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Previous genetic analyses have demonstrated that the fin whales in the Sea of Cortez likely are genetically (and presumably demographically) isolated from North Pacific fin whales. Consequently the Sea of Cortez fin whale population is likely more vulnerable to anthropogenic effects and habitat changes. Here we extend previous work by genetic analyses of microsatellite and mtDNA nucleotide sequences in 375 and 24 fin whale samples from the Sea of Cortez and North Pacific, respectively. We will estimate long- and short-term effective population sizes in these two populations and compare the estimates with data from the much larger North Atlantic fin whale population(s). The objective of the analysis is to assess how vulnerable the Sea of Cortez fin whale population is to random genetic effects, such as loss of adaptive potential and inbreeding.

La complejidad de las dinámicas económicas y sociales que envuelven a las urbes en el mundo se identifica hoy por diversos patrones comportamiento en su crecimiento y desarrollo. Es evidente como las formas y procesos de producción y utilización del suelo y espacio urbano han marcado las pautas en los cambios del territorio, lo que ha causado por lo general, profundas diferencias y/o desigualdades entre los diversos estratos sociales. Nuestras inquietudes van dirigidas a entender parte de los procesos de transformación socio-espacial en la ciudad de Guadalajara, México – en un tiempo concreto de estudio – se analizan parte de las condiciones demográficas, socio-económicas y dinámicas del uso del suelo, a través del análisis histórico-crítico, lo que nos permitió contextualizar y reflexionar sobre algunos de los factores que han influido en los procesos y cambios en el espacio en nuestra metrópoli, y de esta forma, advertir parte de los actuales y posibles escenarios que hoy enfrentamos.

Gestational diabetes mellitus complicates 7% of all pregnancies. Recognizing and treating this entity result in a diminished number of materno-fetal complications; this study explores the family physician clinical aptitude to identify risk factors, to diagnose and treat gestational diabetes.Identify clinical aptitude level of family physician to the treatment of diabetes gestational patients.Transversal study to describe the level of clinical aptitude in 85 family physicians working in Guadalajara. Were studied: speciality, genre, work condition, working years, working hours, and place of work. The evaluation instrument was designed to this specific purpose and validated by an expert group; were evaluated four indicators: 1) identification of risk factors, 2) diagnosis, 3) use of therapeutic resources and 4) use of paraclinic resources. Confidence coefficient to the assessment instrument was (21 formula from Kuder-Richardson) 0.92 in global evaluation.The global clinical aptitude in the four family medicine units studied was less than 21 points in 41% of physician population and very low (22 a 40 points) in 38% of the evaluated physicians.The clinical aptitude from family physician in gestational diabetes is low, this situation represents an urgent need to design a system to provide to these groups of health providers specialized continuous education to enhance the attention quality to this group of patients in family medicine units.

Objective To validate a rat model of endometriosis using complimentary DNA (cDNA) microarrays by identifying common gene expression patterns between experimental and natural disease. Design Autotransplantation rat model. Setting Medical school department. Animals Female Sprague-Dawley rats. Intervention(s) Endometriosis was surgically induced by suturing uterine horn implants next to the small intestine's mesentery. Control rats received sutures with no implants. After 60 days, endometriotic implants and uterine horn were obtained. Main Outcome Measure(s) Gene expression levels determined by cDNA microarrays and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The Cy5-labeled cDNA was synthesized from total RNA obtained from endometriotic implants. The Cy3-labeled cDNA was synthesized using uterine RNA from a control rat. Gene expression levels were analyzed after hybridizing experimental and control labeled cDNA to PIQOR (Parallel Identification and Quantification of RNAs) Toxicology Rat Microarrays (Miltenyi Biotec, Cologne, Germany) containing 1,252 known genes. The Cy5/Cy3 ratios were determined, and genes with >2-fold higher or Result(s) We observed differential expression of genes previously shown to be up-regulated in patients, including growth factors, inflammatory cytokines/receptors, tumor invasion/metastasis factors, adhesion molecules, and antiapoptotic factors. Conclusion(s) This study presents evidence in support of using this rat model to study the natural history of endometriosis and to test novel therapeutics for this incurable disease.

Objective To identify molecular biomarkers for endometriosis in peripheral blood lymphocytes by using DNA microarrays. Design Case–control. Setting Multicenter academic research programs. Patient(s) Premenopausal women with or without endometriosis, determined by obstetrics and gynecology specialists during surgery. Microarray analysis included six endometriosis patients and five controls; 15 endometriosis patients and 15 controls were analyzed by using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Patients with all disease stages were included. Intervention(s) Peripheral blood samples were collected by venipuncture. Main Outcome Measure(s) The expression levels of mRNAs in blood lymphocytes from endometriosis patients and controls were compared with those of a standard total RNA. Gene expression data were validated by real-time RT-PCR analysis. Result(s) A gene selection program identified genes that were differentially expressed in samples from endometriosis patients. To validate the gene expression data, the nine most discriminatory genes were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. Two of the nine genes identified, IL2RG and LOXL1, were shown to be significantly differentially expressed. Conclusion(s) This is the first report of genes that are differentially expressed in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with endometriosis, which may provide important clues regarding the pathogenesis of this disease. Moreover, they could be considered potential targets for noninvasive diagnostic assays for endometriosis and need to be validated in a larger population.

Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales

This paper introduces some of the basic ideas employed in the implementation of the graphical user interface (GUI). The system proposed in this paper was tested using an industrial robot and preliminary experimental results that show the accuracy of the proposed methodology are also presented. Here, robot programming is understood as the process of defining a set of robot configurations that enable an accurate, three-dimensional positioning of a tool held by the manipulator over a fixed, arbitrary, smooth surface. The use of industrial robots in manufacturing plants has facilitated the massive production of goods, with high quality and low cost. However, the demands involved in the introduction of a robot system into a production line have limited their use in small and medium-size industries with a small production volume. The method of Camera-Space Manipulation has received considerably less attention than other vision-based methods for manipulator control such as the visual servoing (VS) methods. An important feature that shares the method of Camera-Space Manipulation with other vision-based techniques is that the maneuver objectives are defined and pursued inside the images obtained from each control camera.

En el caso de la laguna de La Mancha, el efecto de la apertura de la boca implica que la laguna pierda, a lo largo de este período (157 días) 1’148,400 m3 de su volumen original; cuando la boca se cierra, el incremento de agua hacia el interior del sistema se calcula en aproximadamente 950,400 m3 alcanzando 1’ 663,200 m3. Cuando la laguna permaneció comunicada con el mar (del 23 de junio al 25 de noviembre), los parámetros medidos mostraron las siguientes medianas: la salinidad de 22.0 ups, el oxígeno disuelto 3.33 ml/l, el pH 7.3 unidades; las concentraciones de amonio 7.24 µM; los nitratos más nitritos 0.6 µM, mientras que los fosfatos registraron 8.66 µM, como consecuencia la relación N:P fue menor a 1 (0.78), esto es PN; clorofila a registró 11.30 mg/m3 y una baja productividad primaria (29.84 mgC/m3/h) lo que con llevó a una relación C:Clor a de apenas 2.50 mgCm3hr:mg-1m-3. En cambio, cuando la laguna se encuentra incomunicada, la salinidad manifestó un descenso (16.5 ups), igualmente que la concentración de oxígeno (2.58 ml/l); el pH fue ligeramente mayor (7.58 unidades); el amonio fue de 8.47 µM y se detectó un ligero incremento en los nitratos más nitritos (1.65 µM), contrariamente hubo una disminución en los fosfatos (5.73 µM), por lo que la relación N:P aumentó ligeramente a 1.77; la clorofila a disminuyó a 3.04 mg/m3, contrariamente hubo un incremento de la productividad primaria (158.63 mgC/m3/h), lo anterior trajo consigo un valor mayor de la relación C:Clor a(28.09 mgCm3hr:mg-1m-3).

Relatedness is a measure used in population biology to gain insight into heritability, kin selection, social systems, captive breeding, mating strategies as well as population structure. Several relatedness estimators have been developed to infer pairwise relatedness between individuals from genotype data, and there is considerable interest in their reliability. Relatedness estimators appear to be highly dependent on specific population characteristics (e.g. mating system), and data quality. Therefore, a prior assessment of estimator performance is essential before deciding on which to apply to a specific population and objective. However, the majority of studies aimed at assessing the performance of relatedness estimators have used simulated genotype data, and only rarely empirical genotypes from known pedigrees. The aim of this study was to conduct an evaluation of the performance of the available relatedness estimators using known relationships and empirical genotype data from an outbred population of humpback whales in the Gulf of Maine. Consequently, the most reliable measures can be applied to species with similar characteristics where the relatedness is unknown. We employed data from 20 polymorphic microsatellite markers in 425 individuals and two popular software packages (ML-RELATE, COANCESTRY) to evaluate a suite of common relatedness estimators, categorized as maximum likelihood and method of moments estimators. The results of our study showed that the performance of relatedness estimators was affected by the relationship category targeted in the assessment. The maximum likelihood methods overall performed better, but ambiguities and higher misclassification was detected with relationship categories allowing inherent variance among loci. The necessity of merging the two estimator categories for evaluation is arguable, as method of moments estimators often have values outside the true relatedness range (0,1). Overall, our results indicate that estimates of pairwise relatedness must be conducted with care to avoid incorrect inferences which potentially could have conservation ramifications.