5,715 results on '"Fluid"'
Search Results
102. Investigation of Machining Parameters in Turning of AISI 316 Steel Using Palm Oil-Enriched Cutting Fluid
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Singh, Tushar, Vats, Prameet, Dubey, Vineet, Arora, Pawan Kumar, Kumar, Harish, Sharma, Anuj Kumar, Cavas-Martínez, Francisco, Editorial Board Member, Chaari, Fakher, Series Editor, di Mare, Francesca, Editorial Board Member, Gherardini, Francesco, Series Editor, Haddar, Mohamed, Editorial Board Member, Ivanov, Vitalii, Series Editor, Kwon, Young W., Editorial Board Member, Trojanowska, Justyna, Editorial Board Member, Yadav, Sanjay, editor, Jain, Prashant Kumar, editor, Kankar, Pavan Kumar, editor, and Shrivastava, Yogesh, editor
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- 2023
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103. Multidimensional biomarkers for multiple system atrophy: an update and future directions
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Linlin Wan, Sudan Zhu, Zhao Chen, Rong Qiu, Beisha Tang, and Hong Jiang
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Multiple system atrophy ,Biomarker ,Fluid ,Tissue ,Gut microbiota ,Imaging ,Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system ,RC346-429 - Abstract
Abstract Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease. Biomarkers are urgently required for MSA to improve the diagnostic and prognostic accuracy in clinic and facilitate the development and monitoring of disease-modifying therapies. In recent years, significant research efforts have been made in exploring multidimensional biomarkers for MSA. However, currently few biomarkers are available in clinic. In this review, we systematically summarize the latest advances in multidimensional biomarkers for MSA, including biomarkers in fluids, tissues and gut microbiota as well as imaging biomarkers. Future directions for exploration of novel biomarkers and promotion of implementation in clinic are also discussed.
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- 2023
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104. Si- versus Mg-metasomatism at the crust–mantle interface: insights from experiments, natural observations and geochemical modeling
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Atsushi Okamoto and Ryosuke Oyanagi
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Element mobility ,Metasomatism ,Crust–mantle interface ,Fluid ,Chloritization ,Geography. Anthropology. Recreation ,Geology ,QE1-996.5 - Abstract
Abstract The slab–mantle interface in subduction zones is one of the geological boundaries with the most significant chemical potential gradients, which leads to fluid-mediated metasomatic reactions and chemical transport. As subducting sediment and basaltic crust often contain silica in various forms, the Si-metasomatism of mantle rocks is thought to occur along the subduction zone interface. However, growing evidence from the geochemistry of altered rocks and thermodynamic modelling has revealed the presence of multi-component fluids at the slab interface. Here, we review the laboratory experiments, geochemical models, and natural observations that improve our understanding of mass transport and metasomatic reactions at the crust–mantle interface, focusing on the relative mobility of Mg and Si. Hydrothermal experiments using analogues for the boundary between mantle (olivine) and crust (quartz or plagioclase) under vapor-saturated pressures indicate that Si is preferentially transported from crust to mantle, whereas Mg is immobile. This result is consistent with the distribution of talc rocks in oceanic lithosphere. On the other hand, at the contact between ultramafic (e.g., serpentinite) and crustal (pelitic schist or basaltic rocks) rocks in high-pressure metamorphic terranes, a large volume of chlorite rocks form in the crustal rocks, and the volume of chlorite often exceeds talc in serpentinites. Geochemical modeling reveals that in the shallow part of a subduction zone, the dissolved Si content of fluids in equilibrium with pelitic schist (C Si,crust) is significantly higher than the dissolved Mg content of fluids in equilibrium with mantle peridotite (C Mg,mantle); however, C Mg,mantle becomes dominant at depth, resulting in the Mg-metasomatism of crustal rocks to form chlorite rocks. This Mg-metasomatism is more widespread in warmer subduction zones (e.g., the Nankai and Cascadia subduction zones) than in colder subduction zones (e.g., in Northeast Japan). In addition, the infiltration of CO2-bearing fluid can form talc (along with carbonates) in ultramafic rocks without Si-metasomatism. Variations in the relative mobility of Si and Mg at the subduction zone interface produce variations in the overall solid volume change of mantle (expansion or contraction), the types of sheet silicates (talc versus chlorite), and the fluid budget (dehydration or hydration) during metasomatic reactions, which affects the pore fluid pressure, frictional strength of the subduction megathrust, and the location of seismicity around the mantle wedge corner.
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- 2023
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105. ABRAZIVE FLUID – MEANS OF IMPROVEMENT THE GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISICS OF THE DIESEL NOZZLE EXHAUST MICROCHANNEL
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Dorinel POPA and Cristin-Olimpiu MORARIU
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flow ,geometry ,abrasive ,fluid ,pollution ,Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials ,TA401-492 - Abstract
In order to obtain automobiles that comply with the increasingly severe pollution standards, as well as to obtain some of them at low costs, a technical-economic approach to the flow of the fuel fluid through the flow holes of the injection nozzles is necessary. Through the effect of hydropolishing the geometric characteristics of the hydraulic flow path, the flow path is modeled, reducing cavitation and achieving high performance. The fluid used is a fluid that has properties close to diesel and has SiC microparticles in suspension (manufacturing costs in in this case they are reduced). The article contains an analysis of the influence of the abrasive flow on the geometric parameters of the nozzle and implicitly on the operation of thermal engines. The results provide a means of identifying parameters that can be compared and evaluated in order to achieve the desired level of hydrodynamic efficiency.
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- 2023
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106. Numerical Modeling of Fluid Behavior on the Body of a Concrete Double-Arched Dam Considering the Interaction of Water and Structure under Impact Loads
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Houman Rajabi, Babak Amin Nejad, and Hossein Ebrahimi
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impact ,double-arched concrete dam ,fluid ,lbe ,ls-dyna ,Mining engineering. Metallurgy ,TN1-997 - Abstract
One of the greatest issues regarding Iranian concrete dams is the lack of consideration for increasing our knowledge about them and their performance in times of accidents such as floods, earthquakes, and impact load caused by explosion waves. Some of the most significant objectives of this research are an investigation of the effect of TNT content and its distance from the concrete dam, the identification of critical points of the dam, and the impact of fluid on the amount of damage caused by the explosion to the concrete dam under impact load. The analysis used in this research is straightforward. It should be noted that the discovery of the critical points of the dam in the event of an accident, such as an explosion with complex behavior, can minimize human and financial losses. The LBE method was employed in this study. The interaction between the dam and the water behind it is one of the very considerable parameters that influence the deformation of the dam due to the hydrodynamic pressure of the water behind the dam. It is demonstrated by the results that doubling and tripling the amount of TNT leads to an increase in the pressure on the crest of the full dam by 46.63% and 64.68% respectively; besides, by multiplying the amount of TNT by four and five, the mentioned pressure increases by 70% and 75.58%, respectively.
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- 2023
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107. Recent progress on vortex fluidic synthesis of carbon nanomaterials
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Thaar M. D. Alharbi
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Vortex fluidic device ,carbon ,nanomaterials ,flow ,fluid ,graphene ,Science (General) ,Q1-390 - Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials with tunable shapes, morphologies, and sizes have attracted considerable attention owing to their specific physical and chemical properties such as excellent optical and thermal properties, electrical conductivity, and high mechanical strength. Nanomaterial synthesis using dynamic thin films within vortex fluidic devices (VFDs) has many benefits, including a large surface-to-volume ratio of thin films, product uniformity, economic feasibility, environmental sustainability, decreased reaction time, precise temperature and time control, safety improvement, and scalability. This review summarizes recent advancements in the fabrication of various carbon nanomaterials using VFDs, ranging from two-dimensional and three-dimensional (graphene and graphite, respectively) and one-dimensional (carbon nanotubes) to zero-dimensional (fullerene) structures, with controllable sizes, morphologies. Further, this review presents composites with other nanomaterials and metals and the applications of these hybrid materials.
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- 2023
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108. Updip Fluid Flow in the Crust of the Northeastern Noto Peninsula, Japan, Triggered the 2023 Mw 6.2 Suzu Earthquake During Swarm Activity
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Keisuke Yoshida, Naoki Uchida, Yoshiaki Matsumoto, Masaki Orimo, Tomomi Okada, Satoshi Hirahara, Shuutoku Kimura, and Ryota Hino
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large earthquake ,fluid ,swarm ,subduction zone ,aseismic slip ,earthquake migration ,Geophysics. Cosmic physics ,QC801-809 - Abstract
Abstract An Mw 6.2 earthquake occurred in Suzu, northeastern Noto Peninsula, Japan, on 5 May 2023, followed by many aftershocks. Before this mainshock‐aftershock sequence, an intense earthquake swarm lasted in the vicinity for 2.5 years. Here, we estimated the rupture process of the Mw 6.2 mainshock and relocated >20,000 surrounding small earthquakes. The results show that systematic upward migration occurred via a complex network of faults in the preceding swarm period and that the mainshock rupture was initiated near the shallow end of the swarm earthquakes. The mainshock rupture propagated farther updip, followed by many aftershocks in the shallow extension. Upward fluid movement likely caused systematic upward earthquake migration from a depth of 18–5 km. The present results indicate the importance of monitoring swarm events since large (M > 6) and dangerous earthquakes can occur during such swarms.
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- 2023
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109. Live birth rates after resolution of endometrial cavity fluid in frozen embryo transfer cycles.
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Nguyen, Vincent, Jackson, Aaron, and Gale, Jenna
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EMBRYO transfer , *BIRTH rate , *FLUIDS , *RESEARCH questions , *BLASTOCYST - Abstract
Research question: Are live birth rates affected in frozen embryo transfer cycles that develop transient endometrial cavity fluid that resolves by day of embryo transfer? Design: The first frozen blastocyst transfer cycle between January 1st, 2016 and December 31st, 2019 were included in this retrospective cohort study at an academic fertility center. The presence or absence of endometrial cavity fluid (ECF) detected on initial ultrasound and at time of transfer was recorded. Patients who had persistent ECF at time of transfer were excluded from the study. The primary outcome was live birth rate in the group with resolved ECF relative to the group without ECF. Results: A total of 1034 frozen blastocyst transfer cycles were included, 54 with resolved ECF and 980 without ECF. Adjusted analyses were performed using a log-binomial regression model. Live birth rates were 35.2% and 34.2%, adjusted risk ratio 1.00 [95% CI 0.70-1.50] in the two groups, respectively. Conclusion: Live birth rates in frozen embryo transfer cycles are equivalent between patients with resolved endometrial cavity fluid compared to those who never had endometrial cavity fluid. Our findings suggest that the presence of endometrial cavity fluid is likely not detrimental to live birth rates if the fluid spontaneously resolves by the time of embryo transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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110. PROVING THE POSSIBILITY TO RATIONALIZE THE PROCESS OF SEED MATERIALS SEPARATION WITH A VIBRO-PNEUMATIC CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATOR USING A THEORETICAL MODEL.
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Bredykhin, Vadym, Bogomolov, Alexey, Kis-Korkishchenko, Liliia, Pak, Andrey, and Pak, Alina
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AIR speed ,FREQUENCIES of oscillating systems ,AIR flow ,MANUFACTURING processes ,ROTOR vibration ,SUNFLOWERS ,SUNFLOWER seeds - Abstract
The object of research is the seed material and working bodies of a vibro-pneumatic centrifugal separator; the subject is their interaction. The established surfaces, which are the results of the simulation of the process of separation of seed materials in the vibro-pneumatic centrifugal separator, have a curve to the plane whose parameters are the speed of the air flow and the frequency of oscillations of the working surface. It is noted that this nature of the dependence of the purity of the «heavy» fraction of seeds on parameters of the separation process makes it possible to determine the rational ranges of these parameters, at which the maximum value of this characteristic is reached. Experimental simulation of the separation process in the vibro-pneumatic centrifugal separator of wheat, sunflower, and soybean seed materials under production conditions showed a high convergence of the results with the results of the simulation of the process under the same initial conditions. It was established that the correlation coefficients between the points obtained experimentally and obtained by simulation for the given results are in the range from 0.89 to 0.95. At the same time, the differences are the purity values of the «heavy» seed fraction, and not in the nature of its change due to changes in the parameters of the separation process. The expediency of using modeling when determining the rational values of the parameters of the separation process in the vibro-pneumatic centrifugal separator is noted. This will help increase the energy and resource efficiency of the equipment due to the absence of the need for experimental setup. The rational ranges of air flow speed and vibration frequency of the rotor of the vibro-pneumatic centrifugal separator for the separation of seed materials have been determined: wheat – 1.2...1.5 m/s; 4500...5100 cycles per minute; sunflower – 1.3...1.5 m/s; 4500...5000 cycles per minute; soybeans – 1.3...1.6 m/s; 5000...5500 cycles per minute [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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111. Hydrodynamic Flow Characteristics of a Recirculating Pool: Examining the Ecological Validity for Training and Testing.
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Krajewski, Kellen T., Beethe, Anne Z., Dever, Dennis E., Johnson, Caleb D., Nindl, Bradley C., Lovalekar, Mita T., Flanagan, Shawn D., and Connaboy, Chris
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PHYSICAL & theoretical chemistry , *WATER , *BODY movement , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *SWIMMING , *BIOMECHANICS , *NATURE - Abstract
Recirculating swimming flumes (RSFs) with elliptical multifeature designs have grown in popularity due to their multifunctionality for rehabilitation and training. Because of their smaller footprint, laboratories have adopted their use to investigate swimming and underwater treadmill running. However, little is known about the hydrodynamic characteristics of these RSFs and how they might influence outcomes. The purpose was to determine hydrodynamic flow characteristics of an RSF at the manufacturers' set "speeds" around the centroid of flow projection. Hydrodynamic velocity profiles were collected through a 3D profiling velocimeter, sampling at 200 Hz in an RSF. Data were collected 0.5 and 1.5 m from the projection channel at designated flume "speeds" of 30-95 (+99) in 5-unit increments. Velocity data were collected for 1 minute per trial (location 3 speed) to determine mean flow velocity (MFV) for 10, 20, 30, and 40 cm² cross-sectional areas (CSAs). A two-way ANOVA was conducted comparing CSAs from the surface by distance from the current channel (4 x 2). Separate ANOVAs were conducted to assess differences in MFV across each CSA. Significant differences between flow CSAs indicated that MFV is less for a larger area at the same speed, indicative of variable and turbulent flow characteristics across the respective CSAs. Mean flow velocity was further diminished by distance from the flow channel as supported by the main effect, thus exposing an individual to variant flow velocities simultaneously. Limited stability of the flow velocity centroid could affect swim mechanics making the movement pattern no longer analogous to traditional pool and open water swimming, rather resembling swimming upstream in a river with turbulent flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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112. 泵吸成矿作用:一种流体运移动力学机制.
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李德东, 解洪晶, 孙 燕, 张凤琴, 杨云鹏, 邱金柱, and 刘俊利
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MAGMAS , *MINERALIZATION , *ORES , *FLUIDS , *PROSPECTING - Abstract
The formation of large-scale to super large-scale deposits require large-scale fluid participation, and the mechanism of fluid emplacement is an unsolved scientific problem. In this paper, the mechanism of mineralization is explained by pumping suction, and it is proposed that there are two kinds of pumping suction in geological processes, namely "structural pumping" and "magmatic pumping". The former is a vacuum-state "structural pump" formed because the strata of different physical properties, due to tectonics, are metamorphosed and deformed in varying degrees under the condition of good sealing of the cap-rocks. Under the communication of fault to deep magma chamber or fluid reservoir, deep ore-forming fluid invades shallow rock mass to form ore bodies under pump suction. The latter is a vacuum-state "magmatic pump" formed in the deep magma chamber or channel because the magma in the deep magma chamber is pumped up and invades, and the deeper fluid will be pumped under the action of fault communication. By using pumping-suction mineralization, the range of tectonic metamorphism and deformation in a region can be delineated in detail, and the range of mineralization can be defined, which can provide an important reference for prospecting prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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113. Graphene origami-enabled auxetic metamaterial tapered beams in fluid: Nonlinear vibration and postbuckling analyses via physics-embedded machine learning model.
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Murari, Bill, Zhao, Shaoyu, Zhang, Yihe, and Yang, Jie
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MACHINE learning , *POISSON'S ratio , *AUXETIC materials , *TIMOSHENKO beam theory , *MICROMECHANICS , *METAMATERIALS , *DIFFERENTIAL quadrature method , *FREE vibration - Abstract
• Effect of negative poisson's ratio on nonlinear free vibration and postbuckling behaviour of FG-GOEAM beam is investigated in detail. • Metamaterial properties of GOEAM are determined by physics-embedded machine learning assisted micromechanics model. • FG-GOEAM beam greatly outperforms its pristine metallic counterpart due to GOri reinforcement. • Added mass model is used to include the effect of fluid surrounding the FG-GOEAM beam. This paper presents a numerical study on nonlinear free vibration and postbuckling behaviours of functionally graded (FG) graphene origami (GOri)-enabled auxetic metamaterial (GOEAM) tapered beams immersed in fluid, with a particular focus on the effect of negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) on the nonlinear frequencies and postbuckling equilibrium paths. The metamaterial properties of the novel GOEAM are determined by a physics-embedded machine learning based micromechanics model. The beam deformation is governed by Timoshenko beam theory and von Kármán nonlinearity, and the governing equations are solved using the differential quadrature method (DQM). The fluid pressure exerted on the surface of the beam is calculated using the velocity potential function and Bernoulli's equation. Comprehensive parametric studies demonstrate that due to the use of GOri reinforcement, an FG-GOEAM beam with NPR outperforms its metallic counterpart with considerably increased nonlinear fundamental frequency and enhanced postbuckling resistance. The nonlinear free vibration and postbuckling behaviours of the beams can be effectively tuned through GOri parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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114. Proterozoic Deep Carbon—Characterisation, Origin and the Role of Fluids during High-Grade Metamorphism of Graphite (Lofoten–Vesterålen Complex, Norway).
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Engvik, Ane K., Gautneb, Håvard, Mørkved, Pål Tore, Solberg, Janja Knežević, and Erambert, Muriel
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RUTILE , *PROTEROZOIC Era , *ORTHOPYROXENE , *APATITE , *PLAGIOCLASE , *FLUIDS , *PHASE diagrams - Abstract
Graphite formation in the deep crust during granulite facies metamorphism is documented in the Proterozoic gneisses of the Lofoten–Vesterålen Complex, northern Norway. Graphite schist is hosted in banded gneisses dominated by orthopyroxene-bearing quartzofeldspathic gneiss, including marble, calcsilicate rocks and amphibolite. The schist has major graphite (
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- 2023
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115. Effect of periostin in peri-implant sulcular fluid and gingival crevicular fluid: A comparative study.
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Santhosh, V, Karishma, Khader, Anas, Ramachandra, Varun, Singh, Rohit, Shetty, B, and Nimbalkar, Vaishnavi
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GINGIVAL fluid , *PERIOSTIN , *TOOTH sensitivity , *DENTAL pathology , *PERIODONTITIS , *ENZYME-linked immunosorbent assay , *BIOMARKERS - Abstract
Background: Various similarities have been observed between gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF). This has resulted in research that has evaluated similar biological fluid markers that are similar to those present within the gingival sulcus. These biomarkers have high sensitivity and are a reliable biological tool when compared to clinical and/or radiographic examination and aid in diagnosis as well as monitoring the progression of periodontal disease surrounding teeth as well as the implants. Aim: The study aimed to compare the effectiveness of periostin in peri-implant sulcular and gingival crevicular fluids. Materials and Methods: This experimental prospective in vitro analysis was done following clearance by the institutional ethical committee. A total of 100 patients were selected. They were categorized into two groups: (I) Group A patients had peri-implant disease (n = 50), whereas (II) Group B patients had periodontitis (n = 50). Clinical loss of attachment score was noted in six sites around natural teeth and four sites around the implants. Presterilized filter paper strips were inserted within the sulcus/pocket till pressure was felt for 60 s. Periostin concentration levels in GCF and PISF samples were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Statistical analysis of data collected was performed using Shapiro–Wilk statistical tool for normally distributed numerical data. Results: Mean ± standard deviation concentration of periostin in gingival crevicular fluid from periodontitis cases was recorded as 20.15 ± 2.76 ng/30sn, whereas in PISF was 19.23 ± 1.89 ng/30sn. On statistical analysis, no statistically significant differences were seen after comparing the concentration of periostin in periodontitis as well as peri-implantitis groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The present study analyzed periostin levels in gingival crevicular fluid obtained from patients diagnosed with periodontitis and sulcular fluid obtained from the sulcus around implants. Early biological markers or indicators of inflammation should be studied to determine the prognosis of treatment apart from the clinical assessment for the patient's benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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116. Chemotaxis(-fluid) systems with logarithmic sensitivity and slow consumption: Global generalized solutions and eventual smoothness.
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Fuest, Mario
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CHEMOTAXIS ,AEROBIC bacteria - Abstract
We consider the system$ \begin{align*} \begin{cases} n_t + u \cdot \nabla n = \Delta n - \chi \nabla \cdot (\frac{n}{c} \nabla c), \\ c_t + u \cdot \nabla c = \Delta c - nf(c), \\ u_t + (u \cdot \nabla) u = \Delta u + \nabla P + n \nabla \phi, \quad \nabla \cdot u = 0, \end{cases} \end{align*} $in smooth bounded domains $ \Omega \subset \mathbb R^N $, $ N \in \mathbb N $, for given $ f \ge 0 $, $ \phi $ and complemented with initial and homogeneous Neumann–Neumann–Dirichlet boundary conditions, which models aerobic bacteria in a fluid drop. We assume $ f(0) = 0 $ and $ f'(0) = 0 $, that is, that $ f $ decays slower than linearly near $ 0 $, and construct global generalized solutions provided that either $ N = 2 $ or $ N > 2 $ and no fluid is present.If additionally $ N = 2 $, we next prove that this solution eventually becomes smooth and stabilizes in the large-time limit. We emphasize that these results require smallness neither of $ \chi $ nor of the initial data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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117. Progress in the study of electrorheological polishing: A review.
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Sun, Han, Zhao, Xiaopeng, and Yin, Jianbo
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CENTRIFUGAL force ,GRINDING & polishing ,OPTICAL devices ,ELECTROCHEMICAL cutting ,DIELECTROPHORESIS ,ABRASIVES ,ELECTRODES - Abstract
Electrorheological polishing (ERP) is an important field-assisted polishing method, which can reduce abrasive loss and improve machining efficiency by using the electric field-induced electrorheological (ER) effect to help the abrasive to overcome the centrifugal force caused by high rotating speed during polishing. ERP has many advantages, including high efficiency, high precision, facile polishing for a small object, and a good application prospect in polishing optical devices and hard molds. This review describes the research progress in ERP in the past two decades. The mechanism of electrorheological polishing is analyzed from two aspects of electrorheological effect and dielectrophoresis. According to the time sequence of electrorheological polishing development, two kinds of ERP materials including the simple mixing system and composite particle system are introduced. ERP electrodes including off-axis bipolar electrode, needle-ring electrode, needle-like single electrode, one-sided patterned electrode, and one-sided simple composite electrode are described. From the two characterization quantities of removal rate and surface quality, the industrial factors affecting the ERP effect are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of ERP and other polishing processes are compared. Finally, the remaining challenges and possible development trends in ERP technology for the future outlook are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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118. Role of fluid on seismicity of an intra-plate earthquake zone in Western India: an electrical fingerprint from magnetotelluric study.
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Borah, Ujjal K., Patro, Prasanta K., Raju, Khasi, Reddy, K. Chinna, Babu, Narendra, Rao, P. Rama, and Rao, N. Purnachandra
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EARTHQUAKE zones , *FAULT zones , *MAGNETOTELLURICS , *EARTHQUAKES , *FLUIDS , *EARTH currents , *SENSITIVITY analysis - Abstract
The magnetotelluric (MT) investigation carried out in Koyna Seismogenic Zone (KSZ), an intra-plate earthquake region in Western India, along an E–W profile brings out moderately conductive (~ 700–1000 Ωm) near vertical features within the very high resistive (> 20,000 Ωm) granite/granite-gneiss basement. Occurrences of these anomalous moderate conductors are corroborated with sensitivity analysis. The alignment of earthquake hypocenters along the resistive–conductive boundary signifies the moderate conductor as basement fault. The conversion of resistivity values to the ratio of seismic P- to S-wave velocity (vp/vs) suggests that the moderate conductivity of the fault zone (as compared to the surrounding basement) appears due to the presence of fluid in the fault zone. Geophysical evidences reveal ~ 2.5–3.6 vol% fluid in the fault zone with ~ 1.8–2.6% interconnected porosity, which migrates along the structural boundary and invades the mechanically strong basement to nucleate the brittle failure within it. The present study proposes two mechanisms for the seismicity in the Koyna region. First: the meteoric water circulation due to the loading–unloading of nearby Koyna reservoir acts as potential fluid source for this triggered seismicity, which has also been suggested by previous studies. Second: the fluid circulation due to a deep-seated source. The present MT study brings out a conductive feature below 20 km depth which is thought to be emerged due to the dehydration of amphibole bearing rocks. The fluid generated from dehydration might act as a probable source to the triggered seismicity; since the conductive feature has a linkage to the upper crust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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119. Deformation behavior and fluid action of quartz veins in the Xuelongshan metamorphic complex, Western Yunnan.
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Wang, Shuting, Cao, Shuyun, Zhan, Lefan, Cheng, Xuemei, Dong, Yanlong, Li, Xiaowen, and Li, Wenyuan
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VEINS (Geology) , *RECRYSTALLIZATION (Geology) , *SHEAR (Mechanics) , *FLUID inclusions , *SHEAR strain , *QUARTZ - Abstract
The Xuelongshan metamorphic complex underwent Cenozoic sinistral strike-slip shearing and exhumation from deep to shallow in the southeast margin of the Tibet Plateau. We studied the deformation behavior and fluid action of quartz veins in the metamorphic complex in depth based on macroscopic observation, electron backscatter diffraction fabric, and fluid inclusion analysis. The mylonitic samples are characterized by strongly elongated and orientated porphyroclasts and a fine-grained matrix with a shear strain of 2.4. The ultramylonitic samples are characterized by a strongly fine-grained matrix with a shear strain of 5.8. The {m} glide controls the quartz deformation in the mylonites and ultramylonites. As the dominant recovery mechanism, subgrain rotation dynamic recrystallization reduces the grain size and promotes rheological weakening. The porphyroclasts restrict the crystal orientation of the recrystallized quartz matrix. The mylonitic quartz veins have abundant single-phase and two-phase fluid inclusions. However, the ultramylonitic quartz veins have a few fluid inclusions, most of which are small and irregular toward the grain boundaries. The temperature and pressure of fluid activity in quartz veins are 550–500°C and 391–218 MPa for ultramylonitic quartz veins, with a depth of 14.2–7.9 km and 450–400°C and 236–91 MPa for mylonitic quartz veins, with a depth of 8.6–3.3 km. The deformation process changes the shape of fluid inclusions from mylonitization to ultramylonitization and causes fluid leakage, an increase in local fluid pressure at the boundary, and hydrolysis weakening, promoting lattice dislocation glide and recrystallization, which is directly related to regional continuous shear deformation and exhumation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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120. Micromorphic theory as a model for blood in the microcirculation: correction and analysis.
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Massing, Florian, Glane, Sebastian, Müller, Wolfgang H., and Eremeyev, Victor A.
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ERYTHROCYTE deformability , *NEWTONIAN fluids , *MODEL theory , *MICROCIRCULATION , *BLOOD flow , *ERYTHROCYTES - Abstract
This paper analyzes the applicability of Eringen's Generalized Continuum Theories as a model for human blood in the microcirculation. The applied theory considers a fluid with a fully deformable substructure, namely a micromorphic fluid. This analysis is motivated by the fact that blood itself can be considered a suspension of deformable particles, i.e., red blood cells (RBCs), suspended in a Newtonian fluid, i.e., blood plasma. As a consequence, non-Newtonian phenomena such as shear-thinning are observed in blood. To test the micromorphic fluid as a model for blood, the solution for the velocity and the motion of substructure is determined for a cylindrical pipe flow and compared to experimental results of blood flow through narrow glass capillaries representing idealized blood vessels. A similar analysis was also conducted by Kang and Eringen in 1976, but it contains some misprints and minor errors regarding the mathematical expressions and subsequent discussion which are corrected in this paper. For certain material parameters, the micromorphic fluid models capture high-shear blood flow in narrow glass capillaries very well. This concerns both the velocity profiles and the shear-thinning behavior. Furthermore, a parameter study reveals that the flexibility of substructure governs the micromorphic shear-thinning. In this regard, parallels can be drawn to the shear-thinning of human blood, which is also induced by the deformability of RBCs. This makes the micromorphic fluid a complex but accurate model for human blood, at least for the considered experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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121. Imaging ocular water inflow in the mouse with deuterium oxide MRI.
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Deng, Shengwen, Huang, Shiliang, Yang, Alivia, and Muir, Eric R.
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DEUTERIUM oxide , *AQUEOUS humor , *MAGNETIC resonance imaging , *MICE , *FLUID flow , *BIOLUMINESCENCE , *DEUTERIUM - Abstract
Abnormal intraocular fluid flow or clearance is involved with a variety of eye diseases such as glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy, but measurement of water exchange dynamics in the vitreous and aqueous remain challenging. 2H MRI can be used to image deuterium oxide (D₂O) as a tracer, but the signal-to-noise ratio for deuterium is low due to its low concentration, which has hampered its application to imaging the eye. To overcome this challenge, we investigated the feasibility of direct D 2 O MRI to measure water dynamics in the mouse eye. The balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) sequence provided substantially higher signal-to-noise ratio for imaging D 2 O in fluid compared to standard gradient echo and spin echo sequences. bSSFP allowed dynamic imaging of intraocular water inflow in the mouse with 41 s temporal resolution. The inflow rate in the vitreous was found to be faster than in the aqueous. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of in vivo imaging of water inflow dynamics into the both the vitreous and aqueous in mice, which could be useful in studies of abnormal fluid exchange in rodent models of eye disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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122. 11-Nor-9-Carboxy Tetrahydrocannabinol Distribution in Fluid from the Chest Cavity in Cannabis-Related Post-Mortem Cases.
- Author
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Zughaibi, Torki A., Alharbi, Hassan, Al-Saadi, Adel, Alzahrani, Abdulnasser E., and Al-Asmari, Ahmed I.
- Subjects
CHEST (Anatomy) ,BIOLOGICAL specimens ,POSTMORTEM changes ,TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL ,TANDEM mass spectrometry ,LUNGS ,ADIPOSE tissues ,PREGNANCY tests - Abstract
In this study, the presence of 11-nor-Δ
9 -carboxy tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) in postmortem fluid obtained from the chest cavity (FCC) of postmortem cases collected from drug-related fatalities or criminal-related deaths in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, was investigated to evaluate its suitability for use as a complementary specimen to blood and biological specimens in cases where no bodily fluids are available or suitable for analysis. The relationships between THC-COOH concentrations in the FCC samples and age, body mass index (BMI), polydrug intoxication, manner, and cause of death were investigated. Methods: Fifteen postmortem cases of FCC were analyzed using fully validated liquid chromatography-positive-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results: FCC samples were collected from 15 postmortem cases; only THC-COOH tested positive, with a median concentration of 480 ng/mL (range = 80–3010 ng/mL). THC-COOH in FCC were higher than THC-COOH in all tested specimens with exception to bile, the median ratio FCC/blood with sodium fluoride, FCC/urine, FCC/gastric content, FCC/bile, FCC/liver, FCC/kidney, FCC/brain, FCC/stomach wall, FCC/lung, and FCC/intestine tissue were 48, 2, 0.2, 6, 4, 6, 102, 11, 5 and 10-fold, respectively. Conclusion: This is the first postmortem report of THC-COOH in the FCC using cannabinoid-related analysis. The FCC samples were liquid, easy to manipulate, and extracted using the same procedure as the blood samples. The source of THC-COOH detected in FCC could be derived from the surrounding organs due to postmortem redistribution or contamination due to postmortem changes after death. THC-COOH, which is stored in adipose tissues, could be a major source of THC-COOH found in the FCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
123. Flow and Heat Transfer on the Surface of Molten Steel Slag Layer in Continuous Casting Mold.
- Author
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Li, Guohui, Wang, Shanjiao, and Zheng, Gengtao
- Subjects
CONTINUOUS casting ,MOLDS (Casts & casting) ,HEAT transfer ,SLAG ,HEAT transfer fluids ,FRICTION velocity - Abstract
Protective slag is coated on the surface of molten steel during continuous casting, the flow and heat transfer state of the protective slag is a decisive factor affecting the inflow and consumption of liquid slag and is also an important prerequisite for stabilizing and improving the quality of continuous casting billets. Based on the Navier Stokes fluid momentum conservation equation and energy equation, a two-dimensional longitudinal numerical model describing the flow/heat transfer of liquid protective slag on the surface of steel is established. The data comes from the equipment parameters and casting process of an arc shaped slab continuous casting machine in a domestic steel plant. The flow field and temperature field distribution of protective slag are calculated and analyzed, and the effects of factors such as slag layer thickness and shear speed on the flow and heat transfer status of the liquid slag layer are discussed. When the bottom shear velocity increases from 0.005 m/s to 0.2 m/s, the maximum flow velocity of liquid slag from the nozzle to the narrow surface in the center area of the model increases from 0.0012 m/s to 0.0617 m/s, and the average longitudinal flow velocity of liquid slag near the nozzle increases from 0.0012 m/s to 0.0627 m/s. The research results provide reference for investigating the complex metallurgical behavior of protective slag. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
124. Nitrogen storage capacity of phengitic muscovite and K-cymrite under the conditions of hot subduction and ultra high pressure metamorphism.
- Author
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Sokol, Alexander G., Kupriyanov, Igor N., Kotsuba, Denis A., Korsakov, Andrey V., Sokol, Ella V., and Kruk, Alexey N.
- Subjects
- *
MUSCOVITE , *SUPERCRITICAL fluids , *NITROGEN cycle , *SUBDUCTION , *SUBDUCTION zones , *NITROGEN , *CARBON dioxide , *STORAGE - Abstract
Nitrogen storage capacity and partitioning between main N hosts have been investigated in N-bearing Al-rich natural pelite at 3.0–7.8 GPa, 825–1070 °C and oxygen fugacity (f O 2) from NNO (Ni-NiO buffer)+0.3 to NNO-4.1 log units. Under the conditions of hot subduction, pelite converts into a phase assemblage typical of ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) eclogites. Phengitic muscovite in this assemblage is in equilibrium with a volatile-rich granite-like melt at 3.0 GPa and with supercritical fluid at 5.5–7.8 GPa, and contains, respectively, 115–135 and 759–962 wt ppm N H 4 + at f O 2 values close to NNO. Both melt and supercritical fluid have H 2 O and CO 2 as predominant volatiles and the NH 3 /(NH 3 + N 2) ratio from 0.04 to 0.12. The pattern of nitrogen partitioning between its main hosts in pelite (D NH 4 Ms - M e l t = 0.41–0.58 and D NH 4 Ms - F l u i d = 0.63–2.4) proves that the ammonium exhibits moderately incompatible to compatible behavior within a hot oxidized slab in the pressure range from 3.0 GPa to 7.8 GPa. Therefore, even relatively oxidized sediments containing phengitic muscovite can efficiently transport nitrogen to the mantle at sub-arc depths under the hot subduction conditions. At the same time, the changeover of the N host from biotite to muscovite at the arc depths in combination with subsequent pelite melting and an abrupt decrease in phengitic muscovite abundance in pelite may lead to an avalanche-like N outgassing of the slab. The incorporation of an additional nitrogen source of (NH 3 + N 2) into pelite reduces f O 2 to NNO-3.1 – NNO-4.1 log units and increases both the NH 3 /(NH 3 + N 2) ratio in the fluid (up to 0.44–0.86) and the N H 4 + concentration in phengitic muscovite (up to 3750–3820 wt ppm). K-cymrite was produced in pelite at P ≥ 6.3 GPa and the bulk nitrogen content 3.2–5.9 wt%. K-cymrite possesses exceptional nitrogen storage capacity: it hosts 1.4–1.6 wt% N H 4 + , up to 0.5 wt% NH 3 , and 4–6 wt% N 2. The D N - NH 4 Cym - M s coefficient is as high as 20. Being stable in sediments subducted to mantle depths, K-cymrite, with its extremely high storage capacity, can act as a huge hidden redox-insensitive nitrogen reservoir in the mantle and thus can be involved in the deep nitrogen cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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- View/download PDF
125. Application of new general fractional‐order derivative with Rabotnov fractional–exponential kernel to viscous fluid in a porous medium with magnetic field.
- Author
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Khan, Dolat, Kumam, Poom, Watthayu, Wiboonsak, Sitthithakerngkiet, Kanokwan, and Almusawa, Musawa Yahya
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- *
MAGNETIC fields , *POROUS materials , *FLUID dynamics , *VISCOUS flow , *FLUID flow , *FREE convection - Abstract
The main objective is to apply the concept of newly developed idea of the fractional‐order derivative of the Rabotnov fractional–exponential function in fluid dynamics. In this article, a newly developed idea of the fractional‐order derivative of the Rabotnov fractional–exponential function and the nonsingular kernel has been applied to study viscous fluid flow in the presence of an applied magnetic field. The flow is considered over an infinite vertical plate moving with arbitrary velocity. The modeled problem is transformed into a nondimensional form via dimensionless analysis, and then the Laplace transform method is applied for the solution of the problem. Due to the complexity in Laplace inversion, a strong numerical inversion procedure, namely, Zakian's algorithm, has been used, and the results are computed in various plots and tables. The corresponding discussion of results is included in detail. It is concluded that the generalized fractional‐order derivative is accurate and efficient for describing general fractional‐order dynamics in complex and power law phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
126. Mass Transfer in Upward Percolation of Water Solutions in Tailings.
- Author
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Mikhailov, A. G., Vashlaev, I. I., Merkulova, E. N., Usmanova, N. F., and Zuev, A. E.
- Subjects
- *
MINES & mineral resources , *MASS transfer , *PERCOLATION , *FILTERS & filtration , *FLUID dynamics - Abstract
The article describes the experiment on the upward percolating mass transfer by water solution according to the natural mechanism of movement of solutions toward ground surface with water evaporation in atmosphere. Useful components settle out from the solutions and concentrate on the evaporation barrier. The experiment simulates a complete cycle of processes for flotation tailings of complex ore: feed of solutions in boreholes from surface to bottom of a tailings body; spreading of the solutions in the tailings body; capillary ascent to the surface; settling out and concentration of useful salts on the evaporation barrier. The usability of this approach and some parameters of the mass transfer process can be found from the relevant research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
127. Nitrogen partitioning between silicate phases and aqueous fluid depends on concentration.
- Author
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Jackson, Colin R.M. and Cottrell, Elizabeth
- Subjects
- *
SUBDUCTION zones , *SLABS (Structural geology) , *FLUIDS , *NITROGEN , *SILICATES , *SIDEROPHILE elements , *CHEMICAL speciation , *HIGH temperatures - Abstract
The distribution of nitrogen in geologic systems is modulated by its partitioning between silicate (mineral and melt) and fluid phases. Under geologically applicable oxygen fugacity, pressure, and temperatures, nitrogen can be multiply-speciated, with N 2 coexisting with reduced nitride (N−3) species. Non-polar, neutral species, including N 2 , tend to concentrate in fluids, while charged nitride species have a greater propensity to concentrate in silicate phases. The stoichiometry of converting N 2 to single N atom nitride species implies that nitrogen speciation may depend on its concentration, and this leads to the hypothesis that the partitioning of nitrogen between silicate and fluid phases also depends on concentration, potentially biasing prior experimental work in doped systems and influencing the behavior of nitrogen in geologic systems. To test this hypothesis, we have completed a series high pressure (∼1.75 GPa, 800 °C) experiments that react minerals, melts, and fluids with variable nitrogen concentrations (3.1–17.1 wt% N). Our results imply order-of-magnitude-scale increases in mineral/melt and melt/fluid partitioning as nitrogen concentrations decrease within natural ranges. For example, decreasing the N concentration from 2500 to 2 ppm increases predicted D melt / f l u i d N values by over an order of magnitude at constant PT conditions. This means that loss of nitrogen from a degassing magma or dehydrating slab is a self-limiting process that becomes increasingly inefficient as nitrogen concentration falls. Despite this, nitrogen remains highly concentrated in the atmosphere, which receives N from fluids exsolved from slabs and magmas. To maintain a nitrogen-rich atmosphere we therefore suggest that warm and oxidizing conditions have prevailed over subduction zones because warm slabs dehydrate under lower pressures where nitrogen is more easily partitioned into fluids, and oxidizing conditions also promote nitrogen partitioning into fluids. Concentration-dependent partitioning of nitrogen will also serve to moderate any initial variations of N/K in slab materials upon dehydration, and this may help to explain the relatively uniform N/K ratio of MORB mantle. We supplement our nitrogen concentration experiments with a temperature series (1.5–2 GPa, 750–950 °C). Our temperature series data reveal that at high temperature nitrogen favors melts over fluids, while temperature has no resolvable effect of biotite-fluid partitioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
128. Thermodynamic Model of the Fluid System H2O–CO2–NaCl–CaCl2 at P-T Parameters of the Middle and Lower Crust.
- Author
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Ivanov, M. V.
- Subjects
- *
PROPERTIES of fluids , *TERNARY system , *EQUATIONS of state , *FLUIDS , *MOLE fraction - Abstract
Based on the earlier obtained equations of state for the ternary systems H2O–CO2–CaCl2 and H2O–CO2–NaCl, an equation of state for the four-component fluid system H2O–CO2–NaCl–CaCl2 is derived in terms of the Gibbs excess free energy. A corresponding numerical thermodynamic model is built. The main part of the numerical parameters of the model coincides with the corresponding parameters of the ternary systems. The NaCl–CaCl2 interaction parameter was obtained from the experimental liquidus of the salt mixture. Similar to the thermodynamic models for H2O–CO2–CaCl2 and H2O–CO2–NaCl, the range of applicability of the model is pressure 1–20 kbar and temperature from 500 to 1400°C. The model makes it possible to predict the physicochemical properties of the fluid involved in most processes of deep petrogenesis: the phase state of the system (homogeneous or multiphase fluid, presence or absence of solid salts), chemical activities of the components, densities of the fluid phases, and concentrations of the components in the coexisting phases. The model was used for a detailed study of the phase state and activity of water on the H2O–CO2–salt sections when changing the ratio from 1 to 0. Changes in the composition and density of coexisting fluid phases at a constant activity of water and changes in the total composition of the system are studied. A set of phase diagrams on sections H2O–NaCl–CaCl2 for different mole fractions of CO2 is obtained. Pressure dependencies of the maximal activity of water in the field of coexisting unmixable fluid phases are obtained for several salt compositions of the system. Due to removal of restrictions resulting from a smaller number of components in ternary systems, the thermodynamic behavior of systems with a mixed composition of the salt significantly differs from the behavior of those with a single salt component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
129. Experimental Investigation into Interaction between Amphibole and Highly Saline H2O–NaCl–KCl Fluid at 750°C, 700 MPa: Implications to Alkaline Metasomatism of Amphibole Rocks.
- Author
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Khodorevskaya, L. I., Varlamov, D. A., and Safonov, O. G.
- Subjects
- *
GARNET , *AMPHIBOLES , *METASOMATISM , *SODALITE , *PLAGIOCLASE , *METAMORPHIC rocks - Abstract
The paper presents experimental data on the interaction of amphibole with NaCl–H2O and (K, Na)Cl–H2O solutions at varying salt content. When interacting with H2O–NaCl fluid, amphibole remains the predominant mineral in all experiments, and the newly formed minerals are Na-phlogopite, plagioclase, and nepheline/sodalite. At > 0.6, the amphibole melts. When amphibole interacts with H2O–NaCl–KCl fluid at < 0.40 and ХKCl/(ХKCl + ХNaCl) in the fluid, defined as ХNaCl = 0.506 – 0.84ХKCl, the amphibole is replaced by the association of nepheline with sodic plagioclase, sodalite, and biotite. At ХKCl/(ХKCl + ХNaCl) > 0.3, nepheline, sodalite, and plagioclase become unstable, K-feldspar is formed, and biotite, clinopyroxene, and amphibole remain stable. At ХKCl/(ХKCl + ХNaCl) > 0.5, the association Cpx + Bt + Kfs + Grt (grossular–andradite) is stable. Thus, grossular–andradite garnet is an indicator of a high potassium activity in the fluid, whereas nepheline testifies that the sodium activity was high. Na → K exchange is typical of the amphibole and biotite, and Ca → Na exchange occurs in the clinopyroxene, and all of these minerals (but neither nepheline nor garnet) remain generally stable within a wide range of the K/Na ratio in the fluid. Clinopyroxene in the experiments spans Ca–Fe–Mg compositions with a varying, sometimes high, Al content, and the amphiboles belong to the pargasite–hastingsite series. With an increase in ( > 0.57), i.e., a decrease in the gross salinity of the fluid, melts are generated, and their composition varies from trachyte to phonolite. An increase in the ХKCl/(ХKCl + ХNaCl) ratio in the fluids leads to a decrease in alumina content of the melts. An increase in the total salinity of the fluid leads to an increase in the content of potassium in the melt and a decrease in the content of chlorine in it. The experiments have shown that interaction between amphibole and fluids containing high NaCl and KCl concentrations results in mineral associations typically produced by alkaline metasomatism of amphibole-bearing rocks and concomitant HCl enrichment in the fluid phase. The substitution of highly saline fluids for highly acidic ones leads to the leaching of Ca, Mg, Fe from the metamorphic rocks, and the transport and redeposition of these components. It follows that significant removal of FeO, MgO, CaO from rocks is sometimes a consequence of the interaction of the host rocks with saline aqueous solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
130. On the 3D printability of one-part moisture-curable polyurethanes via direct ink writing (DIW).
- Author
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Nocheseda, Carla Joyce C., Fazley Elahee, G. M., Santos, Marielle Francesca A., Cheng, Xiang, Espera Jr., Alejandro H., and Advincula, Rigoberto C.
- Subjects
FINITE element method ,THREE-dimensional printing ,INK ,MOISTURE - Abstract
Direct ink writing (DIW) is an ambient temperature additive manufacturing (AM) method that accommodates many possible ink materials. Here, we demonstrate using a moisture-curable commercially available polyurethane (PU) sealant as an alternative ink for DIW. We discussed the fundamentals of PU chemistry and determined the best 3D printing parameters. Studies on rheological, thermogravimetric, spectroscopic characterization, and initial finite element analyses (FEA) showed properties expected from a performance sealant with high elongation and low modulus of a 3D-printed object. This affirms the flexibility of the DIW technique as an accessible AM method amenable for future materials development from commercial model formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
131. Thermally Significant Fluid Seepage Through Thick Sediment on the Juan de Fuca Plate Entering the Cascadia Subduction Zone.
- Author
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Norvell, Benjamin, Kyritz, Thomas, Spinelli, Glenn A., Harris, Robert N., Dickerson, Kristin, Tréhu, Anne M., Carbotte, Suzanne, Han, Shuoshuo, Boston, Brian, and Lee, Michelle
- Subjects
SUBDUCTION zones ,SEISMIC reflection method ,MARINE sediments ,ENTHALPY ,SUBMARINE fans ,SEDIMENTS - Abstract
We use heat flux measurements colocated with seismic reflection profiles over a buried basement high on the Juan de Fuca plate ∼25 km seaward of the deformation front offshore Oregon to test for the presence of hydrothermal circulation in the oceanic crust. We also revisit heat flux data crossing a buried basement high ∼25 km seaward of the deformation front ∼150 km north, offshore Washington. Seafloor heat flux is inversely correlated with sediment thickness, consistent with vigorous hydrothermal circulation in the basement aquifer homogenizing temperatures at the top of the basement. Heat flux immediately above the summit of the basement highs is greater than expected solely from conduction. Fluid seepage at rates of ∼2.6–5.4 cm yr−1 in a 1–1.5 km‐wide conduit through ∼800–1,300 m thick sediment sections above these basement highs can explain these observations. Observations of thermally significant fluid seepage through sediment >225 m thick on oceanic crust are unprecedented. High sediment permeability, high fluid overpressure in the basement, or a combination of both is required to drive fluid seepage at the observed rates. We infer that rapid seepage occurs because the basement highs rise above the low permeability basal sediment with their tops protruding into the base of high permeability Nitinat or Astoria Fan sediment. Seepage from basement highs penetrating into the submarine fans can affect the thermal state of crust entering the subduction zone. Plain Language Summary: Fluid circulation in the oceanic crust can transport large amounts of heat, influencing the heat content and the distribution of heat within the crust. This fluid circulation primarily occurs in a high permeability aquifer composed of rapidly cooled basalt flows that comprise the upper ∼300 m of oceanic crustal rocks. Most marine sediments that accumulate on the basaltic aquifer have very low permeability and inhibit fluid flow; for sediment covered oceanic crust, fluid recharge/discharge from/to the ocean only occurs at sediment‐free basement outcrops. For most sediment types, ∼40 m of sediment accumulation is sufficient to slow fluid flow rates through them, so that fluid flow is not thermally significant. For sites offshore Oregon and Washington, we document thermally significant fluid seepage through sediment ∼800–1,300 m thick. This seepage occurs over buried basaltic hills that penetrate through low permeability sediment into a thick layer of high permeability sandy sediment that hosts the seepage. The fluid seepage, at ∼2.6–5.4 cm yr−1, is fast enough to remove heat from the underlying crust. This can affect the temperature of the crust entering the subduction zone offshore North America. Key Points: We discovered rapid fluid seepage through 1 km thick sediment on the Juan de Fuca plate 25 km seaward of the Cascadia subduction zoneBuried basement highs penetrating through basal sediments are high permeability conduits to the base of sandy submarine fan sedimentsThis previously unknown thermally significant seepage can affect the thermal state of the crust entering the subduction zone [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
132. Valorization of Hemodialysis Wastewater: An Emerging Reality
- Author
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Faissal Tarrass and Meryem Benjelloun
- Subjects
conservation of natural resources ,hemodialysis solutions ,renal dialysis ,sustainable growth ,waste disposal ,fluid ,water purification ,water supply ,Pathology ,RB1-214 - Abstract
The reutilization and valorization of wastewater contributes to water saving and improve the energetic efficiency of hemodialysis facilities. Moreover, it has the added benefit of reducing environmental impact and providing economically interesting added value products. This review discusses the most recent approaches for the valorization of this type of wastewater. Conservation of Natural Resources, Hemodialysis Solutions, Renal Dialysis, Sustainable Growth, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Water Purification, Water Supply
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
133. Separation of Salts NaCl and CaCl2 in Aqueous-Carbon Dioxide Deep Fluids
- Author
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Ivanov, M. V. and Bushmin, S. A.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
134. FluTO: Graded multi-scale topology optimization of large contact area fluid-flow devices using neural networks
- Author
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Padhy, Rahul Kumar, Chandrasekhar, Aaditya, and Suresh, Krishnan
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
135. Estimation of Chlorine Fugacity in Low-Н2О Fluid of the C–O–(H)–NaCl System in the Cumulus of Ultramafic–Mafic Intrusions
- Author
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Simakin, A. G., Shaposhnikova, O. Yu., Devyatova, V. N., Isaenko, S. I., and Eremin, D. D.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
136. To Evaluate the Relationship of Reduced Amniotic Fluid Volume in the Third Trimester with the Outcome of Pregnancy
- Author
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Malhi, S, Saxena, S, Yadav, B, Malhan, R, and Ray, R
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
137. Incidence of metal-based nanoparticles in the conventional wastewater treatment process
- Author
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Cervantes-Avilés, Pabel and Keller, Arturo A
- Subjects
Pollution and Contamination ,Engineering ,Environmental Sciences ,Chemical Engineering ,Environmental Engineering ,Clean Water and Sanitation ,Incidence ,Metal Nanoparticles ,Sewage ,Waste Disposal ,Fluid ,Wastewater ,Water Pollutants ,Chemical ,Water Purification ,Sludge ,Multi-element determination ,Rate of NPs ,NPs size distribution ,Spicp-MS - Abstract
Metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) can be found in wastewater streams, which are significant pathways for the release of NPs to the environment. Determination of the NPs concentration in wastewater streams is important for performing appropriate ecotoxicological evaluations. The aim of this work was to determine the incidence of NPs from 13 different elements throughout the wastewater treatment process by using single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS). The incidence was determined in samples of the influent, post-primary treatment and effluent of the activated sludge process, as well as in the reclaimed water of a full-scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). In addition, concentration of NPs was determined in the waste activated sludge and in the anaerobic digester. The concentration of metal-based NPs in the influent wastewater were between 1,600 and 10,700 ng/L for elements such as Ti, Fe, Ce, Mg, Zn and Cu, while that for Ni, Al, Ag, Au, Co and Cd was below 100 ng/L. Concentrations in reclaimed water ranged between 0.6 and 721 ng/L, ranked as Mg > Ti > Fe > Cu > Ni > Ce > Zn > Mn > Al > Co > Ag > Cd > Au. Results indicated that the activated sludge process and reclaimed water system removed 84-99% of natural and engineered metal-based NPs from influent to reclaimed water, except for Mg, Ni and Cd where the removal ranged from 70 to 78%. The highest concentrations of NPs were found in the waste activated sludge and anaerobic sludge, ranging from 0.5 to 39,900 ng/L. The size distribution of NPs differed in different wastewater streams within the WWTP, resulting in smaller particles in the effluent (20-180 nm) than in the influent (23-233 nm) for most elements. Conversely, NPs were notably larger in the waste activated sludge samples than in the anaerobic sludge or wastewater, since conditions in the secondary treatment lead to precipitation of several metal-based NPs. The incidence of metal-based NPs from 13 elements in wastewater decreased significatively after the conventional wastewater treatment train. However, anaerobic digesters store high NPs concentrations. Hence, the disposal of sludge needs to take this into account to evaluate the risk of the release of NPs to the environment.
- Published
- 2021
138. Online Arabic Beverage Frequency Questionnaire (ABFQ): evaluation of validity and reliability
- Author
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Tahrir M. Aldhirgham, Lulu A. Almutairi, Atheer S. Alraqea, and Amani S. Alqahtani
- Subjects
Online questionnaire ,Validity ,Reliability ,Fluid ,Beverage ,Arabic ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,TX341-641 ,Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases ,RC620-627 - Abstract
Abstract Background Obesity and chronic diseases are significant public health issues in the Middle East and North Africa region. A robust body of evidence demonstrated the association between beverage consumption, obesity, and chronic diseases. Therefore, the assessment of beverage consumption is gaining more interest in health policy development, food industry partnerships, research expansion and community involvement. Although beverage-consumption assessment tools have been developed for various populations, none were developed for the Arabic population. In this study, we developed and validated an online Arabic Beverage Frequency Questionnaire (ABFQ) to assess the total beverage intake among Arabic speaking population. Methods A cross-sectional validation study was conducted among healthy adults aged between 18 and 55 years. Participants (n = 49) completed a 24-item ABFQ on two occasions and provided one 24-h urine sample. For validity, total beverage consumption (ABFQ1) was assessed against a 24-h urine sample using an osmolality test and correlation analysis. Reliability was assessed by comparing the participants’ consumption in total and for every 24 individual items from ABFQ1 with the total and individual items in ABFQ2 using correlation and paired sample t-test. Results The average daily consumption of beverages was 1504 ml/day, while the average urine osmolality/kg was 614. The validity assessment between ABFQ and urine osmolality indicates a negative correlation. However, the correlation was week and not statistically significant (rs = -0.2, p = 0.12). In reliability test, correlation analysis was positive and acceptable in all beverage categories (rs = 0.4 − 0.9; all p
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
139. Computational fluid dynamics with embedded cut cells on graphics hardware
- Author
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Roosing, Alo and Nikiforakis, Nikos
- Subjects
006.6 ,cfd ,computational fluid dynamics ,simulation ,graphics card ,graphics hardware ,CUDA ,gpu ,signed distance field ,level set ,computational geometry ,high performance computing ,gpgpu ,cut cell ,embedded boundary ,physics ,software ,parallel ,massively parallel ,pipeline ,computation ,scientific computing ,muscl ,euler ,compression ,morton ,ideal gas ,shock ,fluid ,gas ,detonation ,brittle ,collapse - Abstract
The advent of general purpose computing on graphics cards has led to significant software speedup in many fields. Designing code for GPUs, however, requires careful consideration of the underlying hardware. This thesis explores the implementation of fluid dynamics simulations featuring embedded cut cells using the CUDA programming platform. We demonstrate efficient generation and handling of geometric surface data in rectilinear computational grids. This is added to a split Euler solver to define piecewise linear cut cells describing solid surfaces in fluid flows. To reduce the memory footprint of embedded boundaries, we present a system of compressed data structures. The software is extended to run on multiple graphics cards and shows good scaling. Simulating embedded boundaries requires a description of object surfaces. We implement a fast and robust narrow band signed distance field generator for graphics cards based on the Characteristic/Scan Conversion algorithm for stereolithography files. The thesis presents an augmented approach to handle commonly occurring complex configurations and we show that the method is correct for all closed surfaces. We discuss efficient feature construction and work scheduling and demonstrate high-speed distance generation for complex geometries. At the core of our simulation implementation is a split Euler solver for high-speed flow. We present a one-dimensional method that achieves coalesced memory access and uses shared memory caching to best harness the potential of GPU hardware. Multidimensional simulations use a framework of data transposes to align data with sweep dimensions to maintain optimal memory access. Analysis of the solver shows that compute resources are used efficiently. The solver is extended to include cut cells describing solid boundaries in the domain. We present a compression and mapping method to reduce the memory footprint of the surface information. The cut cell solver is validated with different flow regimes and we simulate shock wave interaction with complex geometries to demonstrate the stability of the implementation. We conclude with multi-card parallelisation and analyse existing literature on domain segmentation and GPU communication. We present a system of domain splitting and message passing with overlapping compute and communication streams. A comparison of naïve and GPU-aware Open MPI shows the benefits of using CUDA specific library calls. The complete software pipeline demonstrates good scaling for up to thirty-two cards on a GPU cluster.
- Published
- 2020
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- View/download PDF
140. Multi-channel tag based on fluid-suspended magnetic microparticles
- Author
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Cunningham, Lucy Katharine and Cowburn, Russell
- Subjects
538 ,multi-channel ,tag ,magnetic ,microparticles ,fluid - Abstract
The applications of magnetism are far reaching, and much work has been done to make use of magnetic properties to develop viable applications. Two key areas are solid state memory, for example MRAM and hard discs, and the use of superparamagnetic nanoparticles in biological applications by using mechanical actuation. However, little has been done to bridge the gap between these two areas and bring to reality the possibility of carrying data in a liquid of magnetic particles. Ferrofluids to date are mostly simple iron oxide particles suspended in liquid, whereas this project uses micron lithography on thin film films of magnetic material which can be lifted off into solution to create an artificial ferrofluid of advanced materials. We hope to develop such a fluid with the same functionalisation which can be achieved through the thin film structures on a solid substrate. The particles can be redeposited onto a substrate to 'tag' it. By controlling the magnetic properties of batches of particles, we can detect the presence or absence of a given particle type hence providing a yes/no bit. In this thesis we first use the shape anisotropy of rectangular particles patterned from ultrathin films of Permalloy to control their magnetic properties. The extended shape introduces in-plane uniaxial anisotropy, with hysteresis along the easy axis. The dimensions of the rectangle determine the demagnetizing field so alter the coercivity. We can detect the presence of a particular particle shape by whether or not there is a switch measured at its specific coercivity. We characterize the particles and find that the coercivity and the ferromagnetic resonance peaks are specific to the particle dimensions. We also demonstrate that the particles can be lifted off into solution, redeposited under an applied field and detected in their dispersed form. However, the number of achievable channels is very low so we move on to an alternative system. We fabricate discs from magnetic multilayers consisting of ultrathin CoFeB films with interfacial perpendicular magnetic anisotropy which are antiferromagnetically interlayer exchange coupled via the Rudermann-Kittel-Kasuya-Yoshida interaction. They form synthetic antiferromagnets (SAFs) with uniaxial anisotropy along the surface normal. The coupling strength can be tuned by inserting ultrathin Pt layers between the CoFeB and the central Ru layer, which act to attenuate the exchange coupling. We characterize a range of multilayers each with specific coupling strengths and therefore different switching fields, which will be the basis of the channels of the tag. These are then patterned and lifted off into solution, then measured when redeposited to confirm the retention of their magnetic properties. We also investigate the time-dependence of the switching fields of individual CoFeB thin films and of the SAF bilayer films. In conclusion, we create a multi-channel tag from SAF discs with tuneable switching fields and demonstrate that the properties of the continuous film can be retained when patterned into discs which are lifted off into solution and redeposited onto a substrate.
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- 2020
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141. Transformation of Trace Organic Contaminants from Reverse Osmosis Concentrate by Open-Water Unit-Process Wetlands with and without Ozone Pretreatment
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Scholes, Rachel C, King, Jacob F, Mitch, William A, and Sedlak, David L
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Clean Water and Sanitation ,Ecosystem ,Osmosis ,Ozone ,Waste Disposal ,Fluid ,Wastewater ,Water ,Water Pollutants ,Chemical ,Water Purification ,Wetlands ,Environmental Sciences - Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) treatment of municipal wastewater effluent is becoming more common as water reuse is implemented in water-stressed regions. Where RO concentrate is discharged with limited dilution, concentrations of trace organic contaminants could pose risks to aquatic ecosystems. To provide a low-cost option for removing trace organic compounds from RO concentrate, a pilot-scale treatment system comprising open-water unit-process wetlands with and without ozone pretreatment was studied over a 2-year period. A suite of ecotoxicologically relevant organic contaminants was partially removed via photo- and bio-transformations, including β-adrenergic blockers, antivirals, antibiotics, and pesticides. Biotransformation rates were as fast as or up to approximately 50% faster than model predictions based upon data from open-water wetlands that treated municipal wastewater effluent. Phototransformation rates were comparable to or as much as 60% slower than those predicted by models that accounted for light penetration and scavenging of reactive oxygen species. Several compounds were transformed during ozone pretreatment that were poorly removed in the open-water wetland. The combined treatment system resulted in a decrease in the risk quotients of trace organic contaminants in the RO concentrate, but still dilution may be required to protect sensitive species from urban-use pesticides with low environmental effect concentrations.
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- 2020
142. Laboratory Demonstration and Preliminary Techno-Economic Analysis of an Onsite Wastewater Treatment System
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Trotochaud, Lena, Andrus, Rebecca M, Tyson, Kayana J, Miller, Graham H, Welling, Claire M, Donaghy, Patrick E, Incardona, Joseph D, Evans, William A, Smith, Paul K, Oriard, Tim L, Norris, Ian D, Stoner, Brian R, Guest, Jeremy S, and Hawkins, Brian T
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Chemical Engineering ,Engineering ,Environmental Engineering ,Clean Water and Sanitation ,Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis ,Humans ,Laboratories ,Waste Disposal ,Fluid ,Wastewater ,Water Purification ,blackwater ,techno-economic analysis ,granular activated carbon ,ultrafiltration ,electrochemical disinfection ,ISO 30500 ,nonsewered sanitation system ,onsite wastewater treatment system ,Environmental Sciences - Abstract
Providing safe and reliable sanitation services to the billions of people currently lacking them will require a multiplicity of approaches. Improving onsite wastewater treatment to standards enabling water reuse would reduce the need to transport waste and fresh water over long distances. Here, we describe a compact, automated system designed to treat the liquid fraction of blackwater for onsite water reuse that combines cross-flow ultrafiltration, activated carbon, and electrochemical oxidation. In laboratory testing, the system consistently produces effluent with 6 ≤ pH ≤ 9, total suspended solids (TSS) < 30 mg L-1, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) < 150 mg L-1. These effluent parameters were achieved across a wide range of values for influent TSS (61-820 mg L-1) and COD (384-1505 mg L-1), demonstrating a robust system for treating wastewater of varying strengths. A preliminary techno-economic analysis (TEA) was conducted to elucidate primary cost drivers and prioritize research and development pathways toward commercial feasibility. The ultrafiltration system is the primary cost driver, contributing to >50% of both the energy and maintenance costs. Several scenario parameters showed an outsized impact on costs relative to technology parameters. Specific technological improvements for future prototype development are discussed.
- Published
- 2020
143. Thermoelastic micro-stretch solid immersed in an infinite inviscid fluid and subject to gravity under three-phase-lag model
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Othman, Mohamed I.A., Atwa, Sarhan Y., Eraki, Ebtesam E.M., and Ismail, Mohamed F.
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- 2023
- Full Text
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144. The Impact of a Dairy Milk Recovery Beverage on Bacterially Stimulated Neutrophil Function and Gastrointestinal Tolerance in Response to Hypohydration Inducing Exercise Stress.
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Costa, Ricardo J. S., Camões-Costa, Vera, Dixon, David, Snipe, Rhiannon M. J., Russo, Isabella, and Huschtscha, Zoya
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- *
ATHLETES , *BIOMARKERS , *CONFIDENCE intervals , *DAIRY products , *ENDURANCE sports training , *EXERCISE physiology , *FATTY acid-binding proteins , *GASTROINTESTINAL system , *HYDRATION , *HYDROCORTISONE , *MILK , *NEUTROPHILS , *RUNNING , *PHYSIOLOGICAL stress , *COOLDOWN , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *LEUKOCYTE count - Abstract
The study aimed to determine the impact of a dairy milk recovery beverage immediately after endurance exercise on leukocyte trafficking, neutrophil function, and gastrointestinal tolerance markers during recovery. Male runners (N = 11) completed two feeding trials in randomized order, after 2 hr of running at 70% ..., fluid restricted, in temperate conditions (25 °C, 43% relative humidity). Immediately postexercise, the participants received a chocolate-flavored dairy milk beverage equating to 1.2 g/kg body mass carbohydrate and 0.4 g/kg body mass protein in one trial, and water volume equivalent in another trial. Venous blood and breath samples were collected preexercise, postexercise, and during recovery to determine the leukocyte counts, plasma intestinal fatty acid binding protein, and cortisol concentrations, as well as breath H2. In addition, 1,000 μl of whole blood was incubated with 1 μg/ml Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide for 1 hr at 37 °C to determine the stimulated plasma elastase concentration. Gastrointestinal symptoms and feeding tolerance markers were measured preexercise, every 15 min during exercise, and hourly postexercise for 3 hr. The postexercise leukocyte (mean [95% confidence interval]: 12.7 [11.6, 14.0] x 109/L [main effect of time, MEOT]; p < .001) and neutrophil (10.2 [9.1, 11.5] x 109/L; p < .001) counts, as well as the plasma intestinal fatty acid binding protein (470 pg/ml; +120%; p = .012) and cortisol (236 nMol/L; +71%; p = .006) concentrations, were similar throughout recovery for both trials. No significant difference in breath H2 and gastrointestinal symptoms was observed between trials. The total (Trial x Time, p = .025) and per cell (Trial x Time, p = .001) bacterially stimulated neutrophil elastase release was greater for the chocolate-flavored dairy milk recovery beverage (+360% and +28%, respectively) in recovery, compared with the water trial (+85% and -38%, respectively). Chocolate-flavored dairy milk recovery beverage consumption immediately after exercise prevents the decrease in neutrophil function during the recovery period, and it does not account for substantial malabsorption or gastrointestinal symptoms over a water volume equivalent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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145. Sports Dietitians Australia Position Statement: Nutrition for Exercise in Hot Environments.
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McCubbin, Alan J., Cort, Michelle M., Crawshay, Siobhan T., Gaskell, Stephanie K., Jay, Ollie, Shaw, Gregory, Allanson, Bethanie A., Costa, Ricardo J. S., Desbrow, Ben, Hughes, David, Lalor, Benita J., Périard, Julien D., Caldwell Odgers, Joanne N., Cox, Gregory R., Freney, Eliza G., Irwin, Chris, Ross, Megan L. R., and Burke, Louise M.
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SPORTS nutrition , *ATHLETIC ability , *BEVERAGES , *BODY temperature , *BODY temperature regulation , *DRINKING (Physiology) , *EXERCISE , *EXERCISE physiology , *PHYSIOLOGICAL effects of heat , *HYDRATION , *NUTRITIONAL requirements , *WATER-electrolyte balance (Physiology) , *NUTRITIONAL status , *DEHUMANIZATION - Abstract
It is the position of Sports Dietitians Australia (SDA) that exercise in hot and/or humid environments, or with significant clothing and/or equipment that prevents body heat loss (i.e., exertional heat stress), provides significant challenges to an athlete's nutritional status, health, and performance. Exertional heat stress, especially when prolonged, can perturb thermoregulatory, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems. Heat acclimation or acclimatization provides beneficial adaptations and should be undertaken where possible. Athletes should aim to begin exercise euhydrated. Furthermore, preexercise hyperhydration may be desirable in some scenarios and can be achieved through acute sodium or glycerol loading protocols. The assessment of fluid balance during exercise, together with gastrointestinal tolerance to fluid intake, and the appropriateness of thirst responses provide valuable information to inform fluid replacement strategies that should be integrated with event fuel requirements. Such strategies should also consider fluid availability and opportunities to drink, to prevent significant under- or overconsumption during exercise. Postexercise beverage choices can be influenced by the required timeframe for return to euhydration and co-ingestion of meals and snacks. Ingested beverage temperature can influence core temperature, with cold/icy beverages of potential use before and during exertional heat stress, while use of menthol can alter thermal sensation. Practical challenges in supporting athletes in teams and traveling for competition require careful planning. Finally, specific athletic population groups have unique nutritional needs in the context of exertional heat stress (i.e., youth, endurance/ultra-endurance athletes, and para-sport athletes), and specific adjustments to nutrition strategies should be made for these population groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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146. Optimisation of high-output stomas: the role of the community nurse.
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Ramadan, Francesca
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- *
DIARRHEA prevention , *COMMUNITY health nurses , *OCCUPATIONAL roles , *SURGICAL stomas , *DIET in disease , *SOCIAL support , *ILEOSTOMY , *DRINKING (Physiology) , *OSTOMY , *DIET therapy , *NURSE-patient relationships , *NURSES , *HEALTH behavior , *PATIENT care , *MEDICAL practice , *BEHAVIOR modification - Abstract
Ostomy surgery is a life-changing intervention, with many significant and challenging lifestyle changes expected from the individual. The community nurse, with their wide-ranging scope of practice and intimate access to patients' lives, are well-placed to support individuals to manage their condition, especially in the case of a high-output stoma, a relatively common complication with potentially deadly consequences. The author outlines the practical interventions the community nurse can offer to the patient to optimise stomal output, including fluid restriction, dietary changes and support in self-care and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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147. EARLY FLUID RESUSCITATION IN SEPSIS: AN IN-DEPTH EVALUATION OF ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES.
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ANDERCO, PAULA MARIA
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SEPTIC shock , *SEPSIS , *INTENSIVE care units , *BLOOD volume , *RESUSCITATION - Abstract
Due to the disparity in oxygen uptake and utilization, unchecked systemic inflammation syndrome can lead to critical sepsis or even septic shock. Fluid therapy is used in the Intensive Care Units to increase blood volume. However, there's ongoing discussion about the choice of fluid and the optimal timing of using it. Fluid management in septic shock patients is intricate and while certain protocols are widespread, their effectiveness isn't uniformly backed by studies. This research seeks to provide fresh insights into the early use of fluids for septic shock resuscitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
148. Thermally Significant Fluid Seepage Through Thick Sediment on the Juan de Fuca Plate Entering the Cascadia Subduction Zone
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Benjamin Norvell, Thomas Kyritz, Glenn A. Spinelli, Robert N. Harris, Kristin Dickerson, Anne M. Tréhu, Suzanne Carbotte, Shuoshuo Han, Brian Boston, Michelle Lee, and The CHINOoK Project Science Party
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seepage ,fluid ,heat ,submarine fan ,Cascadia ,hydrothermal circulation ,Geophysics. Cosmic physics ,QC801-809 ,Geology ,QE1-996.5 - Abstract
Abstract We use heat flux measurements colocated with seismic reflection profiles over a buried basement high on the Juan de Fuca plate ∼25 km seaward of the deformation front offshore Oregon to test for the presence of hydrothermal circulation in the oceanic crust. We also revisit heat flux data crossing a buried basement high ∼25 km seaward of the deformation front ∼150 km north, offshore Washington. Seafloor heat flux is inversely correlated with sediment thickness, consistent with vigorous hydrothermal circulation in the basement aquifer homogenizing temperatures at the top of the basement. Heat flux immediately above the summit of the basement highs is greater than expected solely from conduction. Fluid seepage at rates of ∼2.6–5.4 cm yr−1 in a 1–1.5 km‐wide conduit through ∼800–1,300 m thick sediment sections above these basement highs can explain these observations. Observations of thermally significant fluid seepage through sediment >225 m thick on oceanic crust are unprecedented. High sediment permeability, high fluid overpressure in the basement, or a combination of both is required to drive fluid seepage at the observed rates. We infer that rapid seepage occurs because the basement highs rise above the low permeability basal sediment with their tops protruding into the base of high permeability Nitinat or Astoria Fan sediment. Seepage from basement highs penetrating into the submarine fans can affect the thermal state of crust entering the subduction zone.
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- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
149. Observation of viscous liquid flow in tobacco substrate during heating using optical coherence tomography
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Tiara N. Pratiwi, Toshiaki Iwai, Iori Nakaya, and I. Wuled Lenggoro
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fluid ,transport ,capillary ,evaporation ,porous ,Science - Abstract
The present study used optical coherence tomography (OCT) to monitor the dynamics of a highly viscous liquid in a porous tobacco substrate during heating. The OCT technique was integrated with a specially designed heating chamber and an air pump for measuring. Two transitional points in the liquid behaviours at different temperatures were estimated using OCT and statistical analysis of the attenuation coefficient. The first point, ‘A’, shows the time approximation at which the penetration-dominant zone transitions into the evaporation-dominant zone. The second point, ‘B’, indicates the time approximation at which rapid evaporation of free liquid transitions into slow evaporation of trapped and bound liquid. This analytical system is an alternative for tracking liquid transport in porous biomass during heating.
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- 2023
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150. Temporal Variations in QP−1 ${Q}_{P}^{-1}$ and QS−1 ${Q}_{S}^{-1}$ Above a Megathrust Following Episodic Slow‐Slip Events.
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Ito, Yosuke and Nakajima, Junichi
- Subjects
- *
FLUID flow , *WAVE analysis , *DRAINAGE , *ENERGY dissipation , *SHEAR waves , *FLUIDS - Abstract
Recent observations beneath central Japan have shown that periodic fluid drainage occurs during slow‐slip events (SSEs) based on temporal variations in QP−1 ${Q}_{P}^{-1}$ above the megathrust boundary of the subducting Philippine Sea slab. However, no previous studies have estimated associated QS−1 ${Q}_{S}^{-1}$. A comparison of QP−1 ${Q}_{P}^{-1}$ and QS−1 ${Q}_{S}^{-1}$ can provide clues to the mechanism of seismic attenuation because of different propagation characteristics of the two waves. We estimate temporal variations in QP−1 ${Q}_{P}^{-1}$ and QS−1 ${Q}_{S}^{-1}$ via spectral analyses of waveform data from November 2009 to August 2021 period. The results indicate that both QP−1 ${Q}_{P}^{-1}$ and QS−1 ${Q}_{S}^{-1}$ exhibit temporal variations at about 1‐year periodicity and there are systematic differences between QP−1 ${Q}_{P}^{-1}$ and QS−1 ${Q}_{S}^{-1}$ that QS−1 ${Q}_{S}^{-1}$ have smaller values, less insignificant variation, and weaker correlations with SSEs. Furthermore, QP−1/QS−1 ${Q}_{P}^{-1}/{Q}_{S}^{-1}$ increases concurrent with SSEs. These differences suggest that attenuation is caused by the wave‐induced fluid flow. QP−1/QS−1 ${Q}_{P}^{-1}/{Q}_{S}^{-1}$ could be an important parameter for detecting the presence of fluid. Plain Language Summary: Q−1 ${Q}^{-1}$ value, which represents energy dissipation of seismic wave, is an important parameter for detecting the anelastic heterogeneity in subsurface rocks. However, few observational studies have revealed the characteristics of both P‐ and S‐wave attenuation (QP−1 ${Q}_{P}^{-1}$ and QS−1 ${Q}_{S}^{-1}$, respectively) related to the presence of fluids in the crust and the uppermost mantle. This study reveals that both QP−1 ${Q}_{P}^{-1}$ and QS−1 ${Q}_{S}^{-1}$ show temporal variations associated with the inferred periodic drainage from the upper surface of a subducting slab but QS−1 ${Q}_{S}^{-1}$ is less fluctuated with time. We discuss a possible attenuation mechanism focusing on the differences in the observed QP−1 ${Q}_{P}^{-1}$ and QS−1 ${Q}_{S}^{-1}$ values and propose that the wave‐induced fluid flow (WIFF) may be a dominant control on the increases in attenuation concurrent with the drainage from the megathrust. The obtained results will provide important constraints on attenuation mechanism that is enhanced by the presence of fluid in rocks. Key Points: We estimated the long‐term temporal variations in QP−1 ${Q}_{P}^{-1}$ and QS−1 ${Q}_{S}^{-1}$ at 20–45 Hz above the megathrust boundary of the Philippine Sea PlateBoth QP−1 ${Q}_{P}^{-1}$ and QS−1 ${Q}_{S}^{-1}$ exhibited temporal variations with about 1‐year periodicity and spatiotemporal correlations with slow‐slip eventsSystematic differences between QP−1 ${Q}_{P}^{-1}$ and QS−1 ${Q}_{S}^{-1}$ may provide important constraints on attenuation mechanism enhanced by fluids [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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