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Plain text is commonly utilized for online news and social media transmission due to its lightweight and cross-platform nature. Unfortunately, it may easily be exploited by attackers (For instance, in cases when the language is altered for specific goals, illegal access to the material or its abuse is possible.) To solve this problem, we embed secret texts (ST) within seemingly innocuous cover texts (CT) so that we can track CT for modifications. Based on the findings of this study, a method is provided for ST embedding in CT in which binary ST digits are converted to CT binary digits through Characters in ASCII (containing whitespace, punctuation, and special characters). Before commencing the embedding procedure, Using a One-Time Pad (OTP), the ST text was translated into ciphertext, and the value of each character was changed into a binary integer with a length of seven bits. As opposed to the ST text, which required additional time to encode, the CT text could be converted into a binary integer using just the first seven bits. During the embedding process, It was decided to swap the first bit of the ST character for the first bit of the CT character, which both had the same amount of bits (putting the first bit of the ST character, for example, on the same line as the first bit of the CT character). Any piece of ST that was recorded on any bit of CT served as a stage key. Extracting ST from CT requires the stage key. The embedded information served effectively as text steganography or watermark, and the CT's appearance was unaffected by the embedding procedure. In other words, the 1 character of ST might be concealed by using 7 CT characters. Also, a Jaro-Winkler Distance of 1 meant that the stage texts made couldn't be told apart from CT by looking at them.

Structural transformation is characterized by successful industrialization with continued growth in both manufacturing and service industry. It creates lot of job opportunities by exploring unexploited industries that leads to sustainable economic growth and higher standard of living. Industrialization requires systematic and strong coordination mechanism geared with committed leadership. Industrialization in Pakistan has been partially successful and faced with many challenges. In this regard, product space analysis was conducted to thoroughly assess Pakistan’s opportunity space and challenges for future industrialization. To this end, various priority sectors were identified given their compatibility and proximity with Pakistan’s production capacity and finally an appropriate industrial policy is recommended for future course of industrialization. This study is greatly helpful for government policy makers to formulate feasible industrial policies in accordance with the productive capability of Pakistan, for potential investors and entrepreneurs to venture into potentially viable business opportunities and for academics to better understand the dynamics of industrialization.

This research aims to demonstrate the impact of Entrepreneurial Leadership on Organizational Excellence in the Authority, the research sample, and to diagnose the relationship between the research variables and their dimensions, and starting from the basic problem by asking about the role of entrepreneurial leadership as an independent variable represented by its three dimensions (Proactive, Innovation, Risk Taking) in Organizational Excellence as a variable Responsive, represented by its four dimensions (Customer Satisfaction, Technology Dissemination, Quality of Service, Competitiveness), and for the purpose of reaching the results, the descriptive analytical method was used in presenting and interpreting the research information, and to achieve the research objectives, the questionnaire was used as a main tool for collecting the necessary information as well as field observation. The research community represented all the leaders from (high and middle) in the National Investment Commission, while the research sample (intentionally stratified) numbered (106), and it represented the research sample that is valid for statistical analysis. Their number reached (99) respondents using the comprehensive enumeration method. The statistical analysis of the research concluded To a number of results, the most prominent of which was the presence of a significant impact of entrepreneurial leadership on organizational excellence, and this indicates that entrepreneurial leadership has an effective and influential role in achieving excellence. Regulators, that is, whenever the National Investment Commission seeks to implement pioneering leadership, this will constitute a major and effective factor in reaching organizational excellence.

The prevalence of neck-associated pain has increased in the last decade due to the overuse of electronic devices like computers and laptops. The rate of neck pain and computer usage is very high in Pakistan, which is alarming. The aim of this study was to provide data about neck pain and its possible association with computer usage in the academic staff of private universities in Peshawar, Pakistan. A cross-sectional study, consisting of the academic staff of three private sector universities of Peshawar (Abasyn University, City University, and Sarhad University) who were using a laptop or desktop computer, was carried out. The study's sample size was 204, comprising both genders (male/female) who were using a computer or laptop for more than 2 hours daily and whiteboard users. Those individuals who had recent neck injuries or conditions related to cervical pain, like rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, infections, and tumors, were excluded from the study. The neck disability index questionnaire measured the study outcome. This study's results demonstrate a strong association between neck pain and computer usage amongst academic staff of private sector universities in Peshawar.

The recent two decades have witnessed tremendous growth in Internet of things (IoT) applications. There are more than 50 billion devices connected globally. IoT applications’ connectivity with the Internet persistently victimized them with a divergent range of traditional threats, including viruses, worms, malware, spyware, Trojans, malicious code injections, and backdoor attacks. Traditional threats provide essential services such as authentication, authorization, and accountability. Authentication and authorization are the process of verifying that a subject is bound to an object. Traditional authentication and authorization mechanisms use three different factors to identity a subject to verify if the subject has the right capability to access the object. Further, it is defined that a computer virus is a type of malware. Malware includes computer viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware, and ransomware. There is a high probability that IoT systems can get infected with a more sophisticated form of malware and high-frequency electromagnetic waves. Purpose oriented with distinct nature IoT devices is developed to work in a constrained environment. So there is a dire need to address these security issues because relying on existing traditional techniques is not good. Manufacturers and researchers must think about resolving these security and privacy issues. Most importantly, this study identifies the knowledge and research gap in this area. The primary objective of this systematic literature review is to discuss the divergent types of threats that target IoT systems. Most importantly, the goal is to understand the mode of action of these threats and develop the recovery mechanism to cover the damage. In this study, more than 170 research articles are systematically studied to understand security and privacy issues. Further, security threats and attacks are categorized on a single platform and provide an analysis to explain how and to what extent they damage the targeted IoT systems. This review paper encapsulates IoT security threats and categorizes and analyses them by implementing a comparative study. Moreover, the research work concludes to expand advanced technologies, e.g., blockchain, machine learning, and artificial intelligence, to guarantee security, privacy, and IoT systems.

New series of 4,4'-((2-(Aryl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-1,3(2H)-diyl)bis(methylene))Diphenol(3a-g) was successfully synthesized from cyclization of the reduction product of bis Schiff bases (2) with aryl aldehydes bearing phenolic hydroxyl in the presence of acetic acid. The structure of these compounds was identified from FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and EIMs. The Antioxidant capability was screened by DPPH and FRAP assays. Both assays showed antioxidant capability more than BHT as well. Compounds 3b and 3c showed antioxidant capacity slightly less than ascorbic acid. The docking study for theses compound was carried out as III DNA polymerase inhibitor. The results of docking demonstrated that the increase in hinderances around phenolic hydroxyl for the aryl attached position two for benzimidazole decrease the capability of interaction and give less bending and smaller docking score and there is inverse relationship between increasing hindrances around phenolic hydroxyl and DNA polymerase inhibition for these compounds.

The objective is to determine how the disposal of Waste, GSCP, and WR affected the company's productivity. The study used a correlational design to examine the relationships between variables. Furthermore, the study was descriptive, and data were acquired using various methods (qualitative and quantitative). In addition, the study's quantitative component was a questionnaire-based survey, and its qualitative component was a series of in-depth interviews with key individuals. A Likert scale questionnaire was used to gather the research's primary data, while the secondary data was gathered through reviewing previous articles. The data gathered was then measured using a statistical technique and the SPSS software. The study concluded that Waste and WR disposal is significant, but GSCP has an insignificant impact on the company's productivity. Furthermore, waste directly impacts human development, both socially and technologically. Waste management is distinct from resource recovery, which is concerned with lowering the pace at which natural resources are used. All waste materials, whether solid, liquid, gaseous, or radioactive, are included in WM. WM practices might differ across developed and emerging countries, urban and rural areas, industrial producers, and residential areas.

In this work, authors used waste plastic bottle and aluminIum foil further modified with graphene oxide as triboelectric material to construct a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). The proposed device is based on a single electrode system. The operating mechanism involves the generation of energy by tapping the surfaces with hand or finger. TENG material provided good response and charge retaining capacity. The device is eco-friendly; provide easiness, and simplicity of process. The substrate material is of inertness nature so can be used in wet conditions as well. The results were conducted by measuring the open-circuit voltage, short circuit current, total charge density, and power density at different frequencies from 1Hz to 3Hz. The TENG generated approximate open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, charge density, and maximum power density values of 1400 V, 45 µA, 120 nC/m2, and 300 μW/cm2, respectively by finger pressing and releasing. The application was run to charge 2 nF and 10 nF capacitor by TENG and successful results were obtained. This study provides an effective method for developing a cost-effective TENG without the use of complex surface micro-/nano-texturing.

In this work, the effects of different fiber loadings on the mechanical properties of the composites at the sub-micron scale were studied through nanoindentation followed by physical characterization. The composites were prepared by incorporating different loadings of wheat straw, corn stalk, and rice husk in polypropylene copolymer using a melt processing method followed by thermal–hydraulic compression technique. Nanoindentation experiments in quasi-continuous stiffness mode were performed on the surfaces of produced composites to study the composites’ elastic modulus, hardness, and creep properties. The obtained results expressed the in-depth study of the micro- and macro-level structure and behavior of particle interactions. The findings demonstrated that observable shifts in composites’ hardness, elastic modulus, and creep rate had occurred. The WS-reinforced biocomposite sheet showed the highest elastic modulus of 1.09 and hardness of 0.11 GPa at 40 wt% loading in comparison to other loadings. An impact strength of 7.55 kJ/m2 was noted for the biocomposite at 40 wt% RH loading. In addition, optical microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, water absorption, thickness swelling, and Vicat softening point studies were conducted on biocomposite sheets to evaluate differences in physical, mechanical, and thermal properties. The outstanding mechanical performance of the newly developed composites makes them suitable for use as a biodegradable packaging material.

Background:Over the past few decades, there has been a remarkable increase in the general population awareness regarding the usage of contraception. effective strategies should be implemented to raise awareness of the appropriate use of contraceptives among Saudi population. Study aim:This study aims to assess the level of awareness of contraceptive use among females and male participation in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods:A quantitative approach was utilized, with a cross-sectional design. The participants was selected through convenience sampling from Riyadh. The data was collected through an online self-administered questionnaire consisting of four sections: demographic characteristics, awareness and attitudes towards contraceptive methods, contraceptive use and male participation, and access to contraceptive services. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results:The study included 503 participants, 39.6% of them were 31- 40 years old. 80.7% of participants used contraceptives before (75.6% of them used oral pills, 41.9% used IUD, and 32.3% used condoms). 46.6% used contraception always, 30.8% a lot, and 21.4% use it scarcely. 31% of study participants have good awareness score, 55.7% have moderate awareness, and 13.3% have poor awareness. Also, 17% of participants have weak perception score, 20.2% had moderate perception, and 62.8% had good perception scores. Conclusion:The study illustrates low awareness and perception of contraceptives among studied females in Saudi Arabia. A significant association between awareness scores of participants regarding contraceptives with their age, educational level, marital status, job and monthly income. However, perception of contraceptives was not associated with any of the sociodemographic characters. &nbsp

Freezing and thawing are common phenomena and potential sources of N2O emissions in ecosystems at high latitudes. Earlier it was hypothesized that the frozen soil layer might trap the underlying production of N2O and release this as the top layer is thawed. However, newer research has found other factors playing role in the de novo emissions such as fluctuating availability of organic matter, nitrates, and ammonia, microbial activity, and changing oxic conditions of the soil. But, the variation in the abundance of genes involved in the nitrogen cycle during these events is rarely explained thus, a generally accepted theory of the impact of freeze-thaw on N2O fluxes is still missing.To further investigate the relationships between physical, chemical, and microbial parameters with N2O emissions, we conducted a two-week experiment of three thaw-freeze events in March 2022 using artificial heating with electrical cables installed in collars of greenhouse gas sampling chambers conducted in a drained Downy birch peatland forest. Gas and soil samples were obtained on three non-consecutive days from these collars. Soil temperature, soil water content (SWC), NH4-N, and NO3-N were measured in the soil. Also, the abundances of functional genes involved in the nitrification (bacterial, archaeal, and comammox (complete ammonia oxidation) amoA) and denitrification (nirS, nirK, nosZI, and nosZII) were known using qPCR.Our results show that artificial heating induced the thawing of the frozen top layer of soil during our experiment. The increase in soil surface temperature positively correlated with the soil water content in the top layer (R=0.58, p

Tropical peatlands are important sources or sinks of greenhouse gases CH4 and N2O. However, comprehensive greenhouse gas flux assessments that incorporate different compartments of the ecosystem are scarce. The sensitivity of peatland greenhouse gas fluxes to hydrologic variability adds to the large uncertainty. Greenhouse gas dynamics of tropical Réunion Island peatland forests has not been previously studied. In addition, tree stems in tropical peatlands have been shown to emit CH4 under waterlogged soil conditions, but further knowledge of these fluxes under different environmental and hydrological conditions is needed.We aimed to quantify the fluxes of CH4 and N2O from tree stems and soil in high-altitude (1500-1600 m a.s.l.) cloud forest areas on peat soil on Réunion Island. Two study sites were examined during the dryer season – Plaine des Cafres and Forêt de Bébour. Stem fluxes were determined from tree heather Erica reunionensis (both study sites) and tree fern Alsophila glaucifolia (Plaine des Cafres) using static chamber systems mounted on tree stems, connected to trace gas analysers LI-COR LI-7810 (CH4) and LI-7820 (N2O), which measured gas concentration changes in chamber headspace during 10 minutes. Soil gases were sampled using static soil chamber systems at 20-minute intervals during one-hour sessions and analysed with gas chromatography (Shimadzu GC-2014). Soil environmental parameters were measured simultaneously with gas measurements at each site.Preliminary results show that stems of Erica emitted negligible amounts of CH4 (0.3 ± 2.71 (mean ± standard error) µg C m−2 h−1 at Plaine des Cafres and 0.58 ± 0.26 µg C m−2 h−1 at Forêt de Bébour) and small amounts of N2O (6.25 ± 2.37 µg N m−2 h−1 and 1.43 ± 4.65 µg N m−2 h−1, respectively). Tree ferns took up CH4 from the atmosphere (−21.45 ± 10.75 µg C m−2 h−1) but had negligible N2O fluxes. Soils at both study sites were sinks of CH4 (−12.41 ± 11.37 µg C m−2 h−1 and −21.5 ± 5.91 µg C m−2 h−1) and small sources of N2O (1.06 ± 0.38 µg N m−2 h−1 and 0.37 ± 0.72 µg N m−2 h−1).Our results indicate that stems of Erica reunionensis and Alsophila glaucifolia do not emit significant amounts of CH4 and N2O to the atmosphere in the tropical peatlands of Réunion Island during the dryer season. Nevertheless, it is crucial to further monitor greenhouse gas emissions for a longer period to clarify spatio-temporal dynamics in different environmental conditions. In addition, the consumption of CH4 by tree ferns shows that variability of greenhouse gas fluxes from stems of different tree species needs further attention to determine the contribution of trees to total ecosystem greenhouse gas budgets for improved global assessments.

The scope of this study was to assess the prevalence, severity of extension, and risk factors of gingivitis among pregnant women. In this cross-sectional study, 220 nulliparous women at 3 months of pregnancy were recruited in 2022 at the first obstetrical visit in Dakar, Senegal. Demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, prenatal clinical status, and oral clinical parameters were recorded. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to assess relationships between gingivitis and risk factors. Eighty-eight percent of women had gingivitis, 15% were classified as moderate and 73% as severe. A total of 66.7% (95% CI [28.8–92.1]) of the sites had bleeding on interdental brushing. The odds for gingivitis decreased significantly for women consuming more than five portions of fruits and vegetables per day (OR = 0.15; 95% CI [0.03–0.66]) and increased in women who had a professional activity (OR = 6.75; 95% CI [1.27–35.87]) and high education. Concomitantly, the percentage of dental plaque (OR = 131.6; 95% CI [10.80–1619.71] and the severity of clinical attachment loss (OR = 7.70; 95% CI [3.16–18.92]) were important risk factors. Inverse associations were observed with increasing body mass index (OR = 0.76; 95% CI [0.63–0.93]). Our results underline that gingivitis cases and bleeding were particularly high among 3-month pregnant women. Literacy and adequate oral hygiene actions to modify behaviors and to achieve meticulous biofilm disorganization could make a favorable change in the gingival health outcome. Additionally, further research is necessary to precisely determine the role of biofilm-induced gingivitis and systemic-induced gingivitis in improving gingival conditions.