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Multiple gunshot suicides are relatively rare and present significant challenges for investigators and forensic pathologists. In such cases, assessing the possibility of more than one shot being fired can be crucial in distinguishing homicide from suicide. We present a rare case of multiple self‐inflicted gunshot wounds to the chest with severe injury to the heart and left lung. Both the sudden, unexpected death of the man, the unknown source of the firearm, and the number and nature of the injuries sustained seemed quite unusual. The investigation revealed that the wounds were self‐inflicted at close range, and the interval between successive shots (estimated by witnesses at up to 2 min) suggests that even multiple gunshot wounds perforating the heart and lungs may not necessarily cause immediate incapacitation. Forensic investigations in such cases should be multi‐faceted and include full autopsy and ballistics expertise, as well as witness testimony and medical history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skeletal evidence usually constitutes the only source of information to interpret lesion patterns that help to clarify the circumstances surrounding death. The examination and interpretation of bone trauma are essential to the application and utility of anthropology as a forensic science. When discussing the effect of gunshot wounds in bone, it becomes imperative to differentiate between short and long‐distance injuries based on clear, distinct, and observable signs. To contribute to the debate, our focus is directed toward the external analysis of the so‐called circumferential delamination defect (CDD) as an observable proxy for close‐range shooting (≤30 cm) and contact gunshot wounds in the skull. In the context of known extrajudicial killings, in which the perpetrators used short 9 × 19 FMJ ammunition in a close‐range shooting, instances of CDD have been documented. Empirical evidence reinforcing the causal relationship between CDD and close‐range shootings is presented. Elements' characteristics of firearm residues were also found in remains buried for up to 30 years. Primarily, this work shows that the concentrations of gunshot residues (Pb, Ba, and Sb) resemble those observed in fresh corpses with the same gunshot wound (GSW). Moreover, the correlation observed between CDD and gunshot residues, where the likelihood of CDD increases the closer to the head and the more perpendicular the shot angle is, reinforces CDD as a pivotal discriminatory factor in the skeletal evidence of short‐range or contact shot. This research contributes to the field of forensic anthropology by providing fundamental insights into the etiology of CDD and its practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, the market share and user base of social media applications have witnessed significant growth. However, this surge in popularity has inadvertently drawn the attention of criminals aiming to exploit these platforms for illicit activities. The forensic examination of these applications emerges as a pivotal avenue for uncovering valuable insights into criminal behavior and identifying suspects. Discord, a social media platform, has become a significant focal point for such illicit activities. In this paper, we examine the remnants of Discord on both Windows and Linux operating systems, employing storage, memory, and network analysis techniques to review the remnants of Discord. Our investigation reveals a range of crucial artifacts that have been successfully recovered across all three areas of analysis, including login and payment details, chat history, account information, and much more. Collectively, these artifacts constitute a valuable resource for forensic investigations, allowing the reconstruction of most of the user's activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crystal violet (CV) staining technique represents a prevalent approach for the development of latent fingerprints, especially on adhesive tape surfaces. Nevertheless, the technique necessitates intricate formulations to augment its performance. In this investigation, an optimized CV staining protocol was developed, characterized by the absence of residual dye on the target substrates and the capability of facilitating fingerprint visualization under ambient light conditions. Four donors, comprising two males and two females, deposited natural fingerprints on various substrates, including glass microscope slides, aluminum foil, and 115 g glossy coated paper, without any specific guidelines. Fingerprints developed using cyanoacrylate fuming served as benchmarks and were contrasted with those generated through alternative methods: CV, ardrox, rhodamine 6G, powdering, and the optimized CV staining protocol. The fingerprint development experiment was replicated at seven distinct time intervals, encompassing 1 day, 1 week, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, resulting in a dataset of 420 fingerprints. The evaluation of fingerprint identifiability employed a scoring system established by the Home Office Centre for Applied Science and Technology. The results indicated that the optimized CV staining technique demonstrated superior performance, boasting a 92.9% rate of identifiable fingerprint development in contrast to other employed methodologies. Consequently, this optimized CV staining approach is recommended as an efficient, rapid, and straightforward critical dyeing method, applicable to a wide array of substrates in forensic investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In forensic anthropology, osteological sex estimation methods are continuously reevaluated and updated to improve classification accuracies. Therefore, to gain a comprehensive understanding of recent trends in sex estimation research in forensic anthropology, a content analysis of articles published between 2000 and 2022 in Forensic Science International, the Journal of Forensic Sciences, the International Journal of Legal Medicine, the American Journal of Biological Anthropology, and Forensic Anthropology, was performed. The main goals of this content analysis were to (1) examine trends in metric versus morphological research, (2) examine which areas of the skeleton have been explored, (3) examine which skeletal collections and population affinities have been most frequently utilized, and (4) determine which statistical methods were commonly implemented. A total of 440 articles were coded utilizing MAXQDA and the resulting codes were exported for analysis. Statistical analyses were conducted utilizing the Cochran‐Armitage and Jonckheere‐Terpstra tests for trends, as well as Fisher–Freeman–Halton tests. The results demonstrate that sex estimation research published in these journals has prioritized metric over morphological methods. Further, the most utilized skeletal regions continue to be the skull and pelvis, while the most popular classification statistics continue to be discriminant function analysis and logistic regression. This study also demonstrates that a substantial portion of research has been conducted utilizing U.S. and Europe‐based collections and limited populations. Based on these results, future sex estimation research must continue exploring the use of long bones and other postcranial elements, testing newer methods of analysis, as well as developing population‐inclusive methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a response to an article that discussed the analysis of a DNA mixture found on a plastic bag containing illegal drugs. Two different probabilistic genotyping (PG) programs, STRmix™ and TrueAllele®, were used to compare the defendant's DNA profile to the mixture, producing different exculpatory findings. Individuals associated with both programs have responded, providing new data to explain the differences. However, it remains unclear which findings are more reliable, and further research is needed. The article focuses on three validation studies of TrueAllele, which suggest that the software may produce unreliable results. The author calls for standards and guidelines for the admissibility of TrueAllele evidence in court and criticizes the way the company presents its findings. The article concludes by emphasizing the need for the forensic science community to address these issues through the standards development process. [Extracted from the article]

Simple Summary: Determining the time and cause of death in forensic investigations is challenging when remains are highly decomposed, making traditional toxicological samples unreliable. Entomotoxicology, a controversial and underinvestigated field in forensic science, uses insect specimens from cadavers as alternative toxicological samples. Research has shown that insects feeding on decomposing tissues can serve as substrate for toxicological analyses, which can detect drugs, toxins, and elements even at low concentrations. Nevertheless, the correlation of drug concentrations between insects and conventional matrices is controversial due to unknown factors affecting drug metabolism. This paper examines four real cases where human cadavers were in advanced decomposition, and toxicological analyses were performed on both insect samples and available matrices. The findings provide insights into the correlation between larvae and human specimen results, adding to the limited literature on entomotoxicology in real cases. Additionally, this paper offers guidelines for collecting and preserving entomological evidence at crime scenes and during autopsies for use in entomotoxicological analyses. This advancement shows promise in enhancing forensic investigations, particularly in cases where traditional methods are inapplicable or require additional validation. In forensic investigation, determining the time and cause of death becomes challenging, especially in cases where the remains are found in advanced decomposition, rendering traditional toxicological samples unavailable or unreliable. Entomotoxicology, an emerging methodology within forensic science, leverages insect specimens collected from cadavers as alternative toxicological samples. Several laboratory and field research studies have highlighted the efficacy in detecting various drugs, toxins, and elements absorbed by insects feeding on cadaveric tissues, even at low concentrations. However, correlation studies between drug concentrations in conventional matrices and insects remain controversial due to unknown factors influencing drug metabolism and larval feeding activity. This paper presents four real cases in which human cadavers were discovered in advanced stages of decomposition, and toxicological analyses were performed on both insect samples and available matrices. The results presented complement the scant literature currently available on the application of entomotoxicology in real cases, providing insights into the correlation between larvae and human specimen results. Furthermore, guidelines to collect and preserve entomological evidence at the crime scene and during the autopsy for use in entomotoxicological analyses are provided. This advancement holds promise in aiding forensic investigations, particularly in cases where traditional methods cannot be applied or require supporting data for further validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bite mark analysis plays a pivotal role in forensic investigations, by helping to identify suspects and establish links between individuals and crime scenes. However, traditional bite mark methodologies face significant challenges due to issues with reliability and subjectivity. Recent advances in microbiome analysis, which involves identifying and characterizing the microbial communities found in bite marks, have led to the emergence of a promising tool for forensic investigations. The integration of microbiome analysis with conventional DNA profiling enables more accurate interpretation of bite mark evidence in forensic investigations. This review provides an in-depth look at the integration of bite mark microbiome analysis with forensic DNA profiling. It also addresses the challenges and strategies involved in microbiome-based bite mark analysis for forensic purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At many crime scenes, investigators are able to trace and find traces of blood. For many years, it was believed that such traces could only be subjected to genetic investigations, such as those aimed at comparing DNA profiling with a suspect to verify his identity, and that it was therefore not possible to backdate the traces. In recent years, various works have used experimental models to investigate the possibility of identifying markers and methodologies for estimating the time since deposition (TSD) of bloodstains. Despite the results, these methods are still not part of standard procedures, and there is no univocal analysis methodology. In this work we carried out a systematic literature review of all the papers published in the last ten years on this topic, comparing the experimental models created. This review demonstrates the potential that different molecular approaches, such as transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics, and spectrometry, can have in the analysis of TSD, with notable sensitivity and specificity. This paper also analyzes the intrinsic and extrinsic limits of these models and emphasizes the need to continue research work on this topic, considering the importance that this parameter can assume in forensic investigations against a suspect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fingermarks constitute one of the most important physical evidence categories in forensic science. Improvements on detection and visualization of fingermarks are thus of utmost importance and rely strongly on the developer's properties. Magnetic-fluorescent dual powders are a great alternative, as they can be easily manipulated through a magnetic applicator and, in addition, provide a fluorescent image of the fingermark, improving fingermark/substrate contrast. This work presents a novel dual-fingermark developer powder composed by core–shell iron oxide/silica nanoparticles functionalized covalently with a 2-(5′-amino-2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole fluorescent dye. The brush and revealing performance of eccrine, natural, and sebaceous deposits fingermarks were evaluated using the powder method on glass substrates with bright and dark surfaces. The nanoparticles displayed superparamagnetic behavior and high emission in the green region. The dual powder adheres into latent fingermarks and produces better visualization of sebaceous residues. The fingermark images under natural light exhibited development with sufficient contrast for dark surfaces. Under UV light, the intense green fluorescence produces better fingermark visualization. Expanded images allowed clear identification of small features, including minutiae. This class of composite nanomaterial showed thus adequate characteristics to be used as a developer for latent fingermarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skeletal radiographs along with dental examination are frequently used for age estimation in medicolegal cases where documentary evidence pertaining to age is not available. Wrist and hand radiographs are the most common skeletal radiograph considered for age estimation. Other parts imaged are elbow, shoulder, knee, and hip according to suspected age categories. Age estimation by wrist radiographs is usually done by the Tanner-Whitehouse method where the maturity level of each bone is categorized into stages and a final total score is calculated that is then transformed into the bone age. Careful assessment and interpretation at multiple joints are needed to minimize the error and categorize into age-group. In this article, we aimed to summarize a suitable radiographic examination and interpretation for bone age estimation in living children, adolescents, young adults, and adults for medicolegal purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical analysis of fingermarks (FMs) has attracted considerable attention in the realm of forensic investigations. Techniques based on direct ionization of a sample by laser irradiation, specifically matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–mass spectrometry (MALDI–MS), have provided excellent figures of merit for analyzing high molecular–weight compounds. However, it can be challenging to analyze low molecular–weight compounds using MALDI–MS owing to potential interference produced by the organic matrices in the low molecular–weight region, which can impede the detection of small molecules (m/z < 700 Da). Alternately, surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization–mass spectrometry (SALDI–MS) has shown great promise for small molecules analysis owing to the unique properties of the nanostructures used, particularly, minimal chemical background in low m/z region improved the production of ions involved in this method. The advancement of MALDI–MS and SALDI–MS has propelled their application in the analysis of FM components, focused on gaining deep insights into individual traits. This review aims to outline the current role of MALDI–MS and SALDI–MS in the chemical analysis of FMs. It also describes the latest achievements in forensic intelligence derived from fingermark analysis using these powerful methods. The accomplishments include the understanding of certain characteristics and lifestyles of donors. The review offers a comprehensive overview of the challenges and demands in this field. It suggests potential enhancements in this rapidly expanding domain to bridge the gap between research and practical police casework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research introduces an innovative simulation software for nuclear forensics modeling. The software simulates fission tracks based on physical and radiation parameters, resembling light microscope images. These simulated tracks serve as foundational data for AI-driven decoder software and image analysis. The simulator also functions as an operator trainer and performance assessment tool. By connecting theory and application, it enhances nuclear forensics investigations, contributing to nuclear security and nonproliferation efforts. This versatile tool holds promise for deeper insights and robust methodologies in nuclear forensics, emphasizing the necessity of comprehensive validation using real-world data as a crucial focus for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the nuclear-forensic characterization of materials provided by the Nuclear Forensic International Technical Working Group within the 7th Collaborative Material Exercise. The characterized materials were two powdered uranium material samples labelled ES-1 and ES-3 and two uranium metal samples labelled ES-2 and ES-4. A combination of several analytical techniques was used by a group of Czech laboratories to the identification of chemical compounds and the determination of the uranium isotopic and elemental composition of all four samples. Those results allowed for an unambiguous conclusion that ES-1 was depleted uranium trioxide, ES-2 was depleted uranium-vanadium alloy, ES-3 was depleted uranium nitrate, and ES-4 was depleted uranium metal. A further conclusion was that ES-2 cannot originate from the same source as the other three samples and that ES-1, ES-3, and ES-4 had a common source material. The highlights of this work were in obtaining the isotopic composition of uranium, including minor isotopes, in the early (24-hour) phase of the exercise using the Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry in a single-particle measurement mode and in the application of the Neutron Activation Analysis with uranium separation prior to irradiation for the elemental screening of the uranium samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study discusses the application of a deep metric learning model based on a convolutional neural network to scanning electron microscope image analysis to determine UOC samples. One of the unique features of this technique is that it can detect a sample that comes from an unknown material not listed in the reference for comparison, in addition to the classification of a sample based on surface characteristics captured in the microscopic images. It was confirmed that the present technique could detect hypothetical unknown samples with > 0.8 of Area Under the ROC Curve, and it can effectively provide preliminary observations in nuclear forensics analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• • At 19 − 34 °C, D. maculatus can complete the entire immature stage of development. • • The lower and upper developmental thresholds were 15.28 and 34.03 °C, respectively. • • The survival rate was the highest at 22 °C and the lowest at 34 °C. • • Body length, the widths of head capsule and pronotum were modeled over time. Necrophagous beetles are sometimes used to estimate the minimum postmortem interval (PMI min) in the decay and remains stages of a corpse. Among these, the Dermestidae is one of the most common groups used and therefore has important research and application value. In this study, the developmental events of Dermestes maculatus de Geer, 1774, were recorded at six constant temperatures, and isomorphen diagrams were established. The thermobiological parameters were estimated using linear and non-linear models, and morphological indicators such as larval body length were measured. The results showed that the developmental duration of the whole immature stage decreased from 66.13 ± 8.58 days at 19 °C to 21.9 ± 2.01 days at 34 °C. The survival rate of the immature stages, especially the egg stage, varies greatly with temperature, with the lowest survival observed at 34 °C and the highest at 22 °C. The lower developmental threshold, the intrinsic optimum temperature, and the upper lethal developmental threshold obtained by the curvilinear Optim SSI models were 15.28 °C, 28.36 °C, and 34.03 °C, respectively. The body length, head capsule width, and pronotum width showed obvious growth patterns with larval developmental duration, which were characterized by equations and isomegalen diagrams. This study provides important basic data for the application of D. maculatus to estimate the PMI min in forensic entomology in the Yangtze River Delta region of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Fast, reliable signature generation, blockchain storage, and video verification. • Our method detects video forgery on any file, anytime, anywhere, by anyone. • Insignificant additional storage requirements with respect to video size. • Withstands attacks: collisions, key substitutions, side-channels, chosen messages. • Aids real-time devices, e.g., phones, CCTV, serving legal, police, medical inquiries. Within the field of forensic science, video integrity is an essential component that ensures the validity and dependability of visual evidence that is essential for court cases. Maintaining the integrity of justice in a time when digital modification tools are easily accessible requires making sure that video recordings are unaltered. Video footage is carefully inspected by forensic analysts who use advanced tools to look for indications of manipulation or change. This paper presents a novel, lightweight approach for verifying the integrity of video data. The proposed method utilizes the blockchain and the Edwards Curve Digital Signature Algorithm, coupled with the BLAKE2b hash function. Signatures are generated for video clips with a predetermined size called video segments and stored in blocks chronologically. The signature of the previous block is stored in the current block to add another layer of security. At the time of validation, these signatures are verified. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods in both speed and security. Our method is capable of identifying any type of forgery on any video file, by anyone, at any given moment, with insignificant additional storage requirements. Furthermore, our security analysis shows that our method is resilient against various types of attacks, including collision attacks, key substitution attacks, side-channel attacks, and chosen message attacks. The proposed lightweight video integrity verification method is better suited for use in resource constrained devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Forensic anthropologists showed a high level of awareness of cognitive bias. • Survey revealed a reduction in bias blind spot within forensic anthropology. • The role of bias training and its effectiveness remain unclear. • Consensus of employing blinding procedures or context management is lacking. • Clarifying the definition of task-relevance is needed in future research. It is now well established that decision making can be susceptible to cognitive bias in a broad range of fields, with forensic science being no exception. Previously published research has revealed a bias blind spot in forensic science where examiners do not recognise bias within their own domain. A survey of 101 forensic anthropology practitioners (n = 52) and students (n = 38) was undertaken to assess their level of awareness of cognitive bias and investigate their attitudes towards cognitive bias within forensic anthropology. The results revealed that the forensic anthropology community (∼90%) had a high level of awareness of cognitive bias. Overall ∼89% expressed concerns about cognitive bias in the broad discipline of forensic science, their own domain of forensic anthropology, and in the evaluative judgments they made in reconstruction activities, identifying a significant reduction in the bias blind spot. However, more than half of the participants believed that bias can be reduced by sheer force of will, and there was a lack of consensus about implementing blinding procedures or context management. These findings highlight the need to investigate empirically the feasibility of proposed mitigating strategies within the workflow of forensic anthropologists and their capabilities for increasing the transparency in decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latent fingerprint developed at the site of crime is considered as crucial physical evidence in forensic investigation. The mixed metal oxides (MXOY, M = Ba, Zn, Al, Ce) nanophosphor was synthesised by irradiating the precursor solution with 60Co gamma radiation followed by solution combustion method. The structural, morphological, optical characteristics and fingerprint imaging were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy and powder dusting method, respectively. The XRD results revealed that the average crystallite size is found to be 30 nm with the estimated bandgap of 3.18 eV. The broadband UV exited luminescence of the phosphors was observed at λMax = 330 nm. The PL spectrum shows three emission bands at 432, 444 and 460 nm that corresponds to blue regions, suggesting that the synthesised nanophosphor is a potential luminous material for latent fingerprinting and luminescent devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background. Climate change causes great impact on ambient temperatures. In forensic pathology, temperature has always been an important variable to determine numerous thanatodiagnostic and thanatochronological parameters, as crucial elements to make scientifically valid forensic conclusions. The aim of this work is to describe the impact that climate change is having on the forensic science and crime scene analysis. Materials and methods. A literature review was carried out on the search engines Pubmed, Scopus and Google Scholar. The keywords "climate change" AND "forensic" were used. Conclusion. Climate change is having a significant impact on forensic science in several areas. Among these it is necessary to consider: 1) global warming and crime scenes: high temperature of the planet causes frequent extreme meteorological events in multiple periods of the year; 2) Relationship between climate and PMI (Post Mortem Interval): Temperature influences the rapidity of putrefaction; 3) Relationship between climate and fauna: global warming is influencing the geographical distribution of animal species, with real migrations of species. Fauna has a decisive impact in the forensic field (as in the case of entomology) creating new models of animal-cadaver interaction; 4) Relationship between climate and forensic botany: Climate change influences the flowering and fruiting times of plants, impacting knowledge on botany used in the forensic field. It is essential to adopt prevention measures to address the emerging challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sweat pore is helpful in terms of identification like minutiae. This research aims to study the differences in the number of sweat pores, types of sweat pores, and the size of sweat pores in male and female volunteers of Myanmar and Cambodian nationality. The researcher has studied the differences in sweat pores data to explore differences between the genders. This research consists of 100 volunteers aged 20-60 years. The results found no significant differences between the genders of the two nationalities. This research revealed that men had more sweat pores than females. In Myanmar nationality, males have an average number of sweat pores at 112.8±1.6, while females have 110.6±0.9 sweat pores. In Cambodian nationality, males found an average number of 131.2±0.8 sweat pores and 130.72±1.9 in females. Studies on the types of sweat pores have found them to be more closed than open sweat pores. Except for female volunteers of Myanmar nationality, more open sweat pores were found than closed sweat pores. Besides, the size of sweat pores in Myanmar was small in both genders, followed by medium and large. Meanwhile, the Cambodian found similar findings in male volunteers. The exception was female volunteers with the same small and medium-sized sweat pores and found the least large sweat pores. Studying data on sweat pores on the palms of different nationalities is very important in forensic science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laboratory trials were carried out to investigate the development of three entomophagous parasitoid wasps in preimaginal stages of Sarcophaga dux in monoinfections and mixed infections. Laboratory-raised postfeeding S. dux third-stage larvae were exposed to Brachymeria podagrica. After pupation, 50 of these fly puparia were brought in contact with pupal parasitoid Dirhinus himalayanus and 50 with Nasonia vitripennis, and the remaining 50 puparia were left as Brachymeria monoinfection. In three further trials, each set of 50 freshly pupated host puparia from the same source was exposed to N. vitripennis and D. himalayanus, as monoinfections and mixed infections, respectively. The uninfected control group consisted of 50 S. dux larvae that were kept separately under the same conditions. The percentages of successfully developed B. podagrica and D. himalayanus in monoinfections were 56 and 86%, respectively, and progeny of N. vitripennis hatched from 88% of the exposed host puparia. In mixed infections, N. vitripennis dominated over B. podagrica and D. himalayanus with rates of successfully infected hosts of 50 and 94%, respectively. The number of Nasonia progeny in these groups ranged from 4 to 49 and 5 to 43, respectively. Dirhinus himalayanus did not develop in the simultaneous infection with N. vitripennis. Not a single S. dux eclosed in the six experimental groups, while in the uninfected control group, 46 (92%) adult flies eclosed 11 to 14 days after the start of pupation. Since the three parasitoids emerge from flesh fly pupae, these insects can become important in criminal forensic investigations when corpses are in an advanced stage of decay. More data on their preimaginal development at different temperatures are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper addresses a relevant problem in Forensic Sciences by integrating radiological techniques with advanced machine learning methodologies to create a non-invasive, efficient, and less examiner-dependent approach to age estimation. Our study includes a new dataset of 12,827 dental panoramic X-ray images representing the Brazilian population, covering an age range from 2.25 to 96.50 years. To analyze these exams, we employed a model adapted from InceptionV4, enhanced with data augmentation techniques. The proposed approach achieved robust and reliable results, with a Test Mean Absolute Error of 3.1 years and an R-squared value of 95.5%. Professional radiologists have validated that our model focuses on critical features for age assessment used in odontology, such as pulp chamber dimensions and stages of permanent teeth calcification. Importantly, the model also relies on anatomical information from the mandible, maxillary sinus, and vertebrae, which enables it to perform well even in edentulous cases. This study demonstrates the significant potential of machine learning to revolutionize age estimation in Forensic Science, offering a more accurate, efficient, and universally applicable solution.

Objective: This study aims to assess the compatibility of the terms used in studies on substance use and addiction published within TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM TR index for the last ten years. Methods: Studies using any of the keywords “substance, drugs, abuse, misuse, illegal substance, addictive substance, marijuana, cannabis, opium, morphine, heroin, opiate, opioid, opium, ecstasy, methamphetamine, amphetamine, addiction, user, narcotic, drug test, drug, stimulant and pleasure-inducing substance, bonsai, ecstasy, captagon”, conducted in Turkey and published in Turkish between 2013-2022 within TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM TR index were included. The articles were examined in terms of the equivalence of Turkish-English keywords; appropriate use of the terms user and dependent by current diagnostic criteria on; appropriate use of current names of substances, and particularly appropriate use of the terms related to cannabinoids. Results: Inappropriate use of substance names was detected in 39.1% of 156 articles included. Inappropriate use of substance names was significantly more frequent in articles indexed in the field of social sciences [χ2 (2)=21.64, Cramer’s V=0.37, p=0.001]. Furthermore, appropriate use of substance names was significantly more frequent in studies whose first author works in health sciences [χ2 (2)=7.78, Cramer’s V=0.22, p=0.02]. Conclusion: Terminological problems in addiction studies, in terms of harmonization of Turkish-English keywords, use of the terms of user or addict, appropriate use of substance names, and especially terms specifically related to cannabinoids take attention. Inappropriate use of substance names was more common in disciplines other than health sciences. Efforts for appropriate use of language in addiction research may facilitate interdisciplinary collaboration in this area.

With the rapid development of the logistics industry and the continuous growth of e-commerce, effectively monitoring logistics warehouses has become increasingly important to ensure the security of goods and oversee activities within storage facilities. Although current surveillance systems provide a certain level of security for logistics warehouses, they still face issues such as data tampering, storage, and access management. These challenges can compromise the integrity of surveillance video data, making the system vulnerable to unauthorized access. To address these challenges, this paper proposes the implementation of blockchain-based security management and access control of video data in logistics warehouses. Specifically, the solution employs the Hyperledger Fabric consortium blockchain to execute smart contracts and store the hash values of video data, thereby detecting any tampering and enhancing the security and integrity of the data. Additionally, hybrid encryption technology is utilized to ensure the confidentiality of video data during transmission and storage. Furthermore, the solution leverages the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) for distributed video storage. This not only increases the redundancy and accessibility of data storage but also reduces the risk of single-point failures. A Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) mechanism is also introduced to strictly manage access permissions to video data, ensuring that only authorized users can access the data, thereby effectively preventing unauthorized access and data breaches. Through a comprehensive analysis of computational and communication costs and the evaluation of blockchain performance at 100 transactions per second for different transaction volumes using Hyperledger Caliper, the results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method. Compared to current research, this solution exhibits higher security, providing a new approach for the secure management and access control of video data in logistics warehouses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defining the nature of forensic science and criminalistics is a topic that has been vigorously revisited in international literature. At the core of this discussion is the demarcation of principles that would characterize forensic science as an autonomous science, with its methods. The concept of theoretical synthesis as elaborated by Walker and Avant (2011) was adopted. In this theoretical model, concepts and principles are organized in a coherent and integrated way. In this first paper, the theory synthesis was elaborated from basic concepts and practices related to the work of the forensic scientist. Basically, the procedures for searching and collecting traces and the analytical methods of identification and individualization of traces. The theory synthesis was mainly developed based on: a) the reasoning method adopted in cognitive operations by forensic scientists; b) the way of obtaining information and interpreting phenomena from observation of facts and traces; c) how forensic scientists perform their investigations, analysis or synthesis from evidence and its main practical limitations. In short, the proposed theory synthesis reinforces the idea that forensic science is a specific science, capable not only of applying technologies and using scientific methods but also of producing knowledge inherent to its performance and scope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Design thinking' necessitates that we challenge our core beliefs to reframe our understanding and generate innovative solutions. The noun 'design' may also connote cunning. Mêtis (mῆτις) is such a form of thought and knowledge. Through wise application of prudence, vigilance and opportunism, it operates in unstable and uncertain environments. While the nature of crime is enduring, its character is transitory. If forensic science is to remain a valuable force-multiplier, it must co-adapt with a policing model that is orienting towards proactivity and disruption. 'Forensic intelligence (FORINT) is intelligence derived from technical and forensic information and expertise', and is the epitome of forensic science agility and a manifestation of mêtis in design. It is transdisciplinary, operating in different phases of the (pre-)investigative workflow, across the tactical-operational-strategic continuum. FORINT may emerge readily from a consultative/integrative forensic organization. Alternatively, its establishment may be a 'Trojan Horse' (consider Odysseus, master of mêtis): in design parlance this refers to an artefact that also is a vehicle for strategic change. Countering polymorphic transnational serious and organized crime requires us to be more multiple, more polyvalent, without compromise of ethics or integrity – leveraging mêtis in designing the future of forensic science through FORINT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The antegonial angle (AGA), antegonial depth (AGD), gonial angle (GA), and ramus height (RH) of the mandible progress with age, gender, and dental condition. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the AGA, AGD, GA, and RH to assess the gender and growth patterns in orthodontic patients. Materials and Methods: Pre-treatment orthopantomograms and lateral cephalograms of 500 orthodontic patients with an age range of 13–30 years (mean ± SD: 19.63 ± 4.19) were selected. Based on the sagittal and vertical cephalometric measurements, they were divided into six groups. The AGA, AGD, GA, and RH were measured. The data were analyzed using the student’s t-test and one-way ANOVA statistical tests. Results: The RH was short with an increased AGA, AGD, and GA in vertical growth patterns. In the class II group, the AGA, AGD, GA, and RH were found statistically significant. The females showed a higher AGA and GA, whereas the males had an increased RH and AGD. Conclusion: Class II skeletal pattern exhibited an increased AGA and AGD, while those with a class III skeletal pattern displayed an increased GA and RH. Gender differences showed that females exhibited a higher AGA and GA, whereas males had an increased RH and AGD.

Introduction: Estimating age is becoming more and more important in forensic science and dentistry. Identifying criminals, child labor problems, birth certificates, job openings, illegal immigrants, or a body whose identity is unknown are just some of the situations where estimating age is necessary. This study’s goal is to find out how to figure out a child’s chronological age between the ages of 12 and 14 by looking at panoramic X-rays and measuring how big their open tooth root tips are. Things Used and Methods: The left mandibular canine, premolars, and molars from 83 dental panoramic X-rays of patients aged 12 to 14 years were used to study tooth development. The individual tooth-root ratio (A/L) was measured using Sirona software-XG machine (Made by Dentsply Sirona, Germany) in a straight line. An estimated age was made and then matched to the real age. Results: A regression equation was used in statistical analysis to guess the age of the people. To figure out the age, 15.9973-8.465(x7) +1.650(x3) was turned into a linear regression model. Conclusion: The equation that was found in this study can be used to accurately guess the dental age of young teens in South India.

The accumulation of untested sexual evidence is a common problem for many forensic laboratories. In Brazil, there are around 150 thousand sexual evidences awaiting DNA processing. At the same time, manual extraction by differential lysis of these evidences is laborious and time-consuming. In this regard, the Brazilian federal government has structured and sponsored forensic genetics laboratories, providing automated platforms for evidence processing, with the objective of clearing the backlogs of sexual evidence and feeding the national DNA database. This study aims to evaluate the results from processing the backlog of sexual evidence in the forensic genetics laboratory of the Instituto-Geral de Perícias do Rio Grande do Sul to verify if the use of automation is an efficient strategy to manage large amounts of stored evidences. A total of 614 cases of sexual assault (1026 sexual evidence) from the last 10 years (2013 to 2023) with at least one sample with positive results for spermatozoa detection were analyzed. Samples were submitted for DNA extraction by differential lysis on the Hamilton Microlab Autolys STAR SAE platform, followed by the amplification of STR autosomal markers, capillary electrophoresis analysis in the ABI 3500 genetic analyzer and insertion in the BPG-RS using CODIS 7 software. The cases were stratified into three groups, according to the year in which they occurred (182 cases from 2013 to 2016; 123 cases from 2017 to 2019 and 151 cases from 2020 to 2023), in order to verify whether there were differences in the efficiency of differential extraction due to the storage time. 374 cases (61%) presented at least one sample with an eligible autosomal genetic profile for DNA national database. In 64 cases (10.4%) it was possible to obtain only the Y chromosome haplotype profile. From each sexual assault case, only one sample was inserted in the DNA national database. Cases from the years 2020 to 2023 presented 68% of autosomal eligible profiles, followed by cases from 2017 to 2019 (58%) and by cases from 2013 to 2016 (54.9%). The results of this study support the importance of processing the backlog of sexual samples as soon as possible in order to get more eligible autosomal profiles for CODIS (p < 0.05). Using automation to reduce the size of the backlog has been effective, allowing the simultaneous processing of a large number of samples, with reliability and less chance of contamination.

Caffeine, a mild central nervous system (CNS) stimulant present in coffee beans, cocoa beans, and tea leaves, can pose a threat in significant quantities, leading to severe health complications like arrhythmia, tachycardia vomiting, convulsions, coma, and, in extreme cases, death. We present a case involving the tragic demise of a young woman who took her own life by consuming a sleepiness-preventing medication purchased online, containing caffeine. The autopsy revealed pulmonary edema, congestion, and cutaneous emphysema. The stomach contents included a dark-brown viscous fluid with remnants of tablets and food. Toxicological analysis indicated elevated caffeine levels in various body tissues: femoral blood (195 mg/L), brain (115 µg/g), lung (293 mg/g), liver (202 mg/g), spleen (692 mg/g), kidney (288 µg/g), gall bladder (bile juice) (1500 µg/g), skeletal muscle (163 µg/g), small intestine (236 µg/g), and myocardial muscle (682 µg/g). Due to the presence of caffeine tablets in the stomach, the concentration was exceptionally high and therefore not quantified. The highest concentration of caffeine was found in the bile (1500 µg/g). The gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method used was validated according to the GTFCh guidelines. This case emphasizes the importance of caution and highlights the study's recommendation to address the toxicity risks associated with substances containing high caffeine concentrations. The suggestion is to include caffeine concentration assessments in routine forensic toxicological tests for all cases. In this case the cause of death was determined to be caffeine intoxication, with no trace of ethyl alcohol, drugs, pesticides hydrocarbons, or organic solvents detected in the body samples.

Individual identification is a critical focus of forensic research, aiming to achieve heightened accuracy in the identification process. Particularly in cases involving fragmented and damaged skeletal remains, sex determination plays a pivotal role. It is imperative to establish the precision of cadaver bones in such scenarios. This research aimed to evaluate sex-based differences and assess age using bimastoid width measured through digital computed tomography images. The study included a total of 153 adults (77 males and 76 females) aged between 15 and 50. Bimastoid breadth measurements were obtained from CT scan images of the skull base, revealing that bimastoid distance is larger in males compared to females. The study observed significant differences in bimastoid breadth between men and women, with an average mastoid width of 132.371 in men and 121.724 in women. The findings indicate that the measurement of bimastoid breadth does not significantly change with increasing age. However, substantial differences were found between men and women in bimastoid breadth measurements, which can be utilized to determine sex in forensic investigations.

Long-acting local anaesthetics have demonstrated effectiveness in managing intraoperative and postoperative pain. However, substances like lidocaine and paraben preservatives can trigger allergic reactions and methemoglobinemia in susceptible individuals. While bupivacaine shares common side effects with other local anesthetics, its adverse effects are amplified due to the physicochemical properties of long-acting local anesthetics. Recently, there has been growing interest in utilizing saliva as a potential bio matrix for drug testing because the drug concentration in saliva directly reflects the free, non-protein-bound drug in plasma. This study involved extracting lidocaine and bupivacaine from saliva collected from healthy male patients using a liquid-liquid extraction method. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) with ropivacaine as an internal standard was employed for simultaneous determination of both drugs. The results demonstrated high precision and accuracy, with a limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 3 ng/ml and 10 ng/ml for lidocaine, and 20 ng/ml and 62 ng/ml for bupivacaine, respectively. This non-invasive and user-friendly method provides highly accurate drug analysis results.

Different chemical, physical, and physico-chemical methods with addition of optical methods have been used for decades for the development of latent fingerprints (LFPs), even though the choice of a method depends on various factors (type and structure of the surface, external conditions, donor etc.). However, a universal system has not yet been fabricated, while many of those already used are toxic to the humans and the environment. Recently, researchers designed formulations based on (bio)polymeric materials and their specific properties, suitable for targeted interaction with fingerprint (FP) sweat and lipid residues. Some research groups produced fluorescent properties of particular polymeric materials to map sweat pores, while others encapsulated/incorporated dyes, pigments, etc. into polymeric matrix to obtain formulations of desired color and properties. Additionally, polymer micelles have become interesting due to their amphiphilic properties and the ability to incorporate compounds which could enable multi-colored emission brightness. Nevertheless, (polymeric) nanomaterials are currently of a great importance in material science world, due to specific optical and electronic properties convenient for interaction with FP residues found on different (multi-colored, electroconductive, etc.) substrates. This paper focuses on (bio)polymer-based systems used to develop LFPs, different approaches of research groups and future possibilities to create the optimal system for specified purpose.

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is an overlooked type of violence, remaining largely concealed and relegated to the private domain of family affairs. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers IPV a critical global public health concern. Its repercussions extend beyond physical harm, significantly affecting the mental and emotional health of women within our nation. This study aimed to determine the demographic characteristics of women who have experienced IPV by conducting a thorough cross-sectional investigation. The research was conducted among patients seeking consultation at the forensic medicine department of Laghouat Hospital, located in a southern Algerian region where population dynamics may vary compared to other parts of the country. In this study, 566 female violence victims were initially screened, 341 of which reported IPV experiences. Data were then gathered through individual interviews with the victims using a data collection form to investigate the demographic characteristics of these victims. This study sheds light on several factors intricately linked to IPVs. These factors include the age of the victim, educational level, occupation, living standards, marital status, marriage duration, number of children, spouse’s premarital acquaintance, sexual activity, and the association of verbal threats and obscene remarks. This study emphasizes that IPV is preventable, highlighting the pivotal role of societal strategies in its mitigation. Proactive measures involving governmental bodies, legal systems, official organizations, educational institutions, the media, and voluntary groups must be taken to effectively reduce the incidence of IPV.

Abstract Background Composites are materials that have multiple phases and have attracted much attention as they are able to improve physical and chemical properties of an isolated material. In this sense, these composites are commonly used as key components for two purposes: coloring and improving the operational properties; besides that, they have alternative synthesis routes that respect the principles of green chemistry. Thus, this reports the development of a new composite using natural products, indigo and kaolinite, for application in papilloscopy as a new nontoxic fingermark developer. Results The composite was obtained via green procedures and was characterized by spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques. Thus, to investigate the potential of the material as a fingermark developer, different techniques were applied such as depletion, aging, comparison with commercial powder, and development of latent fingermarks on different surfaces. Tests revealed that the composite presented good contrast and adhesion with the latent fingermarks, even after 15 days of deposition. Conclusions This study presents a natural indigo/kaolinite composite powder that showed similar or higher efficiency when compared to the commercial fingerprint powder and was able to develop identifiable natural and sebaceous fingermarks. Key points • A composite was formed from eco-friendly materials. • The composite formation follows the concepts of green chemistry and low cost. •The composite was applied as a latent fingermark developer.

Objective: Gender determination is pivotal in establishing a biological profile of human remains, where fragments of the skull persist with unidentifiable dental arch data. Owing to the resistance and stability against external factors such as trauma and fractures, radiological assessment of the frontal sinus can be a useful indicator for sexual dimorphism. Keeping this in mind, a study was designed to analyse the efficacy of morphometric assessment of the frontal sinus for gender determination in the North Indian population. Materials and Method: A total of 300 (150 males and 150 females) lateral cephalograms of the age >20 years were retrieved. The frontal sinus index (ratio of maximum height to depth), area, and perimeter of the same were calculated using Adobe Photoshop software. The results obtained were further subjected to statistical analysis. Result and Conclusion: The study yielded an accuracy rate of 75.3% for sex differentiation. The frontal sinus perimeter was a novel parameter which was utilised as a variable in the obtained discriminant equation for sex differentiation. Thus, this cost-effective technique might be useful as an adjunct to assess sexual dimorphism.

Despite concerns having been voiced internationally about the validity and reliability of mobile phone evidence, there remain large gaps in our understanding of how police acquire and process mobile phone data, and the risks associated with this work. This paper fills some of these gaps by drawing upon qualitative data gathered during an ethnographic study of the role of forensic sciences and technologies in British homicide investigations. Specifically, we draw upon case papers, interviews, and observations to illuminate, from the perspective of police and prosecution actors, some of the opportunities, tensions, and risks encountered in accessing and processing mobile phone data during these inquiries. Our findings reveal several risks associated with current practice alongside broader complexities related to legislation, privatisation, and accreditation. We consider how these intertwined risks and challenges may undermine the reliability of mobile phone evidence and jeopardise criminal justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Queensland DNA Inquiry, conducted by Walter Sofronoff KC, unearthed substantial deficiencies in forensic DNA practices, highlighting the need for rigorous scientific standards and improved management within forensic laboratories. The inquiry’s final report made 123 recommendations to overhaul these practices, prompting the Queensland Government to pledge over $95 million towards restructuring forensic services. This paper reflects on a workshop convened by the Victorian Chapter of the Australian Academy of Forensic Sciences, which explored the implications of these recommendations for other jurisdictions. The workshop facilitated a rich dialogue among legal, scientific, and government sectors, emphasizing the necessity of a holistic approach to forensic science within the justice system. It underscored the importance of impartiality in forensic services, the need for fit-for-purpose operational frameworks, and robust quality management to uphold the integrity of forensic evidence. By examining these themes, the paper contributes to ongoing discussions about enhancing forensic science’s role in ensuring justice and underscores the potential for significant reforms catalysed by the inquiry’s findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy nuclides like uranium and their decay products are commonly found in nuclear industries and can pose a significant health risk to humans due to their alpha-emitting properties. Traditional alpha detectors require close contact with the contaminated surface, which can be time-consuming, labour-intensive, and put personnel at risk. Remote detection is urgently needed but very challenging. To this end, a candidate detection mechanism is alpha-induced radio-luminescence. This approach uses the emission of photons from radio-ionised excited nitrogen molecules to imply the presence of alpha emitters from a distance. Herein, the use of this phenomenon to remotely image various alpha emitters with unparalleled levels of sensitivity and spatial accuracy is demonstrated. Notably, the system detected a 29 kBq Am-241 source at a distance of 3 m within 10 min. Furthermore, it demonstrated the capability to discern a 29 kBq source positioned 7 cm away from a 3 MBq source at a 2 m distance. Additionally, a 'sandwich' filter structure is described that incorporates an absorptive filter between two interference filters to enhance the ambient light rejection. The testing of the system is described in different lighting environments, including room light and inside a glovebox. This method promises safer and more efficient alpha monitoring, with applications in nuclear forensics, waste management and decommissioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of anti-forensic computer techniques, in the broadest sense, is to hinder the investigation of a computer attack by eliminating traces and preventing the collection of data contained in a computer system. Nowadays, cyber-attacks are becoming more and more frequent and sophisticated, so it is necessary to understand the techniques used by hackers to be able to carry out a correct forensic analysis leading to the identification of the perpetrators. Despite its importance, this is a poorly represented area in the scientific literature. The disparity of the existing works, together with the small number of articles, makes it challenging to find one's way around the vast world of computer forensics. This article presents a comprehensive review of the existing scientific literature on anti-forensic techniques, mainly DFIR (digital forensics incident response), organizing the studies according to their subject matter and orientation. It also presents key ideas that contribute to the understanding of this field of forensic science and details the shortcomings identified after reviewing the state of the art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As technology advances and cybercrime rates increase, cyberattacks, cyber fraud, and theft of property are becoming serious. Accordingly, digital evidence is inevitable for investigating related crimes. To obtain digital evidence, digital forensics with advanced sensor technology is required following international standards. For digital evidence preservation and processing, the control measures and norms for effective management are critical. Therefore, we analyzed and compared the international standards of digital evidence identification including the International Organization for Standardization/International Organization for Standardization (ISO/IEC 27050) and Digital Evidence Forensics Standard Operating Procedure (DEFSOP). We also studied how to use sensor technology for the standard and operating procedures of digital evidence forensics in real cybercrime. The results provide a basis for constructing effective evidence preservation by identifying principles of digital evidence identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modern canon of open science consists of five "schools of thought" that justify unfettered access to the fruits of scientific research: i) public engagement, ii) democratic right of access, iii) efficiency of knowledge gain, iv) shared technology, and v) better assessment of impact. Here, we introduce a sixth school: due process. Due process under the law includes a right to "discovery" by a defendant of potentially exculpatory evidence held by the prosecution. When such evidence is scientific, due process becomes a Constitutional mandate for open science. To illustrate the significance of this new school, we present a case study from forensics, which centers on a federally funded investigation that reports summary statistics indicating that identification decisions made by forensic firearms examiners are highly accurate. Because of growing concern about validity of forensic methods, the larger scientific community called for public release of the complete analyzable dataset for independent audit and verification. Those in possession of the data opposed release for three years while summary statistics were used by prosecutors to gain admissibility of evidence in criminal trials. Those statistics paint an incomplete picture and hint at flaws in experimental design and analysis. Under the circumstances, withholding the underlying data in a criminal proceeding violates due process. Following the successful open-science model of drug validity testing through "clinical trials," which place strict requirements on experimental design and timing of data release, we argue for registered and open "forensic trials" to ensure transparency and accountability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Social media usage in mobile phones has increased substantially in recent times, and they are a critically important source of a forensics investigation. In this paper, we have developed Python‐based forensic analyzers that are integrated with the open‐source tool Autopsy. The proposed analyzers find forensic artifacts from the three most widely used social media messaging applications, that is, WhatsApp, Instagram, and Facebook Messenger. This research focuses on finding forensic artifacts stored by these social media applications on an iOS device. These analyzers extract data critical for a forensic investigation such as text messages, media attachments, sender and receiver details, timestamps, contact information, and other related forensics data from the full file system image of iOS devices. These Python‐based plugins extract the required data from the social media applications' databases and present the evidential artifacts in a human‐readable format. We integrated these analyzers into the Autopsy Forensics tool and showcased the gathered evidence so that investigators are capable to analyze the extracted information effortlessly. The data integrity is maintained by converting it into readable form without permanently altering the database format. The results prove that the proposed analyzers can successfully extract and analyze forensics data at a low computational overhead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]