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Rapid global economic development and liberalization have increased the motivation and opportunities for firms to enter into international joint venture (IJV) agreements. Numerous studies in the international marketing literature have examined the impact of international partners' cultural differences on IJV longevity; however, results are inconclusive, potentially due to limitations in the methods used. While this study examines the varied impact of cultural differences on IJV longevity based on the IJV's age, it uses quantile regression, enabling the detection of varying effects' strengths across the dependent variable's entire distribution. The results demonstrate variations in the role of cultural differences across individual cultural dimensions as well as variations in the patterns of association between cultural differences and IJV longevity dependent on the IJV's age. Implications for theory and the practice of international marketing are offered as well as potential applications of this study's methodological approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article calls for enhancing the horizon of Political Communication Studies, drawing attention to certain relation between the media, the state and the public in a globalised world. Focusing on private mainstream news television in post-liberalisation India, it tries to show how Media, in its singularised popular sense of sensationalising news, generating live-stream of public opinion, conducting parallel investigation of crimes, judging the sub judice and posing as sovereign by perennially endorsing the logic of self-regulation, tries to appropriate the functions, image and rhetoric of the state institutions (the executive, the judiciary and the legislature). The article primarily explores the quasi-executive functions to understand the role of a seemingly autonomous public in Indian democracy. The increasing tussle that we are witnessing between the executive, the legislature and the judiciary, the article argues, is to a large extent due to Media's claim to represent the public more effectively than any state institution, pushing "pillars of democracy" to fight with each other for their share of credit in serving the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay problematises representations of Indian women on the SVOD (Subscription Video on Demand) platforms. The oft-invoked image of Indian woman as the repository of traditional values and feminine virtues has undergone a phenomenal transformation in recent years owing to several factors such as economic liberalisation, globalisation and technological revolution. Female characters in most of the SVOD contents are often depicted as independent, agentic and empowered. Nevertheless, the nature of empowerment that these contents uphold is highly controversial from a feminist standpoint. Employing critique of postfeminism as an analytical tool, this paper argues that the representation of Indian women on SVOD platforms as empowered subjects is an outcome of a negotiation between postfeminism, patriarchy and neoliberal culture of consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Democratization is often said to direct rulers' attention to social services. Yet how strong is this relationship in countries that had to restructure previously universalistic but financially unsustainable welfare systems, such as the post-communist states following the collapse of the Soviet bloc? And what if political change stops short of full democratization leading to hybrid regimes in which elements of competitive politics and authoritarianism coexist? To address these questions, we analyse health care reforms in post-communist Georgia. We posit that, even when authoritarianism is not fully eradicated, elections and a partial liberalization of the political arena could elicit rulers' responsiveness to social needs. The research highlights that the progress in political competition that followed the 2003 Rose Revolution has not made Georgia fully democratic, but has nonetheless shaped the health policy approach of the two successive governments, favouring a reconciliation between financial sustainability and citizen accessibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Only five countries have extended universal voting rights to non-citizen residents for all political spheres (local, intermediate and national): Uruguay in 1934, New Zealand in 1975, Chile in 1980, Malawi in 1994, and Ecuador in 2008. These cases constitute a unique intercontinental medley and an opportunity to study the conditions behind such revolutionary change. Through a calibrated comparative strategy based on most similar system designs (inspired by Mill's method of difference) using QCA, this paper finds that the extension of national voting rights to non-citizen residents transpired in two distinct scenarios. The first setting (Chile, New Zealand, and Uruguay) took place within unitary states with already-existing local voting rights for non-citizen residents and settler trajectories, but that were not undergoing a liberalisation process. On the other hand, the second configuration (Ecuador and Malawi) developed within unitary states that recognised nationality by ius soli and were going through a process of liberalisation, but without previous local voting rights for non-citizen residents or a settler trajectory. To our best knowledge, this paper offers the first cross-national explanation that involves all cases that have broadened their respective political communities (demoi) to include national voting rights to all non-citizen residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motive for writing this paper is to answer the question of how digital technology moved and how it affected the digital financial markets in conditions of great turbulence caused by the COVID 19 pandemic. But, also to answer how much the possibilities for the advancement of digital technology and digital financing affected the markets in those conditions. Several motives are the cause of the international tendencies, changes and effects of the movements of the global digitalization of the international financial markets. This paper connects the issues of the relationship between financial globalization, financial liberalization to financial integration by analyzing the movements of digitalization of financial markets and their transformation in pandemic conditions. The work is divided into two parts, the theoretical structural-methodological studies, the role, the problems and the conditions of global processes and it is indicating how digitalization reshaped financial markets and monetary systems. The basic research question is what dynamics, tendencies and movements the digitalization of the financial markets faced and what impact did the digitalization have after the major market turbulences caused by the pandemic. In the paper, the advantages and disadvantages of the digitalization era of the financial markets are emphasized. The paper also aims to emphasize the reasons for the ascertained turbulences. Of essential importance was the need to adapt various elements in the domestic policies of the countries to international movements and developments, which affected the overall conditions for the development of digital international trade. The following results are expected from the research: greater correct conceptualization of underdeveloped digital economies that will be able to create new high-quality institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study conducts a comparative analysis of the factors affecting financial inclusion in Kenya and Ethiopia at macro and micro levels. A generalized linear model is used to examine the determinants of and barriers to financial inclusion using the 2017 Global Findex Database, whereas a descriptive analysis is used to explore their macro-level differences. Kenya has a higher level of financial inclusion than Ethiopia. Differences in financial liberalization policy, gross domestic product, percentage of rural population, and mobile money service expansion are some macro-level differences that explain this variation. Differences in literacy rates and means of receiving payments such as government transfers explain some of the micro-level variations between the two countries. In addition, gender, age, employment status, and owning a mobile phone have significant and positive effects on financial inclusion. However, lack of documentation, lack of trust, and lack of money are significant barriers to financial inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determination of the factors affecting energy consumption has always been considered by planners, economists, and policymakers. Energy plays an essential role in ensuring the social welfare of societies. Considering the high intensity of energy in Iran, reforming the consumption pattern in the country is an inevitable necessity. The modification of energy consumption patterns, in addition to economic factors and price balancers, needs the recognition and application of social variables. The present paper aims to investigate the simultaneous effect of economic variables and social capital on energy consumption in Iran. In this regard, first, the social capital variable has been estimated by fuzzy logic. Then, using the GMM method, the effects of the social capital index and economic variables on energy consumption in Iran have been estimated in the time series and data of the period 1981-2019. The obtained results showed that social capital had a significant negative effect on energy consumption. Despite the government's focus on price policy and the targeting of subsidies to control consumption, social capital has had a constructive effect on reducing energy consumption without any kind of mechanism. Per capita income, urbanization, trade liberalization, and industrialization have a positive effect on energy consumption. The results also showed that the energy consumption of the previous period had the greatest effect on the energy consumption function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article constitutes an empirical contribution regarding the correlation between economic informality and the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru. Based on interviews with merchants in the informal sector of the city of Huancayo, the pandemic-related impacts are analyzed in relation to income and livelihoods. It is argued that informal employment played an important role in the tragic indicators of public health in the country. The intrinsic flexibility of this type of activities, specifically for walking merchants, and the lack of access to systems and programs of social security were the main reasons that people worked in this sector to replace the income they lost due to confinement. Thus, the notion “replacement of income” in the economy appeared during the pandemic. The heterogeneity among those who carry out informal work, specifically in terms of their access to different resources, enabled such work and enabled some people to control their exposure to the virus. It is concluded that the focus on economic formalization of the last decades of financial liberalization are not considered advantages that informal activities offer in relation to formalization. In fact, informality continues to offer the best opportunity for immediate income and highly flexible options, in particular for adapting to crisis situations like the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose -- The study examines the nexus between financial liberalization and the economic growth of ECOWAS member states. Method -- The longitudinal and latitudinal survey research design (expo-facto) is used in this study. Data are sourced from the World Bank and IMF Data Set for 2012-2020 and employed panel co-integration and system GMM for analyses. Result -- We found that financial liberalization significantly impacts the economic growth of selected ECOWAS member countries. Similarly, the domestic economy's openness significantly impacts economic growth. While financial development exerts a positive impact, exchange rate and inflation negatively impact economic growth, the impact of interest rate is positive but insignificant. Contribution -- The study provides cross-country evidence on the empirical nexus between financial liberalization and the economic growth from ECOWAS member states. To the best of authors' knowledge, the study is one of the few studies on cross-country financial liberalization and the economic growth and used the panel data regression analysis. By this, the study covers a methodological gap, using a technique that can account for endogeneity and omitted variable problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the role of financial development on the aggregate implications of reducing import tariffs on capital and intermediate inputs. We document empirically that financially underdeveloped economies feature a slower aggregate response following trade liberalization. To quantify these effects, we set up a general equilibrium model with heterogeneous firms subject to collateral constraints and estimate it using Colombian plant‐level data. We find that low financial development substantially limited the gains from trade liberalization in Colombia in the early 1990s. More broadly, we find that low financial development substantially limits both the aggregate and welfare gains from tariff reductions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the financial liberalization process of the world economy, banks have tended to engage in different activities instead of just traditional lending activities. While the traditional source of income for banks is interest income, noninterest income has also emerged. Therefore, it has become very important for bank managers, regulators, investors and banks to investigate the relationship between income diversification and banking performance and risk. In this study, the effect of income diversification on bank performance and risk was analyzed using the two-stage System GMM method, using annual data and 352 observations for 22 developing countries between 2005 and 2020. In the findings obtained as a result of the analysis, it was determined that income diversification did not affect the bank performance. However, it is concluded that income diversification reduces financial strength and increases banking risk. While the increase in the economic growth rate increases the bank's performance; increases financial strength and reduces risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important proposition in Economics claims that competition spurs technical efficiency, as it forces firms to raise competitiveness to survive market pressure. This study examines the effects of firm‐level Lerner indexes on productivity, using a dataset on energy firms from Central European postcommunist countries during 2009–2017. The energy sector is of particular interest, as markets are still concentrated, although governments have liberalized them considerably. To contribute to the literature, I derive Lerner indexes from the production function next to involving the return on sales. Supporting the literature, the overall results highlight that market power significantly decreases productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Energy Policy Journal / Polityka Energetyczna is the property of Mineral & Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Esely: Journal of Social Policy is the property of Hilscher Rezso Alapitvany and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Warsaw Pact armies invaded the state territory of the former Czechoslovakia in August 1968 in order to suppress liberalisation reforms. The event fundamentally transformed further political, democratising, economic, cultural and social processes in Czechoslovakia. The military presence of Soviet intervention troops resulted in the establishment of special garrisons that became de facto foreign and ‘invisible’ zones. Zvolen became one of such places where Soviet soldiers operated, worked and lived. The garrison as well as a purpose builtresidential district forthe members of the Soviet army and theirfamilies were situated in Zvolen. The objective of this study is to explain in detail whereabouts in the town their presence was (in)visible and to demonstrate examples of situations in which the soldiers, their families and local citizens came into official and unofficial contact. The study is based on archival materials, contemporary regional print and field research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rising public debt everywhere has raised the question of how to reduce debt again in the future. High public debt also seems to be an impediment for the exit of central banks from ultra‐low interest rates and quantitative easing. Historical precedents and proposals have included austerity, haircuts and the generation of inflation. Each way has advantages and disadvantages, including uncertainty about effects and side effects. We approach the issue from an historical perspective, based on case studies of prominent approaches to debt reduction. We analyse debt reduction through economic austerity in Italy, hyperinflation in Germany after World War I, inflation in Argentina since the 1980s, currency reform in Germany after WW II, and financial repression in the United States and the United Kingdom after WW II. Finally, we discuss Ronald McKinnon's order of economic and financial liberalisation as well as the Chicago Plan combined with the introduction of central bank digital currencies as an option for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study’s objective is to investigate how financial liberalization affected Algeria’s economic growth from 1990 to 2020 using ARDL model. The study discovered that although trade openness, foreign direct investment, money supply, and credit to the private sector all have a positive relationship with economic growth, the effect is only temporary. In contrast, inflation has an inverse relationship with economic growth. The KAOPEN rate also has a non-significant relationship with economic growth because of its stable value over the study period. In the short run, the economy is significantly impacted by the money supply and trade openness.

Using a panel of India’s registered manufacturing firms and both economy-wide and firm-level financial data, we investigate the effects of India’s financial liberalization on the productivity of its manufacturing sector in the 1990s and 2000s. Our dynamic panel analysis shows that the series of financial liberalization policies/measures, at both the macro and micro levels, significantly enhanced the productivity of the manufacturing sector. Total factor productivity increased for all firms, including those owned by the state government, with greater gains for the firms in the private and foreign sectors. Our results suggest that policies favoring financial liberalization should be pursued further in order for India to foster higher economic growth.

While the global pandemic has taken the front stage since the spring of 2020, environmental issues remain as pressing as ever. In this article, I question whether the current liberalized trade and investment regime is consistent with the possibility of an ecological transition and argue that it is not. The organization of a large part of economic activity on a world scale by multinational corporations, with profitability imperatives and relatively short planning horizons, is inherently conducive to an intensification of resource extraction and commodity production. A liberal trade and investment regime gives free rein to these dynamics, which should instead be curtailed in order to achieve the necessary adjustments to sustainable living. As such, this article will explore ways in which the trade and investment regime could be subordinated to ecological and social concerns and contribute to, rather than hinder, an ecological transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of legislative reforms as a prominent agenda by developing countries to deliberate various programs and improve legislation quality through rapprochement depends on their abilities, willingness, institutions, and legal perspectives. Therefore, this research considered, determined, and analysed reform rapprochements in Indonesia, highlighted constraints, and proposed approaches to promote effective and efficient legislative quality improvement. These findings revealed several qualitative approaches and measures to determine reform implementations and their impact on legislative quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article problematizes state penality as a mechanism of repression of precarious workers through a war on drugs in the Philippines. The narratives of 27 arrested 'drug personalities' in Metro Manila tell of how methamphetamine energizes bodies and motivates minds for productive work. Bidding to be classified as willing and able workers and family men, the study's participants orient to a moral stratification that pits the 'moral versus immoral' and the 'hardworking versus lazy'. Qualifying their drug use as strategic and calculated, they uphold the neoliberal values of individual choice and accountability. Their support for the anti-drug campaign stems from their recognition of a drug problem and the socioemotional toll of the dysfunctions of living in the slums. While trade liberalization facilitates methamphetamine inflow, a war on drugs fuels an authoritarian populism. As the state reaffirms symbolic mission to protect its citizens, it blames precarity to a problem population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investment in family planning (FP) provides returns through a lifetime. Global evidence shows that FP is the second-best buy in terms of return on investment after liberalizing trade. In this study, we estimate the cumulative benefits of FP investments for India from 1991 to 2016 and project them up to 2061 with four scenarios of fertility levels. The findings suggest that India will have greater elasticity of FP investments to lifetime economic returns compared to the world average (cost–revenue ratio of 1:120). We have taken four scenarios for the goalpost, viz., 2.1, 1.8, 1.6, and 1.4. Although different scenarios of total fertility rate (TFR) levels at the goalpost (i.e., the year 2061) offer varied lifetime returns from FP, scenario TFR < 1.8 will be counterproductive and will reduce the potential benefits. With a comprehensive approach, if the country focuses more on improving the quality of FP services and on reducing the unmet need for FP to enhance reproductive health care and expand maximum opportunities for education and employment for both women and men, it can improve its potential to reap more benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Economics, Business & Politics (UEIP) is the property of International Journal of Economics, Business & Politics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this article is to present the most important legal regulations in the field of Austrian migration policy, taking into account the changes in this field, the nature of these changes and their conditions. The research question is whether the successive legal regulations were the result of clearly defined goals (and if so, whether these goals were achieved) or rather a result of pas sive adaptation to changing conditions. In the context of the slogan of integration advocated in recent years, it also seems essential to ask whether the legal solutions adopted in Austria strengthen integration or constitute an assimilationist tool. The article discusses such issues as the development of the system for the recruitment of foreign workers, changes in the perception of the phenomenon of migration and the reform of legislation in the field of migration policy in Austria. Moreover, attention is drawn to the most important determinants underlying this reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a fact that the international commodity crisis of the 1980s inspired the emergence of neoliberal ideologies predicated on market liberalisation and globalisation. This major global event and the policies associated with it have had a tremendous impact on the peasant agrarian political economy in many underdeveloped and developing nations, particularly those in Africa. The information available from recent data and evidence from available studies are beginning to challenge the traditional perception of these nations as being typically agrarian, where subsistence agriculture represents the dominant mode of economic activity, particularly in the rural areas. There is a dynamic upsurge of economic activities that are rural but not based on farms. The objective of this article is to appraise these economic activities, evaluate their contemporary features, and assess their development dynamics in a globalising Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ekonomik Yaklaşim is the property of Ekonomik Yaklasim Dernegi (Ekonomik Yaklasim Association) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It has been claimed that, in many countries and societies, there has been a generational change in youth values towards postmodern values that indicate postmaterialism. This paper tests that proposition by comparing youth values and solidarity attitudes in the Nordic welfare state of Finland among Generation X (born in the 1960s and 1970s) and Millennials (born in the 1980s and 1990s). The data were gathered from young people in 1992, 1995, 2011, and 2015 by same attitude scales relating to solidarity, environmental issues, gender, work, science and technology, immigration, economic well-being, and politics. Factor analysis was used to identify the value structures of young people. Common to the value structures of both generations were humanism, traditionalism, individualism, and globalism. The findings indicate a decline in postmaterialist values during the periods of economic recession, which affected solidarity attitudes. It was easier, for example, to show solidarity towards people of one's own country than to people of foreign countries. Generation X youth presented a more socio-democratic type of solidarity towards citizens, while Millennials showed liberal solidarity towards the poor. Young females of both generations were more likely to support postmaterialistic values, such as gender equality, tolerance of different ethnic groups, globalization, and environmentalism. By contrast, young males had more materialist values and greater faith in science and technology. Positive attitudes towards the future were found among young Millennials, which could support the broad identity horizon. Young people of Millennials showed greater variety in their value structures than the young people of Generation X. They revealed neoliberal attitudes in their value structures, which came closer to the ideology of economic liberalization. Nationalist values were also found among the young people of Millennials. The research findings and implication will be critically discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last thirty years, the main motive concerning reforms in the electricity industry around the world is to increase efficiency in the production, transmission, distribution and supply of electricity to final consumers. The reforms of electric power systems consist of production restructuring, improvement of competition, deregulation and ownership transformation. Restructuring included the separation of production, transmission, distribution and supply of electricity. Market competition meant the development of the wholesale electricity market and the growth of competition in retail. Deregulation represented the process of establishing independent regulatory bodies, as well as free access of third parties to the network infrastructure. Finally, the process of ownership transformation enabled the privatization of the existing state-owned power companies. It can be stated that in this century, in the largest number of world economies, there has been a strong development of the electricity market, which is significantly different from other markets in terms of its characteristics. The main reason for this is the fact that there is no possibility of storage on the electricity market, that is, simultaneous production and consumption is not possible. However, supply and demand in a given electrical network must always be in balance. The imbalance between the supply and demand of electricity causes the frequency in the system to deviate from the standard frequency. Electricity prices, in the period before the latest reform activities in the power sector, were regulated and therefore stable and predictable. However, deregulation and market liberalization have led to increased price volatility and increased risk. One of the most significant challenges in risk management in electricity markets is maintaining the energy balance. Deviation of production from consumption leads to disturbances that can lead to interruption of electricity supply and have severe financial consequences. In order to keep the system in balance, transmission system operators are obliged to organize a balanced energy market. The balanced electricity market is essentially a spot market for a very short period of time. Derived financial instruments are more present on the electricity market and the following stand out due to their importance: forward, futures, option and swap contracts. These instruments are efficient in reducing the risk in the electricity market. It is especially important to keep in mind the fact that derivative instruments can be used based on the principle of hedging operations. The devastating importance of derivative instruments in the trading of electricity and many other goods can be judged by the investment portfolios of insurance corporations. The expansion of the use of derivatives in the insurance industry is connected with the elimination of the shortcomings of the corresponding indices, as well as the presence of the possibility of multi-year coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a financially globalized world, managing long-term interest rates through short-term interest rates can be difficult. In this paper, we examine whether net capital inflows contribute to weakening the link between short- and long-term interest rates. We find that more financially open economies or those with more developed financial markets tend to have a greater negative relationship between net capital inflows and short- to long-term interest rate pass-through. We also examine whether macroprudential policies can affect the extent of interest rate pass-through and find that broad-based capital macroprudential tools are effective in retaining control of interest rate pass-through. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reports a re-examination of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis for Bangladesh; considering economic growth and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (such as CO2, CH4, and N2O). The autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) model and VAR-based innovative accounting approach (IAA) with the combination of Variance Decomposition and Impulse Response Function are used to check cointegration among the variables using data from 1976 to 2014. This approach is specifically employed for variance analysis in order to measure causal association and regressors' shock to dependent variables. The EKC hypothesis is not supported because there is a positive association between economic growth and pollutants (CO2 and CH4 emissions) over time. However, the EKC is valid for N2O emissions. IAA causal analysis reveals a bilateral causative relationship between GDP and CO2 emissions, as well as a unilateral causal relationship between CH4 emissions and GDP. Trade liberalisation, urbanisation, and financial liberalisation do not necessarily improve or save the natural environment. Bangladesh needs to use renewable energies and cut GHG emissions by abandoning fossil fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is considerable significance, associated with the fact that the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA) has the potential to lift 68 million people out of moderate poverty. If fully implemented, the AfCFTA is estimated to increase regional income by 7 % by 2035. Operationalizing and implementing the African Continental Free Trade Area strategy, including regulating the regional economies’ transport infrastructure, requires a great deal of work. It is the purpose of this article to examine how Regional Economic Communities (RECs), such as the Southern African Development Community (SADC), can contribute to the AfCFTA. In comparison with other regional blocs, intra-SADC trade represents only 10 to 14 percent of member countries’ total trade [1, 2]. Despite Southern African trade routes and infrastructure being among the best. In terms of infrastructure coverage, Southern African countries still lag behind the rest of the world, whether it’s road and telecommunications technology (ICT), population density, or power generation. Whether at the national or regional level, these types of infrastructure weaknesses reinforce the infrastructure deficit and exacerbate unemployment, inequality and poverty in the region. For the purposes of this article, a qualitative approach is being used to examine primary and secondary literature, including statistics, reports, and journal articles. According to the results of the study, the REC’s infrastructure strategy will positively affect trade and, in turn, boost AfCFTA by improving trade among member states. To spawn structural transformation and create transnational growth corridors capable of driving economic growth and technological advancement, new transformative strategies are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Papeles de Europa is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A distinct feature of the India's path of financial liberalization is that it led to the emergence of the corporate, non-financial sector, rather than the financial sector as the key wedge for the penetration of global finance. Neoliberal reforms eroded the traditional role of development banks and state-directed credit and empowered a section of large corporations and non-financial companies in India. The partial, calibrated path to capital account liberalization has meant that this section of the Indian non-financial corporate sector, rather than the commercial banking system came to be the conduit integrating the Indian economy with international financial markets. Where the Indian state had earlier harnessed finance towards developmental priorities, it shifted to channeling finance in service of the internationally embedded segment of the corporate sector that enjoys disproportionate access to both the domestic financial system and international financial markets. JEL Codes E44 G32, F65 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Administrative Law & Administrative Sciences / İdare Hukuku ve İlimleri Dergisi is the property of Journal of Adminstrative Law & Administration Sciences / Idare Hukuku ve Ilimleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Emerging Economies & Policy is the property of JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies & Policy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Anbar University Journal of Economic & Administration Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the issue of accumulation dynamics of the Greek Public Debt between 1981 and Greece's entry into the Eurozone on 1 January 2001. The author argues that the recent research on the Greek Sovereign Debt Crisis (May 2010) did not take this matter into consideration. The paper uncovers the causes of the Public debt accumulation in the 1980s but also points out that its service costs were minimal since the Greek government sold domestically its non-indexed drachma obligations. The costs of refinancing rose since the end of the 1980s when Greece started to sell internationally debt denominated in other currencies. This move was in effect a result of the process of financial liberalisation of Greek markets and the abolishment of capital controls. The rising costs of debt servicing and public expenditures along with insufficient tax revenues troubled the government of the Nea Demokratia (1990-1993). As the case was, the bright prospects of Greece joining the Economic and Monetary Union reflected upon the diminishing interest rates of new debt issued in the second half of the 1990s. This allowed the Greek government to keep the debt-to-GDP ratio, so far reached, at a lesser expense. However, the financial liberalisation, which allowed foreign and local buyers to purchase government securities denominated in foreign currency, exposed Greece to the first speculative attack on its exchange rate in 1994 since the foreign speculators were attracted by the high debt-to-GDP ratio. Although the Greek government and the Bank of Greece repelled the attack, a more prudent policy decision would have been to decrease the debt-to-GDP ratio in the years to follow, but myopic policy constraints did not allow its execution although it has been strongly argued in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]