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A number of numerical wind flow models have been developed for simulating wind flow at relatively fine spatial resolutions (e.g., ~ 100 m); however, there are very limited observational data available for evaluating these high-resolution models. This study presents high-resolution surface wind data sets collected from an isolated mountain and a steep river canyon. The wind data are presented in terms of four flow regimes: upslope, afternoon, downslope, and a synoptically driven regime. There were notable differences in the data collected from the two terrain types. For example, wind speeds on the isolated mountain increased with distance upslope during upslope flow, but generally decreased with distance upslope at the river canyon site during upslope flow. In a downslope flow, wind speed did not have a consistent trend with position on the isolated mountain, but generally increased with distance upslope at the river canyon site. The highest measured speeds occurred during the passage of frontal systems on the isolated mountain. Mountaintop winds were often twice as high as wind speeds measured on the surrounding plain. The highest speeds measured in the river canyon occurred during late morning hours and were from easterly down-canyon flows, presumably associated with surface pressure gradients induced by formation of a regional thermal trough to the west and high pressure to the east. Under periods of weak synoptic forcing, surface winds tended to be decoupled from large-scale flows, and under periods of strong synoptic forcing, variability in surface winds was sufficiently large due to terrain-induced mechanical effects (speed-up over ridges and decreased speeds on leeward sides of terrain obstacles) that a large-scale mean flow would not be representative of surface winds at most locations on or within the terrain feature. These findings suggest that traditional operational weather model (i.e., with numerical grid resolutions of around 4 km or larger) wind predictions are not likely to be good predictors of local near-surface winds on sub-grid scales in complex terrain. Measurement data can be found at http://www.firemodels.org/index.php/windninja-introduction/windninja-publications.

This article reports empirical findings from an ongoing investigation into the acquisition of second-language (L2) phonemic contrasts. Specifically, we consider the status and role of the phenomenon of hypercorrection in the various stages through which L2 learners develop and internalize a target language (TL) contrast. We adopt the prevailing view in both sociolinguistics and second language acquisition studies that hypercorrection results from a certain amount of linguistic insecurity on the part of the speaker. Based on 53 Korean speakers' production of English target phonemes, we conclude that a series of hypercorrection errors may well represent the final stage in the acquisition of a contrast, and further, that in order for hypercorrection to occur, there must be a formal connection between the TL contrast being acquired and the phonological structure of the learner's native language. (Contains 3 tables, 6 figures and 4 notes.)

We present findings of an investigation into the acquisition of the English /s/-/esh/ contrast by native speakers of Korean and Japanese. Both of these languages have the phones [s] and [esh], and both languages exhibit a pattern--or motivate a rule--whereby /s/ is realized as [esh] before the vowel [i] and the glide [j]--that is, high front vocoids. The crucial difference, and the focus of this study, is that in Korean [s] and [esh] are allophones of /s/, whereas in Japanese the two sounds arguably instantiate different phonemes. We present production data showing that the differences in the functioning of [s] and [esh] in the second language learner's native language have different consequences for the acquisition patterns and the error types produced in the learning of this contrast.

The purpose of this study was to provide a descriptive account of one pathway for preparing high-quality STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) teachers for work in high-need urban schools. In this account, we discuss the supports that STEM majors need in learning how to think about the content that they know well, through an educational perspective that focuses on teaching and learning. We also describe the approach that we use that integrates content knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, and three extensive teaching co-op experiences to facilitate the transition from successful STEM undergraduate students to effective teachers of STEM content. We suggest that by using the teaching co-op experiences to both filter and reflect on content and pedagogical content knowledge, the STEM undergraduates develop a particularly strong foundation of knowledge for teaching.

Objective: Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) undertake time-consuming programs of home therapies. Our objective was to develop a tool to help CF patients prioritize personal goals for some of these treatments. We describe the development and results of initial evaluation of this shared decision-making tool. Methods: Multicriteria decision-making method to develop a shared decision-making tool that integrates patient’s values and perceptions of treatment impact on functionality/sense of well-being. Treatment efficacy data obtained through comprehensive review of English language literature and Cochrane reviews. Field study of 21 patients was performed to assess acceptability of the approach, understandability of the tool, and to determine whether there was sufficient patient-to-patient variability in treatment goals and patient preferences to make use of a personalized tool worthwhile. Results: Patients found the tool easy to understand and felt engaged as active participants in their care. The tool was responsive to variations in patient preferences. Priority scores were calculated (0–1.0 ± SD). Patients’ most important treatment goals for improving lung health included improving breathing function (0.27 ± 0.11), improving functionality/sense of well-being (0.24 ± 0.13), preventing lung infection (0.21 ± 0.08), minimizing time to complete treatments (0.16 ± 0.12), and minimizing cost (0.11 ± 0.09). Conclusions: A shared decision-making tool that integrates patients’ values and best evidence is feasible and could result in improved patient engagement in their own care.

This article describes the college choice process of graduate students in College Student Personnel programs at a public university and a private religiously affiliated university. Despite differences in size, mission, and location of the two institutions studied, the research findings show that respondent populations were similar demographically and in the factors important to their choice of college, their reasons for choosing the field of student affairs, and the processes they used to select a graduate school.

This paper presents a secondary analysis of survey data focusing on role conflict and job satisfaction of 102 female principals. Data were collected from 51 female traditional principals and 51 female co-principals. By examining the traditional and co-principal leadership models as experienced by female principals, this paper addresses the impact of the type of leadership model (traditional principalship or co-principalship) has on women principals with regard to role conflict and job satisfaction. The co-principals experienced lower levels of role conflict and higher levels of job satisfaction than did the female traditional principals.

A co-principal leadership model, where two individuals serve in one leadership position, is considered a special case of distributing leadership (Gronn & Hamilton, 2004). The co-principal leadership model has been suggested as an alternative organizational form that re-structures the role of the principal by enhancing the positive aspects of the position (Chirichello, 2003; Grubb & Flessa, 2006). The purpose of this study is to compare traditional principals and co-principals with regard to their experiences of role conflict, role commitment and job satisfaction. The co-principal model may be a viable option for addressing the demanding and stressful nature of the principalship if co-principals experience less role conflict and more job satisfaction than traditional principals. The results of this comparison provide a first step toward understanding the benefits of this shared leadership model.

The coprincipalship has been suggested as an organizational structure that addresses the increasing workload and time demands of the principal as well as the shortage of qualified applicants for the position. This article presents the findings of a qualitative study of coprincipals in public and private schools in California, Illinois, Massachusetts, Maine, Oregon, and Wisconsin. The participants describe the rationale for the model, its strengths and weaknesses, and how it functions. The coprincipals expressed particular satisfaction at sharing workloads and decision making because they were not isolated as solo leaders. Though the coprincipalship model offers possibilities for making the role of principal attractive, additional information is needed to develop a sustainable model. (Contains 1 footnote.)

A co-principal leadership model has been suggested as one way to address the shortage of qualified educational leaders for our schools and the increased demands on those leaders. The purpose of this study is to describe co-principals in terms of their personal and professional characteristics; the types of leadership models implemented in the schools of the respondents; their perceptions of the strengths and weaknesses of the co-principalship; the factors that contributed to the implementation of the model in their school districts; and their levels of role conflict, role commitment and job satisfaction. Data were collected from co-principals of public and private schools throughout the United Sates. A variety of schools, in terms of size and grade level, have adopted the co-principalship leadership model. Findings indicate strong job satisfaction. (Contains 1 figure.)

Heart failure (HF) is associated with both mortality and a significant decline in health status. Interatrial shunting is increasingly being investigated as a novel therapeutic option. The ALT FLOW Early Feasibility Study was designed to evaluate the safety of the Edwards left atrial to coronary sinus APTURE Transcatheter Shunt System in patients with symptomatic HF. A total of 18 centers enrolled patients with symptomatic HF with a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure >15 mm Hg at rest or 25 mm Hg during exercise. Between May 2018 and September 2022, 87 patients underwent attempted APTURE shunt implantation. Mean age was 71 years, and 53% were male. At baseline, mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 59% with 90% of the patients being in NYHA functional class III. Device success was achieved in 78 patients (90%), with no device occlusions or associated adverse events identified after implantation. The primary safety outcome occurred in only 2 patients (2.3%) at 30 days. At 6 months, health status improved: 67% of participants achieved NYHA functional class I to II status, with a 23-point improvement (P < 0.0001; 95% CI: 17-29 points) in the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire overall summary score. Also at 6 months, 20-W exercise pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was 7 mm Hg lower (P < 0.0001; 95% CI: −11 to −4 mm Hg) without change in right atrial pressure or other right heart function indices. In this single-arm experience, the APTURE Transcatheter Shunt System in patients with symptomatic HF was observed to be safe and resulted in reduction in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and clinically meaningful improvements in HF symptoms and quality of life indices. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microchipping and neutering are useful tools for animal control and are mandatory in some countries. In Portugal, microchipping for dogs became mandatory in 2008 and for cats in 2022. However, despite being mandatory, it is frequently disregarded. By contrast, neutering, which is not mandatory, is perceived as expensive. Little is understood about the reasoning related to microchipping or neutering decisions. The authors used an online questionnaire to investigate the characteristics of dogs and cats, as well as acquisition factors, that might contribute to microchipping and neutering decision-making. The analysis is based on 1047 valid responses obtained from companion animal guardians living in Portugal, using the non-parametric Chi-Square test. The authors found that male cats were more frequently neutered (74%) than male dogs (35%) and that fewer cats were microchipped (12%) compared to dogs (77%). It was also found that companion animals acquired from municipal shelters or from animal protection associations had a higher probability of being neutered and microchipped than companion animals collected from the street. Municipal shelter and animal protection association staff generally inform guardians, during the adoption process, about the benefits of neutering and the obligation of microchipping dogs. It is important that information regarding responsible guardianship, including the need for neutering and microchipping, is also provided when companion animals are acquired in other places, such as when they are acquired from the street. A national campaign to create awareness about, and increase the level of, neutering and microchipping for both species is recommended, even when the animals are indoor-only pets. • Male cats (74%) are neutered more frequently than male dogs (35%). • Fewer cats are microchipped (12%) compared to dogs (77%). • Levels of neutering and microchipping depend on the acquisition place. • Information and education regarding responsible guardianship is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article surveys the development of second language (L2) phonology over the last 40-50 years. Research in this area has grown from analyzing learners' errors in terms of Contrastive Analysis to proposals explaining L2 sound patterns in terms of constraints on interlanguage grammar. Although native language transfer has endured as one source of learner constraints, researchers have, over the years, shown the necessity of phonological universals in explaining L2 phonologies. More recently, L2 phonologists have provided insightful analyses through constraint-based grammars within the framework of Optimality Theory. (Contains 1 footnote.)

Eckman examines the similarities and differences between how males and females experience the role of being a high school principal. He also provides insights into the high school principalship that can be useful to both males and females who might consider the position as a career choice.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of gender, role conflict, role commitment, and job satisfaction on the high school principal. Data were collected from high school principals in three midwestern states. The results indicated that there are differences between female and male high school principals in their personal and professional attributes as well as in role conflict. There were similarities between female and male high school principals in terms of role commitment and job satisfaction.

Reports on research related to phonemic contrasts in the learning of second language pronunciation. Identifies three interesting learning situations that involve the target language's having different phonemic contrasts from the native language. (Author/VWL)

Antibodies raised in Indian rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta, MM) in many preclinical vaccine studies are often evaluated in vitro for titer, antigen-recognition breadth, neutralization potency, and/or effector function, and in vivo for potential associations with protection. However, despite reliance on this key animal model in translation of promising candidate vaccines for evaluation in first in man studies, little is known about the properties of MM IgG subclasses and how they may compare to human IgG subclasses. Here we evaluate the binding of MM IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 to human FcγR and their ability to elicit the effector functions of human FcγR-bearing cells, and unlike in humans, find a notable absence of subclasses with dramatically silent Fc regions. Biophysical, in vitro, and in vivo characterization revealed MM IgG1 exhibited the greatest effector function activity followed by IgG2 and then IgG3/4. These findings in rhesus are in contrast with the canonical understanding that IgG1 and IgG3 dominate effector function in humans, indicating that subclass-switching profiles observed in rhesus studies may not strictly recapitulate those observed in human vaccine studies.

BACE1 (β-secretase) and α-secretase cleave the Alzheimer's amyloid β protein (Aβ) precursor (APP) to C-terminal fragments of 99 aa (CTFβ) and 83 aa (CTFα), respectively, which are further cleaved by γ-secretase to eventually secrete Aβ and Aα (a.k.a. P3) that terminate predominantly at residues 40 and 42. A number of γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs), such as N-[N-(3,5-Difluorophenacetyl-L-alanyl)]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT), have been developed with the goal of reducing Aβ to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although most studies show that DAPT inhibits Aβ in a dose-dependent manner several studies have also detected a biphasic effect with an unexpected increase at low doses of DAPT in cell cultures, animal models and clinical trials. In this article, we confirm the increase in Aβ40 and Aβ42 in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells treated with low doses of DAPT and identify one of the mechanisms for this paradox. We studied the pathway by first demonstrating that stimulation of Aβ, a product of γ-secretase, was accompanied by a parallel increase of its substrate CTFβ, thereby demonstrating that the inhibitor was not anomalously stimulating enzyme activity at low levels. Secondly, we have demonstrated that inhibition of an Aβ degrading activity, endothelin converting enzyme (ECE), yielded more Aβ, but abolished the DAPT-induced stimulation. Finally, we have demonstrated that Aα, which is generated in the secretory pathway before endocytosis, is not subject to the DAPT-mediated stimulation. We therefore conclude that impairment of γ-secretase can paradoxically increase Aβ by transiently skirting Aβ degradation in the endosome. This study adds to the growing body of literature suggesting that preserving γ-secretase activity, rather than inhibiting it, is important for prevention of neurodegeneration.

Quantitative/qualitative study of female public high school principals in Illinois, Minnesota, and Wisconsin regarding their experiences with role conflict, role commitment, and job satisfaction. Describes personal and professional characteristics of female high school principals. Finds that role conflict negatively impacts job satisfaction and career decisions. (Contains 62 references.) (PKP)

An inductive content analysis approach was used to examine 155 dress-related newspaper articles following the Columbine High School shootings in 1999. Analysis revealed two dress-related responses: (1) other-imposed regulation to protect students and deter them from expressing hatred and (2) self-designed acts of resistance for grieving. (Contains 78 references.) (JOW)

Contributes to the understanding of several well-known problems relating to the learning of phonemic contrasts in second language phonology. Describes a series of ongoing studies examining what Lado (1957) hypothesized to represent maximum difficulty in second language pronunciation, namely a phonemic split. (Author/VWL)

An interactive Web program was developed to present a case study on textile/apparel products for a family and consumer sciences course. Students found the case studies relevant and stimulating for complex thinking. (SK)

SRM wants to publish a Special Issue on the Uses of Geographic Information Systems Tools in Survey Data Collection and Analysis.

X-linked myotubular myopathy (XLMTM) is an isogenic muscle disease characterized by progressive wasting of skeletal muscle, weakness, and premature death of affected male offspring. Recently, the XLMTM gene knock-in mouse, Mtm1 p.R69C, was found to have a similar phenotype as the MTM1 gene mutation in humans (e.g., central nucleation of small myofibers, attenuated muscle strength, and motor unit potentials). Using this rodent model, we investigated whether syngeneic cell therapy could mitigate muscle weakness. Donor skeletal muscle-derived myoblasts were isolated from C57BL6 wild-type (WT) and Mtm1 p.R69C (KI) mice for transplantation into the gastrocnemius muscle of recipient KI mice. Initial experiments demonstrated that donor skeletal muscle-derived myoblasts from WT and KI mice remained in the gastrocnemius muscle of the recipient KI mouse for up to 4 weeks posttransplantation. KI mice receiving syngeneic skeletal muscle-derived myoblasts displayed an increase in skeletal muscle mass, augmented force generation, and increased nerve-evoked skeletal muscle action potential amplitude. Taken together, these results support our hypothesis that syngeneic cell therapy may potentially be used to ameliorate muscle weakness and delay the progression of XLMTM, as application expands to other muscles.

Abstract Didelphys uterus results from an incomplete fusion of mullerian ducts and corresponds to the class III of mullerian abnormalities of the American Fertility Society. We describe the case of a spontaneous twin pregnancy developed in each cavity of a didelphys uterus. At 29 weeks of gestation and 6 days, the patient had preterm rupture of membranes in the right horn. She went into spontaneous labor and delivered vaginally the first “right” twin. Delivery was complicated with post-partum hemorrhage on uterine atonia treated with a Bakri balloon. She was tocolyzed to pursue the fetal lung maturity of the second twin. She had a rupture of the second membranes at 30 weeks and 3 days and had a preterm vaginal delivery at 32 weeks and 1 day of the second twin. Twin pregnancy in both horns of a uterus is extremely rare, about 1 in 1,000,000. Pregnancies on congenital abnormalities of the paramesonephric duct present frequently poor obstetrical outcomes and many complications. There are no guidelines about the follow-up of these high-risk patients or the mode of delivery.

The twitcher mouse is a pathologically and enzymatically authentic model of globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD, Krabbe disease) that has been widely used for the evaluation of potential therapeutic approaches. This naturally occurring mouse model contains a premature stop codon (W339X) in the galactosylceramidase (GALC) gene that abolishes enzymatic activity. Using either immunocytochemical approaches or Western blot methodology, we have been unable to detect the truncated form of GALC expected to be produced in these animals. Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a cellular protection mechanism that degrades newly synthesized transcripts containing a premature termination codon (PTC). Since the naturally occurring mutation in the twitcher mouse introduces a PTC, we hypothesized that NMD might affect the degradation of GALC mRNA in these animals. Consistent with this hypothesis, we determined that the amount of GALC transcript was inversely proportional to the number of twitcher containing alleles. Similar reductions in GALC mRNA were detected in a twitcher-derived Schwann cell line (TwS1) when compared to wild-type Schwann cells (IMS32). Anisomycin, emetine and puromycin, inhibitors of NMD, effectively increased the level of GALC transcript in the TwS1 cells providing further support for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay being the mechanism by which no GALC protein is detected in these animals. Understanding the mechanistic differences between the lack of enzymatic activity in the twitcher model and that observed with the missense mutations that cause human disease yields not only novel therapeutic insights but also highlights the need for additional animal models.

Testing of the validity of two implicational universals regarding consonant clusters, involving the analysis of the interlanguage of native-speaking Chinese, Japanese, and Korean students of English-as-a-Second-Language, was strongly supportive of the two universals, suggesting the possibility that primary language universals hold also for nonprimary languages. (26 references) (Author/CB)

The rationale was to utilize a bioinformatics approach to identify miRNA binding sites in genes with single nucleotide mutations (SNPs) to discover pathways in heart failure (HF).The objective was to focus on the genes containing miRNA binding sites with miRNAs that were significantly altered in end-stage HF and in response to a left ventricular assist device (LVAD).BEDTools v2.14.3 was used to discriminate SNPs within predicted 3'UTR miRNA binding sites. A member of the miR-15/107 family, miR-16, was decreased in the circulation of end-stage HF patients and increased in response to a LVAD (p