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Firm size plays an important role in determining firm’s performance even though it’s not clear whether firm size affect organizational perfor[1]mance. Therefore; an investigation is required to assess the effect firm size and structure will have on firm’s performance. The specific objectives were to investigate the relationship between firm size and firm performance and to analyze the relationship between organizational structure and firm per[1]formance. For the purpose of this study primary data was used. The ex[1]post facto method was employed. The population consists of the members of staff of Guinness International PLC Plant, Lagos Nigeria. Yamane for[1]mula was adopted to determine the sample size. The data was analyzed us[1]ing manual and electronic based methods through the data preparation grid and statistical package for the social sciences, (SPSS). Linear regression analysis method which also makes use of ANOVA was employed to test the hypothesis. The findings of this study have shown a positive relation[1]ship between firm size and competitive advantage such that competitive advantage is affected by firm size. A finding from the study also shows that there is significant relationship between organizational structure and firm performance. It was concluded that strategic factors cannot be overempha[1]sized in determine the size, structure and performance of firm. This study has made us understand the effect of strategic factor on firm performance and also revealed immense benefit to both local and international firms as well as useful to students for further research. This study will make orga[1]nizations to understand the effect of strategic factor on firm performance and it will also be of immense benefit to both local and international firms as well as useful to students for further research. It will help management and manager to identify the effect of strategic factors on firm performance. The study will give more insight into the relationship between strategic factors and firm performance for academician.

This study seeks to empirically examine the influence of capital structure, liquidity, firm value, firm size, and external factors on profitability within companies operating in the property and real estate sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, utilizing sample data from 2018 to 2022. Through purposive sampling, 10 companies were selected as research subjects, employing panel data regression analysis. The findings indicate that liquidity and company size have a negative and significant impact on profitability. Conversely, inflation exerts a positive and significant influence on profitability. However, neither capital structure nor firm value significantly affect profitability. These results contribute to understanding the factors influencing the profitability of property and real estate sector companies within the Indonesian capital market context.

Crowdsourcing has emerged as a valuable tool for organizations seeking to access external knowledge and resources for their innovation processes. This study aims to investigate crowdsourcing capabilities in the context of new product development initiatives, with a focus on exploring the moderating effects of firm size and type. Structural Equation Modeling using Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) is used to analyze both the measurement and structural models, with data drawn from 217 owners and managers of diverse businesses in Indonesia. These businesses range from small to medium-scale enterprises across various types, including cafes, restaurants, fashion, culinary, and furniture. The findings reveal a positive and significant impact of crowdsourcing capabilities on new product development initiatives (β = 0.746, p = 0.000). Moreover, the relationship between crowdsourcing and new product development is moderated by firm size (whether small or medium) (β = 0.103, p = 0.045) and the type of business (β = 0.157, p = 0.012). The outcomes of this study are anticipated to enrich the body of knowledge and provide valuable guidance for enterprises seeking to harness crowdsourcing in their new product development processes, with specific factors like firm size and type taken into account. AcknowledgmentThis study was supported by the Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, and Technology Research in 2022: Research Grant Scheme “PDUPT”No. 124/LL1/LT/K/2022.

The study’s main purpose is to investigate the impacts of human capital efficiency (HCE) on the firm performance of non-certified and quality-certified firms from the European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) Excellence Model. The study also examines the relationship between firm performance and quality-certificates from the European Foundation.

This research discussed HRA’s impact on a company’s financial performance. Human Resource Accounting (HRA) is measured by using 16 indicators, while financial performance uses 4 indicators, which consist of return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), firm size, and leverage ratio. The analytical method used is binary logistic regression. The result shows that none of the HRA indicators affect ROA, while the other three are still affected by HRA indicators. Employment report indicators and other employee benefits in HRA indexes significantly affect ROE. Human resource policy, human resource development fund, and superannuation fund affect firm size the most. The last leverage ratio is significantly affected by human resource policy. This research has implications for manufacturing companies to increase information transparency for investors in the capital market through the sustainability disclosure of periodical HRA reports. Meanwhile, it is recommended that the government take action to encourage HRA disclosure for public companies in Indonesia by making the standards and regulations needed.

Corporate governance is a stewardship system where directors are expected to provide leadership and supervision of the management of an organization and communicate to the absentee owners on the progress and performance of the organization, including through financial reporting. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) were created to ensure corporate transparency, comparability, consistency and integrity of financial reporting. Since corporate governance is to ensure the effective operation of an organization, it is assumed that corporate governance will lead to quality financial reporting all other things being equal. Despite the existence of numerous publications on the relationship between corporate governance and financial reporting quality, the scientific literature still lacks comprehensive studies on the impact of individual firm characteristics on this relationship. The objective of this study is to assess how firm characteristics such as Firm size, Firm age, and ROA influence the relationship between corporate governance and the quality of financial reporting. A regression analysis based on balanced panel data of 598 observations from 46 companies in Ghana with full annual reports from 2009 to 2021 allowed us to assess the impact of such corporate governance variances as Board Size, Board Gender Diversity, and Independence of the Audit Committee on IFRS compliance. Mitigating effects and hypothetical correlations between variables were assessed using the STATA software package. Using the Hausman test, the appropriateness of the fixed effects model was substantiated (model specifications for proxy variables and moderating variables were built). The first part of the study was based on the results of linear regression. The linear regression results suggest that Board Size significantly predict IFRS compliance with a coefficient of 0.003 and p-value of 0.028. The independence of the Audit Committee exhibits a positive and statistically significant relationship with IFRS compliance, with a coefficient of 0.027 and a p-value of 0.018. Board Gender Diversity, despite having a coefficient of 0.024, does not display a statistically significant relationship with IFRS compliance (p=0.682). The second part of the study involved analysis to assess the moderating effect of firm characteristics on the relationship between corporate governance and financial reporting quality (an effect that occurs when a third variable changes the nature of the relationship between a predictor and an outcome, especially in analyses such as multiple regression). In this case, the results were different. In particular, Board Size does not significantly influence IFRS compliance with a coefficient of 0.001 and p-value of 0.477. Board Gender Diversity negatively influences IFRS compliance with a coefficient of -0.882 and is highly significant at the 1% level. The Independence of the Audit Committee is positively associated with IFRS compliance, with a coefficient of 0.233 and significance at the 1% level. In terms of firm characteristics, Firm Size and Return on Assets both exhibit significant negative relationships with IFRS compliance, while Firm Age (FA) has a positive effect, all significant at the 5% level. Again, the findings of the study showed that the relationship between board size and IFRS compliance changes depending on the firm's return on assets and that there is a significant positive interaction between Board Gender Diversity and firm characteristics. While firm size and firm age significantly moderate the relationship between the independence of the audit committee and IFRS compliance. The findings of the study indicated a significant impact of both Board Gender Diversity and Independence of the Audit Committee on the level of compliance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Specifically, the link was shown to be highly influenced by firm characteristics such as size, age, and return on assets. Thus, the study allowed us to confirm the hypothesis that the success of corporate governance in guaranteeing high-quality financial reporting depends on certain characteristics of the organisation. It is advisable for regulatory agencies to consider the modification of governance principles to align with the unique characteristics of specific firms. There is a growing call for firms to actively promote and support gender diversity among their Board of directors, as well as prioritize the independence of their Audit committees. Furthermore, it is advisable for organisations to adopt a proactive stance to enhance internal controls and implement targeted training programmes for board members, with the aim of effectively addressing unique issues faced by the organisation.

Firm innovation is of vital importance to New Zealand's economy, but we understand little about how different human resource (workforce) factors influence innovation approaches (product/services innovation, process innovation, and innovation speed). We explore three human resource (HR) factors: workforce knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs), workforce attraction, and workforce retention, using a sample of New Zealand private sector firms (n = 402). Regression analysis shows all HR factors are significant predictors of all innovation approaches. Further analysis shows workforce KSAs is dominant towards product/service innovation, workforce attraction is dominant towards process innovation, and workforce retention is dominant towards innovation speed. Moderating effects by firm size are found showing small-sized firms out innovate large-sized firms when workforce KSA are high, despite small-sized firms having, on average, weaker HR factors and innovation approaches than large-sized firms. We highlight the organisational implications across small – and large-sized firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to analyze the influence of firm size and leverage on earnings quality and the moderation of family ownership on the influence of leverage and firm size on earnings quality. The research population includes all manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for 2019-2022. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling, so the sample must meet the specified criteria to represent the population. Thus, the number of samples in the research was 664 companies. The data analysis method uses descriptive and Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). The research results show that firm size positively affects earnings quality, leverage does not affect earnings quality, and family ownership proves a positive interaction between firm size and earnings quality. Family ownership positively interacts leverage with earnings quality, meaning that leverage in family-controlled companies can encourage management to carry out discretionary accruals. This research contributes positively to companies by providing information about the factors that influence earnings quality, gaining knowledge about quality earnings through the influence of firm size and leverage, and highlighting the moderating potential of family ownership in this context. The practical implications can help company stakeholders optimize earnings management policies and strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This paper focuses on the evaluation of the impact of the use of compensation bonuses during a pandemic on the economic situation of companies. Methods: In order to achieve this objective, a primary quantitative survey in the form of a questionnaire survey was conducted in Czech enterprises and two research questions were set. The research questions were answered by testing four hypotheses, which focused on testing the relationship between the use of compensation bonuses and the nature of the change in the economic situation of the enterprise in terms of sector, size and prevailing business relationship. The parametric two-sample onefactor ANOVA and Pearson's Chi-squared test were used to test the hypotheses. Main findings: The results showed that the use of compensation bonuses was associated with a negative change in the economic situation of the firms. Differences in the magnitude of the effect were observed in terms of the prevailing business relationship and the size of the enterprises. The business sector did not affect the strength of the association between bonus use and change in economic situation. Limitations of the paper: the paper focuses on observing the short-term trend and is limited to Czech enterprises during the pandemic period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The health food industry is comprised of firms of varying sizes. Does firm size influence consumers' perceptions of how healthy its offerings are? This research proposes that products from smaller firms are perceived to be healthier. This is because smaller firms are perceived to be more moral, and these moral perceptions, in turn, influence health perceptions. Study 1 shows that products from a smaller firm are perceived to be healthier than products from a larger firm. Study 2 demonstrates mediation via moral perceptions. Study 3 shows that the health bias toward smaller firms diminishes when larger firms emphasize their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Next, study 4, through an analysis of Yelp reviews, shows how firm size can influence word-of-mouth. Finally, study 5, via a Facebook experiment, shows that health-conscious consumers are more receptive to advertisements from smaller firms. Hence, these findings present implications for managers seeking to promote health-focused products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International trade activities cannot be separated from various risks that may arise in its operations. The risk that often arises in companies that carry out international trade is fluctuating foreign exchange rates. One way to deal with foreign exchange rate risk is by hedging. The aim of this research is to determine the influence of firm size, leverage and profitability on company hedging decisions. This type of research uses quantitative research. The sample is companies in the Consumer Goods Industry Sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2021-2022 period which were selected using a purposive sampling technique. The data collection method documentation uses methods sourced from the company's official website. The data analysis technique uses logistic regression analysis. The research results show 1) there is no significant influence between firm size on the company's hedging decisions, because the sig value is 0.221 > 0.05; 2) there is no significant influence between leverage and the company's hedging decisions, because the sig value is 0.262 > 0.05; and 3) there is a significant influence between profitability and the company's hedging decisions, shown by a sig value of 0.002 < 0.05. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current study aims to investigate the determinants that has impacted on non-life insurance companies’ profitability in Nepalese scenario. Four industries were selected as sample purposively. The data from 2011/12 to 2020/21 AD have been incorporated. The study has chosen to use a descriptive and correlational research design. The firm size, price earnings ratio, earnings per share, and claim paid are the predictors and profitability proxied by ROA was the predicted variable. The study found that the most prominent determinants for profitability in non-life insurance companies are EPS and company size. The PE ratio and claims paid have been found as less prioritized factors of the predicted variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to explore the impact of leverage, profitability, company size, managerial ownership, and corporate social responsibility (CSR) on the value of a company. The population that is the focus of this study are 68 manufacturing companies listed on IDX during the 2019-2022 period. The method applied is purposive sampling. The results showed that leverage as well as profitability have a significant influence on firm value, while firm size, managerial ownership, and CSR do not have any significant influence on firm value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of the research was to find out the profitability and firm size on value firm with capital structure as intervening variable of LQ 45 firm in Indonesia Stock Exchange. The samples consist of 26 LQ 45 firm listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period of 2014-2016, the research method use structural equation meodeling (SEM) with the help of software AMOS 21.0. The result of the research indicate that profitability, firm size and capital structure have a influence positive and significant on value firm. Profitability have a influence positive and not significant on capital structure and firm size have a influence positive and significant on capital structure. Futhermore, capital structure can function as intervening variable in the effect negative and significant of firm size but it does not effect of profitability in the effect positive and not significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to OECD (2023), "Tax avoidance practices cost countries 100-240 billion USD in lost revenue annually, which is the equivalent to 4-10% of the global corporate income tax." And according to Global Financial Integrity Report (2015), "Indonesia is ranked ninth in Asia concerning the issue of tax losses." One of the tax avoidance practices is thin capitalization. Companies tend to choose debt over equity in their financing in this practice. This is because debt incurs interest expense which can be tax deductible. The Government of Indonesia (GOI) implemented thin capitalization rules to limit the debt shifting practice as a tax avoidance scheme in 2015. This study examines the effect of thin capitalization toward tax avoidance on healthcare companies listed in Indonesian State Exchange (IDX). Tax avoidance is proxied by Effective Tax Rate, while thin capitalization is proxied by Maximum Amount of Debt (MAD). There are two variable controls in this study; they are firm size and profitability. Firm size is proxied by the natural log of total assets, while profitability is proxied by return on assets (ROA). Based on six healthcare companies listed in IDX period 2016-2021, regression results indicate that thin capitalization significantly and positively affect tax avoidance. Companies with high thin capitalization have high effective tax rates. Meanwhile, firm size and profitability do not have a significant effect on tax avoidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a sample of United Kingdom (UK) non-financial firms from 2009 to 2021, this paper examines the operating performance effect of aggressive and moderate use of trade payables and bank credit. The results demonstrate a hierarchical effect of the use of short-term credit on firms operating performance. In particular, the results show that aggressive use of bank credit achieves higher operating performance, followed by moderate use of trade payables and bank credit and then aggressive use of trade payables. We further document that operating performance of firms dealing in differentiated products, lower firm size, firms with higher market power and financially stable firms' increases with aggressive and moderate use of trade payables and bank credit. Overall, the results indicate that firm operating performance is an increasing function of bank credit use and demonstrate the importance of short-term credit policies on firms' operating performance. The results are robust after using a novel approach in addressing the issue of endogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to reveal how Total Asset Turnover, Current Ratio, and sales growth affect Return on Asset in property and real estate companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, by drawing attention to how Firm Size can moderate each effect. The study was carried out using quantitative approaches along with tools for verification and description analysis. The study employed secondary data gathered from the 2015–2022 annual financial statements of companies in the property and real estate subsector from the Indonesia Stock Exchange and the Company's official websites. Sampling was carried out using purposive random sampling technique, so that from the total population of 79 companies, but there were only 10 companies that were considered eligible for the sample. This study ensures that Total Asset Turn Over, Current Ratio, and Sales Growth have a significant effect on Return on Asset of property and real estate companies on the IDX 2015-2022, with a coefficient of determination of 50.7%. When moderated by Firm Size, the effect increases to 94.8%, emphasizing the importance of these factors and the significant role of Firm Size in increasing profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides a summary of multiple articles and research studies on the topics of green accounting, leverage, firm size, profitability, and firm value. The studies analyze the relationships between these variables and their impact on environmental performance, sustainable performance, corporate social responsibility, and financial performance. The findings suggest that profitability has a strong and positive impact on firm value, while the impact of green accounting practices on firm value is insignificant. Leverage has a significant relationship with firm value, but the effect is mitigated by profitability. The studies recommend strategic use of debt financing and conservative debt strategies for managers. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose- This study examines the relationship between human talent capital and firm performance, focusing on firm value, growth opportunities, and volatility. The interaction effect of firm size on this association is also explored. Study Design/methodology/approach - This quantitative study uses a fixed effects model; the study analyzes data from 290 firms over 11 years (2013-2023). Diagnostic tests are employed to ensure the robustness of the results. Findings- The findings of the study reveal a significant positive impact of human talent capital on firm value and growth opportunities. Supported by quantitative measures, larger firms show greater utilization of human talent capital. Moreover, human talent capital mitigates cash flow volatility, highlighting its role in firm risk management. Profitability, liquidity, and innovation also significantly affect firm value and growth. Research limitations/implications - The study has several limitations. Firstly, the generalizability of the findings may be constrained by the focus on a specific industry and geographic region. Secondly, the reliance on quantitative data and fixed effects model might overlook qualitative factors influencing the human talent capital phenomenon. Thirdly, external factors such as macroeconomic conditions and regulatory changes could impact the study's findings, deserving further exploration. Research Practical Implications- The study advocates for corporate governance reforms and policy interventions to prioritize human talent capital investments. Financial strategies such as maintaining liquidity and managing leverage are recommended to stabilize firm volatility. Originality/value- This research highlights human talent capital as a key determinant of firm performance, encouraging strategic investments in human talent capital and financial management practices to enhance organizational success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to examine the impact of determinants of leverage on the financial performance of pharmaceutical companies in Bangladesh. Design/Methods/Approach: This study covers a data-set of 24 companies, which are chosen based on their availability of data. The study sets 13 variables consisted of 3120 observations for the period of 10 years, which are processed using financial ratios and followed by previous literature. After that we used the panel regression model to analyze the data to serve the study purpose. Findings/Results: The study after analysis finds that the debt-equity ratio had a significant impact on the financial performance of pharmaceutical companies as measured by EPS, which is adopted by packing order theory. Additionally, the long-term debt ratio showed a significant impact on the profitability of the same companies. Besides the given findings, firm size had been a significant issue to lead the financial performance of pharmaceutical companies in Bangladesh. Practical Implications: The findings of the study are more useful to the professional practices of financial managers, policy makers, decision-support, and industrial initiators, who are endeavors to develop the industry. Originality/Value: The study initially bears an innovative value to adopt financial strategy to explore a competitive advantage in the era of global competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explores the relationship between return on assets and firm value. Most importantly, the mediating effect of the dividend payout ratio and the moderating effect of institutional investors are examined. The data for this study was collected from secondary sources, which included financial information. The sample consisted of five pharmaceutical companies with 192 data points over a ten-year period and was analyzed using Hayes's PROCESS macros. The findings of the study indicate that (i) return on assets is positively associated with the firm value and dividend payout ratio, (ii) dividend payout ratio was negatively related to firm value, (iii) the firm's size moderates the relationship between return on assets and dividend payout ratio, and institutional holdings. The findings support moderating effect of firm size (second moderator) in the relationship between the return on assets and institutional investors (first moderator) and dividend payout ratio and firm value, mediated through dividend payout ratio. This type of moderated-mediation model is novel in the literature on finance. This innovative methodology would be of interest to researchers in finance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to determine the influence of Profitability, Capital structure, GCG, Firm size, and Firm Age on Firm Value. This research uses quantitative methods with secondary data types, the population are 26 food & beverage companies registered on the IDX in 2019-2022, and a sample size of 83 companies was obtained from purposive sampling techniques with unbalanced panel data. The data processing results using SPSS Statistics 26 show that profitability positively and significantly affects Firm value. Capital Structure, GCG, Firm Size, and Firm Age have no impact on Firm Value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to determine whether capital structure, investment decisions, and firm size have an impact on firm value by examining profitability as a moderating factor. A quantitative methodology is used in this study. The population used in this study are companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange through the website www.idx. co.id Jakarta Islamic Index 70 company in the 2019-2022 period. This study uses panel data regression model analysis. Within this research, STATA 17 version was used, also Breusch and Pagan Lagrangian is used to test the ordinary least square model versus random effect model regression. Meanwhile, Chow test is used to test ordinary least square model regression versus fixed effect model and Hausman test is used to find the most suitable panel data regression model between fixed effect model and random effect model. The results of this study indicate that capital structure affects firm value, investment decisions and firm size have no effect on firm value, profitability is able to moderate the effect of capital structure and investment decisions on firm value, while profitability is unable to moderate firm size on firm value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We first examine the effect of having innovation cooperation arrangements on the productivity level among firms with innovation activities. Then, we examine whether a firm's productivity level is affected by its number and types of innovation cooperation partners among those with innovation cooperation arrangements. Data on Norwegian firms with innovation activities is used. In the analysis, we differentiate between small and large firms. The estimation results show that unlike small firms, large firms can benefit from cooperation arrangements by achieving productivity improvements. Using the group of internal partners as the reference category, the results show that the productivity level is relatively higher in the short term among all and small firms that had cooperation arrangements with competitors or other enterprises in their sector, and relatively lower both in the short and medium term among all and small firms that had arrangements with partners in the academic sector. This level is relatively higher among large firms that had arrangements with consultants or consulting enterprises, and relatively lower among large firms that had arrangements with commercial labs or R&D-enterprises, in the medium term. We also find that most effects of the number of different types of cooperation partners are not significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial performance is an important phenomenon for measuring organizational success. This research aims to determine and analyze the influence of leverage, company size, and market value on financial performance. The research methods used are explanatory; the population used is food and beverage Manufacturing companies in the Food and Beverage sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2017-2019 period are used to determine the number of samples in this study. From 31 December 2017 to 31 December 2019. The sampling technique used is a purposive sampling method and there are 12 companies published audited financial reports and reported them completely and consistently using the purposive sampling technique with criteria. The Source of data used is secondary data with a time series type of data. The hypothesis is tested using Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis with Smart PLS 3.0 software. The results show that Leverage has a significant effect on Financial Performance. At the same time, Firm Size had no significant effects on Financial Performance and Market Value had no significant effects on Financial Performance. This research implies that food and beverage companies need to develop financial strategies to improve their financial performance by increasing their leverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to study the effect of output additionality of public innovation funding on firm innovation, measured as economic returns of innovation, across firms of different sizes. A panel sample consisting of 4125 Spanish firms observed during years 2009–2014 has been analysed, using a treatment model. Robustness tests have also been used. The findings show the effects of output additionality of innovation funding support for small, medium and large firms, with a greater effect on large firms and a lower effect on medium firms. However, there has a weak effect for very large firms, which do not benefit in terms of output additionality. Since it is relatively easy for large firms to benefit from public support for innovation, some of the resources allocated to them should be passed on to small and medium firms. Medium firms seem to be less inclined to benefit from economies of scales than large firms and may be less affected by public innovation policy given the priority for small firms' development. Small and medium enterprises can benefit further from well‐designed targeting programmes, with a prevalence of demand‐side support measures compared to the supply‐side measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Audits are essential because of the separation of ownership and control in modern economies. Shareholders or owners delegate resources to management in order to enhance their wealth under this arrangement. Therefore, they want the agents to provide authentic, precise, and impeccable reports. Therefore, research evaluated the effect of auditor independence on the performance and the moderating effect of firm size on the relationship between auditor independence and the performance of deposit-taking SACCOs in Kenya. The study was based on Agency theory. The study used a descriptive survey research technique. The study used primary data collected using structured questionnaire. A sample size of 223 was selected by a simple random sampling method from a target of 504. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to examine the data using the SPSS 26 software. The R2 of 0.512 suggests that 51.2% of the variability in the financial performance can be accounted for by the auditor's independence. Firm Size increased the R2 to 0.714 an indication that it is a significant moderator on the relation between internal audit independence and performance. For each one-unit rise in Sacco size, the impact of Auditor's Independence on financial performance increases by 0.222 units substantially (P=0.000). The study concluded that Sacco size has a significant moderator in this study. The study recommended that Saccos should tailor their strategies and internal audit processes based on their size. Larger Saccos may benefit from more robust auditor independence measures and closer scrutiny of financial performance indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of gender diversity and free cash flow on dividend policy with firm size as a moderating variable. The population in this study are mining companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2020-2023. This study used purposive sampling technique, so 138 data were obtained from 87 mining companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The results showed that gender diversity has no effect on dividend policy, free cash flow has a significant positive effect on dividend policy. Firm size cannot moderate the effect of gender diversity and free cash flow on dividend policy. The implications of the results of this study are expected to provide information for consideration by stakeholders such as the board of directors and as information for investors in making investment decisions.

In the dynamic landscape of corporate governance, the interplay between board characteristics and financial reporting quality stands as a focal point for scholarly investigation. This study investigates the moderating effect of firm size on the relationship between board independence and financial reporting quality of listed oil and gas companies in Nigeria. The study employs a quantitative research design and the populations of the study were all the oil and gas companies listed on the floor of Nigerian Exchange Group from 2012 to 2021. The study used ten (10) oil and gas companies as the population and sample size. The study further used panel regression technique as method for data analysis. The result of the direct relationship revealed that board independence and board size negatively and significantly influence the financial reporting quality of listed oil and gas companies in Nigeria. In the case of moderated effect, the results indicate that firm size does not significantly moderate the influence of board independence on the financial reporting quality of listed oil and gas companies in Nigeria. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the interaction between firm size and board independence does not have a significant impact on the financial reporting quality of listed oil and gas companies in Nigeria. Based on the findings, the study recommended that policymakers such as financial reporting council and Securities and Exchange Commission should enforce the code of corporate governance that will provide for mandatory independent directors with financial expertise. Secondly, the firm size should be properly put into consideration in constituting the number of non-executive directors on the board of directors of listed oil and gas companies in Nigeria.

The objective of this study is to examine the impact of liquidity, financial leverage, and company size on financial performance, with the moderation of holistic owner engagement in LQ45 enterprises. The study utilizes secondary data obtained from LQ45 firms that are publicly traded on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2020 to 2023. The data were subjected to panel data regression analysis. The findings suggest that liquidity, financial leverage, business size, and holistic owner participation all have an impact on financial success. In addition, the level of owner engagement has a moderating effect on the impact of liquidity, financial leverage, and firm size on financial performance. This study suggests that adopting a comprehensive approach to owner involvement can be an effective strategy for enhancing the financial performance of companies that are listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Previous empirical research has yet to examine the impact of comprehensive owner engagement as a moderator on enhancing financial success. According to the findings, a successful approach to enhancing financial performance is to have comprehensive owner engagement in the organization.

Purpose: This research aims to determine the impact of firm size, profitability, and intangible assets on cyber risk management disclosure. Design/methodology/approach: This research is a causality study with quantitative methods and uses secondary data derived from annual reports of telecommunications and financial services sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2018-2022. The sampling technique used purposive sampling and obtained 150 annual reports which were analyzed using multiple linear regression. Findings: The results showed that company size and profitability have a positive and significant influence on Cyber Risk Management Disclosure, but Intangible Assets are not significant. Practical implications: According to the research outcomes, it is suggested for the development of government policies and regulations that encourage companies to increase cyber risk management disclosures in annual reports, as well as companies can understand the factors that influence cyber risk management disclosures so that companies can increase transparency and reduce cyber risk, besides that it can help investors make wiser investment decisions by having an understanding of cyber risk management faced by companies. Originality/value: This research contributes to the development of an accounting conceptual framework on the concept of disclosure, especially voluntary disclosure and practical contributions for governments, companies, and investors. Paper type: Research paper

Purpose: This study is a quantitative research aimed at examining the impact of accounting profit and cash flow on market reactions, with company size as a control variable, in financial sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2020 to 2022. Methodology: This research employs a quantitative method utilizing secondary data acquired from the website www.idx.co.id and official company websites in the form of financial reports and stock price data. The sample in this study was determined using purposive sampling method with criteria including, firstly, financial sector companies listed on the IDX during the study period of 2020-2022; secondly, publishing complete audited financial reports during the study duration; and finally, not incurring any losses during the study period. The research sample consisted of 62 companies over the 2020-2022 period, resulting in a total of 186 data points, with 156 valid data points. The analysis model employed in this study is multiple linear regression analysis. Research Findings: The results indicate that accounting profit has a significant positive impact on market reactions, while cash flow has a significant negative impact on market reactions. Novelty: What sets this research apart from similar studies is the sector of research, the study period, and the research variables employed. Tujuan Penelitian: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif yang bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh laba akuntansi dan arus kas terhadap reaksi pasar dengan ukuran perusahaan sebagai variabel kontrol pada perusahaan sektor keuangan yang terdatar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) tahun 2020-2022. Metodologi: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan data data sekunder yang diperoleh melalui laman www.idx.co.id dan situs resmi perusahaan berupa laporan keuangan dan data harga saham. Sampel dalam penelitian ini ditentukan menggunakan metode purposive sampling dengan kriteria meliputi pertama, perusahaan sektor keuangan yang listing di BEI selama periode penelitian 2020-2022; kedua, menerbitkan laporan keuangan auditan secara lengkap selama durasi penelitian; terakhir, tidak ada kerugian yang dialami selama durasi penelitian. Perusahaan yang memenuhi kriteria sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah sebanyak 62 perusahaan dengan periode penelitian selama 2020-2022, sehingga diperoleh sampel sebanyak 186 data dengan jumlah data valid sebanyak 156 data. Model analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis regresi linier berganda. Temuan Penelitian: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa laba akuntansi berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap reaksi pasar dan arus kas berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap reaksi pasar. Kebaruan: Pembeda penelitian ini dengan penelitian yang mengambil topik serupa ialah sektor penelitian, periode penelitian, dan variabel penelitian yang digunakan.

The aim of this research is to examine the influence of gender on the accessibility of microcredit for small and informal business owners in Nagaland, India. In addition, the study conducts a region-wise comparative analysis of the loans disbursed to self-help groups (SHGs) by banks. Using primary data obtained from a cohort of 205 small business proprietors within the state, the study used the methods of descriptive statistics and econometric analysis. Furthermore, the paper employed the logit model to examine key factors such as firm size, SHGs and the qualifications of the entrepreneurs, along with gender. The secondary data, obtained from the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy and the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, allow the study to conduct a comparative analysis using the percentage share approach. The results reveal that public sector banks disbursed the highest amount of loans to SHGs, and the comparative analysis indicates that SHGs in the North-Eastern Region of India have the lowest share of savings with banks. Based on the empirical analysis, the author concluded that firm size, financial services provided through SHGs, educational qualifications, and gender of small business owners play a significant role in the accessibility of microcredit from financial institutions.

Tax aggressiveness occurs when businesses apply various tax techniques to lower the amount of tax payable. This study aims to analyze the influence of such factors as leverage, liquidity, and firm size on the tax aggressiveness of companies in the building and construction industry. The level of tax aggressiveness is measured using the effective tax rate. The leverage indicator is presented by a debt-to-equity ratio, which shows the part of the total amount of funds used to pay the debt. The liquidity indicator is presented by a current ratio, which shows the company's ability to settle short-term obligations or debts that must be paid off when due. The firm size is defined as the natural logarithm of the company's total assets. The data for this study were obtained from the audited financial statements of the companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The research sample covers 21 construction and building subsector companies. The research period lasted from 2020 to 2022, and 63 observation data were collected. For data analysis, the method used is Partial Least Square (PLS). The findings indicate that leverage and firm size do not significantly impact tax aggressiveness. Conversely, liquidity positively and significantly impacts tax aggressiveness. At the same time, the variables selected for this study explain only 15.5% of the variability of tax aggressiveness. This means that this study does not cover many other factors influencing a company's decision to optimize tax. Companies must conduct tax policy in compliance with legislation, which is one of the elements of the social responsibility of business. Although tax aggressiveness can provide short-term benefits, companies must consider potential reputational risks and long-term impacts. Transparency and compliance with tax regulations can also reduce the risk of conflict with tax authorities.

Companies that have high company values tend to increase level of investor confidence in the progress and development of the company. Fluctuations in firm value in banking and insurance sector are the focus of the problem in this study. The objective of this study is to examine the moderating role of company size between gender on firm value on Indonesia Stock Exchange in banking and insurance sectors in 2018-2022. This method uses purposive sampling to collect data samples. There are 58 companies from the banking and insurance sectors as samples in this study. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods and outlier tests with SDR using IBM SPSS Statistics 25 as well as convergent validity tests, discriminant validity tests, collinearity model tests, structural model tests, and hypothesis testing using SmartPLS 3.0. The results of the study (1) firm value is significantly positively affected by gender diversity; (2) firm size does not play a role in moderating the relationship between gender diversity and firm value.

Purpose: This study examines and analyzes the influence of each variable, Good Corporate Governance, Institutional Ownership, and Financial Distress. Good Corporate Governance is moderated by Firm Size and Institutional Ownership is moderated by Firm Size on Financial Distress in manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Design/Methodology: The method used in this research is quantitative, based on previous studies, related to supporting theories put forward by experts, and using SPSS 17 as a statistical data processing tool. The research sample is 68 manufacturing companies using a purposive sampling technique. The data analysis technique uses Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). Research Findings: Based on data processing using Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA), it is evident that Good Corporate Governance (GCG) has a positive and significant effect, while Institutional Ownership (Inst Own) has a negative and significant effect. Good Corporate Governance (GCG) after being moderated by Firm Size (FM) affects Financial Distress so that the relationship is stronger than before being moderated. Institutional Ownership (Inst Own) after being moderated by Firm Size (FM) strengthens the relationship compared to before being moderated. Tujuan Penelitian: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh masing-masing variabel yaitu Good Corporate Governance, Institusional Ownership dan Finacial Distress. Good Corporate Governance dimoderasi oleh Firm Size dan Institusional Ownership dimoderasi oleh Firm Size pada Financial Distress pada perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Dalam perkembangannya, industri manufaktur di Indonesia terus menunjukkan peningkatan di penghujung tahun 2020 dibandingkan awal pandemi. Hal ini terceriman dari PMI Manufaktur pada November 2020 yang mencapai 50,6 dibandingkan pada bulan oktober 47,8, dengan melihat angka yang cenderung meningkat relatif baik merupakan hal positif, namun masih dianggap terlalu dini, industri manufaktur dikatakan memiliki daya tahan yang cukup jika dapat terus berada diatas ambang batas PMI Manufaktur sebesar 50 dalam menghadapi tantangan global saat ini. Hal ini secara tidak langsung juga akan menurunkan jumlah produksi perusahaan yang secara otomatis perusahaan kesulitan untuk mendapatkan keuntungan dari produksi dan berujung kebangkrutan atau Financial Distress. Desain/Metode Penelitian: Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif dengan berdasar pada penelitian-penelitian terdahulu dan dikaitkan dengan pendukung teori yang dikemukakan oleh para ahli serta menggunakan SPSS 17 sebagai alat penglolahan data statistik. Sampel penelitian sejumlah 68 perusahaan manufaktur dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Teknik analisis data menggunakan Moderated Regresion Analysis (MRA). Temuan Penelitian: Berdasarkan pengolahan data menggunakan Moderated Regresion Analysis (MRA) terukti bahwa Good Corporate Governance (GCG) berpengaruh positif dan signifikan, sedangkan Institusional Ownership (Inst Own) berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan. Good Corporate Governance (GCG) setelah dimoderasi oleh Firm Size (FM) berpengaruh terhadap Financial Distress sehingga hubungan tersebut lebih kuat dibandingkan sebelum dimoderasi. Institusional Ownership (Inst Own) setelah dimoderasi oleh Firm Size (FM) memperkuat hubungan dibandingkan sebelum dimoderasi.

This research aims to prove whether firm size and market risk based on CAPM affect return reversal anomalies as indicators of market overreaction during the COVID-19 pandemic. This explanatory research used a sample of stocks on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) that could be profitable during the pandemic period up to the effective period of phase one and two vaccination. It was found that return reversal anomalies occurred in the short term on the IDX, and contrarian strategies resulted in profits. Factors of firm size and market risk affected the reversal of returns in specific periods but did not affect other periods. When firm size and market risk had no effect, the return reversal anomaly occurred entirely due to the investors' overreaction in response to the pandemic without regard to the size and market risk factors of companies whose stocks were the investment target.

Financial distress is a situation that arises when a company has an unstable financial situation. If this condition continues, it will impact the company’s bankruptcy. This research aims to determine the influence of Good Corporate Governance, Firm Size, and Operating Capacity on Financial Distress in the retail trade sub-sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2017-2022. The independent variables of Good Corporate Governance include the audit committee, board of commissioners, board of directors, managerial ownership, and institutional ownership. The research method uses a quantitative and associative approach. The population in this study was 27 companies with a sampling technique using purposive sampling, and 25 companies were obtained as samples, so 150 observation data were obtained. The data analysis technique in this research uses logistic regression analysis using IBM SPSS 25 software. The partial research results show that the audit committee, managerial ownership, institutional ownership, and firm size do not affect financial distress. The board of commissioners, board of directors, and operating capacity negatively affect financial distress. Simultaneously, Good Corporate Governance, Firm Size, and Operating Capacity influence financial distress. This research implies that companies must pay attention to the good corporate governance sub-variables related to the board of commissioners and board of directors because these sub-variables have been proven to influence financial distress. Apart from that, companies must also pay attention to their operating capacity because, in this research, this variable was proven to influence financial distress.

This paper seeks to contribute to the burgeoning research on corporate governance and research and development (R&D) by exploring the contingent role of firm size and its crucial role in defining conditions for competitive advantage. Using a generalised method of moments (GMM) estimator and a sample of U.S. publicly traded pharmaceutical firms from 2009 to 2018, we test several hypotheses related to the role of firm size in the relationship between corporate governance and R&D investment. Our findings show the importance of institutional context and point out the configurations of governance practices that lead to high and low levels of R&D investment. We find that the effect of corporate governance on R&D investment is contingent upon firm size. Larger and smaller firms differ in building and employing their strategic decisions. Our results indicate that larger firms facilitate R&D investment than smaller firms, showing that these firms are more prone to seek variation and visibility for accessing better resources. Our findings are relevant for firms aiming to implement strong governance mechanisms to track their R&D activities and for policymakers interested in promoting R&D investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study empirically examined the effect of corporate attributes on tax aggressiveness in Nigerian listed manufacturing companies. The expo-facto research design was adopted for this study. Secondary data were collected from annual reports of listed manufacturing companies in Nigeria from 2012 to 2021. The analysis was done using the Ordinary Least Square method to test the hypothesis formulated. The results from the study for the hypothesis stated revealed that, a positive relationship exists between firm size (FIS) and tax aggressiveness. The result is significant at the 0.05 level (p < 0.030) which implies that larger firms in Nigerian listed manufacturing companies tend to exhibit higher levels of tax aggression. This study concluded that corporate attributes have a significant effect on tax aggressiveness of listed manufacturing companies in Nigeria. The study therefore recommended that the Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) should strengthen its tax monitoring and enforcement efforts while also implementing robust auditing processes and conducting regular tax compliance checks to identify and deter aggressive tax planning practices among Nigerian companies. Also, Firms with higher leverage ratios were found to be more likely to engage in aggressive tax planning. Therefore, policymakers should offer targeted support or incentives such as tax credits to such firms to reduce their reliance on aggressive tax strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to measure the effect of leverage, current ratio, Operating expenses Operating income (OEOI), firm size, and sales growth on financial distress in Transportation Equipment Industry listed on the Indonesian stock exchange for the period 2018 to 2020. The uniqueness of this research is that it is a case study in a mature Transportation Equipment Industry company so that it examines in depth, detail, intensively, and thoroughly on variables, especially those related to financial distress. The analytical method used in this study is multiple regression analysis using the SPSS version 23. The results of this study provide an explanation of Leverage and Sales Growth partially having a negative effect, Current Assets, Operating expenses Operating income, and Firm Size. and a partial positive effect on financial distress. dependent financial distress can be explained by the independent variables (leverage, current ratio, OEOI, Firm size, and Sales growth) of 50.5 percent while 49.5 percent is influenced by other variables from this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between the Islamic religiosity of the local community and the level of corporate environmental responsibility disclosure (CERD) in Iran, an example of an Islamic country. This paper also examines the moderating role of firm size, family ownership, and state ownership. This study is conducted using a sample of 952 observations across firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The results indicate that CERD increases with an increase in the level of Islamic religiosity of the province where the firm is located. In addition, findings reveal that firm size and family ownership strengthen the aforementioned relationship. However, we provide evidence suggesting that state ownership weakens the positive relationship between the Islamic religious atmosphere and CERD. The results of this research present a new insight suggesting that the Islamic values governing a local community can significantly affect executives' decisions regarding disclosures, particularly resulting in a decrease in executives' selfishness and encouraging them to disclose more information about environmental responsibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]