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Background and Aims: Endobronchial Ultrasound Transbronchial Needle Aspiration (EBUS TBNA) is established as a minimally invasive way to sample intrathoracic abnormalities. The EBUS scope may be passed into the oesophagus to perform Endodoscopic UltraSound with Bronchoscope-guided Fine Needle Aspiration (EUS-B-FNA). In the setting of suspected lung cancer, the combination of the two techniques is now recommended by consensus guidelines. EBUS TBNA is usually performed by pulmonologists, however, the learning curve for EUS-B-FNA, which may be performed during the same procedure, has not been described. Method(s): Multicentre, observational Australian study using prospec-tively collected data from three experienced pulmonologists. Cumulative sum (cusum) analysis was used to generate visual learning curves. Result(s): 152 target lesions were sampled in 137 patients, with an overall sensitivity for malignancy of 94.8%. The sensitivity for malignant lesions outside the 2009 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer lymph node map (largely intraparenchymal lesions) was 92.9%. All three operators were competent by conventional cusum criteria. There was one pneumothorax and no episodes of mediastinitis or oesophageal perforation. Conclusion(s): Our data suggest experienced pulmonologists can safely and accurately perform EUS-B-FNA, with high diagnostic sensitivity for both lymph node and non-nodal lesions.

© 2017 International Ambient Media Association (iAMEA). All rights reserved. Children killed or seriously injured through road accidents can be avoided through an appropriate safety training. Through play and engagement children learn and understand hazards at i.e. railway stations, bus stops, crossings, school zones, train stations, footpaths, or while cycling. We developed a rapid prototype of an Augmented Reality (AR) safety training proof-of-concept demonstrator for a scaled real-world model of dangerous road hazards. Two scenarios have been picked to give children the possibility to apply, and acquire knowledge of road safety: 1. handling emergency situations and informing authorities; 2. correct behavior at a bus stop on arrival/departure of a bus. In this paper we discuss our design approach, outline the technical implementation of the system, and give a brief overview of our lessons learned.

Background: Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a commonly used diagnostic and research tool. Currently, there is limited evidence regarding standardizing this technique. The type of suction method and number of aliquots used as well as the anatomic lung segment sampled are not standardized nor well studied. Our primary aim was to compare the quantity and quality of BAL specimens using 2 suction methods, hand-held syringe versus wall suction. Our secondary aim was to assess which anatomic lung segment yields the greatest BAL results and how many aliquots are required. Method(s): A prospective clinical study was performed in patients undergoing bronchoscopies using hand-held syringe or wall suction. On the basis of radiologic findings, 100 mL (with 4 aliquots) of normal saline was instilled and the percentage volume return calculated. Result(s): Sixy-six patients were enrolled. Thirty-three patients received hand-held syringe and 33 using wall suction. There was no significant difference in the percentage volume returned, or the adequacy of fluid between these suction methods. When comparing volumes of return from different lobes, greater returns were demonstrated from the right middle lobe (P=0.002). In addition, with each sequential aliquot instilled, the return of fluid was increased significantly (P<0.001). Conclusion(s): No significant difference was observed between hand-held syringe and wall suction in terms of volumes returned and microbiological or diagnostic yield. Performance of BAL in the right middle lobe is associated with increased return and should be preferentially used when performing a nontargeted BAL in patients with diffuse computed tomography chest changes.Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.