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The purpose of the paper is to characterize hashtags treated as potentially autonomous statements of a specific intention. The analysis used the J. Searle's theory of speech acts, which made it possible to explain the linguistic actions undertaken through the use of hashtags. Particular attention has been paid to speech acts whose purpose is to change the recipient's attitude or persuade him to behave in a certain way. In the material excerpted from the social media, assertions, directives, commissions, expressions, mock declarations, and polyfunctional units, subordinated to various intentions, were distinguished.

The article analyzes onomastic material from the map of San Escobar, which was created on the Internet, with the intention of mockery, after a slip of the diplomat Witold Waszczykowski, who in January 2017 listed the non-existent state of San Escobar among the Caribbean countries, which was publicized by the media and released huge activity of Internet users. The author argues that the material reveals the framework of the satirically created fictional Escobar language, which fills the element of the conceptual structure of San Escobar, blended from the concepts of Poland, Latin America and fictional countries. The language revealed can be perceived as a pidgin based on Polish and Spanish.

The aim of the article is to present the most important results of the frequency research on the language of the stories "Cinnamon Shops" by Bruno Schulz. The author compares the statistical indicators calculated for the stories and the basic styles of the Polish language. On this basis, he formulates conclusions about the artistry of the language of Bruno Schulz’s prose.

The article deals with the changes of Ukrainians’ linguistic picture of the world in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic. The peculiarities of the linguistic picture of the world and the national linguistic picture of the world are determined. Neologisms, phraseological modifications and some samples of modern folklore are analyzed. It was found that the peculiarity of COVID neologisms is the adaptation of foreign borrowings and the use of typical Ukrainian means of word formation. COVID phraseologisms are modifications of phrases already existing in the mind of the Ukrainian speaker. As for folklore, modern Christmas and New Year folklore under conditions ofCOVID-19 is a kind of transformation of traditional carols and congratulations. Anecdotes about the pandemic stand apart from previous folklore samples and reflect not only Ukrainian modern realities but also its past. Memes also serve as a source of traditions, history, culture of Ukrainian people. Understanding the verbalized picture of the COVID world is impossible without knowledge of these aspects of the nonverbal world, as well as previous experience of verbalization.

This article analyzes the language creation of farm animals in selected novels by Wiesław Myśliwski. The subject of the research are the first three works by the writer Nagi sad, Pałac and Kamień na kamieniu, put by the author entirely in a rural setting. They bring a rich lexis and phraseology related to the keeping of farm animals, their breeding and functions.

The article deals with the utilization and processing of religious themes by Maja Lidia Kossakowska in the collection of short stories – Żarna niebios and the first novel from the Angelic Cycle – Siewca wiatru. The article presents the ways of applying elements of various religions, the Judeo-Christian tradition in particular, as well as the identity themes inscribed in this work. Kossakowska's fiction has been analyzed in terms of the characters, genology, elements of the setting as well as cultural and linguistic games. The analysis is a preliminary reflection on contemporary Polish angelological fantasy.

The work relates to the creation of Saint George – a dragon slayer emerging from the selection of texts published in the Polish language since the beginning of the 20th century. Analytical considerations are preceded by an outline of the history of the hagiographic message about Saint George, taking into account symbolic functioning of this character in various areas of culture. Works differentiated in genological terms and taken from various sources (classical literature, folklore texts, poetic songs) were selected as the research material. Saint George’s creation was characterized in four ways: 1. A pious knight, 2. A dragon slayer, 3. A character from artistic concepts, 4. A hero deprived of his legend. The article is finalized by conclusions regarding the differentiation of the plot, the way of taking into account the religious element (from the paraenetic pattern to desacralization), and literary references to visual arts.

Every culture and every professional group are characterized by a system and hierarchy of values. Man is oriented towards a world of values: we can recognize, classify and fulfill them. This is also a teacher’s role. It is extremely difficult to educate young generations without presenting to them those values that serve an individual’s development and determine their perception of what is important in life. Values learned and experienced can be applied to real life; moreover, they make a teacher’s work more meaningful.

A recurrent theme in Wiesława Kwinto-Koczan’s poetry is faith, whose picture is shaped with the use of various stylistic devices. They have a poetic function; they glorify creation, add picturesqueness to the evoked elements of the natural world, and above all, they illustrate the motif of faith in its various aspects. The composition of the analyzed works that include the motif of faith resembles that of a prayer, which is emphasized by the use of apostrophes to God and Jesus Christ. The relation of man to nature and the Creation to the Creator is shown mainly in poems referring to Franciscan philosophy.

The aim of the article is to indicate the behaviors, attitudes and values that Pope Francis presents to young people. The analysis of the ways in which he does it, i.e. the indication of the form and stylistic shape of his statements, their motivation and persuasiveness, lead to the conclusion that their author has created a new style of communicating with young people, a new religious language. It consists in alternating the use of different varieties of language (model, colloquial, biblical style, written and spoken ) and genres of expression, such as the apostolic exhortation, message, letter, Gospel parable, in order to properly motivate the recipient. By combining the sacred and the profane in the area of language, Francis communicates to young people an axiological system adapted to their perception. Based on the canon of the truths of faith, it contains, in a new approach, a number of indications and suggestions that may seem attractive to them and stimulate additional activity.

Background: International comparisons of mortality largely depend on the quality of data. With more than 20% of deaths annually assigned to ill-defined cardiovascular conditions, the mortality level due to well-defined causes of death is under-registered in Poland. Objective: We aim to reclassify cardiovascular garbage codes (GCs) into well-defined causes based on multiple causes of death (MCoD) data and to approximate mortality levels due to well-defined causes of death in Poland. We examine the usefulness of the MCoD approach for correcting low-quality data on causes of death. Methods: Based on the unique MCoD dataset for Poland, death counts due to cardiovascular GCs were reassigned to well-defined underlying causes in two steps: (1) manually for death records that included MCoD information constituting a logical chain of conditions leading to death and (2) with coarsened exact matching for the remaining death records. Age-specific and age-standardised death rates for large groups of causes were calculated before and after redistribution and compared to those of other Eastern European countries with relatively good data quality. Results: Of deaths originally assigned to cardiovascular GCs, 86,856 were reclassified, mostly to well-defined cardiovascular diseases, cancers, endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, and respiratory diseases. The age-standardised death rate due to well-defined ischaemic heart diseases increased by 43%, and the rate due to cerebrovascular diseases by 22%. Cardiovascular mortality structure by large groups of causes became similar to the structure registered in other Eastern European countries characterised by a low prevalence of GCs. Conclusions: Coarsened exact matching performs relatively well when abundant MCoD information is available and enhances the comparability of cause-of-death data between countries. Contribution: Redistribution of GCs improves the quality of cause-of-death data and enhances their comparability between countries.

Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork among Eastern European students enrolled in master’s programmes in Denmark, this article sheds light on the dominant geographical imaginaries, which have informed ...

Amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 2020 introduced many new meanings and concepts into the constitutional matter. Most of them have great ideological potential. The paper analyzes the worldview aspect of the amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the political message of their adoption, methodological approaches to identifying their content.The paper highlights amendments with the greatest spiritual and moral content, such as succession, historical truth, patriotism. The author elucidates the prerequisites for their adoption, including the historical inevitability of changing the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993 and the defeat of imitative constitutionalism in the majority of post-socialist countries. It is shown that the ideological content of the amendments was used to adjust the liberal-democratic model from the standpoint of strengthening the state sovereignty. Particular attention is paid to the expansion of national identity in constitutional norms as a natural process of protection from global constitutionalism, universal democratic values, including the case study of Eastern European states. There is a worldwide crisis tendency for the market-type democracy, the search for more modern approaches to its renewal.As a conclusion, it is noted that the worldview turn towards a reassessment of the liberal democratic doctrine is contradictory and not completely clear. It can be assumed that the amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation are the first step not only towards the modification of constitutional institutions, but also towards a qualitative renewal of the philosophical and legal meanings of the Russian constitutional identity.As methodological tools of scientific research, it is proposed to use the potential of the integrative function of philosophy of law and the concept of system-wide contradictions of the society. This concept allows us to critically assess the universality of the traditional values of democracy, to form their own competitive models of the constitutional structure. It aims at finding a balance between the opposites in the society, the state, at the mechanism of dialogue and proportionality in decision-making.

Book Review: R. Alan Culpepper – Jörg Frey (eds.), The Opening of John’s Narrative (John 1:19 – 2:22). Historical, Literary, and Theological Readings from the Colloquium Ioanneum 2015 in Ephesus (WUNT 385; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck 2017)

New members joined the European Union in 2004 in the hope of catching up. One of the fields where new members are lagging is transport. After joining the EU, investments in transport infrastructure and transport equipment have risen remarkably, mainly due to EU funding. At the same time, GDP growth of new members has exceeded the EU average. This paper examines the connection between investment in transport and economic growth in the European Union focusing on the group of its Central and Eastern European new members. Direct effects of investments, indirect effects on productivity and welfare, as well as crowding in effects on further investments are considered. This paper aims to identify issues for further research and to give an outlook for the decade of the 2020s.

Tanulmányunkban a kelet-közép-európai országok – kiemelten a Visegrádi országok – gazdasági homogenitását elemezzük az európai uniós gazdasági térben hat gazdasági változó alapján, klaszterelemzés segítségével. Megvizsgáljuk, hogy 2004 óta miként változott a kelet- közép-európai országok gazdasági változók mellett képzett klasztereinek stabilitása, a térség országainak egymáshoz viszonyított helyzetében történt-e érdemi elmozdulás, az eurózónához való csatlakozás esetlegesen jó indikátora-e a felzárkózásnak. Eredményeink alapján a Visegrádi országok nem kerültek egyik időpontban sem ugyanabba a klaszterbe, Csehország pedig sok tekintetben inkább már a magországokra jellemző gazdasági adatokkal rendelkezik. Az eurózónához való csatlakozás sem volt meghatározó, a zónához csatlakozó térségbeli államok továbbra is a térség államaival kerültek egy klaszterbe.

Wydzial Teologii, Instytut Historii Kościola i Patrologii; promotor rozprawy doktorskiej: ks. dr hab. Leszek Wilczynski

The Contemporary Eastern European operational environment is a complex system of actors, weapons and weapon systems, circumstances and conditions that manifest themselves in well-defined areas and that can directly influence decisions to use military capabilities. It may include both enemy and neutral or allied enemy forces and systems participating in the persistent conflict, as well as the culture of the population, the physical environment, local resources, the technological level, the political decision-maker and the executor. The lessons learned from the first part of this century convinced us that the Eastern European operational environment is quite conflictual; constantly changing at local and regional level, it falls into a dynamic, persistent and complex context, which, combined with energy blackmail strategies favor the emergence of hybrid dangers and threats to the stability and security of the Eastern European area. Through this article I want to give a firm and documented answer to questions related to: the conception of approaching the persistent hybrid conflict; the tendency of some actors to persist in tensions in the area of Eastern European insecurity and their concern to maintain the persistent conflict as a form of modern manifestation of Eastern European Community relations. Keywords: operational environment; persistent conflict; hybrid threats; hybrid operating system.

Autofictions and memoirs about growing up in late socialism have proliferated in Czech as well as in other postsocialist Eastern European literatures. These retrospective texts are often tinged with nostalgia and infused with irony and humour. Two of the most popular texts of this genre in the Czech Republic are Irena Dousková’s autofictional books Hrdý Budžes [B. Proudew] and Oněgin byl Rusák [Onegin Was a Rusky]. The Czech author writes about growing-up in a non-conformist family dealing with everyday life in socialist Czechoslovakia. After discussing Dousková’s books as autofiction the article will take a closer look at the poetics of childhood autofictions and their contribution to cultures of remembering socialism in comparison to autobiographies. It will discuss the ways how writing about childhood creates a specific socialist identity through scarcity, ingenuity, and working with/against restraints and the way humour is used to transmit difficult memories.

The article is devoted to the role of regional identity in the development of the socio-political crisis in Ukraine in autumn and winter of 2004, known in scientific literature as the “Orange revolution”. The authors analyze the controversial historical past of the territories that were united by the country that gained independence in 1991, and its influence on the development of processes in the field of national-state construction of modern Ukraine. The article considers the attempts of the Ukrainian authorities to develop a single national idea based on the concepts of “ukrainianness”, “sobornost” and unitarity. The leading role in this process was played by the most extreme western regions, which had their own, sometimes radically different from other regions of the country, interpretation of issues of historical memory. In practical terms, this meant the implementation of a policy of Ukrainization, especially in the field of education, which caused discontent among residents of Russian-speaking regions. The authors conclude that the unresolved problem of regional identity during the years of independence played an important role during the “Orange revolution”, which ended with an unconstitutional regime change in this Eastern European country., Статья посвящена изучению роли фактора региональной идентичности в развитии общественно-политического кризиса на Украине осенью-зимой 2004 г., более известного в научной литературе как «оранжевая революция». Анализу подвергается противоречивое историческое прошлое территорий, которые объединила получившая в 1991 г. независимость страна, и его влияние на развитие процессов в области национально-государственного строительства современной Украины. Рассматриваются попытки украинских властей разработать единую национальную идею на основе концепций «украинскости», «соборности», унитарности. Ведущую роль в этом процессе играли выходцы из самых крайних западных областей, имевших собственную, порой радикально отличавшуюся от других регионов страны, трактовку вопросов исторической памяти. Однако именно их подходы стали стержнем политических, идеологических и культурных матриц национально-государственного строительства. В практическом плане это означало проведение политики украинизации, особенно в сфере образования, что вызывало недовольство жителей русскоязычных регионов. Авторы приходят к выводу, что нерешенная за годы независимости проблема региональной идентичности сыграла важную роль в ходе «оранжевой революции», закончившейся неконституционной сменой власти в этой восточноевропейской стране.

Renewable sources of energy are considered to play a crucial role in the transition towards a decarbonised economy. Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries’ positions vis-a-vis the European Un...

The article deals with China’s outward direct investment (ODI) in Europe. The ODI has been on the rise and is unique in the sense that its development is much faster than in any other developing country. We investigate the determinants of Chinese ODI in ten countries of Central and Eastern Europe in the time span of 2005 and 2018. Using panel data analysis, the regression model incorporates both traditional macroeconomic variables as well as selected institutional variables, trying to test which of those work best at explaining the Chinese investment activity in the countries of interest. The quality of the institutional framework is represented by EBRD indicators, which seem to be more suitable for transition economies. Findings generally suggest that Chinese multinational enterprises do not access Central and Eastern European countries primarily for market-seeking reasons. However, the fact of being a member of the EU helps Chinese ODI since the membership is used as a sort of “backdoor” to the large European markets. Still, Chinese ODI is less likely associated with a sound institutional environment of a host country, as the opposite appears to be true. These findings, therefore, support the hypothesis that access to the single EU market and R&D spending are more important determinants of the Chinese ODI than almost any other factors. Implications for Central European audience: The article explores the main drivers of Chinese foreign direct investment in the CEE region while it employs the most relevant theoretical framework, including several recently developed theories. The quantitative analysis then thoroughly explores the weight and sign of selected drivers using recent data and questions some of the conventionally accepted surmises about motivations of Chinese investment activity in the CEE region. This is an important topic given the ongoing debates about China’s influence in the region as well as about the intensity and general value added of its investment activity.

There is empirical evidence that business commitment to the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) principles has a direct positive impact on customer loyalty, employees’ performance, and, as a result, on the company’s value. The goal of the current paper is to evaluate the perceived importance of the company’s CSR-related practices from the viewpoint of employees. One hundred nineteen representatives of Latvian companies were surveyed, using the authors’ developed questionnaire consisted of 35 statements. Survey data was processed applying the frequency analysis and the logistic regression method. Most of the respondents (84%) perceive the company’s commitment to CSR principles as necessary. The base on the frequency analysis results, the most important CSR elements from the viewpoint of Latvian employees are paid leaves, consumer interests, and salary. Logistic regression yielded the elements, which contribute the most to the positive perception of CSR: ‘flexible work’, ‘support staff relaxation’ and ‘claims submission system’ within the group’ staff matters’. The measurement scale was tested for reliability and, based on Cronbach alpha results, was accepted as appropriate for use in a cross-country survey. Implications for Central European audience: Despite the high interest in CSR-related issues in academia, the number of published works in Baltic countries is limited. In this particular study, the authors tried to identify — what exactly affects employees’ positive attitude to CSR commitment — the company’s participation in charity programmes or its environmental responsibility, for example? This survey contributed to the theoretical knowledge base about CSR perception among the staff of Latvian companies. In turn, the future survey is planned to be extended, involving respondents from Central and Eastern European countries. This, in turn, will allow making conclusions about the differences in attitude to CSR practices expressed by employees from different countries.

Background The aim of this analysis was to examine the prospective association between household availability of lard, butter, margarine and vegetable oil with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence in a general population sample in Russia. Methods Data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey were used. 6618 adult individuals with no previous CVD who were recruited for the study in 1994 and followed-up in subsequent years were included in the analysis. Household availability of lard, butter, margarine and vegetable oil were assessed at baseline with questions on whether these food items were purchased by the participants’ family. Self-reported information on heart attack or stroke (CVD) and death reported by another household member were used as outcome. Results Over the median follow-up of 11 years, 1787 participants died or reported incident CVD. In the multivariable adjusted survival models, household availability of lard was significantly associated with the combined outcome of CVD incidence and/or death (OR in the high vs. no availability categories: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.05–1.62). The associations with butter (1.06; 0.93–1.20), margarine (1.18; 0.94–1.47) and vegetable oil (0.92; 0.80–1.06) were not statistically significant. When self-reported CVD and mortality were examined separately, the association regarding lard was particularly strong for CVD (1.52; 1.11–2.09). Conclusion Our results suggest that lard, a dietary fat of animal origin traditionally used in Eastern European cooking, is of a particular concern regarding CVD risk. Replacing it with plant-based oils in cooking practices is strongly recommended.

Looking at the urban development of the past two centuries, we can conclude that engineers and architects have been dominating the field of urban design all over Europe. Architects played the most important role, which became even more significant with the increase of urban development. Beyond the architectural approach, a greater importance had been attributed to ecological aspects of urban planning by the turn of the 20th century as, for example, the advance of the garden city movement illustrates. This article focuses on the review of crucial open-space renewal projects from two Eastern European cities and China. The case studies are used to shed light on the characteristics and historical values of contemporary open-space design, based on innovative and landscape architectural approaches and artistic solutions. The study shows that the original role of urban open spaces was significantly extended during the first decades of the 21st century. The increased needs for representation—commercial, cultural and living functions, and ecological and healthy benefits—led to a multifunctional approach in design and planning. The renewal of the historic urban open spaces is carried out under an integrated framework and a unified goal: the development-oriented heritage conservation. Based on strong economic aspects, the general tendency is clearly positive—in spite of still-existing problematic issues (for instance, the management of public transport or the status of public utilities). In the time of a growing awareness of open-space heritage, this overview tries to depict possible general principles of a long-term renewal strategy built on local identity, heritage values and social sustainability.

Occurrence of stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. avenae, on oat fields in Europe may lead to significant yield losses. The last P. graminis virulence research in this region had been carried out in the years 1988 to 1996, therefore the aim of this study was the update of pathogen’s virulence structure as well as the evaluation of Pg race-specific resistance genes and their potential for use in practical breeding in central and eastern European growing conditions. To assess the pathotype structure of P. graminis in Poland and evaluate the potential of Pg resistance genes, 148 isolates were collected during 2017–2020. Their virulence structure was determined in laboratory conditions on 12 Pg differentials as well as oat lines ‘Pg-a’, ‘Alpha’, ‘Omega’ and ‘Wisconsin X-1588-2’. In total, 57 pathotypes were detected, of which the most dominant race was SSK. High frequency was also recorded for TSK, TKK and TTK. Puccinia graminis isolates were able to overcome from 5 to 11 Pg resistance genes with an average virulence complexity of 8.6. There was no isolate virulent to Pg12, ‘Pg-a’, ‘Alpha’ and ‘Omega’, hence these genes can be used in the breeding programmes. Gene Pg10 was also relatively effective, overcome by 33 out of 148 P. graminis isolates. The virulence profile observed may be representative of eastern Europe and beyond.

The aim of this paper is to study consumption of households from an economic and cultural perspective in the European Union with 28 Member States during the period 2010-2019. For this purpose, we compared the Eastern European countries, dominated by rapid economic growth and development with the Western European countries, which represent the most developed countries in the EU-28. From this perspective, we proposed a multidimensional analysis of consumption that includes macroeconomic indicators of households’ wealth, which strongly influence their consumption together with an overview on expenditure by consumption purpose. Moreover, we have also considered Hofstede’s cultural dimension theory based initially on four cultural dimensions (power distance, individualism versus collectivism, masculinity versus femininity, and uncertainty avoidance) to observe the impact national culture plays on households’ consumption in Eastern and Western European countries tracking the historical changes of these countries. Our methodological approach consisted in descriptive and inferential statistics based on the selected economic and cultural indicators. Pearson’s product-moment correlations were calculated to assess the correlations between the variables. Our analysis shows that the level of wealth is lower in Eastern European countries compared to Western Europe, which influences significantly the private consumption in these countries. Moreover, the systematic differences of national culture between Eastern and Western Europe influence strongly the private consumption of their population. Results of this paper indicate that in Eastern European countries the highest share of expenditure is allocated to primary needs such as food, non-alcoholic beverages, alcoholic beverages and cigarettes to the detriment of health, education, recreation and culture.

Thepurposeofthearticle – to explore the intellectual foundations of the Ukrainian agrarianism of the revolutionary era in the views of V. Lypynsky. The research methodology is based on such principles of historical knowledge as scientificity, historicism, objectivity, systemanalysis, etc., as well as on the application of general scientific, special historical study methods. The scientific novelty consists in the following issues: it is in V. Lypynsky’s works analysed by us the thinker focused on such basic agrarian meanings as: 1) uniqueness and indisputable value for mankind of spiritual, moral, cultural and social properties inherent in the peasantry and its labour; 2) recognition of the peasantry as a stratum capable of playing an independent role in political life; 3) non-capitalist, “separate” peasant way of society development, preservation of private property – small peasant property as its optimal regional option and the basis of social progress, as well as the idea of a peasant cooperative state; 4) the predominance of agriculture and rural way of life over industry and the city, as well as the peasantry over other social groups; 5) the peasantry – the agricultural strata – concentrates the basic positive values and qualities of society, is the foundation of state stability and the bearer of national identity, and the above virtues should determine its political power.The Conclusions.After the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917 – 1921, the peasantry continued to defend their own path of development. At the end of the 1920s and the beginning of the 1930s, the peasantry resisted the state, from covert to overt armed. It did not tolerate another communization of the countryside. V. Lypynsky's grain grower ideology had a clear agrarianist meaning, and the intellectual was one of the theorists of the Ukrainian agrarianism of the revolutionary and interwar periods. The principled ideologues proposed by him clearly correspond to the key meanings of both Eastern European and Ukrainian agrarianism.

Measuring Well-Being: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From the Social Sciences and the Humanities edited by M. T. Lee, L. D. Kubzansky, and T. J. VanderWeele is reviewed.

High-quality digital infrastructure is the basis of almost every sector of a modern and innovative economy and society. As a part of the overall competitiveness concept, digital competitiveness is a multidimensional structure that encompasses various factors of the process of digital transformation through the ability of learning and application of new technologies, technology factors that enable digital transformation, and digital readiness factors that assess the preparedness of an economy and citizens to assume digital transformation. The paper aims to propose a methodology for measuring digital competitiveness using a composite index approach including a variety of various indicators. To assess the digital competitiveness of European countries, a multi-criteria analysis was applied in a two-stage procedure integrating CRITIC and TOPSIS as weighting and aggregation methods. The sample includes thirty European countries and the research is based on thirteen indicators provided in the database Eurostat Digital Economy and Society. In addition, a ranking of sample countries according to digital competitiveness is presented. Finally, a cluster analysis was conducted to examine relations between digital competitiveness and several economic performances such as GDP pc, labour productivity and employment rates. The results indicate that Nordic countries have achieved the highest digital competitiveness, while most Eastern European countries still lag behind.

Daises by Věra Chytilová is one of the most important films of the Czechoslovak New Wave, from which the image of a rebellious female figure emerges. Due to its complex nature, aesthetic and semantic diversity, this surreal image can be interpreted on many levels, often extremely different. It is both a criticism of consumerism and nihilism, and a feminist manifesto in the Central and Eastern European edition. The communism that dominated this area tended to institutionalize the inequalities between women and men. Due to the complexity of the problem and the multitude of possible interpretations, the film analysis is based on various methodologies oscillating between feminist criticism and Laura Mulvey’s reflections on the categories of corporeality, gender, and the masculinization of the viewer in narrative cinema.

The high level of fear of Islam in Poland arose in spite of the fact that Poland has very few Muslims, just 0.1% of the population. This phenomenon began to surface in 2004, after Poland’s accession to the EU but grew considerably in 2015, during the so-called migration crisis in Europe. Public opinion polls indicate that it can be described by the term “Islamophobia”, which is often used in the literature of social and political sciences. The aim of the article is to explain the reasons for such a high level of fear of Muslims in Poland and the negative attitude towards Islam, given that it is contrary to the teaching of the Catholic Church, with which Polish society mostly identifies. The article consists of three parts. Part one presents the reaction of the EU Member States to the migration crisis in Europe. The second part analyzes the position of the United Right (Pol. Zjednoczona Prawica) political coalition in Poland, towards immigrants and refugees from Muslim countries. Part three confronts the stands of the United Right in Poland and the position of the Catholic Church towards Islam.

Este artículo aborda los vínculos existentes entre la explotación de la mano de obra migrante y el desarrollo de la agricultura intensiva en la provincia de Huelva, España. El objetivo es describir cómo la apropiación explotación de la naturaleza humana y extrahumana (Moore, 2015) convergen en el cultivo de la fresa. Tomamos como punto de partida la teoría del capitalismo como ecología-mundo de Moore y la articulamos con las aportaciones del feminismo materialista y los análisis de la economía política sobre el continuum de control de la movilidad del trabajo en la historia del capitalismo. A partir de este posicionamiento teórico, analizamos el modo en que este cultivo extrae su rentabilidad de la asignación a circular de temporeras marroquíes empleadas a través del programa de migración temporal conocido como contratación en origen. Este programa permite al sector disponer de una mano de obra poco costosa y flexible que garantice la rentabilidad del cultivo, y que retorna a su país de origen al final de la temporada. Veremos que para ello se ha dirigido exclusivamente a mujeres con hijos pequeños a su cargo. La circulación entre país de origen y de trabajo de las jornaleras marroquíes y su adecuación a las exigencias del sector se fundan en las asimetrías de género, clase y etnia existentes. Concretamente, el programa implementa una doble dependencia de los hogares de trabajadoras hacia los ingresos de la temporada, por un lado, y hacia su participación en la economía doméstica, cuando regresan, por otro. Leemos esta subordinación de la reproducción por la producción como una apropiación de la naturaleza tal y como la define, de manera amplia, Moore. El artículo está basado en el material etnográfico recogido entre 2009 y 2012, y actualizado en 2019, en los lugares de vida y trabajo de las temporeras. Su estructura es la siguiente. En una primera parte se exponen las principales características de la producción de frutos rojos en Huelva. En un segundo momento, se describe cómo la contratación de temporeras marroquíes ha sido una estrategia del modelo productivo que había agotado los recursos presentes en el territorio. En la tercera parte, se abordan las consecuencias que el modelo de contratación en origen tiene sobre las condiciones de vida y trabajo de las temporeras y se describen los límites del programa que se está viendo cuestionado por la emergencia de movilizaciones y resistencias. The province of Huelva, in Andalusia (Spain), is the first strawberry exporting area in Europe. Based on an intensive use of inputs applied on sterilized land, this sector is an archetype of agricultural industrialization, marking the decisive influence of capitalist activity on the biosphere right down to the landscape. Considered red gold for decades, this monoculture entered into crisis in the mid-1990s. Despite the continuous increase in input costs, the price per kilogram of strawberries remains stable, with supermarkets and input suppliers controlling the agrifood chain. To maintain profitability, farmers have followed three strategies: increasing production per hectare through technical intensification of production, introducing new berries cultures, and making wages an adjustment variable. This last one, has been possible through the employment of a diversified migrant workforce. Since the 90's, various labor substitutions processes have resulted in a segmented labor market by origin, gender, migration status and work relationship. From the year 2000, an important part of the labor force have been women employed through a temporary migration program named contratacion en origen. Morocco has been the main country of recruitment since 2008. Besides Moroccan workers, the sector employs North and West African workers, with or without work permits, an important number of Eastern European workers coming seasonally through work agencies, and Spanish women workers, mainly in the packing stations. The rise of unemployment caused by the economic crisis limited the contratacion en origen between 2012 and 2017. However, this program is very appreciated by employers who have been demanding its reinstatement, as it guarantees a flexible and non-demanding labor force, available throughout the campaign, even if at certain times the work is scarce. In 2017, it was reactivated with more workers than ever. Based on qualitative material gathered between 2009 and 2012, and updated in 2019, we will address several dimensions of an agro-migration regime constitutive of this land designed by capitalist world-ecology. The paper will focus on the contratacion en origen held with Morocco since 2006. Financed by European Union money, this program aims to facilitate the movement of women workers who must return to Morocco after the season ends. To this end, a series of criteria are established based on racist and sexist stereotypes that define rural Moroccan women mainly as mothers and wives to justify their return to the country when strawberry season is over. To participate in the program, it is necessary to be a woman of rural and poor origin and to have dependent children under 14 years old. It means that capital accumulation in this agriculture is based on control over female farmworkers reproduction. Taking up the contributions of materialist feminism and cross-referencing them with political economy and world-ecology theory, we analyze this subordination of reproduction by production as an appropriation of nature as defined by Moore. Capitalist accumulation expands through commodity fronts (2015). Competition leads to a perpetual search for new territories - spatial or social - that have not yet been commodified and whose conquest opens new cycles of profitability. Capitalism appropriates these borderlands, reclaiming the free labor of women, nature and colonies (Mies, 1986) and justifying it by the fact that these cheap natures are objects that can be appropriated. Naturalization is the ideology that allows the material exploitation and appropriation of the "free gifts of nature". In this paper, we argue that, in intensive agriculture, accumulation is based on the exploitation of the web of life, embedded in control over the reproduction of female foreign farmworkers. We show how the imbrication between racism and sexism transforms Moroccan women into inputs for intensive agriculture and address the two dimensions of these power relations: their material appropriation and the ideology that identifies women and racialized people as nature that sustains the former. We analyze how borders implemented by the contratacion en origen mobilize gender and race to allow workforce exploitation. This temporary migration program is based on an economic articulation and a physical separation of the time-spaces of production and reproduction of labor power. Moroccan farmworkers are recruited as appropriated women (Guillaumin, 1992). It is because they carry out the bulk of domestic work, because they are materially involved in the rearing of children, and because this activity is considered their legitimate and main activity, that they are seen as ideal seasonal workers. That is to say, the women will work hard for their children that remain on the other side of the border and they will return home at the end of the season. The constraints implied by the process of recruitment are reinforced by a legal captivity induced by the fact that residence permits are linked to a specific employer. In addition to this juridical captivity, the confinement in the dwellings weakens these workers' capacity to negotiate their working conditions. The farms are often far from the villages. Isolation is increased by the fact that farmworkers generally do not speak Spanish and do not have any other means of transportation than the one normally provided once a week by the employer for shopping. The mechanisms of control over women's bodies and sexuality are furthermore mobilized to impose discipline and control over workers, as well as to avoid them leaving the Program. The stigma of the woman of bad life and the prostitute, attributed to those who go out at night or to those who leave the Program to stay irregularly in Spain, patrols the borders of temporary work. This system constructs a vulnerable labor force ready to accept the poor working and living conditions offered. However, as Burawoy (1975) pointed out, the interdependence between home and host countries and the separation of production and reproduction tend to erode over time, usually leading to resistance and eventual labor replacement. In 2018 the pact of silence regarding the living and working conditions of foreign seasonal workers was finally broken. The collective mobilizations of Moroccan seasonal workers were organized to denounce poor living and working conditions and the existence of sexual abuse. This questioned the core of a recruitment program that had been designed as an example of ethical and orderly migration for 20 years. At the end of the season, various actors also reported that a significant number of female workers had not returned to Morocco at the end of their contracts. We read these forms of collective and individual resistance as signs of the erosion of this program. We will have to wait to see the impact of these emerging acts of resistance.

Since 2013, China has launched the “Belt and Road” Initiative adhering to “The Five-Connectivity Program”, which aims at achieving win-win results with the countries along the road. Meantime, “17+1” mechanism is an important regional platform that promotes cooperation between China and Central and Eastern European countries. In this context, the Sino-Bulgarian economic relationships are constantly expanding and increasingly diversified in terms of foreign direct investment, trade, and cooperation of companies. There are increasing research interests and results of these two policies but there are still a lot of gaps to fill. The most pressing one is that more researches are needed about the impact of the Belt and Road Initiative and “17+1” mechanism on Central and Eastern Europe Countries, especially an individual country such as Bulgaria. Bulgaria was the second country that recognized and established diplomatic relations with China in 1949. Since then, Bulgaria and China have established a very good and strong relationship in different ways. However, the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 has brought many challenges for both Bulgaria and China, which has a deep impact on the bilateral economic relations. Therefore, by searching the past ten years of SSCI literature in the database, this paper systematically sorts out the existing research on Sino-Bulgarian economic relations and makes a comprehensive review, reflecting the latest and changing landscape of the Sino-Bulgarian economic relations. Then by collecting, screening and analyzing the latest statistical data in multiple sources, this paper identifies the characteristics of FDI, the bilateral trade respectively. The purpose is to provide a guidance of the prospect of Sino-Bulgarian economic relations in the future. The paper establishes that the economic relations between the two countries have made great progress under this initiative and new mechanism but still remain unstable and far below their potential. Finally, the paper concludes that there is a very promising future for the bilateral economic relations even facing many challenges and risks in the post pandemic world. © 2021, University of National and World Economy. All rights reserved.

PurposeThe paper discusses the predictors of trust in the institutions and people involved in crisis management at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Romania. Trust in institutions might be a key factor in the way countries affected by the COVID-19 pandemic deal with the crisis as people might be more willing to accept the restrictions and rules imposed if they trust the key institutions and people involved in managing the pandemic. The paper provides recommendations for key stakeholders to increase trust in people and institutions in times of crisis.Design/methodology/approachThe authors draw evidence from a national online panel survey (N = 1,160) to investigate the main predictors of trust in this context.FindingsThe main results indicate that trust in institutions is positively correlated with news consumption and personal discussions about the pandemic, perceived incidence of COVID-19 fake news, belief in conspiracy theories and uncertainty about the future of the country.Originality/valueTo the best of the knowledge, this study is one of the few papers investigating the predictors of trust in the institutions and people involved in managing the current pandemic in a country in the Central and Eastern European region.

Searching for ways to expand the spectrum of methods of teaching and learning foreign languages triggers valuable initiatives and offers support for both students and teachers. Programs such as French immersion in Canada, content-based instruction (CBI), and content and language integrated learning (CLIL) have become popular across the world (Harrop, 2012), which is rapidly becoming a global village where the role of languages is crucial. In an integrated world, teaching content through language is viewed as a modern form of educational delivery; therefore, as the editors emphasize “teacher preparation and professional development endeavors are key drivers of successful I/B and CBI programs across a variety of models” (p. 3). Teacher Development for Immersion and Content-Based Instruction is a key contribution to the field, which offers valuable insights into the complexity of teacher preparation as well as further professional development in the case of immersion/bilingual contexts.