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In order to understand the processes governing the production of marine aerosols, repeatable, controlled methods for their generation are required. A new system, the miniature Marine Aerosol Reference Tank (miniMART), has been designed after the success of the original MART system, to approximate a small oceanic spilling breaker by producing an evolving bubble plume and surface foam patch. The smaller tank utilizes an intermittently plunging jet of water produced by a rotating water wheel, into an approximately 6 L reservoir to simulate bubble plume and foam formation and generate aerosols. This system produces bubble plumes characteristic of small whitecaps without the large external pump inherent in the original MART design. Without the pump it is possible to easily culture delicate planktonic and microbial communities in the bulk water during experiments while continuously producing aerosols for study. However, due to the reduced volume and smaller plunging jet, the absolute numbers of particles generated are approximately an order of magnitude less than in the original MART design.

The extent to which water uptake influences the light scattering ability of marine sea spray aerosol (SSA) particles depends critically on SSA chemical composition. The organic fraction of SSA can increase during phytoplankton blooms, decreasing the salt content and therefore the hygroscopicity of the particles. In this study, subsaturated hygroscopic growth factors at 85 % relative humidity (GF(85 %)) of predominately submicron SSA particles were quantified during two induced phytoplankton blooms in marine aerosol reference tanks (MARTs). One MART was illuminated with fluorescent lights and the other was illuminated with sunlight, referred to as the "indoor" and "outdoor" MARTs, respectively. Optically weighted GF(85 %) values for SSA particles were derived from measurements of light scattering and particle size distributions. The mean optically weighted SSA diameters were 530 and 570 nm for the indoor and outdoor MARTs, respectively. The GF(85 %) measurements were made concurrently with online particle composition measurements, including bulk composition (using an Aerodyne high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer) and single particle (using an aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer) measurement, and a variety of water-composition measurements. During both microcosm experiments, the observed optically weighted GF(85 %) values were depressed substantially relative to pure inorganic sea salt by 5 to 15 %. There was also a time lag between GF(85 %) depression and the peak chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations by either 1 (indoor MART) or 3-to-6 (outdoor MART) days. The fraction of organic matter in the SSA particles generally increased after the Chl a peaked, also with a time lag, and ranged from about 0.25 to 0.5 by volume. The observed depression in the GF(85 %) values (relative to pure sea salt) is consistent with the large observed volume fractions of non-refractory organic matter (NR-OM) comprising the SSA. The GF(85 %) values exhibited a reasonable negative correlation with the SSA NR-OM volume fractions after the peak of the blooms (i.e., Chl a maxima); i.e., the GF(85 %) values generally decreased when the NR-OM volume fractions increased. The GF(85 %) vs. NR-OM volume fraction relationship was interpreted using the Zdanovskii–Stokes–Robinson (ZSR) mixing rule and used to estimate the GF(85 %) of the organic matter in the nascent SSA. The estimated pure NR-OM GF(85 %) values were 1.16 ± 0.09 and 1.23 ± 0.10 for the indoor and outdoor MARTS, respectively. These measurements demonstrate a clear relationship between SSA particle composition and the sensitivity of light scattering to variations in relative humidity. The implications of these observations to the direct climate effects of SSA particles are discussed.

Obesity is considered a chronic disease, difficult to treat, and is the first cause of death in the world that is predictable. The surgical approach is limited to patients with severe obesity but there is an intermediate group who are not candidates for immediate surgery. The BioEnterics Intragastric Balloon (BIB) is recommended for weight reduction as a bridge to bariatric surgery.

The decomposition process regulates the accumulation of litter and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems, being central to its maintenance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of leaf litter decomposition in three forest ecosystems (semideciduous forest Montana and homogeneous stands of Pterogyne nitens Tul. and Eucalyptus urophylla ST Blake), located in Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil. To evaluate the decomposition, newly fallen leaves on the ground of trees and shrubs in each of the studied toppings were collected. The sheets were dried at 65 °C, and thereafter, 10 g portions were weighed and placed in litter bags, which were randomly distributed on the surface of the forest floor in each of the areas studied. Five litter bags at random were collected after 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days of installation. After collection, the material contained in each litter bag was subjected to drying in an oven at 65 °C and weighed. Based on the obtained masses were estimated the percentage of the remaining mass, the rate of decomposition ( k ) and half-life time of the litter ( t 1 /2 ). For chemical characterization three subsamples were separated from the dried leaf litter, which were ground and analyzed by determination of the total nitrogen, carbon, polyphenols, lignin and cellulose. The decomposition was related to environmental variables (precipitation, temperature and humidity) and the microenvironment (temperature and soil moisture).The total accumulated litter varied significantly between the settlements studied, the highest value was observed in the area of Eucalyptus urophylla (12,7 Mg ha -1 ), followed by native forest (6,9 Mg ha -1 ) and Pterogyne nitens (1,1 Mg ha -1 ). At the end of the six months of the experiment, Eucalyptus urophylla showed the greatest remaining mass (73,6%), followed by native forest (67,8%) and Pterogyne nitens (46,3%). The decomposition constant ( k ) was higher in litter of Pterogyne nitens (0,0054 g g -1 day), with lower values for native forest (0,0016 g g -1 day) and Eucalyptus urophylla (0,0015 g g -1 day). The rate of decomposition of leaf litter of the peopling of Pterogyne nitens is in a superior position in relation to rates of native forest and stand of Eucalyptus urophylla , which provides the largest species ability to recycle organic matter and nutrients. The decomposition process in the studied ecosystems is influenced not only by the quality of the litter but also by the quality of their microenvironment.

Leaf litter is a major component responsible for maintaining the productive capacity of forests; thus, knowledge on their production and composition can provide information to adjust management techniques. The objective of this study was to evaluate the monthly litter fall in a Seasonal Semideciduous Forest and two pure forest plantations ( Pterogyne nitens and e de Eucalyptus urophylla ), located in city of Vitoria da Conquista, Bahia state, as well as to analyze the influence of climatic factors in this production. Leaf litter samples were collected during ten months, using 0.25 m 2 square collectors. The materials collected were screened (fractions: leaves, branches, bark and reproductive structures) and dried in a dry kiln at 60° C. The monthly average litter productions were 544.6, 522.6 and 179.5 kg ha -1 in areas of Seasonal Semideciduous Forest, Eucalyptus urophylla and Pinus nitens , respectively. The leaves represented an increasing proportion of litter in three coverages (65% of the total). The average monthly production of leaves was higher in native forest, followed by Eucalyptus urophylla and Pinus nitens . The contribution of branches was significantly lower in the Pinus nitens and did not vary between Seasonal Semideciduous Forest and Eucalyptus urophylla . The production of reproductive materials varied in the order: Eucalyptus urophylla > Seasonal Semideciduous Forest > Pinus nitens . The bark fraction did not vary between Seasonal Semideciduous Forest and Pinus nitens , being higher in Eucalyptus urophylla . There was a significant negative correlation between total production and average air temperature in all studied coverage. Only on Pinus nitens were found significant associations with the litter production variables precipitation and wind speed. Eucalyptus urophylla forest and Seasonal Semideciduous Forest have similar aspects regarding leaf litter production, 67% higher than the production of Pinus nitens . The temporal variation of litter production of Pinus nitens shows up much more sensitive to the influence of climatic variables that Seasonal Semideciduous Forest and Eucalyptus urophylla . The contribution of litter fractions followed the same order in all coverage studied: leaves > branches > reproductive structures > bark.

Background. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) results in significant lasting weight loss and improved metabolism in obese patients. To evaluate whether epigenetic factors could concur to these benefits, we investigated the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) microRNA (miRNA) profile before (T0) and three years (T1) after LAGB in three morbidly obese women. Case Reports. SAT miRNA profiling, evaluated by TaqMan Array, showed four downexpressed (miR-519d, miR-299-5p, miR-212, and miR-671-3p) and two upexpressed (miR-370 and miR-487a) miRNAs at T1 versus T0. Bioinformatics predicted that these miRNAs regulate genes belonging to pathways associated with the cytoskeleton, inflammation, and metabolism. Western blot analysis showed that PPAR-alpha, which is the target gene of miR-519d, increased after LAGB, thereby suggesting an improvement in SAT lipid metabolism. Accordingly, the number and diameter of adipocytes were significantly higher and lower, respectively, at T1 versus T0. Bioinformatics predicted that the decreased levels of miR-212, miR-299-5p, and miR-671-3p at T1 concur in reducing SAT inflammation. Conclusion. We show that the miRNA profile changes after LAGB. This finding, although obtained in only three cases, suggests that this epigenetic mechanism, by regulating the expression of genes involved in inflammation and lipid metabolism, could concur to improve SAT functionality in postoperative obese patients.

Em solos tropicais, a disponibilidade de fósforo (P) pode ser regulada pela decomposição e mineralização da fração lábil de P orgânico (Po), tornando necessários estudos para saber a sua real contribuição no solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o teor de Po total e lábil em horizontes superficiais de diferentes classes de solo e quais as propriedades do solo exercem controle na acumulação dessas frações de P. Foram estudadas amostras de diferentes horizontes diagnósticos superficiais, a saber: H e O hístico; A chernozêmico; e A húmicos, coletados em vários estados do Brasil. Para a determinação das frações totais de P inorgânico (Pi) e orgânico (Po), foi usado o método da extração-sequencial ácido-alcalina, e a fração lábil de P foi determinada pela extração com bicarbonato de sódio. A taxa de recuperação de Pi + Po em relação à extração nítrico-perclórica do P total (PT) variou de 46 a 99 %. O Po total variou entre 35 e 1077 mg kg-1, com uma média de 298 mg kg-1. Para a fração lábil do Po, os teores variaram entre 7,2 e 99,5 mg kg-1, com uma média de 27,1 mg kg-1. O Po variou, em média, de 36 a 46 % do P total extraído. Em relação ao P lábil, o Po representou mais de 70 % para todos os horizontes diagnósticos. O PT foi o principal atributo controlador da acumulação de Po nos solos pelas análises de correlação e regressão múltipla. Verificou-se que horizontes com baixa capacidade de adsorção de P proporcionaram alta labilidade de Po.

Fertilization and/or the accumulation of organic matter from plant residues can influence the composition of soil and litter community. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of P and K fertilization on total faunal and nematode faunal composition and richness in plant litter and soil for 360 days in an area reforested with Acacia auriculiformis (A. Cunn), located in the municipality of Conceição de Macabu in the State of Rio de Janeiro. For each treatment (fertilized and unfertilized plots), samples of litter and soil (to a depth of 5 cm) were collected and transferred into a Berlese-Tüllgren funnels for the extraction of fauna. Mesofauna and macrofauna were quantified, and the major taxa identified. Nematodes were extracted by centrifugal flotation in sucrose solution and identified according to feeding habits. Density (number of individuals m-2) of total fauna, microphages, social insects and saprophages varied significantly per treatment and sampling time in both litter and soil. The total number of individuals collected was 5,127, and the total number of nematodes 894. Phosphorus and potassium fertilization resulted in an increase in total fauna density and richness in the litter due to an increased abundance of social insects, saprophages and herbivores. In the soil, fertilization increased the saprophage and predator densities. Saprophages were the predominant taxa in the litter, while social insects (Formicidae) prevailed in the soil. Litter nematode populations were favored by mineral fertilization. Bacteriophages were the predominant nematode group in both litter and soil.

In unfertilized, highly weathered tropical soils, phosphorus (P) availability to plants is dependent on the mineralization of organic P (Po) compounds. The objective of this study was to estimate the mineralization of total and labile Po in soil size fractions of > 2.0, 2.0-0.25 and < 0.25 mm under leguminous forest tree species, pasture and "capoeira" (secondary forest) in the 0-10 cm layer of a Red-Yellow Latosol after 90 d of incubation. The type of vegetation cover, soil incubation time and soil size fractions had a significant effect on total P and labile P (Pi and Po) fraction contents. The total average Po content decreased in soil macroaggregates by 25 and 15 % in the > 2.0 and 2.0-0.25 mm fractions, respectively. In contrast, there was an average increase of 90 % of total Po in microaggregates of < 0.25 mm. Labile Po was significantly reduced by incubation in the > 2.0 (-50 %) and < 0.25 mm (-76 %) fractions, but labile Po increased by 35 % in the 2.0-0.25 mm fraction. The Po fraction relative to total extracted P and total labile P within the soil size fractions varied with the vegetation cover and incubation time. Therefore, the distribution of P fractions (Pi and Po) in the soil size fraction revealed the distinctive ability of the cover species to recycle soil P. Consequently, the potential of Po mineralization varied with the size fraction and vegetation cover. Because Po accounted for most of the total labile P, the P availability to plants was closely related to the mineralization of this P fraction.

Estudos sobre fertilização e nutrição florestal de espécies nativas e exóticas fornecem subsídios para programas de manejo para recuperação de áreas degradadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de biomassa e a eficiência nutricional de plântulas das espécies arbóreas Swietenia macrophylla (mogno), Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia (sabiá), Cedrela fissilis (cedro-rosa) e Toona ciliata (cedroaustraliano), em resposta à fertilização fosfatada em dois níveis de calagem. Constatouse que as espécies responderam de maneira distinta à aplicação de P. O sabiá apresentou maior produção de matéria seca total e maior eficiência na utilização de P em solos com baixos teores deste elemento e foi mais responsivo à adição do fertilizante fosfatado. O mogno apresentou maior eficiência na translocação e na aquisição de P e maior relação parte aérea/raiz. As doses de P adicionadas para atingir 90% da máxima produção de matéria seca variaram de acordo com a espécie.

Cathelicidin is an antimicrobial peptide whose circulating levels are related to vitamin D status in adults. This study sought to determine if circulating cathelicidin concentrations in healthy children are related to the age of the child, body composition and vitamin D status at birth and at the time of the study visit. Blood samples were obtained during yearly visits from 133 children, ages 2-7, whose mothers had participated in a pregnancy vitamin D supplementation RCT. Radioimmunoassay and ELISA were performed to analyze 25(OH)D and cathelicidin, respectively. Statistical analyses compared cathelicidin concentrations with concentrations of 25(OH)D at various time points (maternal levels throughout pregnancy, at birth, and child's current level); and with race/ethnicity, age, gender, BMI, percent fat, and frequency of infections using Student's t-test, χ2, Wilcoxon ranked-sum analysis, and multivariate regression. The cohort's median cathelicidin concentration was 28.1 ng/mL (range: 5.6-3368.6) and did not correlate with 25(OH)D, but was positively correlated with advancing age (ρ = 0.236 & p = 0.005, respectively). Forty patients evaluated at two visits showed an increase of 24.0 ng/mL in cathelicidin from the first visit to the next (p

The discovery of the anti-proliferative activity of nelfinavir in HIV-free models has encouraged its investigation as anticancer drug. Although the molecular mechanism by which nelfinavir exerts antitumor activity is still unknown, its effects have been related to Akt inhibition. Here we tested the effects of nelfinavir on cell proliferation, viability and death in two human breast cancer cell lines and in human normal primary breast cells. To identify the mechanism of action of nelfinavir in breast cancer, we evaluated the involvement of the Akt pathway as well as the effects of nelfinavir on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and ROS-related enzymes activities. Nelfinavir reduced breast cancer cell viability by inducing apoptosis and necrosis, without affecting primary normal breast cells. The antitumor activity of nelfinavir was related to alterations of the cell redox state, coupled with an increase of intracellular ROS production limited to cancer cells. Nelfinavir treated tumor cells also displayed a downregulation of the Akt pathway due to disruption of the Akt-HSP90 complex, and subsequent degradation of Akt. These effects resulted to be ROS dependent, suggesting that ROS production is the primary step of nelfinavir anticancer activity. The analysis of ROS-producers and ROS-detoxifying enzymes revealed that nelfinavir-mediated ROS production was strictly linked to flavoenzymes activation. We demonstrated that ROS enhancement represents the main molecular mechanism required to induce cell death by nelfinavir in breast cancer cells, thus supporting the development of new and more potent oxidizing molecules for breast cancer therapy.

An understanding of the role of organic nitrogen (N) pools in the N supply of eucalyptus plantations is essential for the development of strategies that maximize the efficient use of N for this crop. This study aimed to evaluate the distribution of organic N pools in different compartments of the soil-plant system and their contributions to the N supply in eucalyptus plantations at different ages (1, 3, 5, and 13 years). Three models were used to estimate the contributions of organic pools: Model I considered N pools contained in the litterfall, N pools in the soil microbial biomass and available soil N (mineral N); Model II considered the N pools in the soil, potentially mineralizable N and the export of N through wood harvesting; and Model III (N balance) was defined as the difference between the initial soil N pool (0-10 cm) and the export of N, taking the application of N fertilizer into account. Model I showed that N pools could supply 27 - 70 % of the N demands of eucalyptus trees at different ages. Model II suggested that the soil N pool may be sufficient for 4 - 5 rotations of 5 years. According to the N balance, these N pools would be sufficient to meet the N demands of eucalyptus for more than 15 rotations of 5 years. The organic pools contribute with different levels of N and together are sufficient to meet the N demands of eucalyptus for several rotations.

A estimativa da mineralização de N e de C é essencial no desenvolvimento de práticas que maximizem a eficiência no uso de N, especialmente no caso do eucalipto, que apresenta baixa magnitude de resposta à fertilização nitrogenada. Foram estimadas as taxas de mineralização de N e de C e avaliados os potenciais de mineralização de N e de C de solos sob plantações de eucalipto de 1, 3, 5 e 13 anos de idade, crescendo sob condições edafoclimáticas semelhantes. Amostras de solo foram coletadas na profundidade de 0-10 cm, em novembro de 2003. Essas amostras foram incubadas por períodos sucessivos de 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 4 e 4 semanas, totalizando 19 semanas, sob condições aeróbias, em laboratório. O N mineralizado das amostras incubadas foi extraído periodicamente e determinado por colorimetria, e o C mineralizado, por titulação após liberação de C-CO2 a cada período de incubação. O valor médio de N mineralizado acumulado (Nm) foi de 58 mg kg-1 de N no solo e não diferiu significativamente entre as idades. As quantidades de N potencialmente mineralizável (No) variaram de 58 a 87 mg kg-1, o que representou 3,4 a 5,2 % do N total do solo (Nt), tomando por base a razão No:Nt. A forma predominante de N mineral em todas as idades foi o N-NH4+. As quantidades totais de C mineralizado (Cm) diferiram significativamente entre as idades, variando de 606 a 1.122 mg kg-1 de C no solo. O C potencialmente mineralizável (Co) dos solos foi, em média, de 862 mg kg-1 de C-CO2, o que representou 3,4 % do C orgânico do solo (Corg), de acordo com a razão Co:Corg. A taxa e o potencial de mineralização de C e N não foram influenciados pela idade das plantações do eucalipto. As reservas de N potencialmente mineralizável dos solos seriam suficientes para atender à demanda de N pelo eucalipto em rotações futuras.To maximize the efficiency of N uptake by plants it is important to study N and C mineralization, particularly in the case of eucalyptus, which has a very low response to nitrogen fertilization. The rates of C and N mineralization and C and N mineralization potential were estimated, in soils under 1, 3, 5, and 13 year-old eucalyptus plantations with similar soil and climatic conditions. Soil from the 0-10 cm layer was sampled in November 2003. The samples were incubated under aerobic laboratory conditions for successive periods of 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4 weeks in a total of 19 weeks. The mineralized N was periodically extracted and determined colorimetrically, and the mineralized C was determined based on C-CO2 evolution. The average accumulated N was 58 mg kg-1 soil and it did not differ significantly among ages. Potentially mineralizable N (No) varied between 58 to 87 mg kg-1soil, which represented 3.4 to 5.2 % of soil N (Ns); according to No:Ns ratio. N-NH4+ was the predominant form of mineral N. The mineralized C differed significantly among ages (606 to 1,122 mg kg-1 C-CO2 soil). The average potentially mineralizable C (Co) was 862 mg kg-1 C-CO2 soil, representing 3.4 % of soil organic C (Corg) according to the Co:Corg ratio. The rate and mineralization potential of C and N were not influenced by the age of the plantations. The pool of potentially mineralizable N could meet the N demand of eucalyptus in future rotations.

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of indirect methods to estimate the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of building stones. For this purpose, the results of the UCS test on five types of stones from southern Italy, one igneous and four sedimentary stones are firstly correlated with the corresponding results from Schmidt hammer, point load and UCS direct tests. Then, derived correlations are compared with the equations obtained by different researchers in the mechanical stone characterization.

Os estudos sobre balanço de C e nutrientes em florestas naturais permitem avaliar possíveis alterações decorrentes de técnicas de manejo aplicadas e possibilitam inferir a sustentabilidade dessas florestas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar o teor de nutrientes de espécies nativas e quantificar a biomassa (parte aérea + serapilheira) e os estoques de C e nutrientes em fragmentos florestais montanos da Mata Atlântica (Floresta Ombrófila Densa Montana) na região norte do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, no período de maio de 1999 a abril de 2001. Foram selecionados dois fragmentos, localizados a 900 e 600 m de altitude, na vertente atlântica do Parque Estadual do Desengano, RJ. O solo de ambos os fragmentos florestais foi classificado como Cambissolo Háplico Tb distrófico. O valor médio de biomassa (parte aérea + serapilheira) foi de 166,8 Mg ha-1. Em consequência, a acumulação média de C na vegetação foi de 67, 2 Mg ha-1. Os estoques médios de N, P, K, Ca e Mg na vegetação foram de 1.152, 44,4, 276,5, 603,5 e 127,9 kg ha-1, respectivamente. Por outro lado, as espécies revelaram distinta capacidade de estoque de nutrientes. O balanço negativo de P, K e Ca {solo - (parte aérea + serapilheira)} indica que esses elementos constituem principais fatores nutricionais limitantes ao crescimento dos fragmentos florestais montanos da Mata Atlântica na região norte-fluminense.Nutrient balance in tropical forest allows an evaluation of eventual differences due to management practices and conclusions on forest sustainability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutrient concentration in native species and quantify biomass production and C and nutrient balance in tropical montane Atlantic Forest fragments (Dense Montane Ombrophile Forest) in the North of Rio de Janeiro State, from May 1999 to April 2001. Two sites were selected in the State Park of Desengano, at 900 and 600 m asl. The soil of both forest fragments was classified as Dystrophic Haplic Cambissol. The biomass production (above ground + accumulated litter) was 166.8 Mg ha-1. Consequently, the C accumulation was 67.2 Mg ha-1. The mean N, P, K, Ca and Mg pools were 1,152, 44.4, 276.5, 603.5 and 127.9 kg ha-1, respectively. However, at each forest site, the species differed in nutrient pools. The negative balance {soil - (above ground + litter)} of P, K and Ca indicated that these elements were the most limiting to the growth of montane forest fragments at the study sites.

A compreensão de parte do ciclo do P orgânico (Po) no solo poderá fornecer subsídios para o manejo eficiente da fertilização fosfatada no sistema de agricultura de baixos insumos na região tropical. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variação de frações de Po em duas classes de solos sob diferentes agrossistemas de cacau no sul da Bahia. O Po total variou de 7,8 a 36,3 % do P total extraído, com teor médio de 193,3 mg kg-1. O teor médio de Po lábil foi de 15,2 mg kg-1, com variação de 33,1 a 81,9 % do P lábil total. Nos agrossistemas de cacau, o grupo de Latossolos apresentou menor teor de Po total, Po lábil e P microbiano do que o grupo de Cambissolos. No grupo de Latossolos, os solos sob agrossistemas de cacau apresentaram maior teor de Po total, P microbiano e P disponível, mas menor teor de Po lábil do que o solo sob floresta natural. O P disponível correlacionou-se positivamente com o Po (total, lábil e microbiano), e o Po total com o P microbiano. O Po lábil predominou amplamente sobre a fração inorgânica lábil, especialmente no grupo de Latossolos.Understanding the soil organic P (Po) cycle is important to improve the P fertilization management in low-input tropical agricultural systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate Po content and labile P fractions, and microbial biomass P in soils under different cocoa agroecosystems. Mean total Po was 193 mg kg-1 and accounted for 7.8 to 36.3 % of the total extracted P. Mean labile Po was 15 mg kg-1 and accounted for 33.1 to 81.9 % of the total labile P. In cocoa agrosystems, the total Po, labile Po and microbial P contents were lower in the Oxisol than in the Inceptsol group. In the Oxisol group, in soils under cocoa agrosystems, the total Po, microbial P and available P contents were higher and the labile Po lower than in the soil under natural forest. Available P was positively correlated with Po (total, labile and microbial), and total Po was positively related to microbial P. The labile Po fraction was far higher in the labile inorganic fraction, especially in the Oxisol group.

Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar a influência de Acacia auriculiformis (acácia), Mimosa caesalpiniifolia (sabiá) e Corymbia citriodora (eucalipto), comparadas às coberturas de capoeira e pastagem, sobre os atributos químicos e microbianos do solo. As espécies apresentaram sobrevivência no campo acima de 70 % e bom desenvolvimento em altura e diâmetro (DAP). Entre as leguminosas, o sabiá apresentou a maior taxa de sobrevivência, enquanto a acácia mostrou melhor desenvolvimento, especialmente entre os 27 e 44 meses. As espécies florestais, na fase inicial de desenvolvimento, revelaram-se promissoras em melhorar a fertilidade do solo, apesar da redução dos teores de matéria orgânica. A pastagem mostrou potencial de manter o teor de MO e melhorar a fertilidade do solo. O C e N microbiano foram mais discriminantes que o C orgânico do solo às mudanças na cobertura vegetal. Os índices microbianos (qCO2 - quociente metabólico, CBM/C - relação C da biomassa microbiana/C orgânico, NBM/N - relação N da biomassa microbiana/N total e relação C/N microbiana) foram mais discriminantes que os atributos químicos (C orgânico e N total) e microbianos (CBM - carbono da biomassa microbiana, NBM - N da biomassa microbiana e RA - respiração acumulada) em aferir a dissimilaridade entre as coberturas vegetais.The objectives of this study were to evaluate the influence of three soil cover species Acacia auriculiformis, Mimosa caesalpiniifolia and Corymbia citriodora compared to pasture and natural secondary forest on soil chemical and microbial attributes. The field survival rate of the species reached over 70% and the development in height and diameter (DAP) was adequate. The survival rate of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia was the highest among the legume species, while the development of Acacia auriculiformis was the best, mainly between 27 and 44 months. The forest species improved soil fertility adequately in the initial development stages, in spite of the reduction in the levels of organic matter. The potential of pasture to maintain the level of organic matter and improve soil fertility was shown. Microbial C and N were more discriminating, regarding changes in land cover than soil C content. The microbial quotients (qCO2, CBM/C, NBM/N and microbial C/N) detected differences among land covers more clearly than the chemical (C and N content) and microbial (CBM, NBM and RA) attributes.

O eucalipto é a principal espécie florestal utilizada nos programas de reflorestamento no Brasil. Questiona-se quais as mudanças que essa espécie pode promover no solo. O impacto da substituição de uma cobertura vegetal por outra pode variar com as condições de clima e de solo, e os resultados obtidos numa região podem não ser extrapoláveis numa avaliação supra-regional. A biomassa e a atividade microbiana têm sido sugeridas como indicadores adequados de alterações provocadas por mudanças no uso da terra. Neste trabalho, essas características foram utilizadas para avaliar alterações na serapilheira e no solo em decorrência da substituição de cobertura florestal nativa por plantações de eucalipto em quatro sítios da Região Sudeste brasileira. A quantidade de serapilheira foi maior nas plantações de eucalipto do que nas formações nativas, o que foi explicado pela maior relação C:N na serapilheira do eucalipto. O impacto da conversão da vegetação nativa em eucalipto nos atributos microbiológicos da serapilheira e do solo variou conforme as características específicas analisadas de cada sítio florestal. Diferenças entre os teores de C e de N na biomassa microbiana de eucalipto e vegetação natural foram mais freqüentemente observadas no solo do que na serapilheira. A biomassa microbiana da serapilheira representou uma reserva de C e N maior do que a biomassa microbiana do solo, constituindo-se num compartimento de relevante contribuição a solos com baixos teores desses nutrientes.In Brazil, afforestation programs use mainly eucalyptus and it has been frequently questioned due to possible changes in the soil caused by this exotic tree species. The impact of land use changes can vary with climate conditions and soil, and results obtained in a specific area may not be extrapolated to the supra-regional level. Biomass and microbial activity have been suggested as appropriate indicators of soil disturbance caused by management techniques. In this study, these characteristics were used to evaluate changes in forest litter and soil where the native forest was replaced by eucalyptus plantations in four southeastern areas of Brazil. The amounts of forest litter were higher in eucalyptus stands than in the native forest due to the higher C:N ratio of the material. The impact of the conversion of native forest into eucalyptus stands on soil and forest floor properties varied in the site-specific characteristics analyzed. Differences between the contents of microbial biomass C and N in eucalypt and native vegetation were more frequently observed in the soil than in forest litter. Forest litter microbial biomass represented a larger reservoir of C and N than soil microbial biomass, representing a relevant component for C and N cycling in these ecosystems.

Em solos muito intemperizados, a disponibilidade de P para as plantas está estreitamente associada às formas de P orgânico, que tem o seu conteúdo alterado por influência do tipo de cobertura vegetal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar os teores de fósforo de compostos orgânicos (Po-total, Po lábil e P microbiano do solo), em plantios de Acacia auriculiformis (acácia) e Mimosa caesalpiniifolia (sabiá), em floresta secundária e em pastagem. Os teores médios ponderados de Po total e Po lábil, pelo teor de argila, foram de 375 mg kg-1 de P na argila e de 40,2 mg kg-1 de P na argila, respectivamente. Os solos sob acácia e sabiá apresentaram maior teor relativo de Po (total e lábil) do que os solos sob pastagem e capoeira. O Po representou de 22,6 a 39,6 % do P total extraído dos solos das coberturas estudadas. Em relação ao P lábil total, o Po lábil representou, em média, 67,1 %. Para o P microbiano, o maior teor foi encontrado no solo sob sabiá, seguido da floresta secundária, acácia e pastagem. Contudo, foi na capoeira que houve a maior eficiência da biomassa microbiana do solo em imobilizar P. O teor de P disponível por Mehlich-1 correlacionou-se positivamente com o teor de C e o de P da biomassa microbiana. Houve estreita correlação positiva entre o P microbiano e o C microbiano.In highly weathered tropical soils phosphorus (P) bioavailability to plants is closely associated with soil organic P forms, which in turn are influenced by the vegetation cover. The aim of this study was to evaluate total organic P (Po), labile P fractions and microbial biomass P in soils under Acacia auriculiformis and Mimosa caesalpiniifolia stands, secondary forest and pasture. The clay-adjusted average content of total Po and labile Po were 375 mg kg-1 P and 40.2 mg kg-1, respectively. The Po contents (total and labile) in soils under Acacia auriculiformis and Mimosa caesalpiniifolia were higher than under pasture and secondary forest soils. The proportion of Po ranged from 22.6 to 39.6 % of total extracted P in soils under the vegetation cover types studied. The labile Po represented about 67.1 % of total labile P. The greatest amount of soil microbial biomass P (MBP) was observed under Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, followed by secondary forest, Acacia auriculiformis and pasture. However, the soil microbial biomass of the secondary forest was the most efficient regarding P immobilization (MBP/total Po ratio). Available P was positively correlated with soil microbial biomass C and microbial P, and microbial P was positively related to microbial C.

A manutenção da produção florestal depende da quantidade e do fluxo de nutrientes no ecossistema, os quais são afetados pelas técnicas de manejo utilizadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar diferenças na ciclagem e no balanço de C e nutrientes, em plantio puro e misto de espécies florestais nativas, bem como em fragmentos florestais de Mata Atlântica. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em solos de tabuleiro do sudeste da Bahia, Brasil, no período de agosto de 1994 a julho de 1995, em plantios, com 22 anos de idade, de pau-roxo, Peltogyne angustiflora; putumuju, Centrolobium robustum; arapati, Arapatiella psilophylla; arapaçu, Sclerolobium chrysophyllum; claraíba, Cordia trichotoma; e óleo-comumbá, Macrolobium latifolium. Como referências, foram utilizadas uma floresta secundária, praticamente em estado clímax, e uma capoeira de 40 anos de idade. As quantidades totais de carbono e nutrientes no sistema (solo + parte aérea + serapilheira) variou marcadamente entre as espécies florestais. O plantio misto apresentou maior acúmulo desses elementos do que os plantios puros. O plantio misto apresentou maior intensidade de ciclagem bioquímica para todos os nutrientes do que a média dos plantios puros. Resultado similar ocorreu para a ciclagem biogeoquímica, à exceção de Ca. O balanço de C, P e K foi negativo em todas as coberturas florestais; entretanto, para N o balanço foi positivo. O balanço de Ca foi positivo apenas para o arapaçu, enquanto o de Mg foi negativo somente no putumuju e óleo-comumbá. O balanço mais negativo foi de P, seguido de K e Ca. O plantio misto apresentou balanço próximo à média dos plantios puros. Desse modo, o plantio misto mostrou-se mais adequado, por proporcionar, simultaneamente, maior eficiência da ciclagem bioquímica e biogeoquímica e balanços mais equilibrados de carbono e nutrientes.This study aimed to evaluate the differences in carbon and nutrient cycling and balance in two plantation systems of forest species native in the Atlantic Forest. The plantation systems consisted of 22 year-old mixed stand and pure stands of six hardwood species (Peltogyne angustiflora, Centrolobium robustum, Arapatiella psilophylla, Sclerolobium chrysophyllum, Cordia trichotoma, Macrolobium latifolium) native to the southeastern region of Bahia, Brazil, that were evaluated from August 1994 through July 1995. As references, the study included a natural forest and a 40-year-old, naturally regenerating secondary forest. Total stocks of carbon and nutrients in the soil-plant-litter systems varied among species in pure stands, but the capacity of accumulation of these elements in the mixed stands was greater than in the pure stands. The intensity of biochemical cycling of all studied nutrients in mixed stands was greater than the average values observed for pure stands. A similar result was obtained for biogeochemical cycling, with exception of Ca. The C, P, K balances were negative for all forest species, whereas the N balance was positive. The Ca balance was only positive in the pure stand of Sclerolobium chrysophyllum, and the Mg balance was negative only in the pure stands of Centrolobium robustum and Macrolobium latifolium. The most negative balances were found for P, K and Ca. The mean carbon and nutrient balances in the mixed-tree stands were similar to those in pure stands. The biochemical and biogeochemical cycling in mixed-tree stands was more efficient and the balance more equilibrated than in pure stands. Therefore, mixed-tree stands proved to be the best plantation system, in view of the more efficient biochemical and biogeochemical cycling and better balanced of carbon and nutrients.

Em plantações florestais, a atividade microbiana tem grande relevância para a ciclagem de nutrientes e a fertilidade do solo, uma vez que esses ecossistemas, devido a seus característicos longos períodos de rotação, proporcionam um contínuo aporte de serapilheira e morte de raízes, que contribuem para a manutenção e elevação do teor de matéria orgânica do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a atividade e a biomassa microbiana em solos sob plantações de eucalipto em distintas idades de cultivo. Foram avaliadas alterações na biomassa e atividade microbiana em solo e serapilheira de plantações de eucalipto com 1, 3, 5 e 13 anos de idade crescendo sob condições edafoclimáticas semelhantes. Encontraram-se maiores teores de C e N microbiano da serapilheira do que no solo, sugerindo que a serapilheira seria uma importante reserva de C e N microbiano em povoamentos de eucalipto. Não se verificou tendência de aumento ou diminuição da biomassa e da atividade microbiana com as idades das plantações, o que, provavelmente, decorreu do fato dos povoamentos estudados corresponderem a áreas de reforma. A qualidade orgânica da serapilheira influenciou diretamente a atividade, o C e N da biomassa microbiana da serapilheira. Os indicadores mais sensíveis para aferir variações dos solos das plantações de eucalipto foram os teores de C orgânico e N total, e na serapilheira foram os atributos microbianos, os teores de celulose, lignina e N.Microbial activity is highly relevant for nutrient cycling and soil fertility in forest plantations. Due to the long growth cycles, continuous litter production and dead roots contribute to storage and increase of soil organic matter. Changes in soil and litter microbial biomass and activity under 1, 3, 5 and 13-year-old eucalypt plantations were evaluated. Soil and climate conditions were the same at the sites. Microbial biomass C and N were higher in litter than in soil. Then, litter could be an important sink of microbial C and N in eucalypt plantation. No increase or drop in microbial biomass and activity was observed as plantations grew older, probably because the soil and litter samples were from reformed plantations. Litter quality had a direct influence on litter microbial activity and microbial biomass C and N. Organic carbon and N content were the most reliable indicators to show changes in the soil under eucalypt plantations, while in the litter it were the microbial attributes and cellulose, lignin, and N content.

A decomposição pode assumir importante papel no manejo da fertilidade do solo, possibilitando a elaboração de técnicas de cultivo que melhorem a utilização de nutrientes contidos nos resíduos vegetais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar as taxas de decomposição e liberação de C, N, P, K, Ca e Mg de resíduos culturais provenientes de plantas de coberturas na cultura do maracujá. As espécies avaliadas foram feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis), amendoim forrageiro acesso CIAT 1734 (Arachis pintoi), siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum), cudzu tropical (Pueraria phaseoloides) e Brachiaria brizantha. A decomposição dos resíduos culturais, colocados em sacos de malha de 2 mm, foi avaliada durante 140 dias. O modelo que proporcionou melhor ajuste foi o exponencial de primeira ordem. O feijão-de-porco e o amendoim forrageiro apresentaram as maiores taxas de decomposição de matéria seca, diferindo significativamente das demais coberturas vegetais. As taxas de liberação de C, N, P, Ca e Mg foram maiores no feijão-de-porco. O amendoim forrageiro apresentou a maior taxa de liberação de K. Para todas as coberturas vegetais, os maiores valores médios de taxa de liberação foram de K e polifenóis. As taxas de liberação de C, N, P, Ca e Mg estão associadas positivamente à taxa de decomposição da matéria seca. As taxas de decomposição de matéria seca e de liberação de C, de nutrientes e de polifenóis variaram em função da qualidade nutricional e orgânica do substrato referente ao início do estudo. As distintas taxas de decomposição e liberação de nutrientes das espécies estimadas mostraram o potencial de uso de resíduos vegetais como fonte de nutrientes na cultura do maracujá.Decomposition can assume an important role in soil fertility management, underlying techniques that optimize the use of nutrients of plant residues. The objective of this study was to estimate the decomposition rate and nutrient release from cover crop residues in a passion-fruit plantation. The evaluated species were Canavalia ensiformis, Arachis pintoi, Macroptilium atropurpureum, Pueraria phaseoloides and Brachiaria brizantha. Litter decomposition was measured using nylon, 2.0 mm mesh, litter bags during 140 days. The single exponential model adjusted best for all cover crop species. Litter decay rates of Canavalia ensiformis and Arachis pintoi were significantly higher than in those of other species. The C, N, P, Ca and Mg release rates from Canavalia ensiformis residue were the highest. However, K release rate was the highest for Arachis pintoi. For all residues the K and polyphenol release rates were higher than those of the other elements. C, N, P, Ca and Mg release rates were positively correlated with litter decay rate. The litter decay rate, C, nutrients, and polyphenol release rates were regulated by litter quality. The different litter decay rates and estimated nutrient release rates indicate the potential of the use of crop residues as nutrient source of passion-fruit.

Grande parte das plantações de eucalipto no Brasil situa-se em solos de baixa fertilidade, para os quais a técnica de fertilização e o processo de ciclagem de nutrientes são fundamentais para elevar e manter a produção florestal. Os ganhos de produtividade dessas plantações em resposta à aplicação de N têm sido relativamente baixos, o que indica que o solo tem sido capaz de suprir boa parte da demanda deste nutriente para as plantas. O N da biomassa microbiana é tido como uma fração facilmente disponível, mas pouco se sabe sobre como fatores bióticos e abióticos afetam a sua dinâmica em plantações de eucalipto no Brasil. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variação do N (NBM) e C (CBM) da biomassa microbiana do solo e de outras características com elas relacionadas em plantações de eucalipto com sete anos de idade, cultivadas em várias condições edafoclimáticas do sudeste brasileiro. Amostragens do solo foram realizadas durante quatro épocas, de março a novembro de 1995. O teor de NBM variou de 9,17 a 103,71 µg g-1 solo, sendo significativamente influenciado pela época de amostragem. Essa variação foi explicada pela combinação da precipitação pluviométrica com o teor de C orgânico ou N total. O teor de argila dos solos estudados foi outra característica de grande importância nessa variação. Dentre outras características avaliadas, verificou-se que a forma de N mineral predominante foi N-NH4+ e que os teores de C orgânico e do CBM (carbono da biomassa microbiana) variaram de 2,78 a 12,32 g kg-1 e de 43,39 a 401,06 µg g-1 solo, respectivamente. A RA (respiração acumulada do solo) foi de 14,57 a 79,42 µg g-1 solo e o qCO2 (quociente metabólico) de 862 a 8026 µg g-1 h-1 . O CBM foi também afetado significativamente pela época de amostragem, ao contrário dos teores de C orgânico e N total. As regressões lineares simples do teor de N-NO3-, C orgânico, N total, CBM e NBM com o teor de argila permitiram um modelo preditivo que explicasse a variação destes atributos nos diferentes municípios. A umidade atual do solo explicou 87% da variação dos teores de N-NO3- e de N total; em torno de 71% do C orgânico e de 48 e 55% da variação do CBM e NBM, respectivamente. As regressões simples do N-NO3- com o CBM ou NBM apresentaram baixa capacidade preditiva, porém, quando conjugadas com os teores de C orgânico ou N total, por meio de regressão linear múltipla, aumentaram a capacidade preditiva da mineralização do N.A considerable part of eucalypt plantations in Brazil grows on low-fertility soils for which fertilization techniques and nutrient cycling processes are important to elevate and maintain the forest production. The response of these plantations to nitrogen fertilization has been relatively low, indicating that the soil has been capable of supplying part of the plant demand. Microbial biomass N is considered a readily available fraction, but little is known about the biotic and abiotic factors that affect its dynamics in eucalypt plantations in Brazil. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the variation of nitrogen in microbial biomass (NBM) of the soil and other related characteristics in seven-year-old eucalypt plantations in several soil and climatic conditions of the Brazilian Southeast. Soil samples (0-10 cm deep) were collected from March to November 1995. The NBM content ranged from 9.17 to 103.71 µg g-1, being significantly influenced by sampling time. This variation was explained by the combination of rainfall with soil C or N content. Clay content also had a strong influence on the variation. N-NH4+was the predominant form of mineral N. Carbon content and CBM (carbon of the microbial biomass) ranged from 2.78 to 12.32 g kg-1 and from 43.39 to 401.06 µg g-1, respectively. The RA (accumulated soil respiration) ranged from 14.57 to 79.42 µg g-1 and the qCO2 (metabolic quotient) ranged from 862 to 8026 µg g-1 h-1 . Unlike the C and N content, CBM was significantly influenced by sampling time. Simple linear regressions of N-NO3-, C, and N content, CBM and NBM with clay content allowed a predictive model to explain the variation of these attributes. Soil humidity explained 87% of the N-NO3- and N content variation; around 71% of the C content and 48 and 55% of the CBM and NBM variation, respectively. CBM or NBM, when considered together with C and N content, were good predictors of N mineralization.

O sistema solo-serapilheira é o habitat natural para grande variedade de organismos, que diferem em tamanho e metabolismo, responsáveis por inúmeras funções. O monitoramento dos grupos de fauna no sistema solo-serapilheira permite não só uma inferência sobre a funcionalidade destes organismos, mas também uma indicação simples da complexidade ecológica dessas comunidades. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar a distribuição da fauna edáfica nos compartimentos solo e serapilheira em duas épocas do ano e em cinco diferentes coberturas vegetais (eucalipto, floresta não preservada, floresta preservada, capoeira, pasto) no Norte Fluminense. As coberturas de floresta natural, especialmente das florestas preservadas e não preservadas, mostraram, de maneira geral, valores de densidade e riqueza de fauna superiores aos de eucalipto e pasto, tanto no solo quanto na serapilheira, nas duas épocas de coleta. Em geral, não houve preferência dos grupos de fauna pelos compartimentos solo e serapilheira. A densidade de fauna, riqueza de espécies, índice de Shannon e índice de Pielou também variaram conforme a época de coleta, sendo, no verão, estabelecidas maiores diferenças entre as diferentes coberturas vegetais estudadas do que no inverno. O índice de Pielou foi a variável mais estável e, portanto, mais apropriada para o estudo da dissimilaridade entre as coberturas vegetais em termos de distribuição dos grupos de fauna.The soil-litter system is a natural habitat for a great variety of organisms that differ in size and metabolism and are responsible for numerous functions. The study of groups of organism in the soil-litter system allows not only to make inferences on the functionality of these organisms, but also is a simple indication of the ecological complexity in these communities. Our study aimed at characterizing the distribution of groups of organism in soil and litter compartments in two seasons of the year (wet summer and dry winter) under five different vegetation covers (eucalyptus, non-preserved forest, preserved forest, regenerating forest ('capoeira'), and pasture) in the northern Fluminense region (RJ, Brazil). Both soil and litter under the natural forest covers, in particular the preserved and non- preserved forest, generally showed higher organism density and abundance values than eucalyptus and pasture for in both collecting seasons. In general, there was no preference of organism groups for soil or litter. The organisms density and abundance, Shannon's index and Pielou's index also varied according to the season of the year and the differences among vegetation covers were more distinct in the summer than in the winter season. The Pielou's index was the most stable variable and, therefore, the most appropriate to study the dissimilarities among the vegetation covers in terms of distribution of groups of organisms.