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Unlike the previous study, this paper employs panel cointegration and Granger causation approaches to discuss the associations among carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, GDP growth, clean energy generation, and industrial growth for the top ten industrial countries spanning the period 1980-2014. The primary empirical outcomes show a two-way long-run association between environmental indicator, GDP growth, and clean energy generation, while one short-run causation from clean energy generation to CO2 emissions and from industrial growth to clean energy generation. The computed coefficients elasticity's under FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR estimates revealed that the clean energy generation statistically contributes to declining emissions of CO2 in Australia, Austria, and Chile while statistically increase emissions of CO2 in Denmark and the Netherlands. Industrial growth statistically contributes to reducing emissions of CO2 in Denmark and Norway but increases emissions in Chile, France, and Sweden. For the global panel, industrial growth leads to mitigate the rate of emissions while clean energy generation raises CO2 emissions in the long period. Investing in clean energy is needed to stimulate the growth of the industrial sector and then reduce the rate of emissions.

The Atlantic Forest is a biodiversity hotspot, with one of its last large forests located in Serra do Japi, in an urbanized region of the state of São Paulo. To protect this forest, in 1984 the Cajamar, Cabreúva and Jundiaí Environmental Protection Area (APAs CCJ) was established, regulated in 1998 and expanded in 2006. The study characterized the forest cover of the APAs CCJ, qualifying the patches by applying a Forest Quality Index (IQF), composed of landscape metrics AREA, IC, ENN and PROXRIO. Secondary data processed in a Geographic Information System (GIS) was used. The landscape has a forest cover of 35.25%, predominating patches of up to 10 hectares, representing 85.46% of the fragments. Forest cover is unevenly distributed, with the largest patches concentrated in the Serra do Japi region, and with forest cover below 30% in watershed areas. The average distance between the patches, and between these and the hydrography, is less than 60 meters, resulting in a good IQF score for 88.64% of the forests. Small patch suppression scenarios increase the mean distance between patches more than in large patch suppression scenarios, indicating that small patches are important in landscape connectivity. It is concluded that the environmental quality of forest fragments in the landscape is good, and that the regulation of APAs CCJ should increase the protection of small forest patches, in addition to the ecological restoration of strategic areas, aiming at the conformation of corridors between the fragments. El Bosque Atlántico es un hotspot de biodiversidad, con uno de sus últimos grandes bosques ubicado en Serra do Japi, en una región urbanizada del estado de São Paulo. Para proteger este bosque, en 1984 se estableció el Área de Protección Ambiental (APAs CCJ) de Cajamar, Cabreúva y Jundiaí, reglamentada en 1998 y ampliada en 2006. El estudio caracterizó la cobertura forestal de las APAs CCJ, calificando los parches aplicando un Índice de Calidad Forestal (IQF), compuesto por las métricas de paisaje AREA, IC, ENN y PROXRIO. Se utilizaron datos secundarios procesados en un Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG). El paisaje presenta una cobertura forestal del 35,25%, predominando parches de hasta 10 hectáreas, representando el 85,46% de los fragmentos. La cobertura forestal está distribuida de manera desigual, con los parches más grandes concentrados en la región de Serra do Japi, y con una cobertura forestal inferior al 30% en las áreas de producción de água. La distancia promedio entre los parches, y entre estos y la hidrografía, es menor a 60 metros, resultando en un buen puntaje IQF para el 88.64% de los bosques. Los escenarios de supresión de parches pequeños aumentan la distancia media entre parches más que en los escenarios de supresión de parches grandes, lo que indica que los parches pequeños son importantes en la conectividad del paisaje. Se concluye que la calidad ambiental de los fragmentos forestales en el paisaje es buena, y que la regulación de APAs CCJ debe incrementar la protección de pequeños parches de bosque, además de la restauración ecológica de áreas estratégicas, visando la conformación de corredores entre los fragmentos. A Mata Atlântica é um hotspot de biodiversidade, com uma de suas últimas grandes florestas localizada na Serra do Japi, em uma região urbanizada do estado de São Paulo. Para proteger esta floresta, em 1984 foi instituída a Área de Proteção Ambiental de Cajamar, Cabreúva e Jundiaí (APAs CCJ), regulamentada em 1998 e expandida em 2006. O estudo caracterizou a cobertura florestal das APAs CCJ, qualificando as manchas mediante aplicação de um Índice de Qualidade Florestal (IQF), composto pelas métricas de paisagem AREA, IC, ENN e PROXRIO. Utilizou-se de dados secundários processados em um Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG). A paisagem apresenta cobertura florestal de 35,25%, predominando manchas de até 10 hectares, que representam 85,46% dos fragmentos. A cobertura florestal está desigualmente distribuída, com as maiores manchas concentradas na região da Serra do Japi, e com cobertura florestal inferior a 30% nas áreas de mananciais. A distância média entre as manchas, e destas com a hidrografia é inferior a 60 metros, condicionando uma boa nota de IQF para 88,64% das florestas. Cenários de supressão dos pequenos fragmentos ampliam mais a distância média entre as manchas do que nos cenários de supressão de grandes fragmentos, indicando que as pequenas manchas são importantes na conectividade da paisagem. Conclui-se que a qualidade ambiental dos fragmentos florestais na paisagem é boa, e que a regulamentação das APAs CCJ deve incrementar a proteção das pequenas manchas florestais, além da restauração ecológica de áreas estratégicas, objetivando a conformação de corredores entre os fragmentos.

Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) have been widely publicized. Their driving performances depend mainly on lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Research on this topic has been concerned with the battery pack’s integrative environmental burden based on battery components, functional unit settings during the production phase, and different electricity grids during the use phase. We adopt a synthetic index to evaluate the sustainability of battery packs. A life cycle assessment (LCA) is used to reveal the aspects of global warming potential (GWP), water consumption, and ecological impact during the two phases. An integrative indicator, the footprint-friendly negative index (FFNI), is combined with footprint family indicators of battery packs and electricity sources. We investigate two cases of 1 kg battery production and 1 kWh battery production to assess nickel–cobalt–manganese (NMC) and lithium–iron phosphate (LFP) battery packs and compare their degrees of environmental friendliness. Then, we break down the battery pack to identify the key factors influencing the environmental burden and use sensitivity analysis to analyze the causes. Moreover, we evaluate the environmental impact of battery packs during the use phase among different regions. Regardless of the functional unit (FU), the weights of the carbon footprint (CF), water footprint (WF), and ecological footprint (EF) are approximately the same. The results of the integrative environmental indicator, the FFNI, illustrate that the LFP is approximately 0.014, which is lower than that of the NMC battery pack in the mass production case. When using energy units as the FU, the FFNI of the NMC is 0.015, which reflects a lower environmental burden than that of other battery packs. In the use phase, 1kWh electricity consumption in China and Europe has the highest and lowest FFNI, respectively. When breaking down the battery-pack components, the simplified model advocates the cathode as the major contributor that determines the total environmental performance. In the following sensitivity analysis, the battery management system (BMS) is found to be the most intensive part of the footprint of most battery packs. FU can influence the evaluation results. Developing proper renewable energy sources can reduce the footprints of battery packs during the use phase. The positive electrode pastes in the battery cell, BMS, and packaging in the battery pack can influence the environmental burden. Adopting green materials in sections like the BMS may be a specific measure to enhance the environmental friendliness of a battery pack during the production phase.

Education for sustainable development through activities or seminars is part of the training program for chemical engineering students to strengthen their commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) included in Agenda 2030. Food waste is not only an ethical and economic issue; it also depletes limited natural resources. In terms of the most recognized environmental indicator, food waste generates about 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions. In this regard, curbing the growing trend of over-consumption of goods that we will not consume can have a significant effect on reducing the environmental impact associated with food production. The evaluation of the environmental impacts associated with non-responsible food consumption address SDGs No. 1, 2, 6, 12 and 13 and creates a framework for discussion on how to prevent food waste and strengthen the sustainability of the food system. The activity included both group activities (search for life cycle characterization factors to estimate the carbon and water footprints of food) and individual activities (collection of food waste data) over several months. When comparing the values of environmental footprints at the beginning and end of the activity, the most rational consumption of meat and dairy products was responsible for the largest proportion of the reduction achieved (70 %). The activity was evaluated by the students with an average of 3.40 (between 1 and 4), with a remarkable percentage of students (>75 %) who valued the activity positively both in the definition of the different phases of the work and in the monitoring of the results.

En la Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos – IPN se cuenta con una planta productora de composta desde 1999 la cual genera 2250 toneladas de composta al año, pero no tiene la capacidad para procesar todos los residuos orgánicos de cada Unidad Académica. Tomando en cuenta todos los residuos generados en UPIBI-IPN, se diseñó un prototipo de producción de composta (Lombricomposta), cuyo objetivo fue disminuir la huella ecológica, generada por la institución, siendo un indicador ambiental, proporcionando datos relevantes para el diseño del prototipo. “La huella ecológica mide la superficie necesaria para producir los recursos consumidos por un ciudadano medio de una determinada comunidad, así como la necesaria para absorber los residuos que genera, independientemente de donde estén localizadas estas áreas” (p12). llevadas a cabo en el periodo enero 2018 – diciembre 2019, e incluyo una estructura integrada por cuatro cajas de acrílico, sistema de triturado; accionada por una bicicleta fija. El compostaje ha ganado popularidad en los años recientes, lo cual logró evolucionar los sistemas convencionales de producción de composta, haciéndolos interactivos, motivadores e integradores, no requiere de energía, es sustentable y además promovió la actividad física en la institución.

The quantitative and qualitative study of wetland ecosystems is the main base for their sustainable use. In arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran, importance of wetlands is more obvious. Providing new information of changes in wetlands during several decades help us finding the reasons of alteration and making programs and policies. One of the most effective techniques in this field is remote sensing. Choghakhor international wetland, one of the most important wetlands in Iran. In this study, satellite images of MSS, TM, ETM +, and OLI were used during 1976–2017 to identify changes within the wetland. Also, the distribution of aquatic plants has been evaluated with NDVI index as an environmental indicator due to their key role on these aquatic ecosystems. After mapping the changes in wetland patterns over times, a cellular automata model (CA) was used to simulate changes up to the 2030s. The results of the time processing map data of the maps show the gradual decrease of the area (water body) of the wetland in the spring and more in the autumn season, which is more evident in recent years. However, the aquatic plants of the wetland in recent years has been. In general, three life periods for the Choghakhor wetland could be defined: “natural period”, “developmental period” and “dehydration period”. According to the CA model, the water body of the wetland shows a decreasing trend by 2030. On the other hand, aquatic plants growing in the wetland and its surroundings, which could be due to the high nutrient and organic load in future. Therefore, having an integrated strategy and program to improve the status of this unique ecosystem is necessary more than ever.

Biosphere Reserves are archetypal parts of natural and cultural landscapes encompassing over large area of different ecosystem, it represents bio-geographic zones of an region. Globally, the areas of biosphere reserve is shrinking and exploiting due to the extreme climatic condition, natural calamities and anthropogenic activities, which leads to environmental and land degradation. In this paper Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBSR) area has been selected and it represents a biodiversity-rich ecosystem in the Western Ghats and includes two of the ten biogeographical provinces of India. Amongst the most insubstantial ecosystems in the world, the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is bearing the substance of climate change evident in increasingly unpredictable rainfall and higher temperatures during recent years. The region was mostly unscathed till two centuries ago, but has witnessed large-scale destruction ever since. In this scenario, a need of application of remote sensing and advance machine learning techniques to monitor environmental degradation and its ecosystem in NBSR is more essential. The objective of the present study is to develop satellite image classification techniques that can reliably to map forest cover and land use, and provide the basis for long-term monitoring. Advanced image classification techniques on the cloud-based platform Google Earth Engine (GEE) for mapping vegetation and land use types, and analyse their spatial distributions. To restore degraded ecosystems to their natural conditions through proper management and conservation practices. In order to understand the nature of environmental degradation and its ecosystem in Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve; following thematic criteria’s were grouped in to four major indicators such as Terrain Indicator (TI), Environmental Indicator (EI), Hydro-Meteorological Indicator (HMI) and Socio-Economic Indicator (SEI). The utilisation of remote sensing product of huge datasets and various data product in analysis and advanced machine learning algorithm through Google earth engine are indispensable. After extraction of all the thematic layers by using multi criteria decision and fuzzy linear member based weight and ranks were assigned and overlay in GIS environment at a common pixel size of 30 m. Based on the analysis the resultant layer has been classified into five environmental degraded classes i.e., very high, high, moderate, slight and no degradation. This study is help to identify the degradation and long term monitoring and suggest the appropriate conservation, management and policies, it is a time to implement and protect the Nilgiri biosphere reserves without hindering present stage of natural environment in a sustainable manner.

In this paper, a screening‐level life cycle assessment (LCA) approach is used to compare the potential environmental benefits and tradeoffs of different management options for wood ash, namely, agricultural land application, forest soil amendment, use in forest roads, use in concrete and mortar, and landfilling. Uncertainty analyses are used to evaluate the generalizability of the results obtained. Although decisions regarding the selection of a beneficial use option are site‐specific and depend on available local markets and wood ash characteristics, this study shows that it is possible to draw a few general conclusions from the application of LCA. All beneficial use (BU) options showed lower environmental indicator scores than those associated with landfilling, in addition to net potential environmental benefits. From an environmental perspective, results suggest that, only in a few situations, beneficially using wood ash might not produce potential net environmental benefits but would still be preferred over landfilling, and in a very few cases, landfilling would be preferred over a BU option. For instance, net environmental benefits may be compromised if wood ash needs to be transported over long distances before it can be beneficially used. Out of the four BU options evaluated, the use of wood ash in concrete to replace Portland cement showed the greatest potential environmental benefits. However, the application of wood ash on agricultural or forest land showed greater environmental benefits than the use in concrete in cases where both its liming and fertilizing potentials are assumed to be achieved at the same time.

This study aims to identify cluster structure of European Union (EU) Member countries and Candidate Turkey in terms of environmental waste indicators and to determine the other member countries which are classified in the same cluster with Turkey. Hierarchical and non-hierarchical clustering methods were used to determine clusters of 28 member countries and Turkey according to the total 8 environmental waste indicators. The optimal cluster number and the best method were identified with the silhouette index which is a cluster validity index. The results from the cluster analysis using the hierarchical and non-hierarchical methods showed that there are six clusters according to the environmental waste indicators of EU countries and Turkey. The average Silhouette index shows that the k-means gives more valid results than the ward. According to the Silhouette index obtained by k-means method, Turkey has been found to be classified in the same cluster with 50% of the EU countries such as Poland, Hungary, and Latvia etc., Bu çalışma Avrupa Birliği üye ülkeleri ve aday olan Türkiye’nin çevresel atık göstergeleri açısından kümelenme yapısını tanımlamayı ve Türkiye ile aynı kümede sınıflandırılan diğer üye ülkeleri belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. 28 üye ülkenin ve Türkiye'nin toplam 8 çevresel atık göstergesine göre kümelenmesinin belirlenmesinde hiyerarşik ve hiyerarşik olmayan kümelenme yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. En iyi kümeleme metodu ve optimum küme sayısını belirlemek için küme geçerlilik indeksi olan Silhouette indeksi kullanılmıştır. Hiyerarşik ve hiyerarşik olmayan yöntemler kullanılarak elde edilen küme analizi sonuçları göstermiştir ki, AB üye ülkeleri ve Türkiye çevresel atık göstergelerine göre altı kümeden oluşmaktadır. Ortalama Silhouette indeksi göstermiştir ki, K-ortalamalar yöntemi Ward yöntemine göre daha geçerli sonuç vermiştir. K-ortalamalar yöntemi ile elde edilen Silhouette indeksine göre Türkiye; Polonya, Macaristan ve Letonya gibi AB ülkelerinin%50'si ile aynı kümede sınıflandırmıştır.

Purpose : the article is devoted to the study of the degree of formation of the green economy in the countries of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC). Using statistical analysis to identify the features and to group countries according to similar characteristics. Consider in detail the environmental indicator (CO2), which significantly affects the level of development of the green economy. Discussion : global problems of instability of global systems have led to the aggravation of socio-economic and environmental problems, thus pushing international organizations to develop strategic projects to prevent climate change. Results : the author has carried out a cluster analysis, using which the BSEC countries are grouped according to the most similar characteristics. The results showed that countries are significantly differentiated by the level of development of the green economy. Based on the findings, further efforts are needed to develop and implement environmental initiatives for the successful implementation of the green economy in the BSEC.

This study was carried out in the Bucegi Natural Park, a protected area of the Romanian Carpathians. It aims at documenting the potential sensitivity of six widespread Natura 2000 habitat types and of all plants with conservative value (200 taxa) in the mountain area, to the changes in temperature and humidity, predicted for this century. Regional expert knowledge and environmental indicator values were considered in assessing the potential habitat’s sensitivity. The results support the evidence that sensitivity to temperature may be potentially higher for habitats at alpine and subalpine levels (bushes and grasslands) and medium for forest habitats. Sensitivity to moisture was detected as potentially high for forest habitats and as medium for bushes and grasslands at high mountain elevation. Microthermophilic plants have shown a greater share (76-79%) in alpine and subalpine communities, and the hydrophilic plants (86-96%) in forest communities. About 80% of plants of conservation value (microthermophilic or hydrophilic plants) may be potentially sensitive to predicted warming and drought and 44% of them (microthermophilic and hydrophilic plants) to the changes of both parameters. Climate scenarios (2011-2100) and sensitivity maps (Sat – image interpretation with GIS for the whole mountain area) are included.

We present a life cycle assessment (LCA) of the operation of Casey Station in Antarctica. The LCA included quantifying material and energy flows, modeling of elementary flows, and subsequent environmental impacts. Environmental impacts were dominated by emissions associated with freight operations and electricity cogeneration. A participatory design approach was used to identify options to reduce environmental impacts, which included improving freight efficiency, reducing the temperature setpoint of the living quarters, and installing alternative energy systems. These options were then assessed using LCA, and have the potential to reduce environmental impacts by between 2% and 19.1%, depending on the environmental indicator.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management contributes substantially to climate change. The greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions from waste collection and landfill activities have a significant contribution. The carbon footprint is an important environmental indicator to express GHG emissions. Nowadays in Luanda, the capital and largest city of Angola, more than 2 million tonnes per year of unselected MSW are sent to landfill. The aim of this work is to evaluate the carbon footprint related to MSW in Luanda. The methodologies used to quantify the carbon footprint were based on the guidelines of the IPCC and the GHG Protocol of greenhouse gases emissions associated with MSW anaerobic decomposition, from the daily operations of the landfill site. The results show that direct landfill emissions are the major contributions to GHG accounting. Keywords: Carbon footprint, Greenhouse gases, Landfill, Municipal solid waste

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) In the last decade, a water crisis has been experienced that has negatively impacted several economic sectors and caused adverse effects that interfere with the maintenance of aquatic systems. Reservoirs are artificial systems that play an important role in the electricity generation and water storage, but many socio-environmental impacts are observed during their construction and those systems have been impacted by anthropogenic activities. Therefore, there is a need to use approaches that enable the evaluation of these systems, as well as the establishment of management strategies. For that, we used: (i) a zero-dimensional model to verify the mass balance of limnological variables; (ii) quality management tools for analyzing limnological data; (iii) landscape analysis and use of a landscape structure indicator; and (iv) a qualitative approach to the assessment of ecosystem services. Upstream and downstream points of the Barra Bonita (RBB), Salto Grande (RSG), Itupararanga (RI) and Jaguari-Jacareí (RJJ) reservoirs were evaluated, considering the rainy (January, March, November) and dry seasons (May, July, September). Data from the ‘Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo’ (CETESB) were used for the following variables: electrical conductivity (EC), thermotolerant coliforms (FC), biological oxygen demand (BOD5,20), dissolved oxygen (DO), total chloride (CHL), ammonia nitrogen (NH4), nitrate (NO3), nitrite (NO2), pH, turbidity (TURB), total phosphorus (TP), and total solids (ST). In RBB, upstream stations of the Tietê and Piracicaba rivers were evaluated, as well as a downstream station in the Tietê river. Considering the RSG, an upstream and downstream station on the Atibaia river was evaluated. In the case of the RI, three upstream stations (Una, Sorocabuçu and Sorocamirim rivers) and other downstream, close to the dam, were evaluated. Concerning RJJ, two stations were verified in the Jaguari river: one upstream and the other downstream. In terms of mathematical modeling, RBB demonstrated a good capacity to retain limnological variables, especially those related to the sedimentation process. Considering the guiding values of CONAMA Resolution 357/05 and CETESB, it was found that BBR, SGR and RI had the highest number of non-conformities. EC, FC, BOD5,20, DO and TP are responsible for most non-conformities. In relation to the land cover of the Piracicaba-Capivari-Jundiaí and Sorocaba-Médio Tietê Water Resources Management Units between 2010 and 2020, the predominance of anthropogenic uses (agricultural and urbanized areas) is evident, which occupy more 60% of the territory, despite the native vegetation recovery. The Distance to Nature (D2N) showed the predominance of urbanized/intensively cultivated landscapes (> 60%), as well as areas that were unchanged and changed in natural or artificial direction. As for ecosystem services, it was shown that changes in limnological variables affect the maintenance of biodiversity and directly impact the provision of ecosystem services. It is recommended the implementation of strategies that contribute to the improvement of the environmental quality of the study area and water bodies, the approach was useful for the evaluation of these ecosystems and contributes to the decision making. Na última década, tem sido vivenciada uma crise hídrica que tem prejudicado diversos setores econômicos e ocasionado efeitos adversos que interferem na manutenção dos sistemas aquáticos. Os reservatórios são sistemas artificiais que desempenham um importante papel na geração de energia elétrica e armazenamento de água, porém ocasionam muitos impactos socioambientais durante sua construção e têm sido impactados pelas atividades antropogênicas. Logo, emerge a necessidade do emprego de abordagens que possibilitem a avaliação destes sistemas, assim como propiciam o estabelecimento de estratégias de manejo. Para tanto, foram utilizados: (i) um modelo zero-dimensional para se verificar o balanço de massas de variáveis limnológicas; (ii) ferramentas da gestão da qualidade para análise de dados limnológicos; (iii) análise da paisagem e utilização de um indicador de estrutura da paisagem; e (iv) uma abordagem qualitativa para avaliação de serviços ecossistêmicos. Avaliou-se pontos a montante e a jusante dos reservatórios de Barra Bonita (RBB), Salto Grande (RSG), Itupararanga (RI) e Jaguari-Jacareí (RJJ), considerando as estações chuvosa (janeiro, março, novembro) e seca (maio, julho, setembro). Foram utilizados dados da Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB), para as seguintes variáveis: condutividade elétrica (CE), coliformes termotolerantes (CF), demanda biológica de oxigênio (DBO5,20), oxigênio dissolvido (OD), cloreto total (CHL), nitrogênio amoniacal (NH4), nitrato (NO3), nitrito (NO2), pH, turbidez (TURB), fósforo total (PT), e sólidos totais (ST). Em RBB, foram avaliados os rios Tietê e Piracicaba a montante, bem como o rio Tietê a jusante. Por sua vez, no RSG, foi avaliado um ponto a montante e a jusante no rio Atibaia. No caso do RI, foram avaliados três pontos a montante (rios Una, Sorocabuçu e Sorocamirim) e um ponto a jusante, próximo da barragem. Tratando-se do RJJ, foram verificados dois pontos no rio Jaguari: um a montante e outro a jusante. Se tratando da modelagem matemática, RBB demonstrou ter uma boa capacidade de retenção das variáveis limnológicas, principalmente aquelas relacionadas com o processo de sedimentação. Considerando os valores orientadores da Resolução CONAMA 357/05 e da CETESB, constatou-se que RBB, RSG e RI apresentaram o maior número de não conformidades. CE, CF, DBO5,20, OD e PT são responsáveis pela maior parte das não conformidades. Em relação aos usos e cobertura da terra das Unidades de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos Piracicaba-Capivari-Jundiaí e Sorocaba-Médio Tietê entre os anos de 2010 e 2020, é evidente o predomínio de usos antropogênicos (áreas agrícolas e áreas urbanizadas), que ocupam mais de 60% do território, apesar da recuperação da vegetação nativa. As paisagens urbanizadas/intensivamente cultivadas predominaram (D2N> 60%), bem como áreas inalteradas e áreas que mudaram em direção ao natural ou artificial. Quanto aos serviços ecossistêmicos, evidenciou-se que alterações nas variáveis limnológicas afetam a provisão de serviços ecossistêmicos proporcionados pelos reservatórios. Recomenda-se a implementação de estratégias que contribuam para a melhoria da qualidade ambiental da área de estudos e dos corpos hídricos, a abordagem foi útil para a avaliação destes ecossistemas e contribui para a tomada de decisão. CNPq: 158927/2018-4 CAPES: Código de Financiamento 001

[EN] This study disentangles the relationships that exist between the four indicators of corporate sustainable development: economic, environmental, social, and governance. We account for the potential bidirectionality of the relationships, control for the dynamic nature of the sustainability process, and address the endogeneity problem to appropriately analyze the sustainability process. We estimated a panel data from 734 U.S. companies from 2004 through 2016 by using the system generalized method of moments and fnd evidence of a clear dynamic nature of the businesses’ sustainability process. The results show that the current levels of the four sustainable development indicators are strongly determined by the levels of these indicators in the two previous years. Our results also show that corpo rate sustainable development follows a virtuous circle. The relationships across the eco nomic, environmental, and social indicators are bidirectional and positive. Hence, these three sustainability indicators do not compete for available resources. On the contrary, they are tightly interconnected in a frm’s sustainable development processes. Therefore, practitioners and regulators should consider these indicators simultaneously to promote sustainability in businesses and apply long-term sustainability policies. Altogether, our evidence supports the idea that frms can do good by doing well, and they do well by doing good., Publicación en abierto financiada por el Consorcio de Bibliotecas Universitarias de Castilla y León (BUCLE), con cargo al Programa Operativo 2014ES16RFOP009 FEDER 2014-2020 DE CASTILLA Y LEÓN, Actuación:20007-CL - Apoyo Consorcio BUCLE.