszczynski, S., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Ponthieu, N., Popa, L., Pratt, G. W., Prunet, S., Puget, J. -L., Rachen, J. P., Reach, W. T., Rebolo, R., Remazeilles, M., Renault, C., Renzi, A., Ricciardi, S., Ristorcelli, I., Rocha, G., Rosset, C., Rossetti, M., Roudier, G., d'Orfeuil, B. Rouillé, Rubiño-Martín, J. A., Rusholme, B., Sandri, M., Santos, D., Savelainen, M., Savini, G., Scott, D., Soler, J. D., Spencer, L. D., Stolyarov, V., Stompor, R., Sudiwala, R., Sunyaev, R., Sutton, D., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Sygnet, J. -F., Tauber, J. A., Terenzi, L., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Tucci, M., Tuovinen, J., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, B., Vibert, L., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Wade, L. A., Wandelt, B. D., Watson, R., Wehus, I. K., White, M., White, S. D. M., Yvon, D., Zacchei, A., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: The polarized thermal emission from Galactic dust is the main foreground present in measurements of the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at frequencies above 100GHz. We exploit the Planck HFI polarization data from 100 to 353GHz to measure the dust angular power spectra $C_\ell^{EE,BB}$ over the range $40<\ell<600$ well away from the Galactic plane. These will bring new insights into interstellar dust physics and a precise determination of the level of contamination for CMB polarization experiments. We show that statistical properties of the emission can be characterized over large fractions of the sky using $C_\ell$. For the dust, they are well described by power laws in $\ell$ with exponents $\alpha^{EE,BB}=-2.42\pm0.02$. The amplitudes of the polarization $C_\ell$ vary with the average brightness in a way similar to the intensity ones. The dust polarization frequency dependence is consistent with modified blackbody emission with $\beta_d=1.59$ and $T_d=19.6$K. We find a systematic ratio between the amplitudes of the Galactic $B$- and $E$-modes of 0.5. We show that even in the faintest dust-emitting regions there are no "clean" windows where primordial CMB $B$-mode polarization could be measured without subtraction of dust emission. Finally, we investigate the level of dust polarization in the BICEP2 experiment field. Extrapolation of the Planck 353GHz data to 150GHz gives a dust power $\ell(\ell+1)C_\ell^{BB}/(2\pi)$ of $1.32\times10^{-2}\mu$K$_{CMB}^2$ over the $40<\ell<120$ range; the statistical uncertainty is $\pm0.29$ and there is an additional uncertainty (+0.28,-0.24) from the extrapolation, both in the same units. This is the same magnitude as reported by BICEP2 over this $\ell$ range, which highlights the need for assessment of the polarized dust signal even in the cleanest windows of the sky., Comment: 25 pages, 25 figures, accepted in A&A
Published: 2014
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108. Planck intermediate results. XXXI. Microwave survey of Galactic supernova remnants

Author: Planck Collaboration, Arnaud, M., Ashdown, M., Atrio-Barandela, F., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Battaner, E., Benabed, K., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bobin, J., Bond, J. R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F. R., Brogan, C. L., Burigana, C., Cardoso, J. -F., Catalano, A., Chamballu, A., Chiang, H. C., Christensen, P. R., Colombi, S., Colombo, L. P. L., Crill, B. P., Curto, A., Cuttaia, F., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., de Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Désert, F. -X., Dickinson, C., Diego, J. M., Donzelli, S., Doré, O., Dupac, X., Enßlin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Finelli, F., Forni, O., Frailis, M., Fraisse, A. A., Franceschi, E., Galeotta, S., Ganga, K., Giard, M., Giraud-Héraud, Y., González-Nuevo, J., Górski, K. M., Gregorio, A., Gruppuso, A., Hansen, F. K., Harrison, D. L., Hernández-Monteagudo, C., Herranz, D., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hobson, M., Holmes, W. A., Huffenberger, K. M., Jaffe, A. H., Jaffe, T. R., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T. S., Kneissl, R., Knoche, J., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lähteenmäki, A., Lamarre, J. -M., Lasenby, A., Lawrence, C. R., Leonardi, R., Liguori, M., Lilje, P. B., Linden-Vørnle, M., López-Caniego, M., Lubin, P. M., Maino, D., Maris, M., Marshall, D. J., Martin, P. G., Martínez-González, E., Masi, S., Matarrese, S., Mazzotta, P., Melchiorri, A., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Miville-Deschênes, M. -A., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mortlock, D., Munshi, D., Murphy, J. A., Naselsky, P., Nati, F., Noviello, F., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., Oppermann, N., Oxborrow, C. A., Pagano, L., Pajot, F., Paladini, R., Pasian, F., Peel, M., Perdereau, O., Perrotta, F., Piacentini, F., Piat, M., Pietrobon, D., Plaszczynski, S., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Popa, L., Pratt, G. W., Puget, J. -L., Rachen, J. P., Reach, W. T., Reich, W., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renault, C., Rho, J., Ricciardi, S., Riller, T., Ristorcelli, I., Rocha, G., Rosset, C., Roudier, G., Rusholme, B., Sandri, M., Savini, G., Scott, D., Stolyarov, V., Sutton, D., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Sygnet, J. -F., Tauber, J. A., Terenzi, L., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Tucci, M., Umana, G., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, B., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Wade, L. A., Yvon, D., Zacchei, A., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: The all-sky Planck survey in 9 frequency bands was used to search for emission from all 274 known Galactic supernova remnants. Of these, 16 were detected in at least two Planck frequencies. The radio-through-microwave spectral energy distributions were compiled to determine the emission mechanism for microwave emission. In only one case, IC 443, is there high-frequency emission clearly from dust associated with the supernova remnant.In all cases, the low-frequency emission is from synchrotron radiation. A single power law, as predicted for a population of relativistic particles with energy distribution that extends continuously to high energies, is evident for many sources, including the Crab and PKS 1209-51/52. A decrease in flux density relative to the extrapolation of radio emission is evident in several sources. Their spectral energy distributions can be approximated as broken power laws, $S_\nu\propto\nu^{-\alpha}$, with the spectral index, alpha, increasing by 0.5-1 above a break frequency in the range 10-60 GHz. The break could be due to synchrotron losses.
Published: 2014
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109. Planck intermediate results. XXVIII. Interstellar gas and dust in the Chamaeleon clouds as seen by Fermi LAT and Planck

Author: Planck, Collaborations, Fermi, Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Aniano, G., Arnaud, M., Ashdown, M., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Bartolo, N., Battaner, E., Benabed, K., Benoit-Levy, A., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bonaldi, A., Bonavera, L., Bond, J. R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F. R., Boulanger, F., Burigana, C., Butler, R. C., Calabrese, E., Cardoso, J. -F., Casandjian, J. M., Catalano, A., Chamballu, A., Chiang, H. C., Christensen, P. R., Colombo, L. P. L., Combet, C., Couchot, F., Crill, B. P., Curto, A., Cuttaia, F., Danese, L., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., de Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Desert, F. -X., Dickinson, C., Diego, J. M., Digel, S. W., Dole, H., Donzelli, S., Dore, O., Douspis, M., Ducout, A., Dupac, X., Efstathiou, G., Elsner, F., Ensslin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Falgarone, E., Finelli, F., Forni, O., Frailis, M., Fraisse, A. A., Franceschi, E., Frejsel, A., Fukui, Y., Galeotta, S., Galli, S., Ganga, K., Ghosh, T., Giard, M., Gjerlow, E., Gonzalez-Nuevo, J., Gorski, K. M., Gregorio, A., Grenier, I. A., Gruppuso, A., Hansen, F. K., Hanson, D., Harrison, D. L., Henrot-Versille, S., Hernandez-Monteagudo, C., Herranz, D., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hivon, E., Holmes, W. A., Hovest, W., Huffenberger, K. M., Hurier, G., Jaffe, A. H., Jaffe, T. R., Jones, W. C., Keihanen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T. S., Kneissl, R., Knoche, J., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lagache, G., Lamarre, J. -M., Lasenby, A., Lattanzi, M., Lawrence, C. R., Leonardi, R., Levrier, F., Liguori, M., Lilje, P. B., Linden-Vornle, M., Lopez-Caniego, M., Lubin, P. M., Macias-Perez, J. F., Maffei, B., Maino, D., Mandolesi, N., Maris, M., Marshall, D. J., Martin, P. G., Martinez-Gonzalez, E., Masi, S., Matarrese, S., Mazzotta, P., Melchiorri, A., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Miville-Deschenes, M. -A., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mortlock, D., Munshi, D., Murphy, J. A., Naselsky, P., Natoli, P., Norgaard-Nielsen, H. U., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., Oxborrow, C. A., Pagano, L., Pajot, F., Paladini, R., Paoletti, D., Pasian, F., Perdereau, O., Perotto, L., Perrotta, F., Pettorino, V., Piacentini, F., Piat, M., Plaszczynski, S., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Popa, L., Pratt, G. W., Prunet, S., Puget, J. -L., Rachen, J. P., Reach, W. T., Rebolo, R., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renault, C., Ristorcelli, I., Rocha, G., Roudier, G., Rusholme, B., Sandri, M., Santos, D., Scott, D., Spencer, L. D., Stolyarov, V., Strong, A. W., Sudiwala, R., Sunyaev, R., Sutton, D., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Sygnet, J. -F., Tauber, J. A., Terenzi, L., Tibaldo, L., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Tucci, M., Umana, G., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, B., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Wade, L. A., Wandelt, B. D., Wehus, I. K., Yvon, D., Zacchei, A., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: Shortened abstract: Observations of the nearby Chamaeleon clouds in gamma rays with the Fermi Large Area Telescope and in thermal dust emission with Planck and IRAS have been used with the HI and CO radio data to (i) map the gas column densities in the different phases and at the dark neutral medium (DNM) transition between the HI-bright and CO-bright media; (ii) constrain the CO-to-$H_2$ conversion factor, $X_{CO}$; (iii) probe the dust properties per gas nucleon in each gas phase and spatially across the clouds. We have separated clouds in velocity in HI and CO emission and modelled the 0.4-100 GeV intensity, the dust optical depth at 353 GHz, the thermal radiance of the large grains, and an estimate of the dust extinction empirically corrected for the starlight intensity, $A_{VQ}$. The gamma-ray emissivity spectra confirm that the GeV-TeV cosmic rays uniformly permeate all gas phases up to the CO cores. The dust and cosmic rays reveal large amounts of DNM gas, with comparable spatial distributions and twice as much mass as in the CO-bright clouds. We give constraints on the HI-DNM-CO transitions and CO-dark $H_2$ fractions for separate clouds. The corrected extinction provides the best fit to the total gas traced by the gamma rays, but we find evidence for a rise in $A_{VQ}/N_H$ and a steep rise in opacity, with increasing $N_H$ and $H_2$ fraction, and with decreasing dust temperature. We observe less variations for the specific power of the grains, except for a decline by half in the CO cores. This combined information suggests grain evolution. The gamma rays and dust radiance yield consistent $X_{CO}$ estimates near $0.7\times10^{20}$ cm$^{-2}$ (K km/s)$^{-1}$. The other dust tracers yield biased values because of the grain opacity rise in the CO clouds. These results also confirm a factor of 2 difference between $X_{CO}$ estimates at pc and kpc scales., Comment: 32 pages, 23 figures, accepted for publication in A&A
Published: 2014
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110. Planck intermediate results. XXIX. All-sky dust modelling with Planck, IRAS, and WISE observations

Author: Plank Collaboration, Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Alves, M. I. R., Aniano, G., Arnaud, M., Ashdown, M., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Bartolo, N., Battaner, E., Benabed, K., Benoit-Levy, A., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bonaldi, A., Bonavera, L., Bond, J. R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F. R., Boulanger, F., Burigana, C., Butler, R. C., Calabrese, E., Cardoso, J. -F., Catalano, A., Chamballu, A., Chiang, H. C., Christensen, P. R., Clements, D. L., Colombi, S., Colombo, L. P. L., Couchot, F., Crill, B. P., Curto, A., Cuttaia, F., Danese, L., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., de Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Dickinson, C., Diego, J. M., Dole, H., Donzelli, S., Dore, O., Douspis, M., Draine, B. T., Ducout, A., Dupac, X., Efstathiou, G., Elsner, F., Ensslin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Falgarone, E., Finelli, F., Forni, O., Frailis, M., Fraisse, A. A., Franceschi, E., Frejsel, A., Galeotta, S., Galli, S., Ganga, K., Ghosh, T., Giard, M., Gjerlow, E., Gonzalez-Nuevo, J., Gorski, K. M., Gregorio, A., Gruppuso, A., Guillet, V., Hansen, F. K., Hanson, D., Harrison, D. L., Henrot-Versille, S., Hernandez-Monteagudo, C., Herranz, D., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hivon, E., Holmes, W. A., Hovest, W., Huffenberger, K. M., Hurier, G., Jaffe, A. H., Jaffe, T. R., Jones, W. C., Keihanen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T. S., Kneissl, R., Knoche, J., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lagache, G., Lamarre, J. -M., Lasenby, A., Lattanzi, M., Lawrence, C. R., Leonardi, R., Levrier, F., Liguori, M., Lilje, P. B., Linden-Vornle, M., Lopez-Caniego, M., Lubin, P. M., Macias-Perez, J. F., Maffei, B., Maino, D., Mandolesi, N., Maris, M., Marshall, D. J., Martin, P. G., Martinez-Gonzalez, E., Masi, S., Matarrese, S., Mazzotta, P., Melchiorri, A., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Miville-Deschenes, M. -A., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mortlock, D., Munshi, D., Murphy, J. A., Naselsky, P., Natoli, P., Norgaard-Nielsen, H. U., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., Oxborrow, C. A., Pagano, L., Pajot, F., Paladini, R., Paoletti, D., Pasian, F., Perdereau, O., Perotto, L., Perrotta, F., Pettorino, V., Piacentini, F., Piat, M., Plaszczynski, S., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Ponthieu, N., Popa, L., Pratt, G. W., Prunet, S., Puget, J. -L., Rachen, J. P., Reach, W. T., Rebolo, R., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renault, C., Ristorcelli, I., Rocha, G., Roudier, G., Rubio-Martin, J. A., Rusholme, B., Sandri, M., Santos, D., Scott, D., Spencer, L. D., Stolyarov, V., Sudiwala, R., Sunyaev, R., Sutton, D., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Sygnet, J. -F., Tauber, J. A., Terenzi, L., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Tucci, M., Umana, G., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, B., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Wade, L. A., Wandelt, B. D., Wehus, I. K., Ysard, N., Yvon, D., Zacchei, A., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: We present all-sky modelling of the high resolution Planck, IRAS, and WISE infrared (IR) observations using the physical dust model presented by Draine and Li in 2007 (DL). We study the performance and results of this model, and discuss implications for future dust modelling. The present work extends the DL dust modelling carried out on nearby galaxies using Herschel and Spitzer data to Galactic dust emission. We employ the DL dust model to generate maps of the dust mass surface density, the optical extinction Av, and the starlight intensity parametrized by Umin. The DL model reproduces the observed spectral energy distribution (SED) satisfactorily over most of the sky, with small deviations in the inner Galactic disk and in low ecliptic latitude areas. We compare the DL optical extinction Av for the diffuse interstellar medium with optical estimates for 2 10^5 quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) observed in the Sloan digital sky survey. The DL Av estimates are larger than those determined towards QSOs by a factor of about 2, which depends on Umin. The DL fitting parameter Umin, effectively determined by the wavelength where the SED peaks, appears to trace variations in the far-IR opacity of the dust grains per unit Av, and not only in the starlight intensity. To circumvent the model deficiency, we propose an empirical renormalization of the DL Av estimate, dependent of Umin, which compensates for the systematic differences found with QSO observations. This renormalization also brings into agreement the DL Av estimates with those derived for molecular clouds from the near-IR colours of stars in the 2 micron all sky survey. The DL model and the QSOs data are used to compress the spectral information in the Planck and IRAS observations for the diffuse ISM to a family of 20 SEDs normalized per Av, parameterized by Umin, which may be used to test and empirically calibrate dust models., Comment: Final version that has appeared in A&A
Published: 2014
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111. Planck intermediate results. XXVI. Optical identification and redshifts of Planck clusters with the RTT150 telescope

Author: Planck Collaboration, Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Arnaud, M., Ashdown, M., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Barrena, R., Bartolo, N., Battaner, E., Benabed, K., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bikmaev, I., Böhringer, H., Bonaldi, A., Bonavera, L., Bond, J. R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F. R., Burenin, R., Burigana, C., Butler, R. C., Calabrese, E., Carvalho, P., Catalano, A., Chamballu, A., Chiang, H. C., Chon, G., Christensen, P. R., Churazov, E., Clements, D. L., Colombo, L. P. L., Comis, B., Couchot, F., Curto, A., Cuttaia, F., Dahle, H., Danese, L., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., de Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Diego, J. M., Dole, H., Doré, O., Douspis, M., Ducout, A., Dupac, X., Efstathiou, G., Elsner, F., Enßlin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Finelli, F., Flores-Cacho, I., Forni, O., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Frejsel, A., Fromenteau, S., Galeotta, S., Ganga, K., Génova-Santos, R. T., Giard, M., Gilfanov, M., Giraud-Héraud, Y., Gjerløw, E., González-Nuevo, J., Górski, K. M., Gruppuso, A., Hansen, F. K., Hanson, D., Harrison, D. L., Hempel, A., Henrot-Versillé, S., Hernández-Monteagudo, C., Herranz, D., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hivon, E., Holmes, W. A., Hornstrup, A., Hovest, W., Huffenberger, K. M., Hurier, G., Jaffe, T. R., Jones, W. C., Juvela, M., Keihanen, E., Keskitalo, R., Khamitov, I., Kisner, T. S., Kneissl, R., Knoche, J., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lagache, G., Lasenby, A., Lattanzi, M., Lawrence, C. R., Leonardi, R., Levrier, F., Liguori, M., Lilje, P. B., Linden-Vørnle, M., López-Caniego, M., Lubin, P. M., Macías-Pérez, J. F., Maino, D., Mandolesi, N., Maris, M., Martin, P. G., Martínez-González, E., Masi, S., Matarrese, S., Mazzotta, P., Melin, J. -B., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Miville-Deschenes, M. -A., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mortlock, D., Munshi, D., Murphy, J. A., Naselsky, P., Nati, F., Natoli, P., Nørgaard-Nielsen, H. U., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., Oxborrow, C. A., Pagano, L., Pajot, F., Paoletti, D., Pasian, F., Perdereau, O., Perotto, L., Perrotta, F., Pettorino, V., Piacentini, F., Piat, M., Pietrobon, D., Plaszczynski, S., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Popa, L., Pratt, G. W., Prunet, S., Puget, J. -L., Rachen, J. P., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renault, C., Ricciardi, S., Ristorcelli, I., Rocha, G., Roman, M., Rosset, C., Rossetti, M., Roudier, G., Rubiño-Martín, J. A., Rusholme, B., Sandri, M., Scott, D., Spencer, L. D., Stolyarov, V., Sudiwala, R., Sunyaev, R., Sutton, D., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Sygnet, J. -F., Tauber, J. A., Terenzi, L., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Tucci, M., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, B., Vibert, L., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Wade, L. A., Wandelt, B. D., Wehus, I. K., Yvon, D., Zacchei, A., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: We present the results of approximately three years of observations of Planck Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) sources with the Russian-Turkish 1.5-m telescope (RTT150), as a part of the optical follow-up programme undertaken by the Planck collaboration. During this time period approximately 20% of all dark and grey clear time available at the telescope was devoted to observations of Planck objects. Some observations of distant clusters were also done at the 6-m Bolshoy Telescope Azimutal'ny (BTA) of the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In total, deep, direct images of more than one hundred fields were obtained in multiple filters. We identified 47 previously unknown galaxy clusters, 41 of which are included in the Planck catalogue of SZ sources. The redshifts of 65 Planck clusters were measured spectroscopically and 14 more were measured photometrically. We discuss the details of cluster optical identifications and redshift measurements. We also present new spectroscopic redhifts for 39 Planck clusters that were not included in the Planck SZ source catalogue and are published here for the first time., Comment: 14 pages, submitted to A&A
Published: 2014
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112. Planck intermediate results. XXV. The Andromeda Galaxy as seen by Planck

Author: Planck Collaboration, Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Arnaud, M., Ashdown, M., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Bartolo, N., Battaner, E., Battye, R., Benabed, K., Bendo, G. J., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bonaldi, A., Bonavera, L., Bond, J. R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F. R., Burigana, C., Butler, R. C., Calabrese, E., Cardoso, J. -F., Catalano, A., Chamballu, A., Chary, R. -R., Chen, X., Chiang, H. C., Christensen, P. R., Clements, D. L., Colombo, L. P. L., Combet, C., Couchot, F., Coulais, A., Crill, B. P., Curto, A., Cuttaia, F., Danese, L., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., de Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Dickinson, C., Diego, J. M., Dole, H., Donzelli, S., Doré, O., Douspis, M., Ducout, A., Dupac, X., Efstathiou, G., Elsner, F., Enßlin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Finelli, F., Forni, O., Frailis, M., Fraisse, A. A., Franceschi, E., Frejsel, A., Galeotta, S., Ganga, K., Giard, M., Giraud-Héraud, Y., Gjerløw, E., González-Nuevo, J., Górski, K. M., Gregorio, A., Gruppuso, A., Hansen, F. K., Hanson, D., Harrison, D. L., Henrot-Versillé, S., Hernández-Monteagudo, C., Herranz, D., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hivon, E., Hobson, M., Holmes, W. A., Hornstrup, A., Hovest, W., Huffenberger, K. M., Hurier, G., Israel, F. P., Jaffe, A. H., Jaffe, T. R., Jones, W. C., Juvela, M., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T. S., Kneissl, R., Knoche, J., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lagache, G., Lähteenmäki, A., Lamarre, J. -M., Lasenby, A., Lattanzi, M., Lawrence, C. R., Leonardi, R., Levrier, F., Liguori, M., Lilje, P. B., Linden-Vørnle, M., López-Caniego, M., Lubin, P. M., Macías-Pérez, J. F., Madden, S., Maffei, B., Maino, D., Mandolesi, N., Maris, M., Martin, P. G., Martínez-González, E., Masi, S., Matarrese, S., Mazzotta, P., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Miville-Deschênes, M. -A., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mortlock, D., Munshi, D., Murphy, J. A., Naselsky, P., Nati, F., Natoli, P., Nørgaard-Nielsen, H. U., Noviello, F., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., Oxborrow, C. A., Pagano, L., Pajot, F., Paladini, R., Paoletti, D., Partridge, B., Pasian, F., Pearson, T. J., Peel, M., Perdereau, O., Perrotta, F., Pettorino, V., Piacentini, F., Piat, M., Pierpaoli, E., Pietrobon, D., Plaszczynski, S., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Popa, L., Pratt, G. W., Prunet, S., Puget, J. -L., Rachen, J. P., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renault, C., Ricciardi, S., Ristorcelli, I., Rocha, G., Rosset, C., Rossetti, M., Roudier, G., Rubiño-Martín, J. A., Rusholme, B., Sandri, M., Savini, G., Scott, D., Spencer, L. D., Stolyarov, V., Sudiwala, R., Sutton, D., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Sygnet, J. -F., Tauber, J. A., Terenzi, L., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Tucci, M., Umana, G., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, B., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Wade, L. A., Wandelt, B. D., Watson, R., Wehus, I. K., Yvon, D., Zacchei, A., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: The Andromeda Galaxy (M31) is one of a few galaxies that has sufficient angular size on the sky to be resolved by the Planck satellite. Planck has detected M31 in all of its frequency bands, and has mapped out the dust emission with the High Frequency Instrument, clearly resolving multiple spiral arms and sub-features. We examine the morphology of this long-wavelength dust emission as seen by Planck, including a study of its outermost spiral arms, and investigate the dust heating mechanism across M31. We find that dust dominating the longer wavelength emission ($\gtrsim 0.3\,$mm) is heated by the diffuse stellar population (as traced by 3.6$\,\mu$m emission), with the dust dominating the shorter wavelength emission heated by a mix of the old stellar population and star-forming regions (as traced by 24$\,\mu$m emission). We also fit spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for individual 5' pixels and quantify the dust properties across the galaxy, taking into account these different heating mechanisms, finding that there is a linear decrease in temperature with galactocentric distance for dust heated by the old stellar population, as would be expected, with temperatures ranging from around 22$\,$K in the nucleus to 14$\,$K outside of the 10$\,$kpc ring. Finally, we measure the integrated spectrum of the whole galaxy, which we find to be well-fitted with a global dust temperature of ($18.2\pm1.0$)$\,$K with a spectral index of $1.62\pm0.11$ (assuming a single modified blackbody), and a significant amount of free-free emission at intermediate frequencies of 20-60$\,$GHz, which corresponds to a star formation rate of around $0.12$M$_\odot\,$yr$^{-1}$. We find a $2.3\,\sigma$ detection of the presence of spinning dust emission, with a 30$\,$GHz amplitude of $0.7\pm0.3\,$Jy, which is in line with expectations from our Galaxy., Comment: 26 pages, 16 figures, accepted for publication in A&A
Published: 2014
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113. Planck intermediate results. XXIV. Constraints on variation of fundamental constants

Author: Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Arnaud, M., Ashdown, M., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Battaner, E., Benabed, K., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bond, J. R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F. R., Burigana, C., Butler, R. C., Calabrese, E., Chamballu, A., Chiang, H. C., Christensen, P. R., Clements, D. L., Colombo, L. P. L., Couchot, F., Curto, A., Cuttaia, F., Danese, L., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., de Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Diego, J. M., Dole, H., Doré, O., Dupac, X., Enßlin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Fabre, O., Finelli, F., Forni, O., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Galeotta, S., Galli, S., Ganga, K., Giard, M., González-Nuevo, J., Górski, K. M., Gregorio, A., Gruppuso, A., Hansen, F. K., Hanson, D., Harrison, D. L., Henrot-Versillé, S., Hernández-Monteagudo, C., Herranz, D., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hivon, E., Hobson, M., Holmes, W. A., Hornstrup, A., Hovest, W., Huffenberger, K. M., Jaffe, A. H., Jones, W. C., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kneissl, R., Knoche, J., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lamarre, J. -M., Lasenby, A., Lawrence, C. R., Leonardi, R., Lesgourgues, J., Liguori, M., Lilje, P. B., Linden-Vørnle, M., López-Caniego, M., Lubin, P. M., Macías-Pérez, J. F., Mandolesi, N., Maris, M., Martin, P. G., Martínez-González, E., Masi, S., Matarrese, S., Mazzotta, P., Meinhold, P. R., Melchiorri, A., Mendes, L., Menegoni, E., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Miville-Deschênes, M. -A., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Moss, A., Munshi, D., Murphy, J. A., Naselsky, P., Nati, F., Natoli, P., Nørgaard-Nielsen, H. U., Noviello, F., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., Oxborrow, C. A., Pagano, L., Pajot, F., Paoletti, D., Pasian, F., Patanchon, G., Perdereau, O., Perotto, L., Perrotta, F., Piacentini, F., Piat, M., Pierpaoli, E., Pietrobon, D., Plaszczynski, S., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Ponthieu, N., Popa, L., Pratt, G. W., Prunet, S., Rachen, J. P., Rebolo, R., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renault, C., Ricciardi, S., Ristorcelli, I., Rocha, G., Roudier, G., Rusholme, B., Sandri, M., Savini, G., Scott, D., Spencer, L. D., Stolyarov, V., Sudiwala, R., Sutton, D., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Sygnet, J. -F., Tauber, J. A., Tavagnacco, D., Terenzi, L., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Tucci, M., Uzan, J. -P., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, B., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Wade, L. A., Yvon, D., Zacchei, A., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: Any variation of the fundamental physical constants, and more particularly of the fine structure constant, $\alpha$, or of the mass of the electron, $m_e$, would affect the recombination history of the Universe and cause an imprint on the cosmic microwave background angular power spectra. We show that the Planck data allow one to improve the constraint on the time variation of the fine structure constant at redshift $z\sim 10^3$ by about a factor of 5 compared to WMAP data, as well as to break the degeneracy with the Hubble constant, $H_0$. In addition to $\alpha$, we can set a constraint on the variation of the mass of the electron, $m_{\rm e}$, and on the simultaneous variation of the two constants. We examine in detail the degeneracies between fundamental constants and the cosmological parameters, in order to compare the limits obtained from Planck and WMAP and to determine the constraining power gained by including other cosmological probes. We conclude that independent time variations of the fine structure constant and of the mass of the electron are constrained by Planck to ${\Delta\alpha}/{\alpha}= (3.6\pm 3.7)\times10^{-3}$ and ${\Delta m_{\rm e}}/{m_{\rm e}}= (4 \pm 11)\times10^{-3}$ at the 68% confidence level. We also investigate the possibility of a spatial variation of the fine structure constant. The relative amplitude of a dipolar spatial variation of $\alpha$ (corresponding to a gradient across our Hubble volume) is constrained to be $\delta\alpha/\alpha=(-2.4\pm 3.7)\times 10^{-2}$., Comment: 25 pages, 16 figures, 11 tables, submitted to A&A
Published: 2014
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114. Planck intermediate results. XXIII. Galactic plane emission components derived from Planck with ancillary data

Author: Planck Collaboration, Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Alves, M. I. R., Arnaud, M., Ashdown, M., Atrio-Barandela, F., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Battaner, E., Benabed, K., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bobin, J., Bonaldi, A., Bond, J. R., Bouchet, F. R., Boulanger, F., Burigana, C., Cardoso, J. -F., Catalano, A., Chamballu, A., Chiang, H. C., Christensen, P. R., Clements, D. L., Colombi, S., Colombo, L. P. L., Combet, C., Couchot, F., Crill, B. P., Cuttaia, F., Danese, L., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., de Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Dickinson, C., Diego, J. M., Donzelli, S., Doré, O., Douspis, M., Dupac, X., Efstathiou, G., Enßlin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Finelli, F., Forni, O., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Galeotta, S., Ganga, K., Génova-Santos, R. T., Ghosh, T., Giard, M., Giardino, G., Giraud-Héraud, Y., González-Nuevo, J., Górski, K. M., Gregorio, A., Gruppuso, A., Hansen, F. K., Harrison, D. L., Henrot-Versillé, S., Herranz, D., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hivon, E., Hobson, M., Hornstrup, A., Hovest, W., Huffenberger, K. M., Jaffe, A. H., Jaffe, T. R., Jones, W. C., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T. S., Kneissl, R., Knoche, J., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lagache, G., Lähteenmäki, A., Lamarre, J. -M., Lasenby, A., Lawrence, C. R., Leonardi, R., Liguori, M., Lilje, P. B., Linden-Vørnle, M., López-Caniego, M., Lubin, P. M., Macías-Pérez, J. F., Maino, D., Mandolesi, N., Martin, P. G., Martínez-González, E., Masi, S., Massardi, M., Matarrese, S., Mazzotta, P., Meinhold, P. R., Melchiorri, A., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Mitra, S., Miville-Deschênes, M. -A., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mortlock, D., Munshi, D., Murphy, J. A., Naselsky, P., Nati, F., Natoli, P., Nørgaard-Nielsen, H. U., Noviello, F., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., Oxborrow, C. A., Pagano, L., Pajot, F., Paladini, R., Paoletti, D., Pasian, F., Pearson, T. J., Peel, M., Perdereau, O., Perrotta, F., Piacentini, F., Piat, M., Pierpaoli, E., Pietrobon, D., Plaszczynski, S., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Ponthieu, N., Popa, L., Pratt, G. W., Prunet, S., Puget, J. -L., Rachen, J. P., Reach, W. T., Rebolo, R., Reich, W., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renault, C., Ricciardi, S., Riller, T., Ristorcelli, I., Rocha, G., Rosset, C., Roudier, G., Rubiño-Martín, J. A., Rusholme, B., Sandri, M., Savini, G., Scott, D., Spencer, L. D., Stolyarov, V., Strong, A. W., Sutton, D., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Sygnet, J. -F., Tauber, J. A., Tavagnacco, D., Terenzi, L., Tibbs, C. T., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Tucci, M., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, B., Varis, J., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Wade, L. A., Wandelt, B. D., Watson, R., Yvon, D., Zacchei, A., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: Planck data when combined with ancillary data provide a unique opportunity to separate the diffuse emission components of the inner Galaxy. The purpose of the paper is to elucidate the morphology of the various emission components in the strong star-formation region lying inside the solar radius and to clarify the relationship between the various components. The region of the Galactic plane covered is l=300-0-60deg where star-formation is highest and the emission is strong enough to make meaningful component separation. The latitude widths in this longitude range lie between 1deg and 2deg, which correspond to FWHM z-widths of 100-200pc at a typical distance of 6kpc. The four emission components studied here are synchrotron, free-free, anomalous microwave emission (AME), and thermal (vibrational) dust emission. These components are identified by constructing spectral energy distributions (SEDs) at positions along the Galactic plane using the wide frequency coverage of Planck (28.4-857GHz) in combination with low-frequency radio data at 0.408-2.3GHz plus WMAP data at 23-94GHz, along with far-infrared (FIR) data from DIRBE and IRAS. The free-free component is determined from radio recombination line (RRL) data. AME is found to be comparable in brightness to the free-free emission on the Galactic plane in the frequency range 20-40GHz with a width in latitude similar to that of the thermal dust; it comprises 45+/-1% of the total 28.4GHz emission in the longitude range l=300-0-60deg. The free-free component is the narrowest, reflecting the fact that it is produced by current star-formation as traced by the narrow distribution of OB stars. It is the dominant emission on the plane between 60 and 100GHz. RRLs from this ionized gas are used to assess its distance, leading to a free-free z-width of FWHM ~100pc...(abridged), Comment: 28 pages, A&A (accepted), on behalf of Planck Collaboration. Minor formatting and reference updates
Published: 2014
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115. Planck intermediate results. XXI. Comparison of polarized thermal emission from Galactic dust at 353 GHz with interstellar polarization in the visible

Author: Planck Collaboration, Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Alina, D., Aniano, G., Armitage-Caplan, C., Arnaud, M., Ashdown, M., Atrio-Barandela, F., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Battaner, E., Beichman, C., Benabed, K., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bock, J. J., Bond, J. R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F. R., Boulanger, F., Burigana, C., Cardoso, J. -F., Catalano, A., Chamballu, A., Chary, R. -R., Chiang, H. C., Christensen, P. R., Colombi, S., Colombo, L. P. L., Combet, C., Couchot, F., Coulais, A., Crill, B. P., Curto, A., Cuttaia, F., Danese, L., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., de Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Désert, F. -X., Dickinson, C., Diego, J. M., Donzelli, S., Doré, O., Douspis, M., Dunkley, J., Dupac, X., Enßlin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Falgarone, E., Fanciullo, L., Finelli, F., Forni, O., Frailis, M., Fraisse, A. A., Franceschi, E., Galeotta, S., Ganga, K., Ghosh, T., Giard, M., Giraud-Héraud, Y., González-Nuevo, J., Górski, K. M., Gregorio, A., Gruppuso, A., Guillet, V., Hansen, F. K., Harrison, D. L., Helou, G., Hernández-Monteagudo, C., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hivon, E., Hobson, M., Holmes, W. A., Hornstrup, A., Huffenberger, K. M., Jaffe, A. H., Jaffe, T. R., Jones, W. C., Juvela, M., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T. S., Kneissl, R., Knoche, J., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lagache, G., Lähteenmäki, A., Lamarre, J. -M., Lasenby, A., Lawrence, C. R., Leonardi, R., Levrier, F., Liguori, M., Lilje, P. B., Linden-Vørnle, M., López-Caniego, M., Lubin, P. M., Macías-Pérez, J. F., Maffei, B., Magalhães, A. M., Maino, D., Mandolesi, N., Maris, M., Marshall, D. J., Martin, P. G., Martínez-González, E., Masi, S., Matarrese, S., Mazzotta, P., Melchiorri, A., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Miville-Deschênes, M. -A., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mortlock, D., Munshi, D., Murphy, J. A., Naselsky, P., Nati, F., Natoli, P., Netterfield, C. B., Noviello, F., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., Oxborrow, C. A., Pagano, L., Pajot, F., Paladini, R., Paoletti, D., Pasian, F., Perdereau, O., Perotto, L., Perrotta, F., Piacentini, F., Piat, M., Pietrobon, D., Plaszczynski, S., Poidevin, F., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Popa, L., Pratt, G. W., Prunet, S., Puget, J. -L., Rachen, J. P., Reach, W. T., Rebolo, R., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renault, C., Ricciardi, S., Riller, T., Ristorcelli, I., Rocha, G., Rosset, C., Roudier, G., Rusholme, B., Sandri, M., Savini, G., Scott, D., Spencer, L. D., Stolyarov, V., Stompor, R., Sudiwala, R., Sutton, D., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Sygnet, J. -F., Tauber, J. A., Terenzi, L., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Tucci, M., Umana, G., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, B., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Wade, L. A., Wandelt, B. D., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: The Planck survey provides unprecedented full-sky coverage of the submillimetre polarized emission from Galactic dust, bringing new constraints on the properties of dust. The dust grains that emit the radiation seen by Planck in the submillimetre also extinguish and polarize starlight in the visible. Comparison of the polarization of the emission and of the interstellar polarization on selected lines of sight probed by stars provides unique new diagnostics of the emission and light scattering properties of dust. Using ancillary catalogues of interstellar polarization and extinction of starlight, we obtain the degree of polarization, $p_V$ , and the optical depth in the V band to the star, $\tau_V$. Toward these stars we measure the submillimetre polarized intensity, $P_S$, and total intensity, $I_S$, in the Planck 353 GHz channel. For those lines of sight through the diffuse interstellar medium with comparable values of the estimated column density and polarization directions close to orthogonal, we correlate properties in the submillimetre and visible to find two ratios, $R_{S/V} = (P_S/I_S)/(p_V/\tau_V)$ and $R_{P/p} = P_S/p_V$ , the latter focusing directly on the polarization properties of the aligned grain population alone. We find $R_{S/V}$ = 4.2, with statistical and systematic uncertainties 0.2 and 0.3, respectively, and $R_{P/p}$ = 5.4 MJy sr$^{-1}$, with uncertainties 0.2 and 0.3 MJy sr$^{-1}$, respectively. Our estimate of $R_{S/V}$ is compatible with predictions based on a range of polarizing dust models that have been developed for the diffuse interstellar medium. However, our estimate of $R_{P/p}$ is not compatible with predictions, which are too low by a factor of about 2.5. This more discriminating diagnostic, $R_{P/p}$, indicates that changes to the optical properties in the models of the aligned grain population are required.
Published: 2014
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116. Planck intermediate results. XX. Comparison of polarized thermal emission from Galactic dust with simulations of MHD turbulence

Author: Planck Collaboration, Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Alina, D., Alves, M. I. R., Aniano, G., Armitage-Caplan, C., Arnaud, M., Arzoumanian, D., Ashdown, M., Atrio-Barandela, F., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Battaner, E., Benabed, K., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bond, J. R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F. R., Boulanger, F., Bracco, A., Burigana, C., Cardoso, J. -F., Catalano, A., Chamballu, A., Chiang, H. C., Christensen, P. R., Colombi, S., Colombo, L. P. L., Combet, C., Couchot, F., Coulais, A., Crill, B. P., Curto, A., Cuttaia, F., Danese, L., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., de Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Dickinson, C., Diego, J. M., Donzelli, S., Doré, O., Douspis, M., Dupac, X., Efstathiou, G., Enßlin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Falgarone, E., Fanciullo, L., Ferrière, K., Finelli, F., Forni, O., Frailis, M., Fraisse, A. A., Franceschi, E., Galeotta, S., Ganga, K., Ghosh, T., Giard, M., Giraud-Héraud, Y., González-Nuevo, J., Górski, K. M., Gregorio, A., Gruppuso, A., Guillet, V., Hansen, F. K., Harrison, D. L., Helou, G., Hernández-Monteagudo, C., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hivon, E., Hobson, M., Holmes, W. A., Hornstrup, A., Huffenberger, K. M., Jaffe, A. H., Jaffe, T. R., Jones, W. C., Juvela, M., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T. S., Kneissl, R., Knoche, J., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lagache, G., Lamarre, J. -M., Lasenby, A., Lawrence, C. R., Leonardi, R., Levrier, F., Liguori, M., Lilje, P. B., Linden-Vørnle, M., López-Caniego, M., Lubin, P. M., Macías-Pérez, J. F., Maino, D., Mandolesi, N., Maris, M., Marshall, D. J., Martin, P. G., Martínez-González, E., Masi, S., Matarrese, S., Mazzotta, P., Melchiorri, A., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Miville-Deschênes, M. -A., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mortlock, D., Munshi, D., Murphy, J. A., Naselsky, P., Nati, F., Natoli, P., Netterfield, C. B., Noviello, F., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., Oxborrow, C. A., Pagano, L., Pajot, F., Paoletti, D., Pasian, F., Pelkonen, V. -M., Perdereau, O., Perotto, L., Perrotta, F., Piacentini, F., Piat, M., Pietrobon, D., Plaszczynski, S., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Popa, L., Pratt, G. W., Prunet, S., Puget, J. -L., Rachen, J. P., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renault, C., Ricciardi, S., Riller, T., Ristorcelli, I., Rocha, G., Rosset, C., Roudier, G., Rusholme, B., Sandri, M., Scott, D., Soler, J. D., Spencer, L. D., Stolyarov, V., Stompor, R., Sudiwala, R., Sutton, D., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Sygnet, J. -F., Tauber, J. A., Terenzi, L., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Tucci, M., Umana, G., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, B., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Wade, L. A., Wandelt, B. D., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: Polarized emission observed by Planck HFI at 353 GHz towards a sample of nearby fields is presented, focusing on the statistics of polarization fractions $p$ and angles $\psi$. The polarization fractions and column densities in these nearby fields are representative of the range of values obtained over the whole sky. We find that: (i) the largest polarization fractions are reached in the most diffuse fields; (ii) the maximum polarization fraction $p_\mathrm{max}$ decreases with column density $N_\mathrm{H}$ in the more opaque fields with $N_\mathrm{H} > 10^{21}\,\mathrm{cm}^{-2}$; and (iii) the polarization fraction along a given line of sight is correlated with the local spatial coherence of the polarization angle. These observations are compared to polarized emission maps computed in simulations of anisotropic magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) turbulence in which we assume a uniform intrinsic polarization fraction of the dust grains. We find that an estimate of this parameter may be recovered from the maximum polarization fraction $p_\mathrm{max}$ in diffuse regions where the magnetic field is ordered on large scales and perpendicular to the line of sight. This emphasizes the impact of anisotropies of the magnetic field on the emerging polarization signal. The decrease of the polarization fraction with column density in nearby molecular clouds is well reproduced in the simulations, indicating that it is essentially due to the turbulent structure of the magnetic field: an accumulation of variously polarized structures along the line of sight leads to such an anti-correlation. In the simulations, polarization fractions are also found to anti-correlate with the angle dispersion function $\mathcal{S}$. [abridged], Comment: Part of a series of four papers, accepted for publication in A&A
Published: 2014
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117. Planck intermediate results. XIX. An overview of the polarized thermal emission from Galactic dust

Author: Planck Collaboration, Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Alina, D., Alves, M. I. R., Armitage-Caplan, C., Arnaud, M., Arzoumanian, D., Ashdown, M., Atrio-Barandela, F., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Battaner, E., Benabed, K., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bock, J. J., Bond, J. R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F. R., Boulanger, F., Bracco, A., Burigana, C., Butler, R. C., Cardoso, J. -F., Catalano, A., Chamballu, A., Chary, R. -R., Chiang, H. C., Christensen, P. R., Colombi, S., Colombo, L. P. L., Combet, C., Couchot, F., Coulais, A., Crill, B. P., Curto, A., Cuttaia, F., Danese, L., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., Pino, E. M. de Gouveia Dal, de Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Désert, F. -X., Dickinson, C., Diego, J. M., Donzelli, S., Doré, O., Douspis, M., Dunkley, J., Dupac, X., Enßlin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Falgarone, E., Ferrière, K., Finelli, F., Forni, O., Frailis, M., Fraisse, A. A., Franceschi, E., Galeotta, S., Ganga, K., Ghosh, T., Giard, M., Giraud-Héraud, Y., González-Nuevo, J., Górski, K. M., Gregorio, A., Gruppuso, A., Guillet, V., Hansen, F. K., Harrison, D. L., Helou, G., Hernández-Monteagudo, C., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hivon, E., Hobson, M., Holmes, W. A., Hornstrup, A., Huffenberger, K. M., Jaffe, A. H., Jaffe, T. R., Jones, W. C., Juvela, M., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T. S., Kneissl, R., Knoche, J., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lagache, G., Lähteenmäki, A., Lamarre, J. -M., Lasenby, A., Lawrence, C. R., Leahy, J. P., Leonardi, R., Levrier, F., Liguori, M., Lilje, P. B., Linden-Vørnle, M., López-Caniego, M., Lubin, P. M., Macías-Pérez, J. F., Maffei, B., Magalhães, A. M., Maino, D., Mandolesi, N., Maris, M., Marshall, D. J., Martin, P. G., Martínez-González, E., Masi, S., Matarrese, S., Mazzotta, P., Melchiorri, A., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Miville-Deschênes, M. -A., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mortlock, D., Munshi, D., Murphy, J. A., Naselsky, P., Nati, F., Natoli, P., Netterfield, C. B., Noviello, F., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., Oxborrow, C. A., Pagano, L., Pajot, F., Paladini, R., Paoletti, D., Pasian, F., Pearson, T. J., Perdereau, O., Perotto, L., Perrotta, F., Piacentini, F., Piat, M., Pietrobon, D., Plaszczynski, S., Poidevin, F., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Popa, L., Pratt, G. W., Prunet, S., Puget, J. -L., Rachen, J. P., Reach, W. T., Rebolo, R., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renault, C., Ricciardi, S., Riller, T., Ristorcelli, I., Rocha, G., Rosset, C., Roudier, G., Rubiño-Martín, J. A., Rusholme, B., Sandri, M., Savini, G., Scott, D., Spencer, L. D., Stolyarov, V., Stompor, R., Sudiwala, R., Sutton, D., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Sygnet, J. -F., Tauber, J. A., Terenzi, L., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Tucci, M., Umana, G., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, B., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Wade, L. A., Wandelt, B. D., Zacchei, A., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: This paper presents the large-scale polarized sky as seen by Planck HFI at 353 GHz, which is the most sensitive Planck channel for dust polarization. We construct and analyse large-scale maps of dust polarization fraction and polarization direction, while taking account of noise bias and possible systematic effects. We find that the maximum observed dust polarization fraction is high (pmax > 18%), in particular in some of the intermediate dust column density (AV < 1mag) regions. There is a systematic decrease in the dust polarization fraction with increasing dust column density, and we interpret the features of this correlation in light of both radiative grain alignment predictions and fluctuations in the magnetic field orientation. We also characterize the spatial structure of the polarization angle using the angle dispersion function and find that, in nearby fields at intermediate latitudes, the polarization angle is ordered over extended areas that are separated by filamentary structures, which appear as interfaces where the magnetic field sky projection rotates abruptly without apparent variations in the dust column density. The polarization fraction is found to be anti-correlated with the dispersion of the polarization angle, implying that the variations are likely due to fluctuations in the 3D magnetic field orientation along the line of sight sampling the diffuse interstellar medium.We also compare the dust emission with the polarized synchrotron emission measured with the Planck LFI, with low-frequency radio data, and with Faraday rotation measurements of extragalactic sources. The two polarized components are globally similar in structure along the plane and notably in the Fan and North Polar Spur regions. A detailed comparison of these three tracers shows, however, that dust and cosmic rays generally sample different parts of the line of sight and confirms that much of the variation observed in the Planck data is due to the 3D structure of the magnetic field.
Published: 2014
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118. Planck intermediate results. XXII. Frequency dependence of thermal emission from Galactic dust in intensity and polarization

Author: Planck Collaboration, Ade, P. A. R., Alves, M. I. R., Aniano, G., Armitage-Caplan, C., Arnaud, M., Atrio-Barandela, F., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Battaner, E., Benabed, K., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bock, J. J., Bond, J. R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F. R., Boulanger, F., Burigana, C., Cardoso, J. -F., Catalano, A., Chamballu, A., Chiang, H. C., Colombo, L. P. L., Combet, C., Couchot, F., Coulais, A., Crill, B. P., Curto, A., Cuttaia, F., Danese, L., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Désert, F. -X., Dickinson, C., Diego, J. M., Donzelli, S., Doré, O., Douspis, M., Dunkley, J., Dupac, X., Enßlin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Falgarone, E., Finelli, F., Forni, O., Frailis, M., Fraisse, A. A., Franceschi, E., Galeotta, S., Ganga, K., Ghosh, T., Giard, M., González-Nuevo, J., Górski, K. M., Gregorio, A., Gruppuso, A., Guillet, V., Hansen, F. K., Harrison, D. L., Helou, G., Hernández-Monteagudo, C., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hivon, E., Hobson, M., Holmes, W. A., Hornstrup, A., Jaffe, A. H., Jaffe, T. R., Jones, W. C., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T. S., Kneissl, R., Knoche, J., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lagache, G., Lamarre, J. -M., Lasenby, A., Lawrence, C. R., Leahy, J. P., Leonardi, R., Levrier, F., Liguori, M., Lilje, P. B., Linden-Vørnle, M., López-Caniego, M., Lubin, P. M., Macías-Pérez, J. F., Maffei, B., Magalhães, A. M., Maino, D., Mandolesi, N., Maris, M., Marshall, D. J., Martin, P. G., Martínez-González, E., Masi, S., Matarrese, S., Mazzotta, P., Melchiorri, A., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Miville-Deschênes, M. -A., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mortlock, D., Munshi, D., Murphy, J. A., Naselsky, P., Nati, F., Natoli, P., Netterfield, C. B., Noviello, F., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., Oppermann, N., Oxborrow, C. A., Pagano, L., Pajot, F., Paoletti, D., Pasian, F., Perdereau, O., Perotto, L., Perrotta, F., Piacentini, F., Pietrobon, D., Plaszczynski, S., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Popa, L., Pratt, G. W., Rachen, J. P., Reach, W. T., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renault, C., Ricciardi, S., Riller, T., Ristorcelli, I., Rocha, G., Rosset, C., Roudier, G., Rubiño-Martín, J. A., Rusholme, B., Salerno, E., Sandri, M., Savini, G., Scott, D., Spencer, L. D., Stolyarov, V., Stompor, R., Sudiwala, R., Sutton, D., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Sygnet, J. -F., Tauber, J. A., Terenzi, L., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Tucci, M., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, B., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Wandelt, B. D., Zacchei, A., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: Planck has mapped the intensity and polarization of the sky at microwave frequencies with unprecedented sensitivity. We make use of the Planck 353 GHz I, Q, and U Stokes maps as dust templates, and cross-correlate them with the Planck and WMAP data at 12 frequencies from 23 to 353 GHz, over circular patches with 10 degree radius. The cross-correlation analysis is performed for both intensity and polarization data in a consistent manner. We use a mask that focuses our analysis on the diffuse interstellar medium at intermediate Galactic latitudes. We determine the spectral indices of dust emission in intensity and polarization between 100 and 353 GHz, for each sky-patch. The mean values, $1.59\pm0.02$ for polarization and $1.51\pm0.01$ for intensity, for a mean dust temperature of 19.6 K, are close, but significantly different ($3.6\,\sigma$). We determine the mean spectral energy distribution (SED) of the microwave emission, correlated with the 353 GHz dust templates, by averaging the results of the correlation over all sky-patches. We find that the mean SED increases for decreasing frequencies at $\nu < 60$ GHz, for both intensity and polarization. The rise of the polarization SED towards low frequencies may be accounted for by a synchrotron component correlated with dust, with no need for any polarization of the anomalous microwave emission. We use a spectral model to separate the synchrotron and dust polarization and to characterize the spectral dependence of the dust polarization fraction. The polarization fraction ($p$) of the dust emission decreases by $(21\pm6)$ % from 353 to 70 GHz. The decrease of $p$ could indicate differences in polarization efficiency among components of interstellar dust (e.g., carbon versus silicate grains). Our observational results provide inputs to quantify and optimize the separation between Galactic and cosmological polarization., Comment: 26 pages, 15 figures, 9 tables; updated version; small changes to match the published version
Published: 2014
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119. Planck intermediate results. XVII. Emission of dust in the diffuse interstellar medium from the far-infrared to microwave frequencies

Author: Planck Collaboration, Abergel, A., Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Alves, M. I. R., Aniano, G., Arnaud, M., Ashdown, M., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Bartlett, J. G., Battaner, E., Benabed, K., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bobin, J., Bonaldi, A., Bond, J. R., Bouchet, F. R., Boulanger, F., Burigana, C., Cardoso, J. -F., Catalano, A., Chamballu, A., Chiang, H. C., Christensen, P. R., Clements, D. L., Colombi, S., Colombo, L. P. L., Couchot, F., Crill, B. P., Cuttaia, F., Danese, L., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., de Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Désert, F. -X., Dickinson, C., Diego, J. M., Dole, H., Donzelli, S., Doré, O., Douspis, M., Dupac, X., Efstathiou, G., Enßlin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Falgarone, E., Finelli, F., Forni, O., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Galeotta, S., Ganga, K., Ghosh, T., Giard, M., Giraud-Héraud, Y., González-Nuevo, J., Górski, K. M., Gregorio, A., Gruppuso, A., Guillet, V., Hansen, F. K., Harrison, D. L., Helou, G., Henrot-Versillé, S., Hernández-Monteagudo, C., Herranz, D., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hivon, E., Hobson, M., Holmes, W. A., Hornstrup, A., Hovest, W., Huffenberger, K. M., Jaffe, A. H., Jaffe, T. R., Joncas, G., Jones, A., Jones, W. C., Juvela, M., Kalberla, P., Keihänen, E., Kerp, J., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T. S., Kneissl, R., Knoche, J., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lagache, G., Lähteenmäki, A., Lamarre, J. -M., Lasenby, A., Lawrence, C. R., Leonardi, R., Levrier, F., Liguori, M., Lilje, P. B., Linden-Vørnle, M., López-Caniego, M., Lubin, P. M., Macías-Pérez, J. F., Maffei, B., Maino, D., Mandolesi, N., Maris, M., Marshall, D. J., Martin, P. G., Martínez-González, E., Masi, S., Massardi, M., Matarrese, S., Mazzotta, P., Melchiorri, A., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Mitra, S., Miville-Deschênes, M. -A., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mortlock, D., Munshi, D., Murphy, J. A., Naselsky, P., Nati, F., Natoli, P., Noviello, F., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., Oxborrow, C. A., Pagano, L., Pajot, F., Paoletti, D., Pasian, F., Perdereau, O., Perotto, L., Perrotta, F., Piacentini, F., Piat, M., Pierpaoli, E., Pietrobon, D., Plaszczynski, S., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Ponthieu, N., Popa, L., Pratt, G. W., Prunet, S., Puget, J. -L., Rachen, J. P., Reach, W. T., Rebolo, R., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renault, C., Ricciardi, S., Riller, T., Ristorcelli, I., Rocha, G., Rosset, C., Roudier, G., Rusholme, B., Sandri, M., Savini, G., Spencer, L. D., Starck, J. -L., Sureau, F., Sutton, D., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Sygnet, J. -F., Tauber, J. A., Terenzi, L., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Tucci, M., Umana, G., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, B., Verstraete, L., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Wade, L. A., Wandelt, B. D., Winkel, B., Yvon, D., Zacchei, A., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: The dust-HI correlation is used to characterize the emission properties of dust in the diffuse interstellar medium. We cross-correlate sky maps from Planck, WMAP, and DIRBE, at 17 frequencies from 23 to 3000 GHz, with the Parkes survey of the 21-cm line emission of neutral atomic hydrogen, over a contiguous area of 7500 deg$^2$ centred on the southern Galactic pole. Our analysis yields four specific results. (1) The dust temperature is observed to be anti-correlated with the dust emissivity and opacity. We interpret this result as evidence for dust evolution within the diffuse ISM. The mean dust opacity is measured to be $(7.1 \pm 0.6) 10^{-27} cm^2/H \times (\nu/353\, GHz)^{1.53\pm0.03}$ for $100 < \nu <353$GHz. (2) We map the spectral index of dust emission at millimetre wavelengths, which is remarkably constant at $\beta_{mm} = 1.51\pm 0.13$. We compare it with the far infrared spectral index beta_FIR derived from greybody fits at higher frequencies, and find a systematic difference, $\beta_{mm}-\beta_{FIR} = -0.15$, which suggests that the dust SED flattens at $\nu < 353\,$GHz. (3) We present spectral fits of the microwave emission correlated with HI from 23 to 353 GHz, which separate dust and anomalous microwave emission. The flattening of the dust SED can be accounted for with an additional component with a blackbody spectrum, which accounts for $(26 \pm 6)$% of the dust emission at 100 GHz and could represent magnetic dipole emission. Alternatively, it could account for an increasing contribution of carbon dust, or a flattening of the emissivity of amorphous silicates, at millimetre wavelengths. These interpretations make different predictions for the dust polarization SED. (4) We identify a Galactic contribution to the residuals of the dust-HI correlation, which we model with variations of the dust emissivity on angular scales smaller than that of our correlation analysis., Comment: Final Version to appear in A&A
Published: 2013
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120. Planck 2013 results. XI. All-sky model of thermal dust emission

Author: Planck Collaboration, Abergel, A., Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Alves, M. I. R., Aniano, G., Armitage-Caplan, C., Arnaud, M., Ashdown, M., Atrio-Barandela, F., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Bartlett, J. G., Battaner, E., Benabed, K., Benoît, A., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bobin, J., Bock, J. J., Bonaldi, A., Bond, J. R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F. R., Boulanger, F., Bridges, M., Bucher, M., Burigana, C., Butler, R. C., Cardoso, J. -F., Catalano, A., Chamballu, A., Chary, R. -R., Chiang, H. C., Chiang, L. -Y, Christensen, P. R., Church, S., Clemens, M., Clements, D. L., Colombi, S., Colombo, L. P. L., Combet, C., Couchot, F., Coulais, A., Crill, B. P., Curto, A., Cuttaia, F., Danese, L., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., de Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Delouis, J. -M., Désert, F. -X., Dickinson, C., Diego, J. M., Dole, H., Donzelli, S., Doré, O., Douspis, M., Draine, B. T., Dupac, X., Efstathiou, G., Enßlin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Falgarone, E., Finelli, F., Forni, O., Frailis, M., Fraisse, A. A., Franceschi, E., Galeotta, S., Ganga, K., Ghosh, T., Giard, M., Giardino, G., Giraud-Héraud, Y., González-Nuevo, J., Górski, K. M., Gratton, S., Gregorio, A., Grenier, I. A., Gruppuso, A., Guillet, V., Hansen, F. K., Hanson, D., Harrison, D. L., Helou, G., Henrot-Versillé, S., Hernández-Monteagudo, C., Herranz, D., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hivon, E., Hobson, M., Holmes, W. A., Hornstrup, A., Hovest, W., Huffenberger, K. M., Jaffe, A. H., Jaffe, T. R., Jewell, J., Joncas, G., Jones, W. C., Juvela, M., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T. S., Knoche, J., Knox, L., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lagache, G., Lähteenmäki, A., Lamarre, J. -M., Lasenby, A., Laureijs, R. J., Lawrence, C. R., Leonardi, R., León-Tavares, J., Lesgourgues, J., Levrier, F., Liguori, M., Lilje, P. B., Linden-Vørnle, M., López-Caniego, M., Lubin, P. M., Macías-Pérez, J. F., Maffei, B., Maino, D., Mandolesi, N., Maris, M., Marshall, D. J., Martin, P. G., Martínez-González, E., Masi, S., Massardi, M., Matarrese, S., Matthai, F., Mazzotta, P., McGehee, P., Melchiorri, A., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Mitra, S., Miville-Deschênes, M. -A., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mortlock, D., Munshi, D., Murphy, J. A., Naselsky, P., Nati, F., Natoli, P., Netterfield, C. B., Nørgaard-Nielsen, H. U., Noviello, F., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., Osborne, S., Oxborrow, C. A., Paci, F., Pagano, L., Pajot, F., Paladini, R., Paoletti, D., Pasian, F., Patanchon, G., Perdereau, O., Perotto, L., Perrotta, F., Piacentini, F., Piat, M., Pierpaoli, E., Pietrobon, D., Plaszczynski, S., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Ponthieu, N., Popa, L., Poutanen, T., Pratt, G. W., Prézeau, G., Prunet, S., Puget, J. -L., Rachen, J. P., Reach, W. T., Rebolo, R., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renault, C., Ricciardi, S., Riller, T., Ristorcelli, I., Rocha, G., Rosset, C., Roudier, G., Rowan-Robinson, M., Rubiño-Martín, J. A., Rusholme, B., Sandri, M., Santos, D., Savini, G., Scott, D., Seiffert, M. D., Shellard, E. P. S., Spencer, L. D., Starck, J. -L., Stolyarov, V., Stompor, R., Sudiwala, R., Sunyaev, R., Sureau, F., Sutton, D., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Sygnet, J. -F., Tauber, J. A., Tavagnacco, D., Terenzi, L., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Tucci, M., Tuovinen, J., Türler, M., Umana, G., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, B., Verstraete, L., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Vittorio, N., Wade, L. A., Wandelt, B. D., Welikala, N., Ysard, N., Yvon, D., Zacchei, A., and Zonca., A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: This paper presents an all-sky model of dust emission from the Planck 857, 545 and 353 GHz, and IRAS 100 micron data. Using a modified black-body fit to the data we present all-sky maps of the dust optical depth, temperature, and spectral index over the 353-3000 GHz range. This model is a tight representation of the data at 5 arc min. It shows variations of the order of 30 % compared with the widely-used model of Finkbeiner, Davis, and Schlegel. The Planck data allow us to estimate the dust temperature uniformly over the whole sky, providing an improved estimate of the dust optical depth compared to previous all-sky dust model, especially in high-contrast molecular regions. An increase of the dust opacity at 353 GHz, tau_353/N_H, from the diffuse to the denser interstellar medium (ISM) is reported. It is associated with a decrease in the observed dust temperature, T_obs, that could be due at least in part to the increased dust opacity. We also report an excess of dust emission at HI column densities lower than 10^20 cm^-2 that could be the signature of dust in the warm ionized medium. In the diffuse ISM at high Galactic latitude, we report an anti-correlation between tau_353/N_H and T_obs while the dust specific luminosity, i.e., the total dust emission integrated over frequency (the radiance) per hydrogen atom, stays about constant. The implication is that in the diffuse high-latitude ISM tau_353 is not as reliable a tracer of dust column density as we conclude it is in molecular clouds where the correlation of tau_353 with dust extinction estimated using colour excess measurements on stars is strong. To estimate Galactic E(B-V) in extragalactic fields at high latitude we develop a new method based on the thermal dust radiance, instead of the dust optical depth, calibrated to E(B-V) using reddening measurements of quasars deduced from Sloan Digital Sky Survey data., Comment: 37 pages. accepted version. This paper is one of a set associated with the 2013 data release from the Planck mission
Published: 2013
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121. Planck intermediate results

Author: Ade, PAR, Aghanim, N, Aniano, G, Arnaud, M, Ashdown, M, Aumont, J, Baccigalupi, C, Banday, AJ, Barreiro, RB, Bartolo, N, Battaner, E, Benabed, K, Benoit-Lévy, A, Bernard, J-P, Bersanelli, M, Bielewicz, P, Bonaldi, A, Bonavera, L, Bond, JR, Borrill, J, Bouchet, FR, Boulanger, F, Burigana, C, Butler, RC, Calabrese, E, Cardoso, J-F, Casandjian, JM, Catalano, A, Chamballu, A, Chiang, HC, Christensen, PR, Colombo, LPL, Combet, C, Couchot, F, Crill, BP, Curto, A, Cuttaia, F, Danese, L, Davies, RD, Davis, RJ, de Bernardis, P, de Rosa, A, de Zotti, G, Delabrouille, J, Désert, F-X, Dickinson, C, Diego, JM, Digel, SW, Dole, H, Donzelli, S, Doré, O, Douspis, M, Ducout, A, Dupac, X, Efstathiou, G, Elsner, F, Enßlin, TA, Eriksen, HK, Falgarone, E, Finelli, F, Forni, O, Frailis, M, Fraisse, AA, Franceschi, E, Frejsel, A, Fukui, Y, Galeotta, S, Galli, S, Ganga, K, Ghosh, T, Giard, M, Gjerløw, E, González-Nuevo, J, Górski, KM, Gregorio, A, Grenier, IA, Gruppuso, A, Hansen, FK, Hanson, D, Harrison, DL, Henrot-Versillé, S, Hernández-Monteagudo, C, Herranz, D, Hildebrandt, SR, Hivon, E, Hobson, M, Holmes, WA, Hovest, W, Huffenberger, KM, Hurier, G, Jaffe, AH, Jaffe, TR, Jones, WC, Juvela, M, Keihänen, E, Keskitalo, R, Kisner, TS, Kneissl, R, Knoche, J, and Kunz, M
Subjects: Particle and High Energy Physics, Astronomical Sciences, Physical Sciences, ISM: structure, gamma rays: ISM, cosmic rays, dust, extinction, local insterstellar matter, astro-ph.HE, astro-ph.GA, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Astronomical sciences, Particle and high energy physics, Space sciences
Abstract: The nearby Chamaeleon clouds have been observed in γ rays by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) and in thermal dust emission by Planck and IRAS. Cosmic rays and large dust grains, if smoothly mixed with gas, can jointly serve with the Hi and 12CO radio data to (i) map the hydrogen column densities, NH, in the different gas phases, in particular at the dark neutral medium (DNM) transition between the Hi-bright and CO-bright media; (ii) constrain the CO-to-H2 conversion factor, XCO; and (iii) probe the dust properties per gas nucleon in each phase and map their spatial variations across the clouds. We have separated clouds at local, intermediate, and Galactic velocities in Hi and 12CO line emission to model in parallel the γ-ray intensity recorded between 0.4 and 100 GeV; the dust optical depth at 353 GHz, τ353; the thermal radiance of the large grains; and an estimate of the dust extinction, AVQ, empirically corrected for the starlight intensity. The dust and γ-ray models have been coupled to account for the DNM gas. The consistent γ-ray emissivity spectra recorded in the different phases confirm that the GeV-TeV cosmic rays probed by the LAT uniformly permeate all gas phases up to the 12CO cores. The dust and cosmic rays both reveal large amounts of DNM gas, with comparable spatial distributions and twice as much mass as in the CO-bright clouds. We give constraints on the Hi-DNM-CO transitions for five separate clouds. CO-dark H2 dominates the molecular columns up to AV ≃ 0.9 and its mass often exceeds the one-third of the molecular mass expected by theory. The corrected AVQ extinction largely provides the best fit to the total gas traced by the γ rays. Nevertheless, we find evidence for a marked rise in AVQ/NH with increasing NH and molecular fraction, and with decreasing dust temperature. The rise in τ353/NH is even steeper. We observe variations of lesser amplitude and orderliness for the specific power of the grains, except for a coherent decline by half in the CO cores. This combined information suggests grain evolution. We provide average values for the dust properties per gas nucleon in the different phases. The γ rays and dust radiance yield consistent XCO estimates near 0.7 × 1020cm-2K-1km-1s. The AVQ and τ353 tracers yield biased values because of the large rise in grain opacity in the CO clouds. These results clarify a recurrent disparity in the γ-ray versus dust calibration of XCO, but they confirm the factor of 2 difference found between the XCO estimates in nearby clouds and in the neighbouring spiral arms.
Published: 2015

122. Planck intermediate results. XXVI. Optical identification and redshifts of Planck clusters with the RTT150 telescope

Author: Ade, PAR, Aghanim, N, Arnaud, M, Ashdown, M, Aumont, J, Baccigalupi, C, Banday, AJ, Barreiro, RB, Barrena, R, Bartolo, N, Battaner, E, Benabed, K, Benoit-Lévy, A, Bernard, J-P, Bersanelli, M, Bielewicz, P, Bikmaev, I, Böhringer, H, Bonaldi, A, Bonavera, L, Bond, JR, Borrill, J, Bouchet, FR, Burenin, R, Burigana, C, Butler, RC, Calabrese, E, Carvalho, P, Catalano, A, Chamballu, A, Chiang, HC, Chon, G, Christensen, PR, Churazov, E, Clements, DL, Colombo, LPL, Comis, B, Couchot, F, Curto, A, Cuttaia, F, Dahle, H, Danese, L, Davies, RD, Davis, RJ, de Bernardis, P, de Rosa, A, de Zotti, G, Delabrouille, J, Diego, JM, Dole, H, Doré, O, Douspis, M, Ducout, A, Dupac, X, Efstathiou, G, Elsner, F, Enßlin, TA, Eriksen, HK, Finelli, F, Flores-Cacho, I, Forni, O, Frailis, M, Fraisse, AA, Franceschi, E, Frejsel, A, Fromenteau, S, Galeotta, S, Ganga, K, Génova-Santos, RT, Giard, M, Gilfanov, M, Giraud-Héraud, Y, Gjerløw, E, González-Nuevo, J, Górski, KM, Gruppuso, A, Hansen, FK, Hanson, D, Harrison, DL, Hempel, A, Henrot-Versillé, S, Hernández-Monteagudo, C, Herranz, D, Hildebrandt, SR, Hivon, E, Hobson, M, Holmes, WA, Hornstrup, A, Hovest, W, Huffenberger, KM, Hurier, G, Jaffe, TR, Jones, WC, Juvela, M, Keihänen, E, Keskitalo, R, Khamitov, I, Kisner, TS, Kneissl, R, and Knoche, J
Subjects: Astronomical Sciences, Physical Sciences, galaxies: clusters: general, catalogs, astro-ph.CO, astro-ph.GA, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Astronomical sciences, Particle and high energy physics, Space sciences
Abstract: We present the results of approximately three years of observations of Planck Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) sources with the Russian-Turkish 1.5 m telescope (RTT150), as a part of the optical follow-up programme undertaken by the Planck collaboration. During this time period approximately 20% of all dark and grey clear time available at the telescope was devoted to observations of Planck objects. Some observations of distant clusters were also done at the 6 m Bolshoi Telescope Alt-azimutalnyi (BTA) of the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In total, deep, direct images of more than one hundred fields were obtained in multiple filters. We identified 47 previously unknown galaxy clusters, 41 of which are included in the Planck catalogue of SZ sources. The redshifts of 65 Planck clusters were measured spectroscopically and 14 more were measured photometrically. We discuss the details of cluster optical identifications and redshift measurements. We also present new spectroscopic redshifts for 39 Planck clusters that were not included in the Planck SZ source catalogue and are published here for the first time.
Published: 2015

123. Planck intermediate results

Author: Aghanim, N, Altieri, B, Arnaud, M, Ashdown, M, Aumont, J, Baccigalupi, C, Banday, AJ, Barreiro, RB, Bartolo, N, Battaner, E, Beelen, A, Benabed, K, Benoit-Lévy, A, Bernard, J-P, Bersanelli, M, Bethermin, M, Bielewicz, P, Bonavera, L, Bond, JR, Borrill, J, Bouchet, FR, Boulanger, F, Burigana, C, Calabrese, E, Canameras, R, Cardoso, J-F, Catalano, A, Chamballu, A, Chary, R-R, Chiang, HC, Christensen, PR, Clements, DL, Colombi, S, Couchot, F, Crill, BP, Curto, A, Danese, L, Dassas, K, Davies, RD, Davis, RJ, de Bernardis, P, de Rosa, A, de Zotti, G, Delabrouille, J, Diego, JM, Dole, H, Donzelli, S, Doré, O, Douspis, M, Ducout, A, Dupac, X, Efstathiou, G, Elsner, F, Enßlin, TA, Falgarone, E, Flores-Cacho, I, Forni, O, Frailis, M, Fraisse, AA, Franceschi, E, Frejsel, A, Frye, B, Galeotta, S, Galli, S, Ganga, K, Giard, M, Gjerløw, E, González-Nuevo, J, Górski, KM, Gregorio, A, Gruppuso, A, Guéry, D, Hansen, FK, Hanson, D, Harrison, DL, Helou, G, Hernández-Monteagudo, C, Hildebrandt, SR, Hivon, E, Hobson, M, Holmes, WA, Hovest, W, Huffenberger, KM, Hurier, G, Jaffe, AH, Jaffe, TR, Keihänen, E, Keskitalo, R, Kisner, TS, Kneissl, R, Knoche, J, Kunz, M, Kurki-Suonio, H, Lagache, G, Lamarre, J-M, Lasenby, A, Lattanzi, M, Lawrence, CR, Le Floc’h, E, and Leonardi, R
Subjects: Astronomical Sciences, Physical Sciences, galaxies: high-redshift, galaxies: clusters: general, galaxies: evolution, galaxies: star formation, cosmology: observations, large-scale structure of Universe, astro-ph.GA, astro-ph.CO, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Astronomical sciences, Particle and high energy physics, Space sciences
Abstract: We have used the Planck all-sky submillimetre and millimetre maps to search for rare sources distinguished by extreme brightness, a few hundred millijanskies, and their potential for being situated at high redshift. These "cold" Planck sources, selected using the High Frequency Instrument (HFI) directly from the maps and from the Planck Catalogue of Compact Sources (PCCS), all satisfy the criterion of having their rest-frame far-infrared peak redshifted to the frequency range 353-857 GHz. This colour-selection favours galaxies in the redshift range z = 2-4, which we consider as cold peaks in the cosmic infrared background. With a 4.′5 beam at the four highest frequencies, our sample is expected to include overdensities of galaxies in groups or clusters, lensed galaxies, and chance line-of-sight projections. We perform a dedicated Herschel-SPIRE follow-up of 234 such Planck targets, finding a significant excess of red 350 and 500 μm sources, in comparison to reference SPIRE fields. About 94% of the SPIRE sources in the Planck fields are consistent with being overdensities of galaxies peaking at 350 μm, with 3% peaking at 500 μm, and none peaking at 250 μm. About 3% are candidate lensed systems, all 12 of which have secure spectroscopic confirmations, placing them at redshifts z > 2.2. Only four targets are Galactic cirrus, yielding a success rate in our search strategy for identifying extragalactic sources within the Planck beam of better than 98%. The galaxy overdensities are detected with high significance, half of the sample showing statistical significance above 10σ. The SPIRE photometric redshifts of galaxies in overdensities suggest a peak at z ≃ 2, assuming a single common dust temperature for the sources of Td = 35 K. Under this assumption, we derive an infrared (IR) luminosity for each SPIRE source of about 4 × 1012 L⊙, yielding star formation rates of typically 700 M⊙ yr-1. If the observed overdensities are actual gravitationally-bound structures, the total IR luminosity of all their SPIRE-detected sources peaks at 4 × 1013 L⊙, leading to total star formation rates of perhaps 7 × 103 M⊙yr-1 per overdensity. Taken together, these sources show the signatures of high-z (z > 2) protoclusters of intensively star-forming galaxies. All these observations confirm the uniqueness of our sample compared to reference samples and demonstrate the ability of the all-sky Planck-HFI cold sources to select populations of cosmological and astrophysical interest for structure formation studies.
Published: 2015

124. Planck intermediate results: XXVIII. Interstellar gas and dust in the Chamaeleon clouds as seen by Fermi LAT and Planck

Author: Ade, PAR, Aghanim, N, Aniano, G, Arnaud, M, Ashdown, M, Aumont, J, Baccigalupi, C, Banday, AJ, Barreiro, RB, Bartolo, N, Battaner, E, Benabed, K, Benoit-Lévy, A, Bernard, JP, Bersanelli, M, Bielewicz, P, Bonaldi, A, Bonavera, L, Bond, JR, Borrill, J, Bouchet, FR, Boulanger, F, Burigana, C, Butler, RC, Calabrese, E, Cardoso, JF, Casandjian, JM, Catalano, A, Chamballu, A, Chiang, HC, Christensen, PR, Colombo, LPL, Combet, C, Couchot, F, Crill, BP, Curto, A, Cuttaia, F, Danese, L, Davies, RD, Davis, RJ, De Bernardis, P, De Rosa, A, De Zotti, G, Delabrouille, J, Désert, FX, Dickinson, C, Diego, JM, Digel, SW, Dole, H, Donzelli, S, Doré, O, Douspis, M, Ducout, A, Dupac, X, Efstathiou, G, Elsner, F, Enßlin, TA, Eriksen, HK, Falgarone, E, Finelli, F, Forni, O, Frailis, M, Fraisse, AA, Franceschi, E, Frejsel, A, Fukui, Y, Galeotta, S, Galli, S, Ganga, K, Ghosh, T, Giard, M, Gjerløw, E, González-Nuevo, J, Górski, KM, Gregorio, A, Grenier, IA, Gruppuso, A, Hansen, FK, Hanson, D, Harrison, DL, Henrot-Versillé, S, Hernández-Monteagudo, C, Herranz, D, Hildebrandt, SR, Hivon, E, Hobson, M, Holmes, WA, Hovest, W, Huffenberger, KM, Hurier, G, Jaffe, AH, Jaffe, TR, Jones, WC, Juvela, M, Keihänen, E, Keskitalo, R, Kisner, TS, Kneissl, R, Knoche, J, and Kunz, M
Subjects: ISM: structure, gamma rays: ISM, cosmic rays, dust, extinction, local insterstellar matter, astro-ph.HE, astro-ph.GA, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Astronomical and Space Sciences
Abstract: The nearby Chamaeleon clouds have been observed in γ rays by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) and in thermal dust emission by Planck and IRAS. Cosmic rays and large dust grains, if smoothly mixed with gas, can jointly serve with the Hi and 12CO radio data to (i) map the hydrogen column densities, NH, in the different gas phases, in particular at the dark neutral medium (DNM) transition between the Hi-bright and CO-bright media; (ii) constrain the CO-to-H2 conversion factor, XCO; and (iii) probe the dust properties per gas nucleon in each phase and map their spatial variations across the clouds. We have separated clouds at local, intermediate, and Galactic velocities in Hi and 12CO line emission to model in parallel the γ-ray intensity recorded between 0.4 and 100 GeV; the dust optical depth at 353 GHz, τ353; the thermal radiance of the large grains; and an estimate of the dust extinction, AVQ, empirically corrected for the starlight intensity. The dust and γ-ray models have been coupled to account for the DNM gas. The consistent γ-ray emissivity spectra recorded in the different phases confirm that the GeV-TeV cosmic rays probed by the LAT uniformly permeate all gas phases up to the 12CO cores. The dust and cosmic rays both reveal large amounts of DNM gas, with comparable spatial distributions and twice as much mass as in the CO-bright clouds. We give constraints on the Hi-DNM-CO transitions for five separate clouds. CO-dark H2 dominates the molecular columns up to AV ≃ 0.9 and its mass often exceeds the one-third of the molecular mass expected by theory. The corrected AVQ extinction largely provides the best fit to the total gas traced by the γ rays. Nevertheless, we find evidence for a marked rise in AVQ/NH with increasing NH and molecular fraction, and with decreasing dust temperature. The rise in τ353/NH is even steeper. We observe variations of lesser amplitude and orderliness for the specific power of the grains, except for a coherent decline by half in the CO cores. This combined information suggests grain evolution. We provide average values for the dust properties per gas nucleon in the different phases. The γ rays and dust radiance yield consistent XCO estimates near 0.7 × 1020cm-2K-1km-1s. The AVQ and τ353 tracers yield biased values because of the large rise in grain opacity in the CO clouds. These results clarify a recurrent disparity in the γ-ray versus dust calibration of XCO, but they confirm the factor of 2 difference found between the XCO estimates in nearby clouds and in the neighbouring spiral arms.
Published: 2015

125. Planck intermediate results: XXV. the Andromeda galaxy as seen by Planck

Author: Ade, PAR, Aghanim, N, Arnaud, M, Ashdown, M, Aumont, J, Baccigalupi, C, Banday, AJ, Barreiro, RB, Bartolo, N, Battaner, E, Battye, R, Benabed, K, Bendo, GJ, Benoit-Lévy, A, Bernard, JP, Bersanelli, M, Bielewicz, P, Bonaldi, A, Bonavera, L, Bond, JR, Borrill, J, Bouchet, FR, Burigana, C, Butler, RC, Calabrese, E, Cardoso, JF, Catalano, A, Chamballu, A, Chary, RR, Chen, X, Chiang, HC, Christensen, PR, Clements, DL, Colombo, LPL, Combet, C, Couchot, F, Coulais, A, Crill, BP, Curto, A, Cuttaia, F, Danese, L, Davies, RD, Davis, RJ, De Bernardis, P, De Rosa, A, De Zotti, G, Delabrouille, J, Dickinson, C, Diego, JM, Dole, H, Donzelli, S, Doré, O, Douspis, M, Ducout, A, Dupac, X, Efstathiou, G, Elsner, F, Enßlin, TA, Eriksen, HK, Finelli, F, Forni, O, Frailis, M, Fraisse, AA, Franceschi, E, Frejsel, A, Galeotta, S, Ganga, K, Giard, M, Giraud-Héraud, Y, Gjerløw, E, González-Nuevo, J, Górski, KM, Gregorio, A, Gruppuso, A, Hansen, FK, Hanson, D, Harrison, DL, Henrot-Versillé, S, Hernández-Monteagudo, C, Herranz, D, Hildebrandt, SR, Hivon, E, Hobson, M, Holmes, WA, Hornstrup, A, Hovest, W, Huffenberger, KM, Hurier, G, Israel, FP, Jaffe, AH, Jaffe, TR, Jones, WC, Juvela, M, Keihänen, E, Keskitalo, R, Kisner, TS, Kneissl, R, Knoche, J, Kunz, M, and Kurki-Suonio, H
Subjects: galaxies: individual: Messier 31, galaxies: structure, galaxies: ISM, submillimeter: galaxies, radio continuum: galaxies, astro-ph.GA, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Astronomical and Space Sciences
Abstract: The Andromeda galaxy (M 31) is one of a few galaxies that has sufficient angular size on the sky to be resolved by the Planck satellite. Planck has detected M 31 in all of its frequency bands, and has mapped out the dust emission with the High Frequency Instrument, clearly resolving multiple spiralarms and sub-features. We examine the morphology of this long-wavelength dust emission as seen by Planck, including a study of its outermost spiral arms, and investigate the dust heating mechanism across M 31. We find that dust dominating the longer wavelength emission (≥ 0.3 mm) is heated by the diffuse stellar population (as traced by 3.6 μm emission), with the dust dominating the shorter wavelength emission heated by a mix of the old stellar population and star-forming regions (as traced by 24 μm emission). We also fit spectral energy distributions for individual 5′ pixels and quantify the dust properties across the galaxy, taking into account these different heating mechanisms, finding that there is a linear decrease in temperature with galactocentric distance for dust heated by the old stellar population, as would be expected, with temperatures ranging from around 22 K in the nucleus to 14 K outside of the 10 kpc ring. Finally, we measure the integrated spectrum of the whole galaxy, which we find to be well-fitted with a global dust temperature of (18.2 ± 1.0) K with a spectral index of 1.62 ± 0.11 (assuming a single modified blackbody), and a significant amount of free-free emission at intermediate frequencies of 20-60 GHz, which corresponds to a star formation rate of around 0.12 M⊙ yr-1. We find a 2.3σ detection of the presence of spinning dust emission, with a 30 GHz amplitude of 0.7 ± 0.3 Jy, which is in line with expectations from our Galaxy.
Published: 2015

126. Planck intermediate results: XXVII. High-redshift infrared galaxy overdensity candidates and lensed sources discovered by Planck and confirmed by Herschel-SPIRE

Author: Aghanim, N, Altieri, B, Arnaud, M, Ashdown, M, Aumont, J, Baccigalupi, C, Banday, AJ, Barreiro, RB, Bartolo, N, Battaner, E, Beelen, A, Benabed, K, Benoit-Lévy, A, Bernard, JP, Bersanelli, M, Bethermin, M, Bielewicz, P, Bonavera, L, Bond, JR, Borrill, J, Bouchet, FR, Boulanger, F, Burigana, C, Calabrese, E, Canameras, R, Cardoso, JF, Catalano, A, Chamballu, A, Chary, RR, Chiang, HC, Christensen, PR, Clements, DL, Colombi, S, Couchot, F, Crill, BP, Curto, A, Danese, L, Dassas, K, Davies, RD, Davis, RJ, De Bernardis, P, De Rosa, A, De Zotti, G, Delabrouille, J, Diego, JM, Dole, H, Donzelli, S, Doré, O, Douspis, M, Ducout, A, Dupac, X, Efstathiou, G, Elsner, F, Enßlin, TA, Falgarone, E, Flores-Cacho, I, Forni, O, Frailis, M, Fraisse, AA, Franceschi, E, Frejsel, A, Frye, B, Galeotta, S, Galli, S, Ganga, K, Giard, M, Gjerløw, E, González-Nuevo, J, Górski, KM, Gregorio, A, Gruppuso, A, Guéry, D, Hansen, FK, Hanson, D, Harrison, DL, Helou, G, Hernández-Monteagudo, C, Hildebrandt, SR, Hivon, E, Hobson, M, Holmes, WA, Hovest, W, Huffenberger, KM, Hurier, G, Jaffe, AH, Jaffe, TR, Keihänen, E, Keskitalo, R, Kisner, TS, Kneissl, R, Knoche, J, Kunz, M, Kurki-Suonio, H, Lagache, G, Lamarre, JM, Lasenby, A, Lattanzi, M, Lawrence, CR, Le Floc'h, E, and Leonardi, R
Subjects: galaxies: high-redshift, galaxies: clusters: general, galaxies: evolution, galaxies: star formation, cosmology: observations, large-scale structure of Universe, astro-ph.GA, astro-ph.CO, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Astronomical and Space Sciences
Abstract: We have used the Planck all-sky submillimetre and millimetre maps to search for rare sources distinguished by extreme brightness, a few hundred millijanskies, and their potential for being situated at high redshift. These "cold" Planck sources, selected using the High Frequency Instrument (HFI) directly from the maps and from the Planck Catalogue of Compact Sources (PCCS), all satisfy the criterion of having their rest-frame far-infrared peak redshifted to the frequency range 353-857 GHz. This colour-selection favours galaxies in the redshift range z = 2-4, which we consider as cold peaks in the cosmic infrared background. With a 4.′5 beam at the four highest frequencies, our sample is expected to include overdensities of galaxies in groups or clusters, lensed galaxies, and chance line-of-sight projections. We perform a dedicated Herschel-SPIRE follow-up of 234 such Planck targets, finding a significant excess of red 350 and 500 μm sources, in comparison to reference SPIRE fields. About 94% of the SPIRE sources in the Planck fields are consistent with being overdensities of galaxies peaking at 350 μm, with 3% peaking at 500 μm, and none peaking at 250 μm. About 3% are candidate lensed systems, all 12 of which have secure spectroscopic confirmations, placing them at redshifts z > 2.2. Only four targets are Galactic cirrus, yielding a success rate in our search strategy for identifying extragalactic sources within the Planck beam of better than 98%. The galaxy overdensities are detected with high significance, half of the sample showing statistical significance above 10σ. The SPIRE photometric redshifts of galaxies in overdensities suggest a peak at z ≃ 2, assuming a single common dust temperature for the sources of Td = 35 K. Under this assumption, we derive an infrared (IR) luminosity for each SPIRE source of about 4 × 1012 L⊙, yielding star formation rates of typically 700 M⊙ yr-1. If the observed overdensities are actual gravitationally-bound structures, the total IR luminosity of all their SPIRE-detected sources peaks at 4 × 1013 L⊙, leading to total star formation rates of perhaps 7 × 103 M⊙yr-1 per overdensity. Taken together, these sources show the signatures of high-z (z > 2) protoclusters of intensively star-forming galaxies. All these observations confirm the uniqueness of our sample compared to reference samples and demonstrate the ability of the all-sky Planck-HFI cold sources to select populations of cosmological and astrophysical interest for structure formation studies.
Published: 2015

127. Planck 2013 results. XXXII. The updated Planck catalogue of Sunyaev-Zeldovich sources ⋆

Author: Ade, PAR, Aghanim, N, Armitage-Caplan, C, Arnaud, M, Ashdown, M, Atrio-Barandela, F, Aumont, J, Aussel, H, Baccigalupi, C, Banday, AJ, Barreiro, RB, Barrena, R, Bartelmann, M, Bartlett, JG, Battaner, E, Benabed, K, Benoît, A, Benoit-Lévy, A, Bernard, J-P, Bersanelli, M, Bielewicz, P, Bikmaev, I, Bobin, J, Bock, JJ, Böhringer, H, Bonaldi, A, Bond, JR, Borrill, J, Bouchet, FR, Bridges, M, Bucher, M, Burenin, R, Burigana, C, Butler, RC, Cardoso, J-F, Carvalho, P, Catalano, A, Challinor, A, Chamballu, A, Chary, R-R, Chen, X, Chiang, HC, Chiang, L-Y, Chon, G, Christensen, PR, Churazov, E, Church, S, Clements, DL, Colombi, S, Colombo, LPL, Comis, B, Couchot, F, Coulais, A, Crill, BP, Curto, A, Cuttaia, F, Da Silva, A, Dahle, H, Danese, L, Davies, RD, Davis, RJ, de Bernardis, P, de Rosa, A, de Zotti, G, Delabrouille, J, Delouis, J-M, Démoclès, J, Désert, F-X, Dickinson, C, Diego, JM, Dolag, K, Dole, H, Donzelli, S, Doré, O, Douspis, M, Dupac, X, Efstathiou, G, Enßlin, TA, Eriksen, HK, Feroz, F, Ferragamo, A, Finelli, F, Flores-Cacho, I, Forni, O, Frailis, M, Franceschi, E, Fromenteau, S, Galeotta, S, Ganga, K, Génova-Santos, RT, Giard, M, Giardino, G, Gilfanov, M, Giraud-Héraud, Y, González-Nuevo, J, Górski, KM, Grainge, KJB, Gratton, S, Gregorio, A, and Groeneboom, NE
Subjects: Space Sciences, Particle and High Energy Physics, Astronomical Sciences, Physical Sciences, errata, addenda, large-scale structure of Universe, galaxies: clusters: general, catalogs, astro-ph.CO, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Astronomical sciences, Particle and high energy physics, Space sciences
Abstract: We update the all-sky Planck catalogue of 1227 clusters and cluster candidates (PSZ1) published in March 2013, derived from detections of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) effect using the first 15.5 months of Planck satellite observations. As an addendum, we deliver an updated version of the PSZ1 catalogue, reporting the further confirmation of 86 Planck-discovered clusters. In total, the PSZ1 now contains 947 confirmed clusters, of which 214 were confirmed as newly discovered clusters through follow-up observations undertaken by the Planck Collaboration. The updated PSZ1 contains redshifts for 913 systems, of which 736 (~ 80.6%) are spectroscopic, and associated mass estimates derived from the Yz mass proxy. We also provide a new SZ quality flag for the remaining 280 candidates. This flag was derived from a novel artificial neural-network classification of the SZ signal. Based on this assessment, the purity of the updated PSZ1 catalogue is estimated to be 94%. In this release, we provide the full updated catalogue and an additional readme file with further information on the Planck SZ detections.
Published: 2015

128. Planck 2013 results. XXXII. the updated Planck catalogue of Sunyaev-Zeldovich sources

Author: Ade, PAR, Aghanim, N, Armitage-Caplan, C, Arnaud, M, Ashdown, M, Atrio-Barandela, F, Aumont, J, Aussel, H, Baccigalupi, C, Banday, AJ, Barreiro, RB, Barrena, R, Bartelmann, M, Bartlett, JG, Battaner, E, Benabed, K, Benoît, A, Benoit-Lévy, A, Bernard, JP, Bersanelli, M, Bielewicz, P, Bikmaev, I, Bobin, J, Bock, JJ, Böhringer, H, Bonaldi, A, Bond, JR, Borrill, J, Bouchet, FR, Bridges, M, Bucher, M, Burenin, R, Burigana, C, Butler, RC, Cardoso, JF, Carvalho, P, Catalano, A, Challinor, A, Chamballu, A, Chary, RR, Chen, X, Chiang, HC, Chiang, LY, Chon, G, Christensen, PR, Churazov, E, Church, S, Clements, DL, Colombi, S, Colombo, LPL, Comis, B, Couchot, F, Coulais, A, Crill, BP, Curto, A, Cuttaia, F, Da Silva, A, Dahle, H, Danese, L, Davies, RD, Davis, RJ, De Bernardis, P, De Rosa, A, De Zotti, G, Delabrouille, J, Delouis, JM, Démoclès, J, Désert, FX, Dickinson, C, Diego, JM, Dolag, K, Dole, H, Donzelli, S, Doré, O, Douspis, M, Dupac, X, Efstathiou, G, Enßlin, TA, Eriksen, HK, Feroz, F, Ferragamo, A, Finelli, F, Flores-Cacho, I, Forni, O, Frailis, M, Franceschi, E, Fromenteau, S, Galeotta, S, Ganga, K, Génova-Santos, RT, Giard, M, Giardino, G, Gilfanov, M, Giraud-Héraud, Y, González-Nuevo, J, Górski, KM, Grainge, KJB, Gratton, S, Gregorio, A, and Groeneboom, NE
Subjects: errata, addenda, large-scale structure of Universe, galaxies: clusters: general, catalogs, astro-ph.CO, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Astronomical and Space Sciences
Abstract: We update the all-sky Planck catalogue of 1227 clusters and cluster candidates (PSZ1) published in March 2013, derived from detections of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) effect using the first 15.5 months of Planck satellite observations. As an addendum, we deliver an updated version of the PSZ1 catalogue, reporting the further confirmation of 86 Planck-discovered clusters. In total, the PSZ1 now contains 947 confirmed clusters, of which 214 were confirmed as newly discovered clusters through follow-up observations undertaken by the Planck Collaboration. The updated PSZ1 contains redshifts for 913 systems, of which 736 (~ 80.6%) are spectroscopic, and associated mass estimates derived from the Yz mass proxy. We also provide a new SZ quality flag for the remaining 280 candidates. This flag was derived from a novel artificial neural-network classification of the SZ signal. Based on this assessment, the purity of the updated PSZ1 catalogue is estimated to be 94%. In this release, we provide the full updated catalogue and an additional readme file with further information on the Planck SZ detections.
Published: 2015

129. Planck intermediate results: XXIII. Galactic plane emission components derived from Planck with ancillary data

Author: Ade, PAR, Aghanim, N, Alves, MIR, Arnaud, M, Ashdown, M, Atrio-Barandela, F, Aumont, J, Baccigalupi, C, Banday, AJ, Barreiro, RB, Battaner, E, Benabed, K, Benoit-Lévy, A, Bernard, JP, Bersanelli, M, Bielewicz, P, Bobin, J, Bonaldi, A, Bond, JR, Bouchet, FR, Boulanger, F, Burigana, C, Cardoso, JF, Catalano, A, Chamballu, A, Chiang, HC, Christensen, PR, Clements, DL, Colombi, S, Colombo, LPL, Combet, C, Couchot, F, Crill, BP, Cuttaia, F, Danese, L, Davies, RD, Davis, RJ, De Bernardis, P, De Rosa, A, De Zotti, G, Delabrouille, J, Dickinson, C, Diego, JM, Donzelli, S, Doré, O, Douspis, M, Dupac, X, Efstathiou, G, Enßlin, TA, Eriksen, HK, Finelli, F, Forni, O, Frailis, M, Franceschi, E, Galeotta, S, Ganga, K, Génova-Santos, RT, Ghosh, T, Giard, M, Giardino, G, Giraud-Héraud, Y, González-Nuevo, J, Górski, KM, Gregorio, A, Gruppuso, A, Hansen, FK, Harrison, DL, Henrot-Versillé, S, Herranz, D, Hildebrandt, SR, Hivon, E, Hobson, M, Hornstrup, A, Hovest, W, Huffenberger, KM, Jaffe, AH, Jaffe, TR, Jones, WC, Keihänen, E, Keskitalo, R, Kisner, TS, Kneissl, R, Knoche, J, Kunz, M, Kurki-Suonio, H, Lagache, G, Lähteenmäki, A, Lamarre, JM, Lasenby, A, Lawrence, CR, Leonardi, R, Liguori, M, Lilje, PB, Linden-Vørnle, M, López-Caniego, M, Lubin, PM, MacÍas-Pérez, JF, Maino, D, Mandolesi, N, and Martin, PG
Subjects: ISM: general, Galaxy: general, radiation mechanisms: general, radio continuum: ISM, submillimeter: ISM, Galaxy: disk, astro-ph.GA, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Astronomical and Space Sciences
Abstract: Planck data when combined with ancillary data provide a unique opportunity to separate the diffuse emission components of the inner Galaxy. The purpose of the paper is to elucidate the morphology of the various emission components in the strong star-formation region lying inside the solar radius and to clarify the relationship between the various components. The region of the Galactic plane covered is l = 300° → 0° → 60° wherestar-formation is highest and the emission is strong enough to make meaningful component separation. The latitude widths in this longitude range lie between 1 and 2, which correspond to FWHM z-widths of 100-200 pc at a typical distance of 6 kpc. The four emission components studied here are synchrotron, free-free, anomalous microwave emission (AME), and thermal (vibrational) dust emission. These components are identified by constructing spectral energy distributions (SEDs) at positions along the Galactic plane using the wide frequency coverage of Planck (28.4-857GHz) in combination with low-frequency radio data at 0.408-2.3 GHz plus WMAP data at 23-94 GHz, along with far-infrared (FIR) data from COBE-DIRBE and IRAS. The free-free component is determined from radio recombination line (RRL) data. AME is found to be comparable in brightness to the free-free emission on the Galactic plane in the frequency range 20-40 GHz with a width in latitude similar to that of the thermal dust; it comprises 45 ± 1% of the total 28.4 GHz emission in the longitude range l = 300° → 0° → 60°. The free-free component is the narrowest, reflecting the fact that it is produced by current star-formation as traced by the narrow distribution of OB stars. It is the dominant emission on the plane between 60 and 100 GHz. RRLs from this ionized gas are used to assess its distance, leading to a free-free z-width of FWHM ≈ 100 pc. The narrow synchrotron component has a low-frequency brightness spectral index βsynch ≈ -2.7 that is similar to the broad synchrotron component indicating that they are both populated by the cosmic ray electrons of the same spectral index. The width of this narrow synchrotron component is significantly larger than that of the other three components, suggesting that it is generated in an assembly of older supernova remnants that have expanded to sizes of order 150 pc in 3 × 105 yr; pulsars of a similar age have a similar spread in latitude. The thermal dust is identified in the SEDs with average parameters of Tdust = 20.4 ± 0.4 K, βFIR = 1.94 ± 0.03 (> 353 GHz), and βmm = 1.67 ± 0.02 (< 353 GHz). The latitude distributions of gamma-rays, CO, and the emission in high-frequency Planck bands have similar widths, showing that they are all indicators of the total gaseous matter on the plane in the inner Galaxy.
Published: 2015

130. Planck intermediate results: XXIV. Constraints on variations in fundamental constants

Author: Ade, PAR, Aghanim, N, Arnaud, M, Ashdown, M, Aumont, J, Baccigalupi, C, Banday, AJ, Barreiro, RB, Battaner, E, Benabed, K, Benoit-Lévy, A, Bernard, JP, Bersanelli, M, Bielewicz, P, Bond, JR, Borrill, J, Bouchet, FR, Burigana, C, Butler, RC, Calabrese, E, Chamballu, A, Chiang, HC, Christensen, PR, Clements, DL, Colombo, LPL, Couchot, F, Curto, A, Cuttaia, F, Danese, L, Davies, RD, Davis, RJ, De Bernardis, P, De Rosa, A, De Zotti, G, Delabrouille, J, Diego, JM, Dole, H, Doré, O, Dupac, X, Enßlin, TA, Eriksen, HK, Fabre, O, Finelli, F, Forni, O, Frailis, M, Franceschi, E, Galeotta, S, Galli, S, Ganga, K, Giard, M, González-Nuevo, J, Górski, KM, Gregorio, A, Gruppuso, A, Hansen, FK, Hanson, D, Harrison, DL, Henrot-Versillé, S, Hernández-Monteagudo, C, Herranz, D, Hildebrandt, SR, Hivon, E, Hobson, M, Holmes, WA, Hornstrup, A, Hovest, W, Huffenberger, KM, Jaffe, AH, Jones, WC, Keihänen, E, Keskitalo, R, Kneissl, R, Knoche, J, Kunz, M, Kurki-Suonio, H, Lamarre, JM, Lasenby, A, Lawrence, CR, Leonardi, R, Lesgourgues, J, Liguori, M, Lilje, PB, Linden-Vørnle, M, López-Caniego, M, Lubin, PM, Macías-Pérez, JF, Mandolesi, N, Maris, M, Martin, PG, Martínez-González, E, Masi, S, Matarrese, S, Mazzotta, P, Meinhold, PR, Melchiorri, A, Mendes, L, Menegoni, E, Mennella, A, Migliaccio, M, and Miville-Deschênes, MA
Subjects: cosmology: observations, cosmic background radiation, cosmological parameters, atomic data, astro-ph.CO, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Astronomical and Space Sciences
Abstract: Any variation in the fundamental physical constants, more particularly in the fine structure constant, α, or in the mass of the electron, me, affects the recombination history of the Universe and cause an imprint on the cosmic microwave background angular power spectra. We show that the Planck data allow one to improve the constraint on the time variation of the fine structure constant at redshift z ∼ 103 by about a factor of 5 compared to WMAP data, as well as to break the degeneracy with the Hubble constant, H0. In addition to α, we can set a constraint on the variation in the mass of the electron, me, and in the simultaneous variation of the two constants. We examine in detail the degeneracies between fundamental constants and the cosmological parameters, in order to compare the limits obtained from Planck and WMAP and to determine the constraining power gained by including other cosmological probes. We conclude that independent time variations of the fine structure constant and of the mass of the electron are constrained by Planck to Δα/α = (3.6 ± 3.7) × 10-3 and Δme/me = (4 ± 11) × 10-3 at the 68% confidence level. We also investigate the possibility of a spatial variation of the fine structure constant. The relative amplitude of a dipolar spatial variation in α (corresponding to a gradient across our Hubble volume) is constrained to be δα/α = (-2.4 ± 3.7) × 10-2.
Published: 2015

131. Planck intermediate results. XIX. An overview of the polarized thermal emission from Galactic dust⋆

Author: Ade, PAR, Aghanim, N, Alina, D, Alves, MIR, Armitage-Caplan, C, Arnaud, M, Arzoumanian, D, Ashdown, M, Atrio-Barandela, F, Aumont, J, Baccigalupi, C, Banday, AJ, Barreiro, RB, Battaner, E, Benabed, K, Benoit-Lévy, A, Bernard, J-P, Bersanelli, M, Bielewicz, P, Bock, JJ, Bond, JR, Borrill, J, Bouchet, FR, Boulanger, F, Bracco, A, Burigana, C, Butler, RC, Cardoso, J-F, Catalano, A, Chamballu, A, Chary, R-R, Chiang, HC, Christensen, PR, Colombi, S, Colombo, LPL, Combet, C, Couchot, F, Coulais, A, Crill, BP, Curto, A, Cuttaia, F, Danese, L, Davies, RD, Davis, RJ, de Bernardis, P, de Gouveia Dal Pino, EM, de Rosa, A, de Zotti, G, Delabrouille, J, Désert, F-X, Dickinson, C, Diego, JM, Donzelli, S, Doré, O, Douspis, M, Dunkley, J, Dupac, X, Efstathiou, G, Enßlin, TA, Eriksen, HK, Falgarone, E, Ferrière, K, Finelli, F, Forni, O, Frailis, M, Fraisse, AA, Franceschi, E, Galeotta, S, Ganga, K, Ghosh, T, Giard, M, Giraud-Héraud, Y, González-Nuevo, J, Górski, KM, Gregorio, A, Gruppuso, A, Guillet, V, Hansen, FK, Harrison, DL, Helou, G, Hernández-Monteagudo, C, Hildebrandt, SR, Hivon, E, Hobson, M, Holmes, WA, Hornstrup, A, Huffenberger, KM, Jaffe, AH, Jaffe, TR, Jones, WC, Juvela, M, Keihänen, E, Keskitalo, R, Kisner, TS, Kneissl, R, Knoche, J, Kunz, M, Kurki-Suonio, H, Lagache, G, and Lähteenmäki, A
Subjects: Astronomical Sciences, Physical Sciences, ISM: general, dust, extinction, ISM: magnetic fields, ISM: clouds, submillimeter: ISM, astro-ph.GA, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Astronomical sciences, Particle and high energy physics, Space sciences
Abstract: This paper presents an overview of the polarized sky as seen by Planck HFI at 353 GHz, which is the most sensitive Planck channel for dust polarization. We construct and analyse maps of dust polarization fraction and polarization angle at 1° resolution, taking into account noise bias and possible systematic effects. The sensitivity of the Planck HFI polarization measurements allows for the first time a mapping of Galactic dust polarized emission on large scales, including low column density regions. We find that the maximum observed dust polarization fraction is high (pmax = 19.8%), in particular in some regions of moderate hydrogen column density (NH < 2 × 1021 cm-2). The polarization fraction displays a large scatter at NH below a few 1021 cm-2. There is a general decrease in the dust polarization fraction with increasing column density above NH ∼ 1 × 1021 cm-2 and in particular a sharp drop above NH ∼ 1.5 × 1022 cm-2. We characterize the spatial structure of the polarization angle using the angle dispersion function. We find that the polarization angle is ordered over extended areas of several square degrees, separated by filamentary structures of high angle dispersion function. These appear as interfaces where the sky projection of the magnetic field changes abruptly without variations in the column density. The polarization fraction is found to be anti-correlated with the dispersion of polarization angles. These results suggest that, at the resolution of 1°, depolarization is due mainly to fluctuations in the magnetic field orientation along the line of sight, rather than to the loss of grain alignment in shielded regions. We also compare the polarization of thermal dust emission with that of synchrotron measured with Planck, low-frequency radio data, and Faraday rotation measurements toward extragalactic sources. These components bear resemblance along the Galactic plane and in some regions such as the Fan and North Polar Spur regions. The poor match observed in other regions shows, however, that dust, cosmic-ray electrons, and thermal electrons generally sample different parts of the line of sight.
Published: 2015

132. Planck intermediate results. XXI. Comparison of polarized thermal emission from Galactic dust at 353 GHz with interstellar polarization in the visible⋆

Author: Ade, PAR, Aghanim, N, Alina, D, Aniano, G, Armitage-Caplan, C, Arnaud, M, Ashdown, M, Atrio-Barandela, F, Aumont, J, Baccigalupi, C, Banday, AJ, Barreiro, RB, Battaner, E, Beichman, C, Benabed, K, Benoit-Lévy, A, Bernard, J-P, Bersanelli, M, Bielewicz, P, Bock, JJ, Bond, JR, Borrill, J, Bouchet, FR, Boulanger, F, Burigana, C, Cardoso, J-F, Catalano, A, Chamballu, A, Chary, R-R, Chiang, HC, Christensen, PR, Colombi, S, Colombo, LPL, Combet, C, Couchot, F, Coulais, A, Crill, BP, Curto, A, Cuttaia, F, Danese, L, Davies, RD, Davis, RJ, de Bernardis, P, de Rosa, A, de Zotti, G, Delabrouille, J, Désert, F-X, Dickinson, C, Diego, JM, Donzelli, S, Doré, O, Douspis, M, Dunkley, J, Dupac, X, Efstathiou, G, Enßlin, TA, Eriksen, HK, Falgarone, E, Fanciullo, L, Finelli, F, Forni, O, Frailis, M, Fraisse, AA, Franceschi, E, Galeotta, S, Ganga, K, Ghosh, T, Giard, M, Giraud-Héraud, Y, González-Nuevo, J, Górski, KM, Gregorio, A, Gruppuso, A, Guillet, V, Hansen, FK, Harrison, DL, Helou, G, Hernández-Monteagudo, C, Hildebrandt, SR, Hivon, E, Hobson, M, Holmes, WA, Hornstrup, A, Huffenberger, KM, Jaffe, AH, Jaffe, TR, Jones, WC, Juvela, M, Keihänen, E, Keskitalo, R, Kisner, TS, Kneissl, R, Knoche, J, Kunz, M, Kurki-Suonio, H, Lagache, G, Lähteenmäki, A, Lamarre, J-M, Lasenby, A, and Lawrence, CR
Subjects: Astronomical Sciences, Physical Sciences, polarization, dust, extinction, ISM: clouds, ISM: magnetic fields, submillimeter: ISM, astro-ph.GA, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Astronomical sciences, Particle and high energy physics, Space sciences
Abstract: The Planck survey provides unprecedented full-sky coverage of the submillimetre polarized emission from Galactic dust. In addition to the information on the direction of the Galactic magnetic field, this also brings new constraints on the properties of dust. The dust grains that emit the radiation seen by Planck in the submillimetre also extinguish and polarize starlight in the visible. Comparison of the polarization of the emission and of the interstellar polarization on selected lines of sight probed by stars provides unique new diagnostics of the emission and light scattering properties of dust, and therefore of the important dust model parameters, composition, size, and shape. Using ancillary catalogues of interstellar polarization and extinction of starlight, we obtain the degree of polarization, pV, and the optical depth in the V band to the star, τV. Toward these stars we measure the submillimetre polarized intensity, PS, and total intensity, IS, in the Planck 353 GHz channel. We compare the column density measure in the visible, E(B - V), with that inferred from the Planck product map of the submillimetre dust optical depth and compare the polarization direction (position angle) in the visible with that in the submillimetre. For those lines of sight through the diffuse interstellar medium with comparable values of the estimated column density and polarization directions close to orthogonal, we correlate properties in the submillimetre and visible to find two ratios, RS/V = (PS/IS)/(pV/τV) and RP/p = PS/pV, the latter focusing directly on the polarization properties of the aligned grain population alone. We find RS/V = 4.2, with statistical and systematic uncertainties 0.2 and 0.3, respectively, and RP/p = 5.4 MJy sr-1, with uncertainties 0.2 and 0.3 MJy sr-1, respectively. Our estimate of RS/V is compatible with predictions based on a range of polarizing dust models that have been developed for the diffuse interstellar medium. This estimate provides new empirical validation of many of the common underlying assumptions of the models, but is not yet very discriminating among them. However, our estimate of RP/p is not compatible with predictions, which are too low by a factor of about 2.5. This more discriminating diagnostic, RP/p, indicates that changes to the optical properties in the models of the aligned grain population are required. These new diagnostics, together with the spectral dependence in the submillimetre from Planck, will be important for constraining and understanding the full complexity of the grain models, and for interpreting the Planck thermal dust polarization and refinement of the separation of this contamination of the cosmic microwave background.
Published: 2015

133. Planck intermediate results. XX. Comparison of polarized thermal emission from Galactic dust with simulations of MHD turbulence⋆

Author: Ade, PAR, Aghanim, N, Alina, D, Alves, MIR, Aniano, G, Armitage-Caplan, C, Arnaud, M, Arzoumanian, D, Ashdown, M, Atrio-Barandela, F, Aumont, J, Baccigalupi, C, Banday, AJ, Barreiro, RB, Battaner, E, Benabed, K, Benoit-Lévy, A, Bernard, J-P, Bersanelli, M, Bielewicz, P, Bond, JR, Borrill, J, Bouchet, FR, Boulanger, F, Bracco, A, Burigana, C, Cardoso, J-F, Catalano, A, Chamballu, A, Chiang, HC, Christensen, PR, Colombi, S, Colombo, LPL, Combet, C, Couchot, F, Coulais, A, Crill, BP, Curto, A, Cuttaia, F, Danese, L, Davies, RD, Davis, RJ, de Bernardis, P, de Rosa, A, de Zotti, G, Delabrouille, J, Dickinson, C, Diego, JM, Donzelli, S, Doré, O, Douspis, M, Dupac, X, Efstathiou, G, Enßlin, TA, Eriksen, HK, Falgarone, E, Fanciullo, L, Ferrière, K, Finelli, F, Forni, O, Frailis, M, Fraisse, AA, Franceschi, E, Galeotta, S, Ganga, K, Ghosh, T, Giard, M, Giraud-Héraud, Y, González-Nuevo, J, Górski, KM, Gregorio, A, Gruppuso, A, Guillet, V, Hansen, FK, Harrison, DL, Helou, G, Hernández-Monteagudo, C, Hildebrandt, SR, Hivon, E, Hobson, M, Holmes, WA, Hornstrup, A, Huffenberger, KM, Jaffe, AH, Jaffe, TR, Jones, WC, Juvela, M, Keihänen, E, Keskitalo, R, Kisner, TS, Kneissl, R, Knoche, J, Kunz, M, Kurki-Suonio, H, Lagache, G, Lamarre, J-M, Lasenby, A, Lawrence, CR, Leonardi, R, and Levrier, F
Subjects: Astronomical Sciences, Physical Sciences, ISM: general, dust, extinction, ISM: magnetic fields, ISM: clouds, infrared: ISM, submillimeter: ISM, astro-ph.GA, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Astronomical sciences, Particle and high energy physics, Space sciences
Abstract: Polarized emission observed by Planck HFI at 353? GHz towards a sample of nearby fields is presented, focusing on the statistics of polarization fractions p and angles ψ. The polarization fractions and column densities in these nearby fields are representative of the range of values obtained over the whole sky. We find that: (i) the largest polarization fractions are reached in the most diffuse fields; (ii) the maximum polarization fraction pmax decreases with column density NH in the more opaque fields with NH> 1021 cm-2; and (iii) the polarization fraction along a given line of sight is correlated with the local spatial coherence of the polarization angle. These observations are compared to polarized emission maps computed in simulations of anisotropic magnetohydrodynamical turbulence in which we assume a uniform intrinsic polarization fraction of the dust grains. We find that an estimate of this parameter may be recovered from the maximum polarization fraction pmax in diffuse regions where the magnetic field is ordered on large scales and perpendicular to the line of sight. This emphasizes the impact of anisotropies of the magnetic field on the emerging polarization signal. The decrease of the maximum polarization fraction with column density in nearby molecular clouds is well reproduced in the simulations, indicating that it is essentially due to the turbulent structure of the magnetic field: an accumulation of variously polarized structures along the line of sight leads to such an anti-correlation. In the simulations, polarization fractions are also found to anti-correlate with the angle dispersion function S. However, the dispersion of the polarization angle for a given polarization fraction is found to be larger in the simulations than in the observations, suggesting a shortcoming in the physical content of these numerical models. In summary, we find that the turbulent structure of the magnetic field is able to reproduce the main statistical properties of the dust polarization as observed in a variety of nearby clouds, dense cores excluded, and that the large-scale field orientation with respect to the line of sight plays a major role in the quantitative analysis of these statistical properties.
Published: 2015

134. Planck intermediate results. XXII. Frequency dependence of thermal emission from Galactic dust in intensity and polarization⋆

Author: Ade, PAR, Alves, MIR, Aniano, G, Armitage-Caplan, C, Arnaud, M, Atrio-Barandela, F, Aumont, J, Baccigalupi, C, Banday, AJ, Barreiro, RB, Battaner, E, Benabed, K, Benoit-Lévy, A, Bernard, J-P, Bersanelli, M, Bielewicz, P, Bock, JJ, Bond, JR, Borrill, J, Bouchet, FR, Boulanger, F, Burigana, C, Cardoso, J-F, Catalano, A, Chamballu, A, Chiang, HC, Colombo, LPL, Combet, C, Couchot, F, Coulais, A, Crill, BP, Curto, A, Cuttaia, F, Danese, L, Davies, RD, Davis, RJ, de Bernardis, P, de Zotti, G, Delabrouille, J, Désert, F-X, Dickinson, C, Diego, JM, Donzelli, S, Doré, O, Douspis, M, Dunkley, J, Dupac, X, Enßlin, TA, Eriksen, HK, Falgarone, E, Finelli, F, Forni, O, Frailis, M, Fraisse, AA, Franceschi, E, Galeotta, S, Ganga, K, Ghosh, T, Giard, M, González-Nuevo, J, Górski, KM, Gregorio, A, Gruppuso, A, Guillet, V, Hansen, FK, Harrison, DL, Helou, G, Hernández-Monteagudo, C, Hildebrandt, SR, Hivon, E, Hobson, M, Holmes, WA, Hornstrup, A, Jaffe, AH, Jaffe, TR, Jones, WC, Keihänen, E, Keskitalo, R, Kisner, TS, Kneissl, R, Knoche, J, Kunz, M, Kurki-Suonio, H, Lagache, G, Lamarre, J-M, Lasenby, A, Lawrence, CR, Leahy, JP, Leonardi, R, Levrier, F, Liguori, M, Lilje, PB, Linden-Vørnle, M, López-Caniego, M, Lubin, PM, Macías-Pérez, JF, Maffei, B, Magalhães, AM, Maino, D, and Mandolesi, N
Subjects: Astronomical Sciences, Physical Sciences, polarization, ISM: general, Galaxy: general, radiation mechanisms: general, submillimeter: ISM, infrared: ISM, astro-ph.GA, astro-ph.CO, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Astronomical sciences, Particle and high energy physics, Space sciences
Abstract: Planck has mapped the intensity and polarization of the sky at microwave frequencies with unprecedented sensitivity. We use these data to characterize the frequency dependence of dust emission. We make use of the Planck 353 GHz I, Q, and U Stokes maps as dust templates, and cross-correlate them with the Planck and WMAP data at 12 frequencies from 23 to 353 GHz, over circular patches with 10° radius. The cross-correlation analysis is performed for both intensity and polarization data in a consistent manner. The results are corrected for the chance correlation between the templates and the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background. We use a mask that focuses our analysis on the diffuse interstellar medium at intermediate Galactic latitudes. We determine the spectral indices of dust emission in intensity and polarization between 100 and 353 GHz, for each sky patch. Both indices are found to be remarkably constant over the sky. The mean values, 1.59 ± 0.02 for polarization and 1.51 ± 0.01 for intensity, for a mean dust temperature of 19.6 K, are close, but significantly different (3.6σ). We determine the mean spectral energy distribution (SED) of the microwave emission, correlated with the 353 GHz dust templates, by averaging the results of the correlation over all sky patches. We find that the mean SED increases for decreasing frequencies at ν< 60 GHz for both intensity and polarization. The rise of the polarization SED towards low frequencies may be accounted for by a synchrotron component correlated with dust, with no need for any polarization of the anomalous microwave emission. We use a spectral model to separate the synchrotron and dust polarization and to characterize the spectral dependence of the dust polarization fraction. The polarization fraction (p) of the dust emission decreases by (21 ± 6)% from 353 to 70 GHz. We discuss this result within the context of existing dust models. The decrease in p could indicate differences in polarization efficiency among components of interstellar dust (e.g., carbon versus silicate grains). Our observational results provide inputs to quantify and optimize the separation between Galactic and cosmological polarization.
Published: 2015

135. Planck intermediate results. XXII. Frequency dependence of thermal emission fromGalactic dust in intensity and polarization

Author: Ade, PAR, Alves, MIR, Aniano, G, Armitage-Caplan, C, Arnaud, M, Atrio-Barandela, F, Aumont, J, Baccigalupi, C, Banday, AJ, Barreiro, RB, Battaner, E, Benabed, K, Benoit-Lévy, A, Bernard, JP, Bersanelli, M, Bielewicz, P, Bock, JJ, Bond, JR, Borrill, J, Bouchet, FR, Boulanger, F, Burigana, C, Cardoso, JF, Catalano, A, Chamballu, A, Chiang, HC, Colombo, LPL, Combet, C, Couchot, F, Coulais, A, Crill, BP, Curto, A, Cuttaia, F, Danese, L, Davies, RD, Davis, RJ, De Bernardis, P, De Zotti, G, Delabrouille, J, Désert, FX, Dickinson, C, Diego, JM, Donzelli, S, Doré, O, Douspis, M, Dunkley, J, Dupac, X, Enßlin, TA, Eriksen, HK, Falgarone, E, Finelli, F, Forni, O, Frailis, M, Fraisse, AA, Franceschi, E, Galeotta, S, Ganga, K, Ghosh, T, Giard, M, González-Nuevo, J, Górski, KM, Gregorio, A, Gruppuso, A, Guillet, V, Hansen, FK, Harrison, DL, Helou, G, Hernández-Monteagudo, C, Hildebrandt, SR, Hivon, E, Hobson, M, Holmes, WA, Hornstrup, A, Jaffe, AH, Jaffe, TR, Jones, WC, Keihänen, E, Keskitalo, R, Kisner, TS, Kneissl, R, Knoche, J, Kunz, M, Kurki-Suonio, H, Lagache, G, Lamarre, JM, Lasenby, A, Lawrence, CR, Leahy, JP, Leonardi, R, Levrier, F, Liguori, M, Lilje, PB, Linden-Vørnle, M, López-Caniego, M, Lubin, PM, Macías-Pérez, JF, Maffei, B, Magalhães, AM, Maino, D, and Mandolesi, N
Subjects: polarization, ISM: general, Galaxy: general, radiation mechanisms: general, submillimeter: ISM, infrared: ISM, astro-ph.GA, astro-ph.CO, Biomedical Imaging, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Astronomical and Space Sciences
Abstract: Planck has mapped the intensity and polarization of the sky at microwave frequencies with unprecedented sensitivity. We use these data to characterize the frequency dependence of dust emission. We make use of the Planck 353 GHz I, Q, and U Stokes maps as dust templates, and cross-correlate them with the Planck and WMAP data at 12 frequencies from 23 to 353 GHz, over circular patches with 10° radius. The cross-correlation analysis is performed for both intensity and polarization data in a consistent manner. The results are corrected for the chance correlation between the templates and the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background. We use a mask that focuses our analysis on the diffuse interstellar medium at intermediate Galactic latitudes. We determine the spectral indices of dust emission in intensity and polarization between 100 and 353 GHz, for each sky patch. Both indices are found to be remarkably constant over the sky. The mean values, 1.59 ± 0.02 for polarization and 1.51 ± 0.01 for intensity, for a mean dust temperature of 19.6 K, are close, but significantly different (3.6σ). We determine the mean spectral energy distribution (SED) of the microwave emission, correlated with the 353 GHz dust templates, by averaging the results of the correlation over all sky patches. We find that the mean SED increases for decreasing frequencies at ν< 60 GHz for both intensity and polarization. The rise of the polarization SED towards low frequencies may be accounted for by a synchrotron component correlated with dust, with no need for any polarization of the anomalous microwave emission. We use a spectral model to separate the synchrotron and dust polarization and to characterize the spectral dependence of the dust polarization fraction. The polarization fraction (p) of the dust emission decreases by (21 ± 6)% from 353 to 70 GHz. We discuss this result within the context of existing dust models. The decrease in p could indicate differences in polarization efficiency among components of interstellar dust (e.g., carbon versus silicate grains). Our observational results provide inputs to quantify and optimize the separation between Galactic and cosmological polarization.
Published: 2015

136. Joint Analysis of BICEP2/Keck Array and Planck Data

Author: Ade, PAR, Aghanim, N, Ahmed, Z, Aikin, RW, Alexander, KD, Arnaud, M, Aumont, J, Baccigalupi, C, Banday, AJ, Barkats, D, Barreiro, RB, Bartlett, JG, Bartolo, N, Battaner, E, Benabed, K, Benoît, A, Benoit-Lévy, A, Benton, SJ, Bernard, J-P, Bersanelli, M, Bielewicz, P, Bischoff, CA, Bock, JJ, Bonaldi, A, Bonavera, L, Bond, JR, Borrill, J, Bouchet, FR, Boulanger, F, Brevik, JA, Bucher, M, Buder, I, Bullock, E, Burigana, C, Butler, RC, Buza, V, Calabrese, E, Cardoso, J-F, Catalano, A, Challinor, A, Chary, R-R, Chiang, HC, Christensen, PR, Colombo, LPL, Combet, C, Connors, J, Couchot, F, Coulais, A, Crill, BP, Curto, A, Cuttaia, F, Danese, L, Davies, RD, Davis, RJ, de Bernardis, P, de Rosa, A, de Zotti, G, Delabrouille, J, Delouis, J-M, Désert, F-X, Dickinson, C, Diego, JM, Dole, H, Donzelli, S, Doré, O, Douspis, M, Dowell, CD, Duband, L, Ducout, A, Dunkley, J, Dupac, X, Dvorkin, C, Efstathiou, G, Elsner, F, Enßlin, TA, Eriksen, HK, Falgarone, E, Filippini, JP, Finelli, F, Fliescher, S, Forni, O, Frailis, M, Fraisse, AA, Franceschi, E, Frejsel, A, Galeotta, S, Galli, S, Ganga, K, Ghosh, T, Giard, M, Gjerløw, E, Golwala, SR, González-Nuevo, J, Górski, KM, Gratton, S, Gregorio, A, Gruppuso, A, Gudmundsson, JE, Halpern, M, and Hansen, FK
Subjects: Space Sciences, Physical Sciences, (BICEP2/Keck and Planck Collaborations), astro-ph.CO, gr-qc, hep-ph, hep-th, Mathematical Sciences, Engineering, General Physics, Mathematical sciences, Physical sciences
Abstract: We report the results of a joint analysis of data from BICEP2/Keck Array and Planck. BICEP2 and Keck Array have observed the same approximately 400 deg^{2} patch of sky centered on RA 0 h, Dec. -57.5°. The combined maps reach a depth of 57 nK deg in Stokes Q and U in a band centered at 150 GHz. Planck has observed the full sky in polarization at seven frequencies from 30 to 353 GHz, but much less deeply in any given region (1.2 μK deg in Q and U at 143 GHz). We detect 150×353 cross-correlation in B modes at high significance. We fit the single- and cross-frequency power spectra at frequencies ≥150 GHz to a lensed-ΛCDM model that includes dust and a possible contribution from inflationary gravitational waves (as parametrized by the tensor-to-scalar ratio r), using a prior on the frequency spectral behavior of polarized dust emission from previous Planck analysis of other regions of the sky. We find strong evidence for dust and no statistically significant evidence for tensor modes. We probe various model variations and extensions, including adding a synchrotron component in combination with lower frequency data, and find that these make little difference to the r constraint. Finally, we present an alternative analysis which is similar to a map-based cleaning of the dust contribution, and show that this gives similar constraints. The final result is expressed as a likelihood curve for r, and yields an upper limit r_{0.05}
Published: 2015

137. Planck intermediate results. XVI. Profile likelihoods for cosmological parameters

Author: Planck Collaboration, Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Arnaud, M., Ashdown, M., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Bartlett, J. G., Battaner, E., Benabed, K., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bobin, J., Bonaldi, A., Bond, J. R., Bouchet, F. R., Burigana, C., Cardoso, J. -F., Catalano, A., Chamballu, A., Chiang, H. C., Christensen, P. R., Clements, D. L., Colombi, S., Colombo, L. P. L., Couchot, F., Cuttaia, F., Danese, L., Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., de Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Dickinson, C., Diego, J. M., Dole, H., Donzelli, S., Doré, O., Douspis, M., Dupac, X., Enßlin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Finelli, F., Forni, O., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Galeotta, S., Galli, S., Ganga, K., Giard, M., Giraud-Héraud, Y., González-Nuevo, J., Górski, K. M., Gregorio, A., Gruppuso, A., Hansen, F. K., Harrison, D., Henrot-Versillé, S., Hernández-Monteagudo, C., Herranz, D., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hivon, E., Hobson, M., Holmes, W. A., Hornstrup, A., Hovest, W., Huffenberger, K. M., Jaffe, A. H., Jaffe, T. R., Jones, W. C., Juvela, M., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T. S., Kneissl, R., Knoche, J., Knox, L., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lagache, G., Lähteenmäki, A., Lamarre, J. -M., Lasenby, A., Leonardi, R., Liddle, A., Liguori, M., Lilje, P. B., Linden-Vørnle, M., López-Caniego, M., Lubin, P. M., Macías-Pérez, J. F., Maffei, B., Maino, D., Mandolesi, N., Maris, M., Martin, P. G., Martínez-González, E., Masi, S., Massardi, M., Matarrese, S., Mazzotta, P., Melchiorri, A., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Mitra, S., Miville-Deschênes, M. -A., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Munshi, D., Murphy, J. A., Naselsky, P., Nati, F., Natoli, P., Noviello, F., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., Oxborrow, C. A., Pagano, L., Pajot, F., Paoletti, D., Pasian, F., Perdereau, O., Perotto, L., Perrotta, F., Pettorino, V., Piacentini, F., Piat, M., Pierpaoli, E., Pietrobon, D., Plaszczynski, S., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Popa, L., Pratt, G. W., Puget, J. -L., Rachen, J. P., Rebolo, R., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renault, C., Ricciardi, S., Riller, T., Ristorcelli, I., Rocha, G., Rosset, C., Roudier, G., d'Orfeuil, B. Rouillé, Rubiño-Martín, J. A., Rusholme, B., Sandri, M., Savelainen, M., Savini, G., Spencer, L. D., Spinelli, M., Starck, J. -L., Sureau, F., Sutton, D., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Sygnet, J. -F., Tauber, J. A., Terenzi, L., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Tucci, M., Umana, G., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, B., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Wade, L. A., Wandelt, B. D., White, M., Yvon, D., Zacchei, A., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We explore the 2013 Planck likelihood function with a high-precision multi-dimensional minimizer (Minuit). This allows a refinement of the Lambda-cdm best-fit solution with respect to previously-released results, and the construction of frequentist confidence intervals using profile likelihoods. The agreement with the cosmological results from the Bayesian framework is excellent, demonstrating the robustness of the Planck results to the statistical methodology. We investigate the inclusion of neutrino masses, where more significant differences may appear due to the non-Gaussian nature of the posterior mass distribution. By applying the Feldman--Cousins prescription, we again obtain results very similar to those of the Bayesian methodology. However, the profile-likelihood analysis of the CMB combination (Planck+WP+highL) reveals a minimum well within the unphysical negative-mass region. We show that inclusion of the Planck CMB-lensing information regularizes this issue, and provide a robust frequentist upper limit $M_\nu < 0.26 eV$ ($95%$ confidence) from the CMB+lensing+BAO data combination., Comment: Updated list of authors
Published: 2013
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138. Planck intermediate results. XV. A study of anomalous microwave emission in Galactic clouds

Author: Planck Collaboration, Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Alves, M. I. R., Arnaud, M., Atrio-Barandela, F., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Battaner, E., Benabed, K., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bobin, J., Bonaldi, A., Bond, J. R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F. R., Boulanger, F., Burigana, C., Cardoso, J. -F., Casassus, S., Catalano, A., Chamballu, A., Chen, X., Chiang, H. C., Chiang, L. -Y, Christensen, P. R., Clements, D. L., Colombi, S., Colombo, L. P. L., Couchot, F., Crill, B. P., Cuttaia, F., Danese, L., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., de Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Désert, F. -X., Dickinson, C., Diego, J. M., Donzelli, S., Doré, O., Dupac, X., Enßlin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Finelli, F., Forni, O., Franceschi, E., Galeotta, S., Ganga, K., Génova-Santos, R. T., Ghosh, T., Giard, M., González-Nuevo, J., Górski, K. M., Gregorio, A., Gruppuso, A., Hansen, F. K., Harrison, D., Helou, G., Hernández-Monteagudo, C., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hivon, E., Hornstrup, A., Jaffe, A. H., Jaffe, T. R., Jones, W. C., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kneissl, R., Knoche, J., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lähteenmäki, A., Lamarre, J. -M., Lasenby, A., Lawrence, C. R., Leonardi, R., Liguori, M., Lilje, P. B., Linden-Vørnle, M., López-Caniego, M., Macías-Pérez, J. F., Maffei, B., Maino, D., Mandolesi, N., Marshall, D. J., Martin, P. G., Martínez-González, E., Masi, S., Massardi, M., Matarrese, S., Mazzotta, P., Meinhold, P. R., Melchiorri, A., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Miville-Deschênes, M. -A., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mortlock, D., Munshi, D., Naselsky, P., Nati, F., Natoli, P., Nørgaard-Nielsen, H. U., Noviello, F., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., Oxborrow, C. A., Pagano, L., Pajot, F., Paladini, R., Paoletti, D., Patanchon, G., Pearson, T. J., Peel, M., Perdereau, O., Perrotta, F., Piacentini, F., Piat, M., Pierpaoli, E., Pietrobon, D., Plaszczynski, S., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Ponthieu, N., Popa, L., Pratt, G. W., Prunet, S., Puget, J. -L., Rachen, J. P., Rebolo, R., Reich, W., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renault, C., Ricciardi, S., Riller, T., Ristorcelli, I., Rocha, G., Rosset, C., Roudier, G., Rubiño-Martín, J. A., Rusholme, B., Sandri, M., Savini, G., Scott, D., Spencer, L. D., Stolyarov, V., Sutton, D., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Sygnet, J. -F., Tauber, J. A., Tavagnacco, D., Terenzi, L., Tibbs, C. T., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Tucci, M., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, B., Varis, J., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Wandelt, B. D., Watson, R., Wilkinson, A., Ysard, N., Yvon, D., Zacchei, A., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: Anomalous microwave emission (AME) is believed to be due to electric dipole radiation from small spinning dust grains. The aim of this paper is a statistical study of the basic properties of AME regions and the environment in which they emit. We used WMAP and Planck maps, combined with ancillary radio and IR data, to construct a sample of 98 candidate AME sources, assembling SEDs for each source using aperture photometry on 1deg-smoothed maps from 0.408 GHz up to 3000 GHz. Each spectrum is fitted with a simple model of free-free, synchrotron (where necessary), cosmic microwave background (CMB), thermal dust, and spinning dust components. We find that 42 of the 98 sources have significant (>5sigma) excess emission at frequencies between 20 and 60 GHz. An analysis of the potential contribution of optically thick free-free emission from ultra-compact HII regions, using IR colour criteria, reduces the significant AME sample to 27 regions. The spectrum of the AME is consistent with model spectra of spinning dust. The AME regions tend to be more spatially extended than regions with little or no AME. The AME intensity is strongly correlated with the submillimetre/IR flux densities and comparable to previous AME detections in the literature. AME emissivity, defined as the ratio of AME to dust optical depth, varies by an order of magnitude for the AME regions. The AME regions tend to be associated with cooler dust in the range 14-20 K and an average emissivity index of +1.8, while the non-AME regions are typically warmer, at 20-27 K. In agreement with previous studies, the AME emissivity appears to decrease with increasing column density. The emerging picture is that the bulk of the AME is coming from the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and small dust grains from the colder neutral interstellar medium phase (Abridged)., Comment: Submitted on behalf of Planck Collaboration by Clive Dickinson. 30 pages, 24 figures, 3 tables Updated to match the accepted version
Published: 2013
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139. Planck 2013 results. XXX. Cosmic infrared background measurements and implications for star formation

Author: Planck Collaboration, Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Armitage-Caplan, C., Arnaud, M., Ashdown, M., Atrio-Barandela, F., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Bartlett, J. G., Battaner, E., Benabed, K., Benoît, A., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bethermin, M., Bielewicz, P., Blagrave, K., Bobin, J., Bock, J. J., Bonaldi, A., Bond, J. R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F. R., Boulanger, F., Bridges, M., Bucher, M., Burigana, C., Butler, R. C., Cardoso, J. -F., Catalano, A., Challinor, A., Chamballu, A., Chen, X., Chiang, H. C., Chiang, L. -Y, Christensen, P. R., Church, S., Clements, D. L., Colombi, S., Colombo, L. P. L., Couchot, F., Coulais, A., Crill, B. P., Curto, A., Cuttaia, F., Danese, L., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., de Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Delouis, J. -M., Désert, F. -X., Dickinson, C., Diego, J. M., Dole, H., Donzelli, S., Doré, O., Douspis, M., Dupac, X., Efstathiou, G., Enßlin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Finelli, F., Forni, O., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Galeotta, S., Ganga, K., Ghosh, T., Giard, M., Giraud-Héraud, Y., González-Nuevo, J., Górski, K. M., Gratton, S., Gregorio, A., Gruppuso, A., Hansen, F. K., Hanson, D., Harrison, D., Helou, G., Henrot-Versillé, S., Hernández-Monteagudo, C., Herranz, D., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hivon, E., Hobson, M., Holmes, W. A., Hornstrup, A., Hovest, W., Huffenberger, K. M., Jaffe, A. H., Jaffe, T. R., Jones, W. C., Juvela, M., Kalberla, P., Keihänen, E., Kerp, J., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T. S., Kneissl, R., Knoche, J., Knox, L., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lacasa, F., Lagache, G., Lähteenmäki, A., Lamarre, J. -M., Langer, M., Lasenby, A., Laureijs, R. J., Lawrence, C. R., Leonardi, R., León-Tavares, J., Lesgourgues, J., Liguori, M., Lilje, P. B., Linden-Vørnle, M., López-Caniego, M., Lubin, P. M., Macías-Pérez, J. F., Maffei, B., Maino, D., Mandolesi, N., Maris, M., Marshall, D. J., Martin, P. G., Martínez-González, E., Masi, S., Matarrese, S., Matthai, F., Mazzotta, P., Melchiorri, A., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Mitra, S., Miville-Deschênes, M. -A., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mortlock, D., Munshi, D., Murphy, J. A., Naselsky, P., Nati, F., Natoli, P., Netterfield, C. B., Nørgaard-Nielsen, H. U., Noviello, F., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., Osborne, S., Oxborrow, C. A., Paci, F., Pagano, L., Pajot, F., Paladini, R., Paoletti, D., Partridge, B., Pasian, F., Patanchon, G., Perdereau, O., Perotto, L., Perrotta, F., Piacentini, F., Piat, M., Pierpaoli, E., Pietrobon, D., Plaszczynski, S., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Ponthieu, N., Popa, L., Poutanen, T., Pratt, G. W., Prézeau, G., Prunet, S., Puget, J. -L., Rachen, J. P., Reach, W. T., Rebolo, R., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renault, C., Ricciardi, S., Riller, T., Ristorcelli, I., Rocha, G., Rosset, C., Roudier, G., Rowan-Robinson, M., Rubiño-Martín, J. A., Rusholme, B., Sandri, M., Santos, D., Savini, G., Scott, D., Seiffert, M. D., Serra, P., Shellard, E. P. S., Spencer, L. D., Starck, J. -L., Stolyarov, V., Stompor, R., Sudiwala, R., Sunyaev, R., Sureau, F., Sutton, D., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Sygnet, J. -F., Tauber, J. A., Tavagnacco, D., Terenzi, L., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Tucci, M., Tuovinen, J., Türler, M., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, B., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Vittorio, N., Wade, L. A., Wandelt, B. D., Welikala, N., White, M., White, S. D. M., Winkel, B., Yvon, D., Zacchei, A., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We present new measurements of CIB anisotropies using Planck. Combining HFI data with IRAS, the angular auto- and cross frequency power spectrum is measured from 143 to 3000 GHz, and the auto-bispectrum from 217 to 545 GHz. The total areas used to compute the CIB power spectrum and bispectrum are about 2240 and 4400 deg^2, respectively. After careful removal of the contaminants, and a complete study of systematics, the CIB power spectrum and bispectrum are measured with unprecedented signal to noise ratio from angular multipoles ell~150 to 2500, and ell~130 to 1100, respectively. Two approaches are developed for modelling CIB power spectrum anisotropies. The first approach takes advantage of the unique measurements by Planck at large angular scales, and models only the linear part of the power spectrum, with a mean bias of dark matter halos hosting dusty galaxies at a given redshift weighted by their contribution to the emissivities. The second approach is based on a model that associates star-forming galaxies with dark matter halos and their subhalos, using a parametrized relation between the dust-processed infrared luminosity and (sub-)halo mass. The two approaches simultaneously fit all auto- and cross- power spectra very well. We find that the star formation history is well constrained up to z~2. However, at higher redshift, the accuracy of the star formation history measurement is strongly degraded by the uncertainty in the spectral energy distribution of CIB galaxies. We also find that CIB galaxies have warmer temperatures as redshift increases. The CIB bispectrum is steeper than that expected from the power spectrum, although well fitted by a power law; this gives some information about the contribution of massive halos to the CIB bispectrum.
Published: 2013
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140. Planck intermediate results. XIV. Dust emission at millimetre wavelengths in the Galactic plane

Author: Planck Collaboration, Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Alves, M. I. R., Arnaud, M., Ashdown, M., Atrio-Barandela, F., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Bartlett, J. G., Battaner, E., Benabed, K., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bobin, J., Bonaldi, A., Bond, J. R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F. R., Boulanger, F., Bucher, M., Burigana, C., Butler, R. C., Cardoso, J. -F., Catalano, A., Chamballu, A., Chiang, H. C., Chiang, L. -Y, Christensen, P. R., Clements, D. L., Colombi, S., Colombo, L. P. L., Couchot, F., Crill, B. P., Curto, A., Cuttaia, F., Danese, L., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., de Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Dickinson, C., Diego, J. M., Dole, H., Donzelli, S., Doré, O., Douspis, M., Dupac, X., Enßlin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Falgarone, E., Finelli, F., Forni, O., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Galeotta, S., Ganga, K., Ghosh, T., Giard, M., Giardino, G., González-Nuevo, J., Górski, K. M., Gregorio, A., Gruppuso, A., Hansen, F. K., Harrison, D., Hernández-Monteagudo, C., Herranz, D., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hivon, E., Holmes, W. A., Hornstrup, A., Hovest, W., Jaffe, A. H., Jones, W. C., Juvela, M., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T. S., Kneissl, R., Knoche, J., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lagache, G., Lähteenmäki, A., Lamarre, J. -M., Lasenby, A., Laureijs, R. J., Lawrence, C. R., Leonardi, R., Liguori, M., Lilje, P. B., Linden-Vørnle, M., López-Caniego, M., Macías-Pérez, J. F., Maffei, B., Maino, D., Mandolesi, N., Maris, M., Marshall, D. J., Martin, P. G., Martínez-González, E., Masi, S., Matarrese, S., Mazzotta, P., Melchiorri, A., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Mitra, S., Miville-Deschênes, M. -A., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mortlock, D., Munshi, D., Murphy, J. A., Naselsky, P., Nati, F., Natoli, P., Nørgaard-Nielsen, H. U., Noviello, F., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., Oxborrow, C. A., Pagano, L., Pajot, F., Paladini, R., Paoletti, D., Pasian, F., Patanchon, G., Peel, M., Perdereau, O., Perrotta, F., Piacentini, F., Piat, M., Pierpaoli, E., Pietrobon, D., Plaszczynski, S., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Ponthieu, N., Popa, L., Pratt, G. W., Prunet, S., Puget, J. -L., Rachen, J. P., Reach, W. T., Rebolo, R., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renault, C., Ricciardi, S., Riller, T., Ristorcelli, I., Rocha, G., Rosset, C., Rubiño-Martín, J. A., Rusholme, B., Sandri, M., Savini, G., Scott, D., Spencer, L. D., Starck, J. -L., Stolyarov, V., Sureau, F., Sutton, D., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Sygnet, J. -F., Tauber, J. A., Tavagnacco, D., Terenzi, L., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Tucci, M., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, B., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Vittorio, N., Wade, L. A., Wandelt, B. D., Yvon, D., Zacchei, A., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We use Planck HFI data combined with ancillary radio data to study the emissivity index of the interstellar dust emission in the frequency range 10 - 353 GHz, or 3 - 0.8 mm, in the Galactic plane. We analyse the region l=20 degr - 44 degr and |b| \leq 4 degr where the free-free emission can be estimated from radio recombination line data. We fit the spectra at each sky pixel with a modified blackbody model and two spectral indices, beta_mm and beta_FIR, below and above 353 GHz respectively. We find that beta_mm is smaller than beta_FIR and we detect a correlation between this low frequency power-law index and the dust optical depth at 353 GHz, tau_353. The opacity spectral index beta_mm increases from about 1.54 in the more diffuse regions of the Galactic disk, |b| = 3 degr - 4 degr and tau_353 ~ 5 x 10^{-5}, to about 1.66 in the densest regions with an optical depth of more than one order of magnitude higher. We associate this correlation with an evolution of the dust emissivity related to the fraction of molecular gas along the line of sight. This translates into beta_mm ~ 1.54 for a medium that is mostly atomic and beta_mm ~ 1.66 when the medium is dominated by molecular gas. We find that both the Two-Level System model and the emission by ferromagnetic particles can explain the results. The results improve our understanding of the physics of interstellar dust and lead towards a complete model of the dust spectrum of the Milky Way from far-infrared to millimetre wavelengths., Comment: 13 pages, 12 figures; accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics
Published: 2013
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141. Planck 2013 results. XXVII. Doppler boosting of the CMB: Eppur si muove

Author: Planck Collaboration, Aghanim, N., Armitage-Caplan, C., Arnaud, M., Ashdown, M., Atrio-Barandela, F., Aumont, J., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Bartlett, J. G., Benabed, K., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bobin, J., Bock, J. J., Bond, J. R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F. R., Bridges, M., Burigana, C., Butler, R. C., Cardoso, J. -F., Catalano, A., Challinor, A., Chamballu, A., Chiang, L. -Y, Chiang, H. C., Christensen, P. R., Clements, D. L., Colombo, L. P. L., Couchot, F., Crill, B. P., Cuttaia, F., Danese, L., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., de Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Diego, J. M., Donzelli, S., Doré, O., Dupac, X., Efstathiou, G., Enßlin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Finelli, F., Forni, O., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Galeotta, S., Ganga, K., Giard, M., Giardino, G., González-Nuevo, J., Górski, K. M., Gratton, S., Gregorio, A., Gruppuso, A., Hansen, F. K., Hanson, D., Harrison, D., Helou, G., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hivon, E., Hobson, M., Holmes, W. A., Hovest, W., Huffenberger, K. M., Jones, W. C., Juvela, M., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T. S., Knoche, J., Knox, L., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lähteenmäki, A., Lamarre, J. -M., Lasenby, A., Lawrence, C. R., Leonardi, R., Lewis, A., Liguori, M., Lilje, P. B., Linden-Vørnle, M., López-Caniego, M., Lubin, P. M., Macías-Pérez, J. F., Maris, M., Marshall, D. J., Martin, P. G., Martínez-González, E., Masi, S., Matarrese, S., Mazzotta, P., Meinhold, P. R., Melchiorri, A., Mendes, L., Migliaccio, M., Mitra, S., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mortlock, D., Moss, A., Munshi, D., Naselsky, P., Nati, F., Natoli, P., Nørgaard-Nielsen, H. U., Noviello, F., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., Osborne, S., Oxborrow, C. A., Pagano, L., Pajot, F., Paoletti, D., Pasian, F., Patanchon, G., Perdereau, O., Perrotta, F., Piacentini, F., Pierpaoli, E., Pietrobon, D., Plaszczynski, S., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Ponthieu, N., Popa, L., Pratt, G. W., Prézeau, G., Puget, J. -L., Rachen, J. P., Reach, W. T., Reinecke, M., Ricciardi, S., Riller, T., Ristorcelli, I., Rocha, G., Rosset, C., Rubiño-Martín, J. A., Rusholme, B., Santos, D., Savini, G., Scott, D., Seiffert, M. D., Shellard, E. P. S., Spencer, L. D., Sunyaev, R., Sureau, F., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Sygnet, J. -F., Tauber, J. A., Tavagnacco, D., Terenzi, L., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Tucci, M., Türler, M., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, B., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Vittorio, N., Wade, L. A., Wandelt, B. D., White, M., Yvon, D., Zacchei, A., Zibin, J. P., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: Our velocity relative to the rest frame of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) generates a dipole temperature anisotropy on the sky which has been well measured for more than 30 years, and has an accepted amplitude of v/c = 0.00123, or v = 369km/s. In addition to this signal generated by Doppler boosting of the CMB monopole, our motion also modulates and aberrates the CMB temperature fluctuations (as well as every other source of radiation at cosmological distances). This is an order 0.1% effect applied to fluctuations which are already one part in roughly one hundred thousand, so it is quite small. Nevertheless, it becomes detectable with the all-sky coverage, high angular resolution, and low noise levels of the Planck satellite. Here we report a first measurement of this velocity signature using the aberration and modulation effects on the CMB temperature anisotropies, finding a component in the known dipole direction, (l,b)=(264, 48) [deg], of 384km/s +- 78km/s (stat.) +- 115km/s (syst.). This is a significant confirmation of the expected velocity., Comment: Typos corrected in some of the equations, but all results remain the same
Published: 2013
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142. Planck 2013 results. XXV. Searches for cosmic strings and other topological defects

Author: Planck Collaboration, Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Armitage-Caplan, C., Arnaud, M., Ashdown, M., Atrio-Barandela, F., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Bartlett, J. G., Bartolo, N., Battaner, E., Battye, R., Benabed, K., Benoît, A., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bobin, J., Bock, J. J., Bonaldi, A., Bonavera, L., Bond, J. R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F. R., Bridges, M., Bucher, M., Burigana, C., Butler, R. C., Cardoso, J. -F., Catalano, A., Challinor, A., Chamballu, A., Chiang, L. -Y, Chiang, H. C., Christensen, P. R., Church, S., Clements, D. L., Colombi, S., Colombo, L. P. L., Couchot, F., Coulais, A., Crill, B. P., Curto, A., Cuttaia, F., Danese, L., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., de Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Delouis, J. -M., Désert, F. -X., Diego, J. M., Dole, H., Donzelli, S., Doré, O., Douspis, M., Ducout, A., Dunkley, J., Dupac, X., Efstathiou, G., Enßlin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Fergusson, J., Finelli, F., Forni, O., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Galeotta, S., Ganga, K., Giard, M., Giardino, G., Giraud-Héraud, Y., González-Nuevo, J., Górski, K. M., Gratton, S., Gregorio, A., Gruppuso, A., Hansen, F. K., Hanson, D., Harrison, D., Henrot-Versillé, S., Hernández-Monteagudo, C., Herranz, D., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hivon, E., Hobson, M., Holmes, W. A., Hornstrup, A., Hovest, W., Huffenberger, K. M., Jaffe, T. R., Jaffe, A. H., Jones, W. C., Juvela, M., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T. S., Knoche, J., Knox, L., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lagache, G., Lähteenmäki, A., Lamarre, J. -M., Lasenby, A., Laureijs, R. J., Lawrence, C. R., Leahy, J. P., Leonardi, R., Lesgourgues, J., Liguori, M., Lilje, P. B., Linden-Vørnle, M., López-Caniego, M., Lubin, P. M., Macías-Pérez, J. F., Maffei, B., Maino, D., Mandolesi, N., Maris, M., Marshall, D. J., Martin, P. G., Martínez-González, E., Masi, S., Matarrese, S., Matthai, F., Mazzotta, P., McEwen, J. D., Melchiorri, A., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Mitra, S., Miville-Deschênes, M. -A., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mortlock, D., Moss, A., Munshi, D., Naselsky, P., Natoli, P., Netterfield, C. B., Nørgaard-Nielsen, H. U., Noviello, F., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., Osborne, S., Oxborrow, C. A., Paci, F., Pagano, L., Pajot, F., Paoletti, D., Pasian, F., Patanchon, G., Peiris, H. V., Perdereau, O., Perotto, L., Perrotta, F., Piacentini, F., Piat, M., Pierpaoli, E., Pietrobon, D., Plaszczynski, S., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Ponthieu, N., Popa, L., Poutanen, T., Pratt, G. W., Prézeau, G., Prunet, S., Puget, J. -L., Rachen, J. P., Räth, C., Rebolo, R., Remazeilles, M., Renault, C., Ricciardi, S., Riller, T., Ringeval, C., Ristorcelli, I., Rocha, G., Rosset, C., Roudier, G., Rowan-Robinson, M., Rusholme, B., Sandri, M., Santos, D., Savini, G., Scott, D., Seiffert, M. D., Shellard, E. P. S., Spencer, L. D., Starck, J. -L., Stolyarov, V., Stompor, R., Sudiwala, R., Sureau, F., Sutton, D., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Sygnet, J. -F., Tauber, J. A., Tavagnacco, D., Terenzi, L., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Tucci, M., Tuovinen, J., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, B., Varis, J., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Vittorio, N., Wade, L. A., Wandelt, B. D., Yvon, D., Zacchei, A., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: Planck data have been used to provide stringent new constraints on cosmic strings and other defects. We describe forecasts of the CMB power spectrum induced by cosmic strings, calculating these from network models and simulations using line-of-sight Boltzmann solvers. We have studied Nambu-Goto cosmic strings, as well as field theory strings for which radiative effects are important, thus spanning the range of theoretical uncertainty in strings models. We have added the angular power spectrum from strings to that for a simple adiabatic model, with the extra fraction defined as $f_{10}$ at multipole $\ell=10$. This parameter has been added to the standard six parameter fit using COSMOMC with flat priors. For the Nambu-Goto string model, we have obtained a constraint on the string tension of $G\mu/c^2 < 1.5 x 10^{-7}$ and $f_{10} < 0.015$ at 95% confidence that can be improved to $G\mu/c^2 < 1.3 x 10^{-7}$ and $f_{10} < 0.010$ on inclusion of high-$\ell$ CMB data. For the abelian-Higgs field theory model we find, $G\mu_{AH}/c^2 < 3.2 x 10^{-7}$ and $f_{10} < 0.028$. The marginalized likelihoods for $f_{10}$ and in the $f_{10}$--$\Omega_b h^2$ plane are also presented. We have also obtained constraints on $f_{10}$ for models with semi-local strings and global textures for which $G\mu/c^2 < 1.1 x 10^{-6}$. We have made complementarity searches for the specific non-Gaussian signatures of cosmic strings, calibrating with all-sky Planck resolution CMB maps generated from networks of post-recombination strings. We have obtained upper limits on the string tension at 95% confidence of $G\mu/c^2 < 8.8 x 10^{-7}$ using modal bispectrum estimation and $G\mu/c^2 < 7.8 x 10^{-7}$ for real space searches with Minkowski functionals. These are conservative upper bounds because only post-recombination string contributions have been included in the non-Gaussian analysis., Comment: 20 pages, 15 figures
Published: 2013
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143. Planck intermediate results. XIII. Constraints on peculiar velocities

Author: Planck Collaboration, Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Arnaud, M., Ashdown, M., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Balbi, A., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Battaner, E., Benabed, K., Benoit-Levy, A., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bikmaev, I., Bobin, J., Bock, J. J., Bonaldi, A., Bond, J. R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F. R., Burigana, C., Butler, R. C., Cabella, P., Cardoso, J. -F., Catalano, A., Chamballu, A., Chiang, L. -Y, Chon, G., Christensen, P. R., Clements, D. L., Colombi, S., Colombo, L. P. L., Crill, B. P., Cuttaia, F., Da Silva, A., Dahle, H., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., de Gasperis, G., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Democles, J., Diego, J. M., Dolag, K., Dole, H., Donzelli, S., Dore, O., Doerl, U., Douspis, M., Dupac, X., Ensslin, T. A., Finelli, F., Flores-Cacho, I., Forni, O., Frailis, M., Frommert, M., Galeotta, S., Ganga, K., Genova-Santos, R. T., Giard, M., Giardino, G., Gonzalez-Nuevo, J., Gregorio, A., Gruppuso, A., Hansen, F. K., Harrison, D., Hernandez-Monteagudo, C., Herranz, D., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hivon, E., Holmes, W. A., Hovest, W., Huffenberger, K. M., Hurier, G., Jaffe, T. R., Jaffe, A. H., Jasche, J., Jones, W. C., Juvela, M., Keihanen, E., Keskitalo, R., Khamitov, I., Kisner, T. S., Knoche, J., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lagache, G., Lahteenmaki, A., Lamarre, J. -M., Lasenby, A., Lawrence, C. R., Jeune, M. Le, Leonardi, R., Lilje, P. B., Linden-Vornle, M., Lopez-Caniego, M., Macias-Perez, J. F., Maino, D., Mak, D. S. Y., Mandolesi, N., Maris, M., Marleau, F., Martinez-Gonzalez, E., Masi, S., Matarrese, S., Mazzotta, P., Melchiorri, A., Melin, J. -B., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Mitra, S., Miville-Deschenes, M. -A., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mortlock, D., Moss, A., Munshi, D., Murphy, J. A., Naselsky, P., Nati, F., Natoli, P., Netterfield, C. B., Norgaard-Nielsen, H. U., Noviello, F., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., Osborne, S., Pagano, L., Paoletti, D., Perdereau, O., Perrotta, F., Piacentini, F., Piat, M., Pierpaoli, E., Pietrobon, D., Plaszczynski, S., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Popa, L., Poutanen, T., Pratt, G. W., Prunet, S., Puget, J. -L., Puisieux, S., Rachen, J. P., Rebolo, R., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renault, C., Ricciardi, S., Roman, M., Rubino-Martin, J. A., Rusholme, B., Sandri, M., Savini, G., Scott, D., Spencer, L., Sunyaev, R., Sutton, D., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Sygnet, J. -F., Tauber, J. A., Terenzi, L., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Tucci, M., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, B., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Vittorio, N., Wade, L. A., Welikala, N., Yvon, D., Zacchei, A., Zibin, J. P., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: Using \Planck\ data combined with the Meta Catalogue of X-ray detected Clusters of galaxies (MCXC), we address the study of peculiar motions by searching for evidence of the kinetic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect (kSZ). By implementing various filters designed to extract the kSZ generated at the positions of the clusters, we obtain consistent constraints on the radial peculiar velocity average, root mean square (rms), and local bulk flow amplitude at different depths. For the whole cluster sample of average redshift 0.18, the measured average radial peculiar velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation at that redshift, i.e., the kSZ monopole, amounts to $72 \pm 60$ km s$^{-1}$. This constitutes less than 1% of the relative Hubble velocity of the cluster sample with respect to our local CMB frame. While the linear $\Lambda$CDM prediction for the typical cluster radial velocity rms at $z=0.15$ is close to 230km s$^{-1}$, the upper limit imposed by \Planck\ data on the cluster subsample corresponds to 800 km s$^{-1}$ at 95% confidence level, i.e., about three times higher. \Planck\ data also set strong constraints on the local bulk flow in volumes centred on the Local Group. There is no detection of bulk flow as measured in any comoving sphere extending to the maximum redshift covered by the cluster sample. A blind search for bulk flows in this sample has an upper limit of 254 km s$^{-1}$ (95% confidence level) dominated by CMB confusion and instrumental noise, indicating that the Universe is largely homogeneous on Gpc scales. In this context, in conjunction with supernova observations, \Planck\ is able to rule out a large class of inhomogeneous void models as alternatives to dark energy or modified gravity. The \Planck\ constraints on peculiar velocities and bulk flows are thus consistent with the $\Lambda$CDM scenario., Comment: 23 pages (including affiliations), 14 figures, minor changes, matches accepted version in A&A
Published: 2013
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144. Planck 2013 results. XXVIII. The Planck Catalogue of Compact Sources

Author: Planck Collaboration, Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Argüeso, F., Armitage-Caplan, C., Arnaud, M., Ashdown, M., Atrio-Barandela, F., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Bartlett, J. G., Battaner, E., Benabed, K., Benoît, A., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bobin, J., Bock, J. J., Bonaldi, A., Bonavera, L., Bond, J. R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F. R., Bridges, M., Bucher, M., Burigana, C., Butler, R. C., Cardoso, J. -F., Carvalho, P., Catalano, A., Challinor, A., Chamballu, A., Chen, X., Chiang, H. C., Chiang, L. -Y, Christensen, P. R., Church, S., Clemens, M., Clements, D. L., Colombi, S., Colombo, L. P. L., Couchot, F., Coulais, A., Crill, B. P., Curto, A., Cuttaia, F., Danese, L., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., de Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Delouis, J. -M., Désert, F. -X., Dickinson, C., Diego, J. M., Dole, H., Donzelli, S., Doré, O., Douspis, M., Dupac, X., Efstathiou, G., Enßlin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Finelli, F., Forni, O., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Galeotta, S., Ganga, K., Giard, M., Giardino, G., Giraud-Héraud, Y., González-Nuevo, J., Górski, K. M., Gratton, S., Gregorio, A., Gruppuso, A., Hansen, F. K., Hanson, D., Harrison, D., Henrot-Versillé, S., Hernández-Monteagudo, C., Herranz, D., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hivon, E., Hobson, M., Holmes, W. A., Hornstrup, A., Hovest, W., Huffenberger, K. M., Jaffe, A. H., Jaffe, T. R., Jones, W. C., Juvela, M., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T. S., Kneissl, R., Knoche, J., Knox, L., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lagache, G., Lähteenmäki, A., Lamarre, J. -M., Lasenby, A., Laureijs, R. J., Lawrence, C. R., Leahy, J. P., Leonardi, R., León-Tavares, J., Leroy, C., Lesgourgues, J., Liguori, M., Lilje, P. B., Linden-Vørnle, M., López-Caniego, M., Lubin, P. M., Macías-Pérez, J. F., Maffei, B., Maino, D., Mandolesi, N., Maris, M., Marshall, D. J., Martin, P. G., Martínez-González, E., Masi, S., Massardi, M., Matarrese, S., Matthai, F., Mazzotta, P., McGehee, P., Meinhold, P. R., Melchiorri, A., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Mitra, S., Miville-Deschênes, M. -A., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mortlock, D., Munshi, D., Murphy, J. A., Naselsky, P., Nati, F., Natoli, P., Negrello, M., Netterfield, C. B., Nørgaard-Nielsen, H. U., Noviello, F., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., O'Dwyer, I. J., Osborne, S., Oxborrow, C. A., Paci, F., Pagano, L., Pajot, F., Paladini, R., Paoletti, D., Partridge, B., Pasian, F., Patanchon, G., Pearson, T. J., Perdereau, O., Perotto, L., Perrotta, F., Piacentini, F., Piat, M., Pierpaoli, E., Pietrobon, D., Plaszczynski, S., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Ponthieu, N., Popa, L., Poutanen, T., Pratt, G. W., Prézeau, G., Prunet, S., Puget, J. -L., Rachen, J. P., Reach, W. T., Rebolo, R., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renault, C., Ricciardi, S., Riller, T., Ristorcelli, I., Rocha, G., Rosset, C., Roudier, G., Rowan-Robinson, M., Rubiño-Martín, J. A., Rusholme, B., Sandri, M., Santos, D., Savini, G., Scott, D., Seiffert, M. D., Shellard, E. P. S., Spencer, L. D., Starck, J. -L., Stolyarov, V., Stompor, R., Sudiwala, R., Sunyaev, R., Sureau, F., Sutton, D., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Sygnet, J. -F., Tauber, J. A., Tavagnacco, D., Terenzi, L., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Tucci, M., Tuovinen, J., Türler, M., Umana, G., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, B., Varis, J., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Vittorio, N., Wade, L. A., Walter, B., Wandelt, B. D., Yvon, D., Zacchei, A., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: The Planck Catalogue of Compact Sources (PCCS) is the catalogue of sources detected in the first 15 months of Planck operations, the "nominal" mission. It consists of nine single-frequency catalogues of compact sources, both Galactic and extragalactic, detected over the entire sky. The PCCS covers the frequency range 30--857\,GHz with higher sensitivity (it is 90% complete at 180 mJy in the best channel) and better angular resolution (from ~33' to ~5') than previous all-sky surveys in this frequency band. By construction its reliability is >80% and more than 65% of the sources have been detected at least in two contiguous Planck channels. In this paper we present the construction and validation of the PCCS, its contents and its statistical characterization., Comment: 21 pages, 20 figures, submitted to A&A. This work is one of the papers associated with the 2013 release of data from the Planck mission
Published: 2013
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145. Planck 2013 results. XXVI. Background geometry and topology of the Universe

Author: Planck Collaboration, Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Armitage-Caplan, C., Arnaud, M., Ashdown, M., Atrio-Barandela, F., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Bartlett, J. G., Battaner, E., Benabed, K., Benoît, A., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bobin, J., Bock, J. J., Bonaldi, A., Bonavera, L., Bond, J. R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F. R., Bridges, M., Bucher, M., Burigana, C., Butler, R. C., Cardoso, J. -F., Catalano, A., Challinor, A., Chamballu, A., Chiang, L. -Y, Chiang, H. C., Christensen, P. R., Church, S., Clements, D. L., Colombi, S., Colombo, L. P. L., Couchot, F., Coulais, A., Crill, B. P., Curto, A., Cuttaia, F., Danese, L., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., de Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Delouis, J. -M., Désert, F. -X., Diego, J. M., Dole, H., Donzelli, S., Doré, O., Douspis, M., Dupac, X., Efstathiou, G., Enßlin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Finelli, F., Forni, O., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Galeotta, S., Ganga, K., Giard, M., Giardino, G., Giraud-Héraud, Y., González-Nuevo, J., Górski, K. M., Gratton, S., Gregorio, A., Gruppuso, A., Hansen, F. K., Hanson, D., Harrison, D., Henrot-Versillé, S., Hernández-Monteagudo, C., Herranz, D., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hivon, E., Hobson, M., Holmes, W. A., Hornstrup, A., Hovest, W., Huffenberger, K. M., Jaffe, T. R., Jaffe, A. H., Jones, W. C., Juvela, M., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T. S., Knoche, J., Knox, L., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lagache, G., Lähteenmäki, A., Lamarre, J. -M., Lasenby, A., Laureijs, R. J., Lawrence, C. R., Leahy, J. P., Leonardi, R., Leroy, C., Lesgourgues, J., Liguori, M., Lilje, P. B., Linden-Vørnle, M., López-Caniego, M., Lubin, P. M., Macías-Pérez, J. F., Maffei, B., Maino, D., Mandolesi, N., Maris, M., Marshall, D. J., Martin, P. G., Martínez-González, E., Masi, S., Matarrese, S., Matthai, F., Mazzotta, P., McEwen, J. D., Melchiorri, A., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Mitra, S., Miville-Deschênes, M. -A., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mortlock, D., Moss, A., Munshi, D., Naselsky, P., Nati, F., Natoli, P., Netterfield, C. B., Nørgaard-Nielsen, H. U., Noviello, F., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., Osborne, S., Oxborrow, C. A., Paci, F., Pagano, L., Pajot, F., Paoletti, D., Pasian, F., Patanchon, G., Peiris, H. V., Perdereau, O., Perotto, L., Perrotta, F., Piacentini, F., Piat, M., Pierpaoli, E., Pietrobon, D., Plaszczynski, S., Pointecouteau, E., Pogosyan, D., Polenta, G., Ponthieu, N., Popa, L., Poutanen, T., Pratt, G. W., Prézeau, G., Prunet, S., Puget, J. -L., Rachen, J. P., Rebolo, R., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renault, C., Riazuelo, A., Ricciardi, S., Riller, T., Ristorcelli, I., Rocha, G., Rosset, C., Roudier, G., Rowan-Robinson, M., Rusholme, B., Sandri, M., Santos, D., Savini, G., Scott, D., Seiffert, M. D., Shellard, E. P. S., Spencer, L. D., Starck, J. -L., Stolyarov, V., Stompor, R., Sudiwala, R., Sureau, F., Sutton, D., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Sygnet, J. -F., Tauber, J. A., Tavagnacco, D., Terenzi, L., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Tucci, M., Tuovinen, J., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, B., Varis, J., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Vittorio, N., Wade, L. A., Wandelt, B. D., Yvon, D., Zacchei, A., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: Planck CMB temperature maps allow detection of large-scale departures from homogeneity and isotropy. We search for topology with a fundamental domain nearly intersecting the last scattering surface (comoving distance $\chi_r$). For most topologies studied the likelihood maximized over orientation shows some preference for multi-connected models just larger than $\chi_r$. This effect is also present in simulated realizations of isotropic maps and we interpret it as the alignment of mild anisotropic correlations with chance features in a single realization; such a feature can also exist, in milder form, when the likelihood is marginalized over orientations. Thus marginalized, the limits on the radius $R_i$ of the largest sphere inscribed in a topological domain (at log-likelihood-ratio -5) are: in a flat Universe, $R_i>0.9\chi_r$ for the cubic torus (cf. $R_i>0.9\chi_r$ at 99% CL for a matched-circles search); $R_i>0.7\chi_r$ for the chimney; $R_i>0.5\chi_r$ for the slab; in a positively curved Universe, $R_i>1.0\chi_r$ for the dodecahedron; $R_i>1.0\chi_r$ for the truncated cube; $R_i>0.9\chi_r$ for the octahedron. Similar limits apply to alternate topologies. We perform a Bayesian search for an anisotropic Bianchi VII$_h$ geometry. In a non-physical setting where the Bianchi parameters are decoupled from cosmology, Planck data favour a Bianchi component with a Bayes factor of at least 1.5 units of log-evidence: a Bianchi pattern is efficient at accounting for some large-scale anomalies in Planck data. However, the cosmological parameters are in strong disagreement with those found from CMB anisotropy data alone. In the physically motivated setting where the Bianchi parameters are fitted simultaneously with standard cosmological parameters, we find no evidence for a Bianchi VII$_h$ cosmology and constrain the vorticity of such models: $(\omega/H)_0<8\times10^{-10}$ (95% CL). [Abridged], Comment: 24 Pages, 22 Figures
Published: 2013
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146. Planck 2013 results. XXIII. Isotropy and statistics of the CMB

Author: Planck Collaboration, Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Armitage-Caplan, C., Arnaud, M., Ashdown, M., Atrio-Barandela, F., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Bartlett, J. G., Bartolo, N., Battaner, E., Battye, R., Benabed, K., Benoît, A., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bobin, J., Bock, J. J., Bonaldi, A., Bonavera, L., Bond, J. R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F. R., Bridges, M., Bucher, M., Burigana, C., Butler, R. C., Cardoso, J. -F., Catalano, A., Challinor, A., Chamballu, A., Chary, R. -R., Chiang, H. C., Chiang, L. -Y, Christensen, P. R., Church, S., Clements, D. L., Colombi, S., Colombo, L. P. L., Couchot, F., Coulais, A., Crill, B. P., Cruz, M., Curto, A., Cuttaia, F., Danese, L., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., de Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Delouis, J. -M., Désert, F. -X., Diego, J. M., Dole, H., Donzelli, S., Doré, O., Douspis, M., Ducout, A., Dupac, X., Efstathiou, G., Elsner, F., Enßlin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Fantaye, Y., Fergusson, J., Finelli, F., Forni, O., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Frommert, M., Galeotta, S., Ganga, K., Giard, M., Giardino, G., Giraud-Héraud, Y., González-Nuevo, J., Górski, K. M., Gratton, S., Gregorio, A., Gruppuso, A., Hansen, F. K., Hansen, M., Hanson, D., Harrison, D. L., Helou, G., Henrot-Versillé, S., Hernández-Monteagudo, C., Herranz, D., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hivon, E., Hobson, M., Holmes, W. A., Hornstrup, A., Hovest, W., Huffenberger, K. M., Jaffe, A. H., Jaffe, T. R., Jones, W. C., Juvela, M., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kim, J., Kisner, T. S., Knoche, J., Knox, L., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lagache, G., Lähteenmäki, A., Lamarre, J. -M., Lasenby, A., Laureijs, R. J., Lawrence, C. R., Leahy, J. P., Leonardi, R., Leroy, C., Lesgourgues, J., Liguori, M., Lilje, P. B., Linden-Vørnle, M., López-Caniego, M., Lubin, P. M., Macías-Pérez, J. F., Maffei, B., Maino, D., Mandolesi, N., Mangilli, A., Marinucci, D., Maris, M., Marshall, D. J., Martin, P. G., Martínez-González, E., Masi, S., Massardi, M., Matarrese, S., Matthai, F., Mazzotta, P., McEwen, J. D., Meinhold, P. R., Melchiorri, A., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Mikkelsen, K., Mitra, S., Miville-Deschênes, M. -A., Molinari, D., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mortlock, D., Moss, A., Munshi, D., Murphy, J. A., Naselsky, P., Nati, F., Natoli, P., Netterfield, C. B., Nørgaard-Nielsen, H. U., Noviello, F., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., Osborne, S., Oxborrow, C. A., Paci, F., Pagano, L., Pajot, F., Paoletti, D., Pasian, F., Patanchon, G., Peiris, H. V., Perdereau, O., Perotto, L., Perrotta, F., Piacentini, F., Piat, M., Pierpaoli, E., Pietrobon, D., Plaszczynski, S., Pogosyan, D., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Ponthieu, N., Popa, L., Poutanen, T., Pratt, G. W., Prézeau, G., Prunet, S., Puget, J. -L., Rachen, J. P., Racine, B., Räth, C., Rebolo, R., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renault, C., Renzi, A., Ricciardi, S., Riller, T., Ristorcelli, I., Rocha, G., Rosset, C., Rotti, A., Roudier, G., Rubiño-Martín, J. A., Ruiz-Granados, B., Rusholme, B., Sandri, M., Santos, D., Savini, G., Scott, D., Seiffert, M. D., Shellard, E. P. S., Souradeep, T., Spencer, L. D., Starck, J. -L., Stolyarov, V., Stompor, R., Sudiwala, R., Sureau, F., Sutter, P., Sutton, D., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Sygnet, J. -F., Tauber, J. A., Tavagnacco, D., Terenzi, L., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Tucci, M., Tuovinen, J., Türler, M., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, B., Varis, J., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Vittorio, N., Wade, L. A., Wandelt, B. D., Wehus, I. K., White, M., Wilkinson, A., Yvon, D., Zacchei, A., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: The two fundamental assumptions of the standard cosmological model - that the initial fluctuations are statistically isotropic and Gaussian - are rigorously tested using maps of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy from the Planck satellite. Deviations from isotropy have been found and demonstrated to be robust against component separation algorithm, mask choice and frequency dependence. Many of these anomalies were previously observed in the WMAP data, and are now confirmed at similar levels of significance (about 3 sigma). However, we find little evidence for non-Gaussianity, with the exception of a few statistical signatures that seem to be associated with specific anomalies. In particular, we find that the quadrupole-octopole alignment is also connected to a low observed variance of the CMB signal. A power asymmetry is now found to persist to scales corresponding to about l=600, and can be described in the low-l regime by a phenomenological dipole modulation model. However, any primordial power asymmetry is strongly scale-dependent and does not extend to arbitrarily small angular scales. Finally, it is plausible that some of these features may be reflected in the angular power spectrum of the data, which shows a deficit of power on similar scales. Indeed, when the power spectra of two hemispheres defined by a preferred direction are considered separately, one shows evidence for a deficit in power, while its opposite contains oscillations between odd and even modes that may be related to the parity violation and phase correlations also detected in the data. Although these analyses represent a step forward in building an understanding of the anomalies, a satisfactory explanation based on physically motivated models is still lacking., Comment: 49 pages, 43 figures, 33 tables. Accepted for publication in A&A
Published: 2013
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147. Planck 2013 results. XXIX. Planck catalogue of Sunyaev-Zeldovich sources

Author: Planck Collaboration, Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Armitage-Caplan, C., Arnaud, M., Ashdown, M., Atrio-Barandela, F., Aumont, J., Aussel, H., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Barrena, R., Bartelmann, M., Bartlett, J. G., Battaner, E., Benabed, K., Benoît, A., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bikmaev, I., Bobin, J., Bock, J. J., Böhringer, H., Bonaldi, A., Bond, J. R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F. R., Bridges, M., Bucher, M., Burenin, R., Burigana, C., Butler, R. C., Cardoso, J. -F., Carvalho, P., Catalano, A., Challinor, A., Chamballu, A., Chary, R. -R., Chen, X., Chiang, H. C., Chiang, L. -Y, Chon, G., Christensen, P. R., Churazov, E., Church, S., Clements, D. L., Colombi, S., Colombo, L. P. L., Comis, B., Couchot, F., Coulais, A., Crill, B. P., Curto, A., Cuttaia, F., Da Silva, A., Dahle, H., Danese, L., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., de Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Delouis, J. -M., Démoclès, J., Désert, F. -X., Dickinson, C., Diego, J. M., Dolag, K., Dole, H., Donzelli, S., Doré, O., Douspis, M., Dupac, X., Efstathiou, G., Enßlin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Feroz, F., Finelli, F., Flores-Cacho, I., Forni, O., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Fromenteau, S., Galeotta, S., Ganga, K., Génova-Santos, R. T., Giard, M., Giardino, G., Gilfanov, M., Giraud-Héraud, Y., González-Nuevo, J., Górski, K. M., Grainge, K. J. B., Gratton, S., Gregorio, A., Groeneboom, E., Gruppuso, A., Hansen, F. K., Hanson, D., Harrison, D., Hempel, A., Henrot-Versillé, S., Hernández-Monteagudo, C., Herranz, D., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hivon, E., Hobson, M., Holmes, W. A., Hornstrup, A., Hovest, W., Huffenberger, K. M., Hurier, G., Hurley-Walker, N., Jaffe, A. H., Jaffe, T. R., Jones, W. C., Juvela, M., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Khamitov, I., Kisner, T. S., Kneissl, R., Knoche, J., Knox, L., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lagache, G., Lähteenmäki, A., Lamarre, J. -M., Lasenby, A., Laureijs, R. J., Lawrence, C. R., Leahy, J. P., Leonardi, R., León-Tavares, J., Lesgourgues, J., Li, C., Liddle, A., Liguori, M., Lilje, P. B., Linden-Vørnle, M., López-Caniego, M., Lubin, P. M., Macías-Pérez, J. F., MacTavish, C. J., Maffei, B., Maino, D., Mandolesi, N., Maris, M., Marshall, D. J., Martin, P. G., Martínez-González, E., Masi, S., Massardi, M., Matarrese, S., Matthai, F., Mazzotta, P., Mei, S., Meinhold, P. R., Melchiorri, A., Melin, J. -B., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Mikkelsen, K., Mitra, S., Miville-Deschênes, M. -A., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mortlock, D., Munshi, D., Murphy, J. A., Naselsky, P., Nati, F., Natoli, P., Nesvadba, N. P. H., Netterfield, C. B., Nørgaard-Nielsen, H. U., Noviello, F., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., O'Dwyer, I. J., Olamaie, M., Osborne, S., Oxborrow, C. A., Paci, F., Pagano, L., Pajot, F., Paoletti, D., Pasian, F., Patanchon, G., Pearson, T. J., Perdereau, O., Perotto, L., Perrott, Y. C., Perrotta, F., Piacentini, F., Piat, M., Pierpaoli, E., Pietrobon, D., Plaszczynski, S., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Ponthieu, N., Popa, L., Poutanen, T., Pratt, G. W., Prézeau, G., Prunet, S., Puget, J. -L., Rachen, J. P., Reach, W. T., Rebolo, R., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renault, C., Ricciardi, S., Riller, T., Ristorcelli, I., Rocha, G., Rosset, C., Roudier, G., Rowan-Robinson, M., Rubiño-Martín, J. A., Rumsey, C., Rusholme, B., Sandri, M., Santos, D., Saunders, R. D. E., Savini, G., Schammel, M. P., Scott, D., Seiffert, M. D., Shellard, E. P. S., Shimwell, T. W., Spencer, L. D., Starck, J. -L., Stolyarov, V., Stompor, R., Sudiwala, R., Sunyaev, R., Sureau, F., Sutton, D., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Sygnet, J. -F., Tauber, J. A., Tavagnacco, D., Terenzi, L., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Tucci, M., Tuovinen, J., Türler, M., Umana, G., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, B., Vibert, L., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Vittorio, N., Wade, L. A., Wandelt, B. D., White, M., White, S. D. M., Yvon, D., Zacchei, A., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We describe the all-sky Planck catalogue of clusters and cluster candidates derived from Sunyaev--Zeldovich (SZ) effect detections using the first 15.5 months of Planck satellite observations. The catalogue contains 1227 entries, making it over six times the size of the Planck Early SZ (ESZ) sample and the largest SZ-selected catalogue to date. It contains 861 confirmed clusters, of which 178 have been confirmed as clusters, mostly through follow-up observations, and a further 683 are previously-known clusters. The remaining 366 have the status of cluster candidates, and we divide them into three classes according to the quality of evidence that they are likely to be true clusters. The Planck SZ catalogue is the deepest all-sky cluster catalogue, with redshifts up to about one, and spans the broadest cluster mass range from (0.1 to 1.6) 10^{15}Msun. Confirmation of cluster candidates through comparison with existing surveys or cluster catalogues is extensively described, as is the statistical characterization of the catalogue in terms of completeness and statistical reliability. The outputs of the validation process are provided as additional information. This gives, in particular, an ensemble of 813 cluster redshifts, and for all these Planck clusters we also include a mass estimated from a newly-proposed SZ-mass proxy. A refined measure of the SZ Compton parameter for the clusters with X-ray counter-parts is provided, as is an X-ray flux for all the Planck clusters not previously detected in X-ray surveys., Comment: 42 pages, accepted for publication by A&A, catalogue available at ESA's Planck Legacy Archive and at SZ cluster database http://szcluster-db.ias.u-psud.fr
Published: 2013
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148. Planck 2013 results. XX. Cosmology from Sunyaev-Zeldovich cluster counts

Author: Planck Collaboration, Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Armitage-Caplan, C., Arnaud, M., Ashdown, M., Atrio-Barandela, F., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Barrena, R., Bartlett, J. G., Battaner, E., Battye, R., Benabed, K., Benoît, A., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bikmaev, I., Blanchard, A., Bobin, J., Bock, J. J., Böhringer, H., Bonaldi, A., Bond, J. R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F. R., Bourdin, H., Bridges, M., Brown, M. L., Bucher, M., Burenin, R., Burigana, C., Butler, R. C., Cardoso, J. -F., Carvalho, P., Catalano, A., Challinor, A., Chamballu, A., Chary, R. -R., Chiang, L. -Y, Chiang, H. C., Chon, G., Christensen, P. R., Church, S., Clements, D. L., Colombi, S., Colombo, L. P. L., Couchot, F., Coulais, A., Crill, B. P., Curto, A., Cuttaia, F., Da Silva, A., Dahle, H., Danese, L., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., de Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Delouis, J. -M., Démoclès, J., Désert, F. -X., Dickinson, C., Diego, J. M., Dolag, K., Dole, H., Donzelli, S., Doré, O., Douspis, M., Dupac, X., Efstathiou, G., Enßlin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Finelli, F., Flores-Cacho, I., Forni, O., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Fromenteau, S., Galeotta, S., Ganga, K., Génova-Santos, R. T., Giard, M., Giardino, G., Giraud-Héraud, Y., González-Nuevo, J., Górski, K. M., Gratton, S., Gregorio, A., Gruppuso, A., Hansen, F. K., Hanson, D., Harrison, D., Henrot-Versillé, S., Hernández-Monteagudo, C., Herranz, D., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hivon, E., Hobson, M., Holmes, W. A., Hornstrup, A., Hovest, W., Huffenberger, K. M., Hurier, G., Jaffe, T. R., Jaffe, A. H., Jones, W. C., Juvela, M., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Khamitov, I., Kisner, T. S., Kneissl, R., Knoche, J., Knox, L., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lagache, G., Lähteenmäki, A., Lamarre, J. -M., Lasenby, A., Laureijs, R. J., Lawrence, C. R., Leahy, J. P., Leonardi, R., León-Tavares, J., Lesgourgues, J., Liddle, A., Liguori, M., Lilje, P. B., Linden-Vørnle, M., López-Caniego, M., Lubin, P. M., Macías-Pérez, J. F., Maffei, B., Maino, D., Mandolesi, N., Marcos-Caballero, A., Maris, M., Marshall, D. J., Martin, P. G., Martínez-González, E., Masi, S., Matarrese, S., Matthai, F., Mazzotta, P., Meinhold, P. R., Melchiorri, A., Melin, J. -B., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Mitra, S., Miville-Deschênes, M. -A., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mortlock, D., Moss, A., Munshi, D., Naselsky, P., Nati, F., Natoli, P., Netterfield, C. B., Nørgaard-Nielsen, H. U., Noviello, F., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., Osborne, S., Oxborrow, C. A., Paci, F., Pagano, L., Pajot, F., Paoletti, D., Partridge, B., Pasian, F., Patanchon, G., Perdereau, O., Perotto, L., Perrotta, F., Piacentini, F., Piat, M., Pierpaoli, E., Pietrobon, D., Plaszczynski, S., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Ponthieu, N., Popa, L., Poutanen, T., Pratt, G. W., Prézeau, G., Prunet, S., Puget, J. -L., Rachen, J. P., Rebolo, R., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renault, C., Ricciardi, S., Riller, T., Ristorcelli, I., Rocha, G., Roman, M., Rosset, C., Roudier, G., Rowan-Robinson, M., Rubiño-Martín, J. A., Rusholme, B., Sandri, M., Santos, D., Savini, G., Scott, D., Seiffert, M. D., Shellard, E. P. S., Spencer, L. D., Starck, J. -L., Stolyarov, V., Stompor, R., Sudiwala, R., Sunyaev, R., Sureau, F., Sutton, D., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Sygnet, J. -F., Tauber, J. A., Tavagnacco, D., Terenzi, L., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Tucci, M., Tuovinen, J., Türler, M., Umana, G., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, B., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Vittorio, N., Wade, L. A., Wandelt, B. D., Weller, J., White, M., White, S. D. M., Yvon, D., Zacchei, A., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We present constraints on cosmological parameters using number counts as a function of redshift for a sub-sample of 189 galaxy clusters from the Planck SZ (PSZ) catalogue. The PSZ is selected through the signature of the Sunyaev--Zeldovich (SZ) effect, and the sub-sample used here has a signal-to-noise threshold of seven, with each object confirmed as a cluster and all but one with a redshift estimate. We discuss the completeness of the sample and our construction of a likelihood analysis. Using a relation between mass $M$ and SZ signal $Y$ calibrated to X-ray measurements, we derive constraints on the power spectrum amplitude $\sigma_8$ and matter density parameter $\Omega_{\mathrm{m}}$ in a flat $\Lambda$CDM model. We test the robustness of our estimates and find that possible biases in the $Y$--$M$ relation and the halo mass function are larger than the statistical uncertainties from the cluster sample. Assuming the X-ray determined mass to be biased low relative to the true mass by between zero and 30%, motivated by comparison of the observed mass scaling relations to those from a set of numerical simulations, we find that $\sigma_8=0.75\pm 0.03$, $\Omega_{\mathrm{m}}=0.29\pm 0.02$, and $\sigma_8(\Omega_{\mathrm{m}}/0.27)^{0.3} = 0.764 \pm 0.025$. The value of $\sigma_8$ is degenerate with the mass bias; if the latter is fixed to a value of 20% we find $\sigma_8(\Omega_{\mathrm{m}}/0.27)^{0.3}=0.78\pm 0.01$ and a tighter one-dimensional range $\sigma_8=0.77\pm 0.02$. We find that the larger values of $\sigma_8$ and $\Omega_{\mathrm{m}}$ preferred by Planck's measurements of the primary CMB anisotropies can be accommodated by a mass bias of about 40%. Alternatively, consistency with the primary CMB constraints can be achieved by inclusion of processes that suppress power on small scales relative to the $\Lambda$CDM model, such as a component of massive neutrinos (abridged)., Comment: 20 pages, accepted for publication by A&A
Published: 2013
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149. Planck 2013 Results. XXIV. Constraints on primordial non-Gaussianity

Author: Planck Collaboration, Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Armitage-Caplan, C., Arnaud, M., Ashdown, M., Atrio-Barandela, F., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Bartlett, J. G., Bartolo, N., Battaner, E., Benabed, K., Benoît, A., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bobin, J., Bock, J. J., Bonaldi, A., Bonavera, L., Bond, J. R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F. R., Bridges, M., Bucher, M., Burigana, C., Butler, R. C., Cardoso, J. -F., Catalano, A., Challinor, A., Chamballu, A., Chiang, H. C., Chiang, L. -Y, Christensen, P. R., Church, S., Clements, D. L., Colombi, S., Colombo, L. P. L., Couchot, F., Coulais, A., Crill, B. P., Curto, A., Cuttaia, F., Danese, L., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., de Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Delouis, J. -M., Désert, F. -X., Diego, J. M., Dole, H., Donzelli, S., Doré, O., Douspis, M., Ducout, A., Dunkley, J., Dupac, X., Efstathiou, G., Elsner, F., Enßlin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Fergusson, J., Finelli, F., Forni, O., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Galeotta, S., Ganga, K., Giard, M., Giraud-Héraud, Y., González-Nuevo, J., Górski, K. M., Gratton, S., Gregorio, A., Gruppuso, A., Hansen, F. K., Hanson, D., Harrison, D., Heavens, A., Henrot-Versillé, S., Hernández-Monteagudo, C., Herranz, D., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hivon, E., Hobson, M., Holmes, W. A., Hornstrup, A., Hovest, W., Huffenberger, K. M., Jaffe, A. H., Jaffe, T. R., Jones, W. C., Juvela, M., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T. S., Knoche, J., Knox, L., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lacasa, F., Lagache, G., Lähteenmäki, A., Lamarre, J. -M., Lasenby, A., Laureijs, R. J., Lawrence, C. R., Leahy, J. P., Leonardi, R., Lesgourgues, J., Lewis, A., Liguori, M., Lilje, P. B., Linden-Vørnle, M., López-Caniego, M., Lubin, P. M., Macías-Pérez, J. F., Maffei, B., Maino, D., Mandolesi, N., Mangilli, A., Marinucci, D., Maris, M., Marshall, D. J., Martin, P. G., Martínez-González, E., Masi, S., Massardi, M., Matarrese, S., Matthai, F., Mazzotta, P., Meinhold, P. R., Melchiorri, A., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Mitra, S., Miville-Deschênes, M. -A., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mortlock, D., Moss, A., Munshi, D., Murphy, J. A., Naselsky, P., Natoli, P., Netterfield, C. B., Nørgaard-Nielsen, H. U., Noviello, F., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., Osborne, S., Oxborrow, C. A., Paci, F., Pagano, L., Pajot, F., Paoletti, D., Pasian, F., Patanchon, G., Peiris, H. V., Perdereau, O., Perotto, L., Perrotta, F., Piacentini, F., Piat, M., Pierpaoli, E., Pietrobon, D., Plaszczynski, S., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Ponthieu, N., Popa, L., Poutanen, T., Pratt, G. W., Prézeau, G., Prunet, S., Puget, J. -L., Rachen, J. P., Racine, B., Rebolo, R., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renault, C., Renzi, A., Ricciardi, S., Riller, T., Ristorcelli, I., Rocha, G., Rosset, C., Roudier, G., Rubiño-Martín, J. A., Rusholme, B., Sandri, M., Santos, D., Savini, G., Scott, D., Seiffert, M. D., Shellard, E. P. S., Smith, K., Spencer, L. D., Starck, J. -L., Stolyarov, V., Stompor, R., Sudiwala, R., Sunyaev, R., Sureau, F., Sutter, P., Sutton, D., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Sygnet, J. -F., Tauber, J. A., Tavagnacco, D., Terenzi, L., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Tucci, M., Tuovinen, J., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, B., Varis, J., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Vittorio, N., Wade, L. A., Wandelt, B. D., White, M., White, S. D. M., Yvon, D., Zacchei, A., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: The Planck nominal mission cosmic microwave background (CMB) maps yield unprecedented constraints on primordial non-Gaussianity (NG). Using three optimal bispectrum estimators, separable template-fitting (KSW), binned, and modal, we obtain consistent values for the primordial local, equilateral, and orthogonal bispectrum amplitudes, quoting as our final result fNL^local= 2.7+/-5.8, fNL^equil= -42+/-75, and fNL^ortho= -25+\-39 (68% CL statistical). NG is detected in the data; using skew-C_l statistics we find a nonzero bispectrum from residual point sources, and the ISW-lensing bispectrum at a level expected in the LambdaCDM scenario. The results are based on comprehensive cross-validation of these estimators on Gaussian and non-Gaussian simulations, are stable across component separation techniques, pass an extensive suite of tests, and are confirmed by skew-C_l, wavelet bispectrum and Minkowski functional estimators. Beyond estimates of individual shape amplitudes, we present model-independent, 3-dimensional reconstructions of the Planck CMB bispectrum and thus derive constraints on early-Universe scenarios that generate primordial NG, including general single-field models of inflation, excited initial states (non-Bunch-Davies vacua), and directionally-dependent vector models. We provide an initial survey of scale-dependent feature and resonance models. These results bound both general single-field and multi-field model parameter ranges, such as the speed of sound, c_s \geq 0.02 (95% CL), in an effective field theory parametrization, and the curvaton decay fraction r_D \geq 0.15 (95% CL). The Planck data significantly limit the viable parameter space of the ekpyrotic/cyclic scenarios. The amplitude of the 4-point function in the local model tauNL < 2800 (95% CL). These constraints represent the highest precision tests to date of physical mechanisms for the origin of cosmic structure., Comment: 59 pages; LaTeX; 26 figures. This paper is one of a set associated with the 2013 data release from Planck. Updated version
Published: 2013
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150. Planck 2013 results. XIX. The integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect

Author: Planck Collaboration, Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Armitage-Caplan, C., Arnaud, M., Ashdown, M., Atrio-Barandela, F., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Bartlett, J. G., Bartolo, N., Battaner, E., Benabed, K., Benoît, A., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bobin, J., Bock, J. J., Bonaldi, A., Bonavera, L., Bond, J. R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F. R., Bridges, M., Bucher, M., Burigana, C., Butler, R. C., Cardoso, J. -F., Catalano, A., Challinor, A., Chamballu, A., Chiang, H. C., Chiang, L. -Y, Christensen, P. R., Church, S., Clements, D. L., Colombi, S., Colombo, L. P. L., Couchot, F., Coulais, A., Crill, B. P., Curto, A., Cuttaia, F., Danese, L., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., de Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Delouis, J. -M., Désert, F. -X., Dickinson, C., Diego, J. M., Dolag, K., Dole, H., Donzelli, S., Doré, O., Douspis, M., Dupac, X., Efstathiou, G., Enßlin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Fergusson, J., Finelli, F., Forni, O., Fosalba, P., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Frommert, M., Galeotta, S., Ganga, K., Génova-Santos, R. T., Giard, M., Giardino, G., Giraud-Héraud, Y., González-Nuevo, J., Górski, K. M., Gratton, S., Gregorio, A., Gruppuso, A., Hansen, F. K., Hanson, D., Harrison, D., Henrot-Versillé, S., Hernández-Monteagudo, C., Herranz, D., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hivon, E., Ho, S., Hobson, M., Holmes, W. A., Hornstrup, A., Hovest, W., Huffenberger, K. M., Ilić, S., Jaffe, A. H., Jaffe, T. R., Jasche, J., Jones, W. C., Juvela, M., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T. S., Knoche, J., Knox, L., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lagache, G., Lähteenmäki, A., Lamarre, J. -M., Langer, M., Lasenby, A., Laureijs, R. J., Lawrence, C. R., Leahy, J. P., Leonardi, R., Lesgourgues, J., Liguori, M., Lilje, P. B., Linden-Vørnle, M., López-Caniego, M., Lubin, P. M., Macías-Pérez, J. F., Maffei, B., Maino, D., Mandolesi, N., Mangilli, A., Marcos-Caballero, A., Maris, M., Marshall, D. J., Martin, P. G., Martínez-González, E., Masi, S., Massardi, M., Matarrese, S., Matthai, F., Mazzotta, P., Meinhold, P. R., Melchiorri, A., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Mitra, S., Miville-Deschênes, M. -A., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mortlock, D., Moss, A., Munshi, D., Naselsky, P., Nati, F., Natoli, P., Netterfield, C. B., Nørgaard-Nielsen, H. U., Noviello, F., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., Osborne, S., Oxborrow, C. A., Paci, F., Pagano, L., Pajot, F., Paoletti, D., Partridge, B., Pasian, F., Patanchon, G., Perdereau, O., Perotto, L., Perrotta, F., Piacentini, F., Piat, M., Pierpaoli, E., Pietrobon, D., Plaszczynski, S., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Ponthieu, N., Popa, L., Poutanen, T., Pratt, G. W., Prézeau, G., Prunet, S., Puget, J. -L., Rachen, J. P., Racine, B., Rebolo, R., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renault, C., Renzi, A., Ricciardi, S., Riller, T., Ristorcelli, I., Rocha, G., Rosset, C., Roudier, G., Rowan-Robinson, M., Rubiño-Martín, J. A., Rusholme, B., Sandri, M., Santos, D., Savini, G., Schaefer, B. M., Schiavon, F., Scott, D., Seiffert, M. D., Shellard, E. P. S., Spencer, L. D., Starck, J. -L., Stolyarov, V., Stompor, R., Sudiwala, R., Sunyaev, R., Sureau, F., Sutter, P., Sutton, D., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Sygnet, J. -F., Tauber, J. A., Tavagnacco, D., Terenzi, L., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Tucci, M., Tuovinen, J., Umana, G., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, B., Varis, J., Viel, M., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Vittorio, N., Wade, L. A., Wandelt, B. D., White, M., Xia, J. -Q., Yvon, D., Zacchei, A., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: Based on CMB maps from the 2013 Planck Mission data release, this paper presents the detection of the ISW effect, i.e., the correlation between the CMB and large-scale evolving gravitational potentials. The significance of detection ranges from 2 to 4 sigma, depending on which method is used. We investigate three separate approaches, which cover essentially all previous studies, as well as breaking new ground. (i) Correlation of the CMB with the Planck reconstructed gravitational lensing potential (for the first time). This detection is made using the lensing-induced bispectrum; the correlation between lensing and the ISW effect has a significance close to 2.5 sigma. (ii) Cross-correlation with tracers of LSS, yielding around 3 sigma significance, based on a combination of radio (NVSS) and optical (SDSS) data. (iii) Aperture photometry on stacked CMB fields at the locations of known large-scale structures, which yields a 4 sigma signal when using a previously explored catalogue, but shows strong discrepancies in amplitude and scale compared to expectations. More recent catalogues give more moderate results, ranging from negligible to 2.5 sigma at most, but with a more consistent scale and amplitude, the latter being still slightly above what is expected from numerical simulations within LCMD. Where they can be compared, these measurements are compatible with previous work using data from WMAP, which had already mapped these scales to the limits of cosmic variance. Planck's broader frequency coverage confirms that the signal is achromatic, bolstering the case for ISW detection. As a final step we use tracers of large-scale structure to filter the CMB data, presenting maps of the ISW temperature perturbation. These results provide complementary and independent evidence for the existence of a dark energy component that governs the current accelerated expansion of the Universe., Comment: 24 pages, 11 figures. This paper is one of a set associated with the 2013 data release from Planck. Updated version: minor corrections have been made
Published: 2013
Full Text: View/download PDF

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