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Dietary traits in ungulates from Lazaret Cave were analysed for possible changes in ecological niches throughout the marine isotopic stage (MIS) 6 sequence of the site and to investigate the duration of the occupations corresponding to the accumulation of ungulate remains by human groups. The analysis revealed changes in dietary diversity throughout the sequence related to the climatic and environmental changes of the MIS 6. These changes affected the availability of vegetal resources, competition among species, and the distribution and movement of the ungulates in the territory. Human groups were also affected by these changes, as the archaeological record of Lazaret Cave in the duration of occupations at the different levels shows. The response of the large mammal communities to persistent climatic instability is reflected in differences between the sites of southern France of the MIS 6, where species show different dietary traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the suid assemblages from the Miocene of the Vallès-Penedès Basin (NE Iberian Peninsula) are reasonably well known, taxonomic studies devoted to them have lagged behind in recent decades. We describe the unpublished suid dentognathic remains from the earliest Vallesian (MN9) of Creu de Conill 20 (CCN20; 11.18 Ma), which represents the First Appearance Datum of hipparionin equids in western Europe. The sample includes 118 specimens, mostly isolated teeth, and a few maxillary and mandibular fragments. More than three-quarters of the specimens are assigned to the suine Propotamochoerus palaeochoerus, which is characteristic of MN9, albeit the described remains are slightly larger than average for the species. The rest of the sample belongs to a large tetraconodontine that is assigned to Parachleuastochoerus valentini, recorded elsewhere from MN7+8 to MN9, except for two specimens attributed to the small suid cf. Albanohyus sp. Our results support a synchronous dispersal of Hippotherium and P. palaeochoerus into Western Europe at ~ 11.2 Ma, suggesting that the latter is a suitable biochronological marker of the Vallesian. In turn, the remains of Pa. valentini refine our knowledge of the dental morphology of this species and strengthen the view that this species (unlike Conohyus doati and Conohyus melendezi) is not a junior synonym of Conohyus simorrensis. The lack of Listriodon splendens and Versoporcus sp. from CCN20, together with the scarcity of Albanohyus, contrasts with their abundance in the roughly coeval site of Castell de Barberà, hinting at local paleoenvironmental differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dispersal of primitive elephantines and monodactyl equids in Eurasia has long been regarded as representative of a substantial turnover in mammal faunas, denoting the spread of open environments linked to the onset of cold and dry conditions in the Northern Hemisphere. During the 1980s, this event was named the "Elephant-Equus event" and it was correlated with the Gauss-Matuyama reversal, today corresponding to the Pliocene-Pleistocene transition and the beginning of the Quaternary, dated at ~2.6 Ma. Therefore, the Elephant-Equus event became a concept of prominent biochronological and paleoecological significance, especially in western Europe. Yet, uncertainties surrounding the taxonomy and chronology of early "elephant" and "Equus", as well as conceptual differences in adopting (or understanding) the Elephant-Equus event as an intercontinental dispersal event or as a stratigraphic datum, engendered ambiguity and debate. Here, we provide a succinct review of the Elephant-Equus event, considering separately the available evidence on the "elephant" and the "Equus". Elephantines dispersed out of Africa during the Pliocene (Piacenzian). Their earliest calibrated occurrences from eastern Europe date at ~3.2 Ma and they are usually referred to Mammuthus rumanus, although the allocation of several samples to this species is tentative. Available dating constraints for other localities do not resolve whether the dispersal of Mammuthus was synchronous across Eurasia, but this possibility cannot be ruled out. The spread of Mammuthus was part of an intercontinental faunal exchange between Africa and Eurasia that occurred during the Piacenzian, but in this scenario, Mammuthus is quite unique in being the only genus of African origin dispersing to western Eurasia. The arrival of monodactyl equids from North America coincides with the Pliocene-Pleistocene transition, with several occurrences dated or calibrated at ~2.6 Ma and no compelling evidence prior to this age. In Europe, early monodactyl equids are often aligned to Equus livenzovensis, but the material from the type locality of this species is chronologically time-averaged and taxonomically heterogeneous, and western European samples are seldom abundant or informative. Regardless, this does not diminish the biochronological significance of the "Equus event". Indeed, while the term "Elephant-Equus event" should no longer be used, as the appearance of elephantines in the European fossil record markedly precedes that of monodactyl equids, we endorse the use of the "Equus event" as a valid alternative to refer to the intercontinental dispersal event that characterizes the middle Villafranchian faunal turnover, epitomized by but not limited to monodactyl equids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the palaeoecology of fossil perissodactyls (equids) from the late Miocene of Maragheh, northwestern Iran. We used dental micro- and mesowear techniques to draw robust inferences about fossil equid paleoenvironment. Mesowear and microwear analyses were applied to the upper molars of three species of hipparionine horses. For this purpose, we investigated samples from three fossiliferous localities: Rohanion, Azim, and Cizdahaban. Six fossil specimens were analyzed for enamel meso- and microwear and results were compared to an extensive database of extant ungulates. Results indicated overlap of the Maragheh hipparions with the dietary signal of extant grazers and grass-dominated mixed feeders. This is consistent with the supposed vegetational habitat proposed by previous mesowear studies. The different species of hipparions from Maragheh had similar diets and were consuming a mixture of plants but with a preference for grasses. These results are consistent with paleoenvironmental reconstructions of the late Miocene dominated by open grassland areas among more wooded settings.

Multiple births or twinning in equids are dangerous, undesirable situations that compromise the life of the dam and resulting offspring. However, embryo vitrification and freezing techniques take advantage of individuals whose multiple ovulations allow flushing more fertilised embryos from the oviduct to be collected, increasing the productivity and profitability of reproductive techniques. Embryo preservation is especially important in highly endangered populations such as certain donkey (Equus asinus) breeds; for which conventional reproductive techniques have previously been deemed inefficient. For instance, becoming an effective alternative to artificial insemination with frozen semen to preserve the individuals' genetic material. The objective of this study was to examine the historical foaling records of Andalusian donkeys to estimate prevalence, risk factors, phenotypic and genetic parameters for multiple births, assessing the cumulative foal number born per animal, maximum foal number per birth and multiple birth number per animal. We designed a Bayesian General Animal Mixed Model with single records considering the 'fixed' effects of birth year, birth season, birth month, sex, farm, location, and husbandry system. Age was considered and included as a linear and quadratic covariate. Gibbs sampling reported heritability estimates ranging from 0.18 ± 0.101 to 0.24 ± 0.078. Genetic and phenotypic correlations ranged from 0.496 ± 0.298 to 0.846 ± 0.152 and 0.206 ± 0.063 to 0.607 ± 0.054, respectively. Predicted breeding values obtained enable the potential selection against/for these traits, offering a new perspective for donkey breeding and conservation.

Selenium and vitamin E protect the body against oxidative stress. Clinical manifestations of their deficiency in equids include neurologic and muscular symptoms. Despite the importance of donkeys as working and production animals, there is a dearth of scientific data on selenium and vitamin E normal values. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the plasma concentrations of selenium and vitamin E in healthy donkeys belonging to different ages, sexes, and productive phases. Animals were divided into five groups including foals (group A: n = 7, n = 4 males and n = 3 females), weanlings and yearlings (group B: n = 7, n = 2 males and n = 5 females), nonpregnant nonlactating jennies (group C: n = 5), pregnant nonlactating jennies (group D: n = 9), and adult males (group E: n = 9). Plasma samples obtained from each animal were tested for vitamin E and selenium concentration. One-way analysis of variance showed significant differences in selenium concentrations (P = .001) between group A and group E. In this study, we found the selenium range for donkeys to be 0.02-0.14 μg/mL, which is lower than the recommended range for horses. The results suggest that donkeys may have a lower selenium requirement than horses. Plasma vitamin E levels were 3.29-12.99 μmol/L, with foals having lower concentrations than adults. Knowing specific reference ranges for vitamin E and selenium in healthy donkeys can help improve our understanding of how to prevent deficiencies that could compromise their overall health and well-being.

Donkeys are often kept, especially in industrialized countries, as companion animals. Donkeys have greater digestive efficiency and tend to expend less energy than horses or ponies, which contributes to obesity in nonworking donkeys. Obesity in all equine species increases risk of chronic health conditions such as laminitis and insulin resistance. Previous studies in horses and ponies have documented obesity's potential effects on glucose-insulin dynamics with lower insulin sensitivity and higher insulin responses to glucose. However, limited studies on obesity and its health impacts in donkeys exist, so these effects on glucose-insulin dynamics have not been fully studied. Twenty-four donkeys were selected according to initial body condition score (BCS) and divided into three categories with eight donkeys in each: thin, moderate, and obese. A frequently sampled glucose-insulin tolerance test was performed with subsequent MINMOD analysis to determine the effects of BCS on glucose-insulin dynamics. Basal insulin was highest in obese donkeys when compared with moderate and thin donkeys (P = .02 and P = .01, respectively). There was an overall trend across groups for BCS to lower insulin sensitivity (P = .06). No other effect was found. Body condition score seems to affect donkeys in a similar manner to horses and ponies as higher BCS was associated with higher basal insulin and may lower insulin sensitivity. Higher basal insulin concentrations in obese donkeys could negatively influence health and contribute to serious, chronic conditions.

BackgroundPrognosis associated with lymphoma in horses is poorly characterized, and treatment is often palliative. Long-term outcome after chemotherapy for horses with lymphoma is not well documented.ObjectiveTo report long-term outcome of horses with lymphoma treated with chemotherapy.AnimalsFifteen equids.MethodsRetrospective case series. Medical record search and call for cases on the ACVIM listserv for horses treated with chemotherapy for lymphoma.ResultsFifteen cases with adequate data were identified. Complete remission was achieved in 5 horses (33.3%), partial response was achieved in 9 equids (60%), and stable disease was achieved in 1 horse. Overall response rate was 93.3% (14/15). Overall median survival time was 8 months (range, 1-46 months). Nine horses experienced a total of 14 adverse effects attributable to chemotherapy. Adverse effects were graded according to the Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group common terminology criteria for adverse events grading system (grade 1 alopecia, n = 2; grade 1 neutropenia, n = 2; grade 1 lymphopenia, n = 3; grade 1 lethargy, n = 1; grade 2 neurotoxicity, n = 1; grade 2 colic, n = 1; grade 1 hypersensitivity, n = 1; grade 2 hypersensitivity, n = 2; grade 5 hypersensitivity, n = 1). Higher grade adverse effects most commonly were associated with doxorubicin administration (n = 4), including 1 horse that died 18 hours post-administration.Conclusions and clinical importanceChemotherapy can be used successfully for treatment of horses with lymphoma. Adverse effects, most commonly mild, occurred in approximately two-thirds of treated horses.

Comprehensive reports of the caseload of donkeys and mules in veterinary hospitals in the United States are lacking. We compiled the information of the caseload of donkeys and mules at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at the University of California, Davis for a ten-year period, from 2008 to 2017. The overall equid caseload was 94,147, of which 996 (1.06%) were donkeys and mules. Most of the neonates seen were mules. Most miniature donkeys were between 2 and 10 years of age, and standard donkeys and mules were 10 to 20 years old. The body condition scores were predominantly high, especially in donkeys. Most miniature and standard donkeys resided in sanctuary and rescue farms and their use was not stated. Most mules were used for riding, packing or driving. Medical complaints represented 62% of the total visits and wellness visits represented 38% of total visits. The donkeys and mules in the case population described here received a good standard of veterinary care with regular vaccinations, deworming, routine dental care, and treatment of ailments. Our study is the first report of the life expectancy, use, body condition, preventative health and veterinary medical care of a population of donkeys and mules in the western United States.

This article, published in Equine Veterinary Education, discusses the use of the DGGR lipase assay to diagnose pancreatitis in equids with gastrointestinal disease. The study included 163 equids presenting with gastrointestinal signs such as colic, colitis, or peritonitis. The results showed that some equids had elevated lipase concentrations, indicating the presence of pancreatitis. However, further evaluation is needed to determine the role of pancreatitis as a primary or secondary condition in these cases. The study acknowledges limitations such as a small sample size and lack of histopathological and follow-up data. [Extracted from the article]

The article "Your trusted guide: Development of a guide to support owners and veterinary teams in planning and making decisions for equids throughout their lives" discusses the development of a guide to assist in decision-making and emergency planning for horses. The guide was created through a three-phase process, including a scoping review, focus groups with veterinary practices and a charity, and an online survey of equine stakeholders. The resulting guide, called TRUSTED, consists of six stages and provides easily accessible information to support shared decision-making between owners and veterinary teams. The article emphasizes the importance of planning for a horse's health throughout its life to ease decision-making during emergencies and end-of-life situations. [Extracted from the article]

ABSTRACT: Glanders is a disease caused by the bacterium Burkholderia mallei that primarily affects horses, mules and donkeys. The disease can cause lesions in the skin, lungs and several other organs. However, it often manifests as an asymptomatic disease. In Brazil, serological tests of high sensitivity and specificity are used to assist in the detection of antibodies against B. mallei and to contribute to the control of the disease. However, due to the mandatory euthanasia of seroreactive animals, equids with positive serology for B. mallei and asymptomatic generated great conflicts between breeders, veterinarians and diagnostic laboratories. This study clarifies the limitations of complementary diagnostic tests for detecting B. mallei. It describes the clinical, morphological and laboratory findings in 24 equines from different municipalities in the Mato Grosso State, Brazil, which reacted to the complement fixation test and were positive in the western blotting test for glanders. Data and tissue samples were collected from 24 horses for histological, microbiological and molecular analysis. In 23 horses, no clinical signs, morphological alterations, microbiological isolation, or molecular detection would characterize B. mallei infection. On the other hand, samples from an asymptomatic horse without lesional alterations showed sequence amplification compatible with B. mallei in the PCR. Considering that the infection by B. mallei is subject to the application of animal sanitary defense measures and that, by international requirement and national legislation, the serological results are tools that should support the sanitation procedures for the error of the bacteria in the Mato Grosso State, Brazil.

The contemporary mammalian communities of South America were defined by the rise of the Isthmus of Panama and by the deep climatic oscillations during the Pleistocene. Horses are a conspicuous group of North American immigrant mammals that came to South America during the late Pliocene and did not survive the great megafauna extinction approximately twelve thousand years ago. The present study compiles updated data on the phylogeny, systematics and ecology of this group in South America. The first lineage is represented by the genus Equus, which appears in the Middle Pleistocene and presents anatomical features similar to those of a current horse. The second lineage is the species included in the genus Hippidion, which were horses with highly distinctive anatomical features that were first recorded in the late Pliocene. Both genera of horses include small (H. devillei, H. saldiasi, E. andium and E. insulatus) and large (E. neogeus and H. principale) forms, which dispersed in South America using two different routes. The possible model for this dispersal indicates that the small forms used the corridor of the Andes, while the larger horses dispersed along the eastern route and some coastal areas.

Natural Trap Cave (NTC) preserves abundant late Pleistocene herbivore remains including equids (Equus and Haringtonhippus) and the sheep Ovis. The NTC equid sample contains a minimum of two taxa, while other large herbivore genera are represented by single species. In modern communities, sympatric herbivores partition resources by feeding on different plants or different plant parts. Previous dental isotopic studies indicated that most NTC herbivores consumed C3 plants, including grasses. To test the hypothesis that resource partitioning occurred among grass-feeders at NTC, we collected mesowear data from both equids as well as Ovis , using samples collected by teams from the University of Kansas between 1974 and 1985. Assessed on upper cheek teeth, mesowear derives from either attritional (tooth on tooth) or abrasional (tooth on abrasive food) wear. The paracone and metacone were examined on each specimen to determine cusp shape (sharp, rounded, or blunt) and occlusal relief (high or low). A diet of non-abrasive material yields high and sharp cusps and one of heavily abrasive materials results in low and blunt cusps, while rounded cusps indicate intermediate levels of abrasion. A large sample (N = 143) of equid teeth included two morphs. A smaller sample (N = 10) of Ovis teeth provided comparison with the equid teeth. Data collected consisted of individual variables of cusp heights and shape, as well as stages of mesowear combining both variables. Upper adult M1/2s and P4s were used. Results from the equid sample revealed that 8% exhibited high and sharp/rounded cusps, indicating little dietary abrasion; 58% had low and rounded cusps; and 34% had low and blunt cusps. The latter grouping is evidence for a highly abrasive diet. In the sample of Ovis , the results are strikingly different: 40% had high and sharp cusps and 60% had high and rounded cusps. Even though mountain sheep are often interpreted to be grass feeders, their mesowear suggests they did not eat an abrasive diet at NTC. The distribution of mesowear scores among the equid fossils conforms with an interpretation of two equid taxa at NTC , as well as supporting our hypothesis that these taxa partitioned grass resources. The very different nature of the mesowear signature seen in Ovis , compared to the equid fossils, also supports our hypothesis that these grass-feeders either consumed a more mixed or browse-dominated diet with different overall levels of abrasion, or else ate different parts of grass plants. As observed in the Serengeti grazing succession, we propose that equids may have moved through the area first, consuming taller, older, more abrasive parts of grass plants, followed by mountain sheep eating softer, younger plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Among equids, the mule (jackass stallion × mare) is the most common hybrid, followed by the hinny (horse stallion × jenny). This study describes the outcome of inseminating mares and jennies with either fresh horse or donkey semen of proven fertility. Pregnancy rates in horse females were significantly higher than in donkey females, while horse and donkey males did not affect pregnancy rates. Overall, intraspecific pregnancy rates were significantly higher than interspecific ones. Horses and donkeys differ phenotypically and karyotypically, although they can interbreed freely. Eight Standardbred mares and nine Amiata donkey jennies were included in the study. Semen was collected from two horses and two donkey stallions of proven fertility. A first pregnancy diagnosis was performed on day 10 after ovulation and repeated every day until embryo detection or until day 16. Irrespectively of the sire species, pregnancy rates in horse females (20/30, 66.7%) were significantly higher than in donkey females (19/70, 27.1%) (p < 0.05), while horse and donkey males did not affect pregnancy rates. Comparing overall intraspecific and interspecific AI, pregnancy rates were 25/37 (67.6%) and 14/63 (22.2%), respectively (p = 0.0001). The lowest pregnancy rate was obtained when inseminating jennies with horse stallion semen (8/49, 16.3%). No statistical differences were found when comparing embryo diameters, day at first pregnancy diagnosis, or in vitro embryo morphological quality among groups. In this study, much poorer results were obtained with jennies than with mares. Interspecific AI resulted in lower pregnancy rates than intraspecific Al, and AI to produce hinny hybrids resulted in the lowest pregnancy rate. Further studies are required to better understand the mechanism involved in such different outcomes in relation to intra- and interspecific breeding in domestic equids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papillomaviruses (PVs) are a family of small DNA tumor viruses that can induce benign lesions or cancer in vertebrates. The observation that animal PV capsid-proteins spontaneously self-assemble to empty, highly immunogenic virus-like particles (VLPs) has led to the establishment of vaccines that efficiently protect humans from specific PV infections and associated diseases. We provide an overview of PV-induced tumors in horses and other equids, discuss possible routes of PV transmission in equid species, and present recent developments aiming at introducing the PV VLP-based vaccine technology into equine medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The phylogenetic status of the Huaibei grey donkey based on its complete mitochondrial genome, phylogeny, and maternal origin has not been fully established. This study reports the mitochondrial DNA diversity of the Huaibei grey donkey breed and presents its origin and genetic characterization. The Huaibei grey donkey's complete mitogenome was 16,680 bp in length, containing 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs, 13 PCGs, and 1 D-loop region. The median-joining network and phylogenetic tree indicated two possible maternal lineages, with the Somali lineage as the most probable domestication center of Huaibei grey donkey. These results provide novel information on the origin and phylogeny of the Huaibei grey donkey and can be used as a reference for breeding and conservation management. The Huaibei grey donkey (HGD) is an endangered species and a vital native breed in Anhui Province, China. However, its complete mitogenome, phylogeny, and maternal origin remain unclear. The objectives of this study were to detect the genetic diversity of the HGD and investigate its phylogenetic relationship with other breeds to inform conservation management. The complete mitogenome of the HGD was sequenced through next-generation sequencing, and the most variable region in the mitochondrial DNA displacement-loop (D-loop) was amplified via a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Next, we used the median-joining network (MJN) to calculate the genetic relationships among populations and the neighbor-jointing method to build a phylogenetic tree and speculate as to its origin. The results showed that the mitogenome contains 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs, 13 PCGs, and 1 D-loop region. Analyzing the D-loop region of the HGDs, we identified 23 polymorphic sites and 11 haplotypes. The haplotype and nucleotide diversity were 0.87000 (Hd) and 0.02115 (Pi), respectively. The MJN analysis indicated that the HGD potentially has two maternal lineages, and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Somali lineage could be the most probable domestication center for this breed. Therefore, our mitogenome analysis highlights the high genetic diversity of the HGD, which may have originated from the Somali wild ass, as opposed to the Asian wild ass. This study will provide a useful resource for HGD conservation and breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Bovine tuberculosis is a contagious and zoonotic disease of animals and humans. In Europe, the number of reported cases of tuberculosis has decreased. Equidae are relatively rarely infected even in endemic areas. The presented report describes a case of chronic Mycobacterium bovis tuberculosis in a 30‐year‐old female donkey. The donkey initially presented with persistent lymphadenopathy; however, as the disease progressed, weight loss became apparent. To the authors' knowledge, this is the second confirmed case of tuberculosis in a donkey in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparatory work of research and the elaboration of a surveillance plan proposals for early detection of priority zoonotic pathogens presented in this report was conducted between October and the second half of December 2022 according to the European Commission (EC) scientific question Art. 31 mandate M‐2022‐00084 ‐ where the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has been asked to recommend sustainable surveillance options to prevent zoonosis spread through Member States. The pre‐selected list of 45 pathogens provided to EFSA by the MSs for scientifical support, with the aim of subsequently apply for funds that could improve their epidemiological surveillance, was analysed. EFSA with its Animal Health Team (AH), supported by external experts, were asked to prioritize diseases according to the severity and frequency with which each disease can occur in MSs and peripheral countries. The first part of this report is related to the analyses focussing on Equidae. The list of zoonosis was first analysed and a ranking of priority diseases for which Equidae could be the target of early detection surveillance activities was proposed. After this first prioritization, the list was further reduced to 10 diseases according to the indications provided among all species. For each of these diseases, a Disease card and one or more Surveillance Component Cards were developed by contractors. This report presents the preliminary research and the proposal of disease and surveillance components' cards for West Nile fever (Equidae), Lyme borreliosis and Tick‐Borne Encephalitis (other species). The disease card and the surveillance components proposed in this report were reviewed and further developed by EFSA and its Working Group to be presented to Member States competent authorities as guidance for their applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multisystemic eosinophilic epitheliotropic disease (MEED) is a rare condition of equids characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of multiple organs. Clinical signs are variable depending on the affected organs. The most common clinical signs include chronic weight loss, diarrhoea and exfoliative dermatitis. Respiratory distress and raised liver enzymes are less frequently seen. The cause is unknown and the pathogenesis is poorly understood. There are less than 50 reported cases of horses with MEED. We now document the lesions in three donkeys with fluctuating or chronic loss of weight, lethargy, exfoliative dermatitis and peripheral eosinophilia. All three animals were euthanized due to poor prognosis and welfare concerns. Post-mortem examination revealed multiple white to tan, irregular masses composed of eosinophilic infiltrates, including eosinophilic granulomas in several organs, confirming the presence of MEED. To the best of our knowledge, MEED has not previously been reported in donkeys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Strangles caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (S. equi) is considered one of the most prevalent and widely distributed infectious diseases in equids. Large epidemiological studies looking at prevalence factors associated with clinical disease are seldom reported. The present study aimed at describing selected prevalence factors of 9409 equids with acute onset of fever and respiratory signs tested for S. equi by qPCR and to determine the impact of vaccination on S. equi detection. A total of 715 horses (7.6%) tested qPCR-positive for S. equi, of which 226 horses had coinfections with common respiratory viruses (EIV, EHV-1, EHV-4, ERBV). Various prevalence factors were associated with S. equi qPCR-positive status, including season (winter and spring), use (competition and ranch/farm use), and clinical signs (nasal discharge, fever, lethargy, anorexia, and ocular discharge). Vaccination against S. equi was associated with a lower frequency of S. equi qPCR-positive index cases. This study aimed to describe selected epidemiological aspects of horses with acute onset of fever and respiratory signs testing qPCR-positive for S. equi and to determine the effect of vaccination against S. equi on qPCR status. Horses with acute onset of fever and respiratory signs from all regions of the United States were included in a voluntary biosurveillance program from 2008 to 2020 and nasal secretions were tested via qPCR for S. equi and common respiratory viruses. A total of 715/9409 equids (7.6%) tested qPCR-positive for S. equi, with 226 horses showing coinfections with EIV, EHV-1, EHV-4, and ERBV. The median age for the S. equi qPCR-positive horses was 8 ± 4 years and there was significant difference when compared to the median age of the S. equi qPCR-negative horses (6 ± 2 years; p = 0.004). Quarter Horse, Warmblood, and Thoroughbred were the more frequent breed in this horse population, and these breeds were more likely to test qPCR-positive for S. equi compared to other breeds. There was not statistical difference for sex between S. equi qPCR-positive and qPCR-negative horses. Horses used for competition and ranch/farm use were more likely to test qPCR-positive for S. equi (p = 0.006). Horses that tested S. equi qPCR-positive were more likely to display nasal discharge, fever, lethargy, anorexia, and ocular discharge compared to horses that tested S. equi qPCR-negative (p = 0.001). Vaccination against S. equi was associated with a lower frequency of S. equi qPCR-positive status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is a common endocrine disorder affecting equids. To help achieve and maintain healthy body condition, whilst reducing the risk of dietary associated laminitis, appropriate nutritional management is key. This review proposes a stepwise approach to building an individual nutritional plan for equines with PPID. Starting with considerations relating to current and desired body condition and muscle mass, it highlights the importance of providing appropriate amounts and forms of energy, carbohydrate and protein, with further practical considerations regarding the feeding of animals that are often aged and may have particular clinical sequelae to PPID. The next important step is to determine the degree of insulin dysregulation (ID), as this is a major factor associated with an increased risk of laminitis. Animals with ID should be fed low non‐structural carbohydrate (NSC) providing feeds/feedstuffs as well as fresh or preserved forage with NSC content <10‐12% on a DM basis. Finally, adjustments need to be made according to life stage and activity level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) of subtype H3 that infect humans are antigenically divergent from those of birds, horses, and swine. Human immunity against these viruses might be limited, implying potential pandemic risk. To determine human risk, we selected 4 avian, 1 equine, and 3 swine IAVs representing major H3 lineages. We tested serum collected during 2017-2018 from 286 persons in Belgium for hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies and virus neutralizing antibodies against those animal-origin IAVs and tested replication in human airway epithelia. Seroprevalence rates for circulating IAVs from swine in North America were >51%, swine in Europe 7%-37%, and birds and equids =12%. Replication was efficient for cluster IAVs from swine in North America and IAVs from swine in Europe, intermediate for IAVs from horses and poultry, and absent for IAVs from wild birds and a novel human-like swine IAV in North America. Public health risk may be highest for swine H3 IAVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has long been recognized that the so-called 'Oriental horseshoe' encountered by Western travellers and military personnel in the Middle East, including Iran, differed from the standard European, rim-like horseshoe in consisting of a thin plate of metal secured to the base of the horse's hoof. This study examines the literary and historical evidence for the Oriental horseshoe considering a range of Late Antique and mediaeval Islamic, as well as later sources. The efficacy of the Oriental horseshoe and its iconographic representation are examined. Examples in Western collections and the experiences of 19111 and early 20111 century military officers are described, attesting to the important differences between the European and Oriental-style of horseshoe. This important piece of material culture, which is almost never discussed in treatments of equine husbandry or military history in the Near East. deserves consideration by anyone interested in the management and deployment of cavalry in ancient and premodern Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcoid is the most common skin tumor reported worldwide in equids, donkeys, zebras, and mules of all ages and sexes. The bovine papillomavirus (BPV) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Globally, the incidence of equine sarcoid ranges from 12 % to 67 % of all skin neoplasms. Unfortunately, no attention is paid to the study of sarcoid epizootology in Ukraine. There are no reports on the clinical types of neoplasms, their pathohistological characteristics, and treatment methods. Our study aimed to describe the clinical manifestations of different anatomical types of equine sarcoid, ranging from small single lesions to multiple aggressive fibroblastic tumors, which were registered in horses from private farms and stables in the western regions of Ukraine during 2019–2022. According to its macroscopic features, sarcoid was divided into six clinical and anatomical types: hidden, verrucous, nodular, fibroblastic, mixed, and malignant. In general, 1012 horses were examined, of which 328 animals were clinically diagnosed with sarcoid. Neoplasms were localized in different parts of the body and belonged to different sarcoid types.The smallest number of neoplasms was detected in the area of the head around the eyes in the form of single nodules (2.3 %), on the neck (5.4 %), and limbs (14.8 %). Most of the multiple focal sarcoid tumors were localized in the chest area (26.5 %) and in the area of the abdominal wall and groin (51 %). Both depigmentation and hyperkeratinization of the affected areas were the typical morphological features of all sarcoid types. Hidden sarcoid was characterized by lesions of the skin’s superficial layers with well-defined areas of alopecia. Verrucous sarcoid was mainly localized in the neck and groin areas with the formation of irregularly shaped and large skin thickenings characterized by damage to the deep dermis layers. The third type of sarcoid is nodular, which was visually manifested in the form of mobile spherical subcutaneous nodules of small sizes. They were usually localized in the groin, prepuce, inner thighs, and eyelids. Fibroblastic type is one of the most aggressive equine sarcoids. It is characterized by rapid growth with the formation of massive tumors on the leg with an ulcerated surface and marked vascularization. Mixed sarcoid combined verrucous, fibroblastic and nodular types with predominant signs a particular type of tumor. Malignant form of sarcoid was relatively rare but particularly aggressive. Tumors spread along the course of lymphatic vessels with the formation of nodes and ulcers. This sarcoid was detected only in two horses. In general, it should be noted that sarcoid is not a fatal neoplasm for horses. However, its location, size, and the possibility of progression to a more aggressive form commonly leads to deterioration of the exterior and culling of thoroughbred animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The purposes of the present study were to report the relative frequency, to compare skin neoplastic diseases diagnosed in horses, donkeys, and mules in a referral hospital population, and to evaluate the outcome of surgical intervention in the treatment of the skin neoplastic diseases in the domestic equids. Seventy-two domestic equids including 32 horses, 30 mules, and 10 donkeys were included in this retrospective study. Data were obtained from medical sheets. The relative frequency of skin tumors was determined. The abnormal skin neoplastic/hyperplastic masses were removed with a radical surgical excision. The diagnosis was based on signalment, history, gross clinical examination, and confirmed by histopathological examination. The outcomes of surgical intervention were evaluated. The occurrence of skin tumors was higher in males than females and higher in intact males than geldings. Sarcoids were the most common skin tumor of horses and mules. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was the second most common skin tumor in horses, whereas, papilloma/fibropapiloma was the second most common skin tumor in mules. Both sarcoids and SCCs were the most common skin tumors in donkeys. The inguinal region was the main anatomic location for the occurrence of skin tumors in males especially in intact, equids. Sarcoids were mainly diagnosed on the skin of the male external genital system in intact horses. In male mules, all diagnosed sarcoids were located on the skin of the external genital system. Histopathological examination is necessary for accurate diagnosis of the skin neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions in the equids. The skin of the male external genital system is the main predilection site for the occurrence of skin tumors in domestic equids. It seems that conventional surgery as a practical technique offers a higher rate of success in the treatment of skin tumors in domestic equids [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Male infanticide has been reported in a wide range of taxa as a strategy for redirecting maternal investment and increasing a male's chance of siring future offspring. Plains zebras (Equus quagga) possess many of the social organization and life history traits found to favour infanticide. However, most documented cases are from captive animals, while it has not been detected in studies of free-ranging populations. Here, we report an apparent infanticide attempt in which the historical associations of all participants were known. In addition, we report the first instance of non-kin female–female cooperative defence against male aggression in this species. We discuss why this behaviour may not have been observed by other longitudinal studies. We then explore how intraspecific and inter-individual variation may factor into its relative rarity, how the reproductive biology of plains zebras relates to this behaviour, and how female–female cooperation between non-kin can operate as an effective counterstrategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the result of recent zooarchaeological analyses from the excavations of Elbistan Karahöyük in Southeast Turkey. Zooarchaeological data have been evaluated into conventional methods of analysis. This has contributed to better understanding of the local diet, consumption preferences, and Iron Age subsistence strategies. In addition, animal bone studies provide information about socio politic and economic alterations. After the collapse of Hittite Empire, it is known that the social and economic changes but as yet in order to see whether there is any evidence from Karahöyük that to show a major changes or recognition of the animal economy during the Iron Ages. Excavations undertaken at Karahöyük 2017- 2018-2019 have yielded 2,212 identified animal bone remains from the Iron Age levels (Early, Middle, and Late Iron Ages). The material consists mainly of domestic livestock (sheep, goat, cattle, and pig), dogs, equids (horse, donkey) and minor number of wild mammals (wolf, fox, hare, badger, and birds) presented in faunal assemblage as well. Skeletal element distribution, dental age profile and the fusion stages are generated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: The use of a bander castration device (Callicrate Bander) to perform partial phallectomy in combination with a perineal urethrostomy (PU) has previously been described to be an effective and well‐tolerated procedure in standing sedated horses. Objectives: The main objective of the present report is to share our experiences with the combined Callicrate Bander phallectomy (CBP) and PU (CBP/PU) focussing on potential complications, outcome and owner satisfaction. Study design: Retrospective case series. Methods: Medical records of 14 male equids that underwent CBP/PU at two different equine referral hospitals between 2012 and 2020 were reviewed. A long‐term follow‐up was conducted by telephone interview with the owners using a standardised questionnaire. Results: Equids underwent CBP/PU to treat penile and preputial squamous cell carcinomas (11/14), equine sarcoids (2/14) and penile abscessation and paraphimosis after trauma (1/14). Early post‐operative complications were mild and included transient post‐urination haemorrhage, perineal or preputial oedema and partial dehiscence of the PU. Complications that required further veterinary care in the immediate post‐operative period occurred in one animal, which had haemorrhage at the amputation site with subsequent haematoma and oedema formation, causing moderate signs of post‐operative pain. Complications encountered after discharge from the clinic comprised transient urine leakage at the amputation site, transient purulent preputial discharge, abscessation of the penile remnant and urine staining of the hind legs, tail and/or perineum. Four equids were euthanased because of tumour recurrence. Main limitations: Variable case details provided in the medical records, and information regarding the post‐operative healing process were mainly based on owner assessment. Conclusions: Callicrate Bander phallectomy/perineal urethrostomy is a well‐tolerated salvage procedure for male equids with debilitating conditions of the penis and prepuce. Severe post‐operative complications are rare. If advanced stages of penile SCC are expected, careful case selection based on a rigorous preoperative examination is mandatory. Owner satisfaction with the post‐operative result is high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduced large herbivores have partly filled ecological gaps formed in the late Pleistocene, when many of the Earth's megafauna were driven extinct. However, extant predators are generally considered incapable of exerting top‐down influences on introduced megafauna, leading to unusually strong disturbance and herbivory relative to native herbivores.We report on the first documented predation of juvenile feral donkeys Equus africanus asinus by cougars Puma concolor in the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts of North America. We then investigated how cougar predation corresponds with differences in feral donkey behaviour and associated effects on desert wetlands.Focusing on a feral donkey population in the Death Valley National Park, we used camera traps and vegetation surveys to compare donkey activity patterns and impacts between wetlands with and without cougar predation.Donkeys were primarily diurnal at wetlands with cougar predation, thereby avoiding cougars. However, donkeys were active throughout the day and night at sites without predation. Donkeys were ~87% less active (measured as hours of activity a day) at wetlands with predation (p < 0.0001). Sites with predation had reduced donkey disturbance and herbivory, including ~46% fewer access trails, 43% less trampled bare ground and 192% more canopy cover (PERMANOVA, R2 = 0.22, p = 0.0003).Our study is the first to reveal a trophic cascade involving cougars, feral equids and vegetation. Cougar predation appears to rewire an ancient food web, with diverse implications for modern ecosystems. Our results suggest that protecting apex predators could have important implications for the ecological effects of introduced megafauna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Magyar Állatorvosok Lapja is the property of Herman Otto Intezet Nonprofit Kft. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

From a previous large epidemiological survey, we randomly selected 474 serum samples (463 horses and 11 mules) distributed among four municipalities of Pará state, Amazon region, Brazil, and from three types: farm animal, urban carthorse, and sport horse. Samples were tested by indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT ≥ 64) for antibodies reactive to spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae using Rickettsia rickettsii as crude antigens. From the 474 equids tested, 149 (31.4%) had ticks attached during sampling, belonging mostly to the species Dermacentor nitens. The overall seroprevalence for SFG rickettsiae was 31.4% (95% confidence interval: 27.3–35.9%) with 149 seropositive animals out of 474 screened. Notably, 77 equids (16.2%) had high endpoint titers ranging from 512 to 16,384, indicating that they had been exposed to SFG rickettsiae not long before sampling. Animal type affected rickettsial seroprevalence, with significantly higher values among farm horses when compared with urban and sport animals. Presence of dogs and tick infestation were negatively associated with equid seropositivity to R. rickettsii. This is the first report of SFG rickettsiae-reactive antibodies in equids from Pará state, Brazilian Amazon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolutionary history of equids represents a paradigmatic case of evolution through time and space when, during the Cenozoic, fossil equids experimented with a variety of forms as well as multiple dietary adaptations. Nowadays, only a single genus of Equidae (Subfamily Equinae, tribe Equini) has survived, Equus , represented by wild zebras and asses and domesticated horses. In this contribution, we undertake a comprehensive mesowear analysis on the Equus simplicidens population from the Hagerman Horse Quarry, Idaho, Pliocene. Our sample includes sixty-two individuals based on crania and maxillae. We used the classic mesowear method in scoring the first or second molar paracone and calculated the average percentages of high versus low relief and sharp versus round versus blunt cusps, but also scored mesowear along a continuum that ranged from sharp cusps with high relief to blunt cusps with low relief by comparing E. simplicidens and extant ungulates. We applied the same methodology to a sample of living zebras, asses and horses to increase our comparative sample. Our results show that the Hagerman E. simplicidens sample had a high-abrasive diet as recorded in the living equid sample, and exhibited no significant distinction between the different age classes sampled. For the first time, these results show that the paleodietary behavior of E. simplicidens was similar to those of the living Equus species. • The first paleodietary reconstruction of Equus simplicidens from the Hagerman Horse Quarry is provided here. • Equus simplicidens shows a high-abrasive diet as the living zebras, asses and horses. • High-abrasive diets persisted since the Pliocene fossil and living horses. • No difference are shown using the different age classes of Equus simplicidens , allowing to include juveniles and young adults in the analyses to increase the sample. • Paleodietary reconstructions and body mass estimates indicate that Equus simplicidens was a zebra-like equid, similar to Equus grevyi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glanders, a highly contagious and often fatal disease affecting equids, is caused by Burkholderia mallei. Although sporadic cases of equine glanders have recently been documented in Mongolia, genome sequencing and molecular studies of the bacteria within this region are lacking. This study provided the first molecular characterization of B. mallei isolated from four native Mongolian horses from two different provinces in 2019 and 2022 by applying whole-genome sequencing with two SNP types (previously developed genotyping with 15 SNP markers that provide global coverage of the B. mallei population and the core genome coding SNP typing developed in this study). The Mongolian isolates were located within the L3B1 cluster, which was previously associated with the V-120 strain from Russia. Within the L3B1 cluster shared by neighboring countries, they were in a unique subbranch. In this study, specific SNP markers unique to the Mongolian strains were identified to track these strains using a high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA). This study revealed the unique phylogenetic background of Mongolian strains isolated from the eastern part of Mongolia. HRMA specific to the Mongolian subbranch may contribute to the molecular epidemiological monitoring of glanders in Mongolia and surrounding countries. • WGS of 4 B. mallei isolates from glanderous native Mongolian horses in 2019/2022. • Mongolian isolates have been genotyped by 2 SNP-based molecular typings. • First molecular characterization of Mongolian isolates. • HRAM assay development for specific identification of Mongolian lineage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 2-y-old female Grant's zebra ( Equus quagga [ burchellii] boehmi) was presented with a clinical history of depression, anorexia, and weakness of 1-wk duration. Postmortem examination identified ulcers on the tongue and palate; a large abscess adjacent to the larynx; left lung consolidation; mild swelling, darkening, and congestion of the liver with accentuation of the lobular pattern; and edema and congestion of the distal small and large intestines. Histologic examination identified necrotizing bronchopneumonia, necrotizing hepatitis, nephritis, and enterocolitis. Eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions were detected in syncytial cells and degenerate bronchial epithelium in the lungs and in some hepatocytes associated with necrotic foci. Bacterial cultures of the lung, liver, and laryngeal abscess failed to detect any significant pathogen. Lung and liver tested positive for equine herpesvirus with neuropathogenic marker by real-time PCR. Subsequently, equine herpesvirus was isolated in tissue culture, and the entire viral DNA polymerase gene (ORF30) was sequenced. The zebra lung isolate had a very close nucleotide and amino acid sequence identity to equid alphaherpesvirus 9 (EHV-9; 99.6% and 99.8%, respectively) in contrast to the neuropathogenic T953 strain of EHV-1 (94.7% and 96.6%, respectively). Although zebras are considered the natural host for EHV-9, we document an unusual acute systemic, fatal EHV-9 infection in a 2-y-old Grant's zebra.

Dynamic evolutionary processes and complex structure make the Y chromosome among the most diverse and least understood regions in mammalian genomes. Here, we present an annotated assembly of the male specific region of the horse Y chromosome (eMSY), representing the first comprehensive Y assembly in odd-toed ungulates. The eMSY comprises single-copy, equine specific multi-copy, PAR transposed, and novel ampliconic sequence classes. The eMSY gene density approaches that of autosomes with the highest number of retained X-Y gametologs recorded in eutherians, in addition to novel Y-born and transposed genes. Horse, donkey and mule testis RNAseq reveals several candidate genes for stallion fertility. A novel testis-expressed XY ampliconic sequence class, ETSTY7, is shared with the parasite Parascaris genome, providing evidence for eukaryotic horizontal transfer and inter-chromosomal mobility. Our study highlights the dynamic nature of the Y and provides a reference sequence for improved understanding of equine male development and fertility.

Simple Summary: There is now some understanding of the immediate welfare concerns of pack mules in Nepal but there is scant understanding about how they arrive in Nepal, and what challenges they face when they begin work. Using mixed methods, we investigate the owner's perspectives and using EARS welfare assessments develop a picture about how life is for the mules in Nepal. Mules endure the translocation of many hundreds of kilometres in overloaded vehicles to work in a transient industry where owners often have a lack of experience and understanding of their needs, and where the mules face multiple owners, have a high risk of mortality and, as such, undergo replacement with regularity. This study gives an indication of where potential interventions may have the greatest effect on improving pack mule welfare in Nepal, where improved transport checks and legislation, and support of owners to understand and appreciate their mules' needs could bring some much-needed relief to this struggling population. Equids in general experience transient lives where ownership may change multiple times, for working equids this can be more extreme where ownership changes are not only numerous but abrupt, and situations encountered prove difficult, diverse and tough for equids to adapt. In this study, we investigate the life cycle of pack mules in Nepal, investigating the challenges they face during their lives through to end of life. To gain insight into the lives of mules, we conducted semi-structured interviews and livelihood surveys with 27 key informants, gathering the perspectives of the people working with mules. Welfare assessments of the mules were undertaken via the Equid Assessment Research and Scoping tool (EARS) by a trained assessor. Mules had to adapt swiftly to changes in industry type, enduring long distance transportation in overloaded vehicles and across country borders with no checks for biosecurity or welfare. Mules had to show swift adaptation to their new environment, to respond to and learn new tasks via inhumanely administered training, using inappropriate techniques, delivered by owners lacking in understanding of mule behaviour and learning. Environmental conditions were often hard; the negotiation of difficult terrain and challenging weather conditions during monsoon and subsequent high-altitude working without acclimatisation likely pushed mules to their biological limits. This study investigates the lives of a population of mules in the mountains of Nepal, developing a better understanding of their needs and their 'truth' or 'telos' informing what measures will help them to thrive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis primarily transmitted via the consumption of infected/contaminated meat/vegetables/fruits, resulting in several years of disability-adjusted life. In Brazil, a high prevalence of toxoplasmosis has been recorded, and it affects hundreds of people. Several studies have been performed in Brazil to determine the occurrence of toxoplasmosis in animals at different levels of the food chain. However, to fully understand the situation in the country, there is a need to compile the studies performed in abattoirs establishing Toxoplasma gondii prevalence, its risk factors, as well as the infectivity of seropositive animals. Thus, we performed a systematic review gathering data on the prevalence and risk factors for toxoplasmosis in animals slaughtered in Brazil and performed a meta-analysis of its prevalence for different species and regions. Based on the results, we also discussed the infectivity of seropositive animals, risk factors, and the preventive strategies to avoid this zoonosis. Toxoplasmosis is mainly transmitted to human beings through the consumption of contaminated food, and several outbreaks caused by infected meat consumption have been reported in Brazil. We performed a systematic literature review on the prevalence and risk factors for toxoplasmosis in slaughtered animals and performed a meta-analysis of its prevalence for different species and regions. Furthermore, we also discussed the infectivity of seropositive animals, risk factors, and preventive strategies. In the meta-analysis, the overall prevalence estimates for poultry, ostrich, goats, swine, equids, sheep, and bovines were 42.4, 40.4, 23.0, 19.9, 19.1, 17.3, and 16.2%, respectively. Regarding the Brazilian regions, the highest prevalence values were detected for bovines and equids in the South (32.3 and 34.4%, respectively) and swine, goats, sheep, and poultry in the Northeast (29.3, 23.0, 22.9, and 69.8%%, respectively). High proportions of Toxoplasma gondii viability in bioassay conducted on seropositive animals were seen for sheep (34/40 = 85%) and swine (12/15 = 80%). Toxoplasma gondii infections are widespread on Brazilian farms, and the summarized data allow the establishment of high-priority areas and/or species for the adoption of preventive strategies to control this parasite at different levels of the food chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In several low- and middle-income countries, equids support local communities by performing a variety of work, from transport to agriculture and other household duties. Issues such as lameness can therefore have significant implications, not only to the welfare of the animals, but also to the wellbeing of whole communities. However, the available evidence on working equid lameness is limited and highly varied, making its interpretation challenging. Therefore, we conducted a review of studies investigating lameness in working equids and analysed the combined findings from different studies. Furthermore, we looked at the main commonalities and differences in the current body of literature and made recommendations for standardization of methods and terminology when conducting research in this field. We found that over one third of working equids are reported to have lameness-related issues and that older, thinner animals, as well as those working every day of the week, are more likely to be lame. The results from this study could be used towards the improvement and tailoring of health and welfare programmes for working equids. Lameness is an important concern in working equids of low- and middle-income communities (LMICs) with significant One Welfare implications. This study aims to determine the prevalence and influencing factors of lameness in working equids of LMICs. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to investigate pooled outcome prevalence using a random intercept regression model. Subgroup and sensitivity analysis were performed through meta-regression. A meta-analysis of study factors for lameness prevalence was performed. Sixty-four studies were included in the review. The pooled prevalence of lameness was 29.9% (n = 42, 95% CI 17–47%), while the pooled prevalence of gait abnormality was 62.9% (n = 12; 95% CI 31–87%). When considering both outcomes together, the pooled prevalence was 38.4% (n = 46; 95% CI 23–57%) with a significant (p = 0.02) difference between lameness (29.5%; 95% CI 16–48%) and gait abnormality (78.8%; 95% CI 40–95%). Species, country income level, gait assessed, and risk of bias did not significantly affect the pooled prevalence. Lower body condition scores, unresponsive attitudes, and old age were the most frequently reported factors positively associated with lameness-related outcomes. Working 7 days per week was positively associated with lameness. The standardization of outcome terminology, grading systems, and study factor categorization is recommended to enable more accurate interpretation and comparison between studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While some companion animals have been shown to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, their role in the COVID-19 pandemic has remained poorly investigated. Equids are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 based on the similarity of the human ACE-2 receptor and reports of infection. Clinical disease and prevalence factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in equids have not yet been investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and selected prevalence factors in 1186 equids presented for various conditions to a Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital over a two-year period. Blood samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using an ELISA targeting the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Further, selected prevalence factors (season, age, breed, sex, presenting complaint) were retrieved from the medical records. No information was available on whether the horses had come into contact with COVID-19-positive individuals. Among the study animals, 42/1186 (3.5%) horses had detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Amongst the prevalence factors investigated, only seasonality (spring) was associated with a greater frequency of seropositivity to SARS-CoV-2. Horses with medical and surgical complaints were more likely to test seropositive to SARS-CoV-2 compared to horses presented for routine health care procedures, suggesting more frequent and/or longer interactions with individuals with COVID-19. While horses can become infected with SARS-CoV-2 via the occasional spillover from COVID-19 individuals, clinical disease expression remains subclinical, making horses an unlikely contributor to the spread of SARS-CoV-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Respiratory disease is the most common presenting complaint at veterinary clinics and a priority concern for equid owners and veterinary practitioners in Ethiopia. Objectives: This study aimed to report the molecular detection of EHV‐2 and EHV‐5 and to assess the risk factors associated with infection in working equids in central Ethiopia. Methods: Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 58 horses and donkeys to detect EHV‐2 and EHV‐5 using PCR targeting the conserved region of glycoprotein B (gB) genes. Results: From 58 equids, EHV‐5 and EHV‐2 were detected in 20 (34.5%) and 19 (32.8%) equids, respectively. Concurrent infection with EHV‐2 and EHV‐5 was found in 6 (10.3%) equids who exhibited respiratory clinical signs. EHV‐2 was detected in a significantly higher (p = 0.002) proportion of horses (54.5%; n = 18) than donkeys (4%; n = 1). In contrast, EHV‐5 was detected in a significantly higher (p = 0.004) proportion of donkeys (56%; n = 14) compared to horses (18.2% n = 6). EHV‐2‐positive equids were seven times more likely to display clinical signs of respiratory disease than EHV‐2‐negative equids (Odds ratio (OR) = 6.9; 95%CI: 1.72‐27.60). However, statistically significant (p = 0.832) difference was not observed for EHV‐5. EHV‐2 was detected in a significantly higher (p = 0.004) proportion of female (50%; n = 16) compared to male equids (11.5%; n = 3). Conclusions: This study revealed the molecular detection of EHV‐2 and EHV‐5 in horses and donkeys residing in central Ethiopia. The association between EHV‐2‐test‐positive equids and displaying of clinical signs of respiratory disease was observed, which suggests EHV‐2 involvement in the development of respiratory disease; however, it deserves further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fossil horses are ubiquitous members of late Neogene and Quaternary ecosystems in Eurasia and Africa. The genus Equus is conventionally thought to be a Pleistocene immigrant into Eurasia from North America, and the concurrent appearance of these monodactyl equids in Eurasia around 2.58 Ma is accepted as the Equus Datum. Here, we report on a specimen of Equus found near the village of Jhil, from the latest Pliocene of the Upper Siwaliks of India. The specimen was recovered from sediments that are lithologically equivalent to the Upper Pliocene Saketi Formation, and have been dated paleomagnetically to lie just below the Gauss–Matuyama boundary, therefore, the latest Pliocene. Our comparative work shows that the anatomy of Jhil specimen is consistent with the Early Pleistocene Siwalik horse, Equus sivalensis. Our finding extends the temporal distribution of this species into the latest Pliocene, and adds to our understanding of the variation in this species of horse. We also argue that along with potential latest Pliocene occurrences of Equus from Europe, and accounting for the Signor–Lipps effect, the Equus Datum should be revised as a latest Pliocene event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In times of crisis, working equids can play a pivotal role in supporting vulnerable people in lower middle income countries. However, their contributions are rarely acknowledged in academic research, media reporting, international policy, and development initiatives. This paper explores the involvement of working equids in humanitarian emergencies, notably those pertaining to conflict, drought, climate change, and natural hazards. It presents 'critical cases', informed by document analysis of policy papers, historical texts, and academic publications. In addition, it includes the findings of semi‐structured interviews with key informants, primarily field staff working for frontline services in crisis zones, conducted in mid 2020. The paper develops evidence on the role of working equids in crisis situations—expanding the concept of 'resilience' to include working animals and contributing to recent academic discussions in the fields of disaster and development studies—highlighting their importance for global policy, resilience programming, and disaster risk reduction, including efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Furthermore, also vaccinations for even more deadly diseases than tetanus are not always used by horse owners. The report "Recurrent tetanus in a donkey" from G. Kay et al. (2022) in this issue of Equine Veterinary Education suggests, in line with reports in human medicine, that a clinical episode of naturally contracted tetanus does not elicit a strong enough immune response to protect against a second episode of clinical tetanus. In this report, also the reasons for the common non-vaccination in Morocco are briefly discussed by the authors, and vaccinating working equids against tetanus is stated to be challenging. Tetanus vaccination is often combined with equine influenza (EI) vaccination. [Extracted from the article]

Summary: This report describes a case of a non‐lethal tetanus in a donkey that re‐presented 9 months after discharge with a second episode of tetanus. This is the first time "recurrent" tetanus has been reported in equids, although it is a recognised, albeit rare occurrence in humans. This case illustrates the fact that natural infection did not confer immunity in this particular donkey. This highlights the importance of tetanus toxoid vaccination even for animals that recover from the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]