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The aim was to develop clinical guidelines for multi-parametric MRI of the prostate by a group of prostate MRI experts from the European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR), based on literature evidence and consensus expert opinion. True evidence-based guidelines could not be formulated, but a compromise, reflected by “minimal” and “optimal” requirements has been made. The scope of these ESUR guidelines is to promulgate high quality MRI in acquisition and evaluation with the correct indications for prostate cancer across the whole of Europe and eventually outside Europe. The guidelines for the optimal technique and three protocols for “detection”, “staging” and “node and bone” are presented. The use of endorectal coil vs. pelvic phased array coil and 1.5 vs. 3 T is discussed. Clinical indications and a PI-RADS classification for structured reporting are presented. Key Points • This report provides guidelines for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in prostate cancer. • Clinical indications, and minimal and optimal imaging acquisition protocols are provided. • A structured reporting system (PI-RADS) is described.

Purpose: To evaluate the very long-term results of the randomized Post Operative Radiation Therapy in Endometrial Carcinoma (PORTEC)-1 trial for patients with Stage I endometrial carcinoma (EC), focusing on the role of prognostic factors for treatment selection and the long-term risk of second cancers.Patients and Methods: The PORTEC trial (1990-1997) included 714 patients with Stage IC Grade 1-2 or Stage IB Grade 2-3 EC. After surgery, patients were randomly allocated to external-beam pelvic radiotherapy (EBRT) or no additional treatment (NAT). Analysis was by intention to treat.Results: 426 patients were alive at the date of analysis. The median follow-up time was 13.3 years. The 15-year actuarial locoregional recurrence (LRR) rates were 6% for EBRT vs. 15.5% for NAT (p 60 (HR 3.9, p = 0.002 for LRR and 2.7, p = 0.01 for EC death) and myometrial invasion > 50% (HR 1.9, p = 0.03 and HR 1.9, p = 0.02).Conclusions: The 15-year outcomes of PORTEC-1 confirm the relevance of HIR criteria for treatment selection, and a trend for long-term risk of second cancers. EBRT should be avoided in patients with low-and intermediate-risk EC. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc.

Background and Objectives: Dose reduction and shortening of duration of perfusion in isolated limb perfusion with TNF-alpha and Melphalan (TMILP) are associated with less systemic toxicity and seem to be safe and effective on short-term. However, data on long-term patient outcome are scarce.Methods: From 1991 to 2008, 102 TM-ILPs were performed in 98 patients for a locally advanced soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity. Perfusions were categorized in three groups: (A) high dose and long duration (n = 59), (B) high dose and short duration (n 16), and (C) low dose and short duration (n = 27). Long-term local control rates and (limb)-survival were evaluated.Results: Limb salvage rates were in group A 76.3%, B 62.5%, and C 85.2% (P = 0.2). With a median follow up of 76 (range 4-203) months, 50 patients were still alive (51%). Disease-specific 5-year survival was not different between the three groups: A 55.4%, B 52.5%, and C 57.3% (P = 0.9). There was no difference in local recurrence-free 5-year survival (adjusted P = 0.1) and distant metastases-free survival (P = 0.9).Conclusions: Dose reduction and shorter duration of TM-ILP seem to be safe and effective regarding long-term patient outcome, as 5-year local control rates and (limb)-survival are not compromised. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011;103:648-655. (C) 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Background and purpose: To retrospectively analyse a large consecutive cohort of patients with anal cancer for treatment-related factors influencing local control and survival.Materials and methods: All patients referred for primary radiotherapy at Medical University of Vienna in 1990-2002 with anal canal carcinoma without distant metastases were analysed. Treatment consisted of external radiotherapy with or without brachytherapy and with or without chemotherapy. Patient-, tumour-, and treatment-factors were tested for influence on survival and local control using Cox multivariate analysis.Results: Median age was 67 years (n = 129), the UICC stage distribution was 15%, 58%, and 27% for stages I, II, and III, respectively. With median follow-up of 8.0 years for surviving patients (3.9 years including deceased patients), five-year overall survival and disease-free-survival were 57% and 51%, respectively. Local control at 5 years was 87%. Stage and age were significant factors for overall and colostomy-free-survival, N-stage for disease-free-survival. Shorter overall treatment time favoured local control in stage T1-2 (p = .015), higher total radiation dose and female gender were associated with improved local control in T3-4 tumours (p = .021).Conclusions: These results support potential improvement of anal cancer treatment by studying advanced technology such as IMRT, making it possible to tailor high-dose regions. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Supplemental digital content is available in the text., The first joint European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), European SocieTy for Radiotherapy & Oncology (ESTRO) and European Society of Gynaecological Oncology (ESGO) consensus conference on endometrial cancer was held on 11–13 December 2014 in Milan, Italy, and comprised a multidisciplinary panel of 40 leading experts in the management of endometrial cancer. Before the conference, the expert panel prepared three clinically-relevant questions about endometrial cancer relating to the following four areas: prevention and screening, surgery, adjuvant treatment and advanced and recurrent disease. All relevant scientific literature, as identified by the experts, was reviewed in advance. During the consensus conference, the panel developed recommendations for each specific question and a consensus was reached. Results of this consensus conference, together with a summary of evidence supporting each recommendation, are detailed in this article. All participants have approved this final article.

Background: Prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer and the sixth leading cause of cancer death in males. A systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of radiotherapy and other non-pharmacological management options for localised prostate cancer was undertaken.Methods: A search of thirteen databases was carried out until March 2014. RCTs comparing radiotherapy (brachytherapy (BT) or external beam radiotherapy (EBRT)) to other management options i.e. radical prostatectomy (RP), active surveillance, watchful waiting, high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), or cryotherapy; each alone or in combination, e.g. with adjuvant hormone therapy (HT), were included. Methods followed guidance by the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination and the Cochrane Collaboration. Indirect comparisons were calculated using the Bucher method.Results: Thirty-six randomised controlled trials (RCTs, 134 references) were included. EBRT, BT and RP were found to be effective in the management of localised prostate cancer. While higher doses of EBRT seem to be related to favourable survival-related outcomes they might, depending on technique, involve more adverse events, e.g. gastrointestinal and genitourinary toxicity. Combining EBRT with hormone therapy shows a statistically significant advantage regarding overall survival when compared to EBRT alone (Relative risk 1.21, 95% confidence interval 1.12-1.30). Aside from mixed findings regarding urinary function, BT and radical prostatectomy were comparable in terms of quality of life and biochemical progression-free survival while favouring BT regarding patient satisfaction and sexual function. There might be advantages of EBRT (with/without HT) compared to cryoablation (with/without HT). No studies on HIFU were identified.Conclusions: Based on this systematic review, there is no strong evidence to support one therapy over another as EBRT, BT and RP can all be considered as effective monotherapies for localised disease with EBRT also effective for post-operative management. All treatments have unique adverse events profiles. Further large, robust RCTs which report treatment-specific and treatment combination-specific outcomes in defined prostate cancer risk groups following established reporting standards are needed. These will strengthen the evidence base for newer technologies, help reinforce current consensus guidelines and establish greater standardisation across practices. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Since 2009, a 4D treatment planning workshop has taken place annually, gathering researchers working on the treatment of moving targets, mainly with scanned ion beams. Topics discussed during the workshops range from problems of time resolved imaging, the challenges of motion modelling, the implementation of 4D capabilities for treatment planning, up to different aspects related to 4D dosimetry and treatment verification.This report gives an overview on topics discussed at the 4D workshops in 2014 and 2015. It summarizes recent findings, developments and challenges in the field and discusses the relevant literature of the recent years. The report is structured in three parts pointing out developments in the context of understanding moving geometries, of treating moving targets and of 4D quality assurance (QA) and 4D dosimetry.The community represented at the 4D workshops agrees that research in the context of treating moving targets with scanned ion beams faces a crucial phase of clinical translation. In the coming years it will be important to define standards for motion monitoring, to establish 4D treatment planning guidelines and to develop 4D QA tools. These basic requirements for the clinical application of scanned ion beams to moving targets could e.g. be determined by a dedicated ESTRO task group.Besides reviewing recent research results and pointing out urgent needs when treating moving targets with scanned ion beams, the report also gives an outlook on the upcoming 4D workshop organized at the University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG) in the Netherlands at the end of 2016. (C) 2016 Associazione Italiana di Fisica Medica. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Retroperitoneal liposarcoma (RLS) are rare, biologically heterogeneous tumors that present considerable challenges due to their size and deep location. As a consequence, the majority of patients with high grade RLS will develop locally recurrent disease following surgery, and this constitutes the cause of death in most patients. Here, we review current insights and controversies regarding histology, molecular biology, extent of surgery, (neo)adjuvant treatment, and systemic treatment including novel targeted agents in RLS.

International audience; In external beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer limiting toxicities for dose escalation are bladder and rectum toxicities. Normal tissue complication probability models aim at quantifying the risk of developping adverse events following radiotherapy. These models, originally proposed in the context of uniform irradiation, have evolved to implementations based on the state-of-the-art classification methods which are trained using empirical data. Recently, the use of image processing techniques combined with population analysis methods has led to a new generation of models to understand the risk of normal tissue complications following radiotherapy. This paper overviews those methods in the case of prostate cancer radiation therapy and propose some lines of future research

Objective To critically review the literature on testosterone supplementation in patients with prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy. Methods Literature search, review of papers and abstracts published in English. Results Androgen manipulation remains an effective treatment for metastatic prostate cancer and a commonly used adjuvant treatment for locally advanced prostate cancer, in combination with external-beam radiotherapy with curative intention. Concerns on the use of testosterone in hypogonadal men with a history of prostate cancer have dominated the oncology literature of the last years and are now progressing to sexual medicine as well. Testosterone supplementation is in general considered a contraindication in men who has been previously treated for prostate cancer. Though both oncologists and sexual medicine specialists are asked by patients who have been treated for prostate cancer and who are hypogonadal be helped for their libido decrease and erectile dysfunction. So far, the reports published in peer-reviewed literature showed no biochemical recurrence in more than 74 patients after surgery and no recurrence in 36 patients after radiation (both external-beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy). Conclusions Although caution must be exercised in drawing conclusions from the limited clinical experience of testosterone replacement therapy after treatment prostate cancer, testosterone does not seem to be an absolute contraindication in hypogonadal patients after radiotherapy. The available literature strongly suggests that testosterone neither increases the risk of prostate cancer diagnosis in normal men nor causes cancer recurrence in men who were successfully treated for prostate cancer. A practical approach can be to inform the patients that the risk of prostate cancer progression or recurrence is unknown and an informed consent document should be provided for testosterone replacement in patients previously treated for prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to present a technique of abdominosacral resection and its results in patients with locally advanced primary or locally recurrent rectal cancer with dorsolateral fixation. METHODS: Between 1994 and 1999, 13 patients with locally advanced primary rectal cancer and 37 patients with locally recurrent rectal cancer underwent abdominosacral resection as part of a multimodality treatment, i.e., preoperative irradiation, surgery, and Intraoperative irradiation. After the abdominal phase, the patient was turned from supine to prone position to perform the transsacral phase of the resection. RESULTS: Margins were microscopically negative in 26 patients (52 percent), microscopically positive in 18 (36 percent), and positive with gross residual disease in 6 patients. Operation time ranged from 210 to 590 (median, 390) minutes, and blood loss ranged from 400 to 10,000 (median, 3,500) ml. No operative or hospital deaths occurred. Postoperative complications occurred in 41 patients (82 percent); most notable were perineal wound infections or dehiscence (n = 24, 48 percent). Other complications were postoperative urinary retention or incontinence (n = 9, 18 percent), peritonitis (n = 4), grade II neuropathy (n = 1), and fistula formation (n = 3). Kaplan-Meier 3-year overall survival, disease-free survival, and local control rates were, respectively, 41 percent, 31 percent, and 61 percent. Completeness of the resection (negative vs. positive margins) was a significant factor influencing survival (P = 0.04), disease-free survival (P = 0.0006), and local control (P = 0.0002). CONCLUSION: The abdominosacral resection provides wide access and may be the therapeutic solution for the accomplishment of a radical resection for distally situated, dorsally or dorsolaterally fixed primary or locally recurrent rectal cancers.

Introduction: It is customary to consider deaths that occur within 90 days of surgery as caused by that surgery. However, such practice may overestimate the true short-term mortality rates after radical prostatectomy (RP). Indeed, treatment-unrelated events might affect short-term mortality rates. We assess RP-specific excess short-term mortality. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of a populationbased cohort of 59 010 patients (RP = 28 281 and external beam radiation therapy [EBRT] as reference group, n = 30 729) who were treated between 1998 and 2005 for non-metastatic prostate cancer. Using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, we assessed the rates of 30-, 60- and 90-day mortality after either RP or EBRT. Results: Within the cohort, 30-, 60- and 90-day mortality rates were 0.2, 0.5 and 0.6%, and 0.1, 0.4 and 0.6% for RP and EBRT patients, respectively. This resulted in overall 30-, 60, and 90- day mortality differences of 0.1, 0.1 and 0%, respectively. After stratification according to age and Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), the magnitude of these differences increased up to 3.2% in favour of EBRT in patients aged >75 years with CCI ≥2. In multivariable analysis, rates of 30-, 60- and 90- day mortality were 5.2-, 1.8- and 1.3-fold higher after RP than EBRT, respectively. Our study is limited by its non-randomized design. Conclusion: Overall, absolute short-term mortality rates after RP are comparable to those of EBRT. The difference decreases over time: 90 days

Purpose: To investigate the course of quality of life (QoL) among prostate cancer patients treated with external beam radiotherapy and to compare the results with QoL of a normal age-matched reference population.Patients and methods: The study population was composed of 227 prostate cancer patients, treated with radiotherapy. The EORTC QLQ-C30 was used to assess QoL before radiotherapy and six months, one year, two years and three years after completion of radiotherapy. Mixed model analyses were used to investigate longitudinal changes in QoL. QoL of prostate cancer patients was compared to that of a normative cohort using a multivariate analysis of covariance.Results: A significant decline in QoL was observed after radiotherapy (p Conclusion: Prostate cancer patients experience a small worsening of QoL as compared with baseline and as compared with a normal reference population. As co-morbidity modulates patients' post-treatment QoL, a proper assessment of co-morbidity should be included in future longitudinal analyses on QoL. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological malignancy in high-income countries. Although the overall prognosis is relatively good, high-grade endometrial cancers have a tendency to recur. Recurrence needs to be prevented since the prognosis for recurrent endometrial cancer is dismal. Treatment tailored to tumor biology is the optimal strategy to balance treatment efficacy against toxicity. Standard treatment consists of hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Lymphadenectomy (with ongoing studies of sentinel node biopsy) enables identification of lymph node positive patients who need adjuvant treatment, including radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Adjuvant radiotherapy is used for Stage I-II patients with high-risk factors and Stage III lymph node negative patients. In advanced disease, a combination of surgery to no residual disease and chemotherapy results in the best outcome. Surgery for recurrent disease is only advocated in patients with a good performance status with a relatively long disease-free interval. ispartof: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GYNECOLOGY & OBSTETRICS vol:143 pages:37-50 ispartof: location:United States status: published

ObjectiveRadiotherapy is associated with short-term and long-term morbidity. This study compared toxicity rates among patients with endometrial carcinoma (EC) treated with adjuvant external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) on a small pelvic field (SmPF) in comparison with a standard pelvic field (StPF) or an extended field (EF).MethodsPatients with EC preoperatively diagnosed with high-grade histological disease (grade 3 endometrioid, papillary serous, clear cell, and mixed tumor type) or cervical involvement were treated with total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and lymphadenectomy in the University Medical Center Groningen between 1999 and 2008. Patients who received adjuvant EBRT were included in this study. External beam radiation therapy on SmPF (includes only the central pelvis and proximal vagina) was applied in case of negative lymph nodes after adequate lymphadenectomy (≥10 lymph nodes removed at the bilateral obturator and external iliac nodal stations). In case of positive pelvic lymph nodes or inadequate lymphadenectomy, EBRT on StPF was given. External beam radiation therapy on EF was applied in case of common iliac and/or para-aortic lymph node metastases.Retrospectively, using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v3.0, acute toxicity was scored during radiotherapy, whereas late toxicity was scored, from 3 months onward after treatment.ResultsToxicity could be evaluated in 75 patients treated with SmPF (n = 33), StPF (n = 28), and EF EBRT (n = 14). Most patients with late adverse events had also reported toxicity during radiotherapy (71%). The most common late adverse events were gastrointestinal tract related, more frequently present in the StPF group (60.7%) compared to SmPF (33.3%; P = 0.032). In particular, nausea and anorexia were more frequent in the StPF group (32.1%) compared to the SmPF group (3.0%; P = 0.004), as well as ileus (14.3% vs 0%, P = 0.039, respectively).ConclusionsTreatment with adjuvant EBRT on SmPF results in less gastrointestinal late adverse events compared to treatment with EBRT on StPF in patients with surgically staged EC.

Background and Objectives: Dose reduction and shortening of duration of perfusion in isolated limb perfusion with TNF-alpha and Melphalan (TMILP) are associated with less systemic toxicity and seem to be safe and effective on short-term. However, data on long-term patient outcome are scarce. Methods: From 1991 to 2008, 102 TM-ILPs were performed in 98 patients for a locally advanced soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity. Perfusions were categorized in three groups: (A) high dose and long duration (n = 59), (B) high dose and short duration (n 16), and (C) low dose and short duration (n = 27). Long-term local control rates and (limb)-survival were evaluated. Results: Limb salvage rates were in group A 76.3%, B 62.5%, and C 85.2% (P = 0.2). With a median follow up of 76 (range 4-203) months, 50 patients were still alive (51%). Disease-specific 5-year survival was not different between the three groups: A 55.4%, B 52.5%, and C 57.3% (P = 0.9). There was no difference in local recurrence-free 5-year survival (adjusted P = 0.1) and distant metastases-free survival (P = 0.9). Conclusions: Dose reduction and shorter duration of TM-ILP seem to be safe and effective regarding long-term patient outcome, as 5-year local control rates and (limb)-survival are not compromised. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011;103:648-655. (C) 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Purpose To determine the long-term outcome and health-related quality of life (HRQL) of patients with endometrial carcinoma (EC) treated with or without pelvic radiotherapy in the Post Operative Radiation Therapy in Endometrial Carcinoma 1 (PORTEC-1) trial. Patients and Methods Between 1990 and 1997, 714 patients with stage IC grade 1 to 2 or IB grade 2 to 3 EC were randomly allocated to pelvic external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT) or no additional treatment (NAT). HRQL was evaluated with the Short Form 36-Item (SF-36) questionnaire; subscales from the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) PR25 module for bowel and bladder symptoms and the OV28 and CX24 modules for sexual symptoms; and demographic questions. Analysis was by intention-to-treat. Results Median follow-up was 13.3 years. The 15-year actuarial locoregional recurrence rates were 5.8% for EBRT versus 15.5% for NAT (P < .001), and 15-year overall survival was 52% versus 60% (P = .14). Of the 351 patients confirmed to be alive with correct address, 246 (70%) returned the questionnaire. Patients treated with EBRT reported significant (P < .01) and clinically relevant higher rates of urinary incontinence, diarrhea, and fecal leakage leading to more limitations in daily activities. Increased symptoms were reflected by the frequent use of incontinence materials after EBRT (day and night use, 42.9% v 15.2% for NAT; P < .001). Patients treated with EBRT reported lower scores on the SF-36 scales “physical functioning” (P = .004) and “role-physical” (P = .003). Conclusion EBRT for endometrial cancer is associated with long-term urinary and bowel symptoms and lower physical and role-physical functioning, even 15 years after treatment. Despite its efficacy in reducing locoregional recurrence, EBRT should be avoided in patients with low- and intermediate-risk EC.

For more than 50 years, the technique of extremity perfusion has been explored in the limb salvage treatment of local, recurrent, and multifocal sarcomas. The "discovery" of tumor necrosis factor-or. in combination with melphalan was a real breakthrough in the treatment of primarily irresectable extremity sarcomas. Development of new treatment strategies in extremity perfusion, better perfusion or infusion equipment, and modifying the technique and the use of molecular imaging technology might further improve limb salvage rates and decrease local failures in the future and provide more insight into the tumor biology of sarcoma.

This study is a presentation of our department's experience in the treatment of localized prostate cancer with either radical or postoperative radiotherapy (RT). Fifty-five patients with clinical localized prostate cancer were reviewed. Thirty-three patients (T1-T2AN0M0 stage) were treated with radical RT and 22 (T2B-T3N0M0 stage) with postoperative RT. All patients received hormonal therapy. Primary end points of the study were the incidence of clinical and biochemical recurrences and death in the whole group and according to treatment modality. Within a median follow-up of 18 months the overall incidence of clinical relapse was 16.9%, of biochemical relapse 12.7% and of death 10.9%. Both treatment options achieved similar outcomes despite the fact that the patients in the postoperative RT group were of higher stage. Radical RT group tended to have better overall and disease-free survival compared to postoperative RT group, but there was no statistically significant evidence. Long-term toxicity was negligible. World Journal of Urology

Surgery of radiation-induced cataracts in children with retinoblastoma (RB) is a challenge as early intervention is weighted against the need to delay surgery until complete tumour control is obtained. This study analyses the safety and functional results of such surgery.In a retrospective, non-comparative, consecutive case series, we reviewed medical records of RB patients ≤ 14 y of age who underwent either external beam radiotherapy or plaque treatment and were operated for radiation-induced cataract between 1985 and 2008.In total, 21 eyes of 20 RB patients were included and 18 out of the 21 eyes had Reese-Ellsworth stage V or ABC classification group D/E RB. Median interval between last treatment for RB and cataract surgery was 21.5 months, range 3-164 months. Phacoaspiration was performed in 13 eyes (61%), extra-capsular cataract extraction in 8 (39%) and intraocular lens implantation in 19 eyes (90%). The majority of cases, 11/21 (52%), underwent posterior capsulorhexis or capsulotomy and 6/21 (28%) an anterior vitrectomy. Postoperative visual acuity was ≥ 20/200 in 13 eyes and20/200 in 5 eyes. Intraocular tumour recurrence was noted in three eyes. Mean postoperative follow up was 90 months ± 69 months.Modern cataract surgery, including clear cornea approach, lens aspiration with posterior capsulotomy, anterior vitrectomy and IOL implantation is a safe procedure for radiation-induced cataract as long as RB is controlled. The visual prognosis is limited by initial tumour involvement of the macula and by corneal complications of radiotherapy. We recommend a minimal interval of 9 months between completion of treatment of retinoblastoma and cataract surgery.