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As part of our drug discovery program for anti-filarial agents from Indian medicinal plants, leaves of Eucalyptus tereticornis were chemically investigated, which resulted in the isolation and characterization of an anti-filarial agent, ursolic acid (UA) as a major constituent. Antifilarial activity of UA against the human lymphatic filarial parasite Brugia malayi using in vitro and in vivo assays, and in silico docking search on glutathione-s-transferase (GST) parasitic enzyme were carried out. The UA was lethal to microfilariae (mf; LC100: 50; IC50: 8.84 µM) and female adult worms (LC100: 100; IC50: 35.36 µM) as observed by motility assay; it exerted 86% inhibition in MTT reduction potential of the adult parasites. The selectivity index (SI) of UA for the parasites was found safe. This was supported by the molecular docking studies, which showed adequate docking (LibDock) scores for UA (−8.6) with respect to the standard antifilarial drugs, ivermectin (IVM −8.4) and diethylcarbamazine (DEC-C −4.6) on glutathione-s-transferase enzyme. Further, in silico pharmacokinetic and drug-likeness studies showed that UA possesses drug-like properties. Furthermore, UA was evaluated in vivo in B. malayi-M. coucha model (natural infection), which showed 54% macrofilaricidal activity, 56% female worm sterility and almost unchanged microfilaraemia maintained throughout observation period with no adverse effect on the host. Thus, in conclusion in vitro, in silico and in vivo results indicate that UA is a promising, inexpensive, widely available natural lead, which can be designed and developed into a macrofilaricidal drug. To the best of our knowledge this is the first ever report on the anti-filarial potential of UA from E. tereticornis, which is in full agreement with the Thomson Reuter's ‘Metadrug’ tool screening predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key aspect of successful restoration projects is the sourcing of propagation material suited to the environmental and biotic conditions of the proposed planting site. Traditionally, the use of propagules collected locally has been advocated for revegetation on the assumption that this material is better adapted to local conditions. A rapidly changing climate, however, is challenging the assumption that the use of local genetic stock will provide the best restoration outcome in the long term. We tested the 'local is best' paradigm using open top chambers to simulate the predicted summer temperatures for 2050 in western Sydney, Australia. We compared the establishment success of E ucalyptus tereticornis and T hemeda australis, dominant species in Cumberland Plain Woodland, grown from local versus non-local seed . All plants survived an exceptional summer heatwave and few differences between temperature treatments were found. No evidence of local superiority was found for survival or growth of non-reproductive tissues of either species. However, local provenance plants of E . tereticornis suffered significantly greater herbivory in the ambient temperature treatment than one non-local provenance, and local provenance plants of T . australis demonstrated significant superiority to most non-local provenances in all categories of reproductive growth. For both species, the provenances from warmer climates demonstrated comparable, and often better, growth performance than the local provenance plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The worldwide expansion of hybrid breeding and clonal forestry is to meet the demands of paper pulp and bioenergy. Although India was one of the pioneers in hybrid production of eucalypts only recently the hybrid clonal forestry is gaining momentum. Inter-specific hybrids are being produced to exploit the hybrid vigor of F individuals. Quality control genotyping for hybrid purity and parentage confirmation at the early stage is one of the essential criteria for clonal propagation and field trails for the assessment of growth performance. Eucalyptus being a obligatory outcrossed species with potential to self pollination, possibilities of pollen contamination are high. Hence, in the present study, Eucalyptus camaldulensis × E. tereticornis inter-specific hybrids were genotyped using 25 fluorescent labeled microsatellite markers available in public domain. Multiplex loading of PCR products was performed successfully for most of the microsatellite loci. Hybrid purity index was calculated and parentage was confirmed. Hybrid purity values ranged from 85 to 100 % showed the efficiency of controlled pollination techniques. A subset of six fully informative simple sequence repeats was identified for routine quality control genotyping for these hybrids. Detection of non-essential genotypes observed among the hybrid seedlings proved the significance of hybrid purity tests and the false hybrids were removed at the seedling stage. The hybrids with proven hybridity will be used for generation of genetic linkage, discovery of quantitative trait loci and the individuals with high productivity can enter into mass clonal multiplication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose synthases ( CesA) represent a group of β-1, 4 glycosyl transferases involved in cellulose biosynthesis. Recent reports in higher plants have revealed that two groups of CesA gene families exist, which are associated with either primary or secondary cell wall deposition. The present study aimed at identifying developing secondary xylem specific cellulose synthase genes from Eucalyptus tereticornis,a species predominantly used in paper and pulp industries in the tropics. The differential expression analysis of the three EtCesAgenes using qRT-PCR revealed 49 to 87 fold relative expression in developing secondary xylem tissues. Three full length gene sequences of EtCesA1, EtCesA2and EtCesA3 were isolated with the size of 2940, 3114 and 3123 bp, respectively. Phytohormone regulation of all three EtCesAgenes were studied by exogenous application of gibberellic acid, naphthalene acetic acid, indole acetic acid and 2, 4-epibrassinolide in internode tissues derived from three-month-old rooted cuttings. All three EtCesA transcripts were upregulated by indole acetic acid and gibberellic acid. This study demonstrates that the increased cellulose deposition in the secondary wood induced by hormones can be attributed to the upregulation of xylem specific CesAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was undertaken to explore the bioherbicidal potential of essential oil(EO)(25 to 250μg/ml) from Eucalyptus tereticornis against one of the major weed of rice (Oryza sativa L.), i.e. Echinochloa crus - galli L. considering percent germination, root length and shoot length development chlorophyll, protein and carbohydrate content and percent cellular respiration). Studies revealed that E. tereticornis EO suppressed the growth and affects the physiology of the test plant. For instance, 100 and 250 μg/mL oil affects seed germination and seedling development of test weed. The chlorophyll content of the E. crus-galli seedlings decreased by 80% at 250 μg/mL treatment of EO. Similarly, reduction in respiratory activity on exposure to 250 μg/mL of EO was 60%. The effect of EO on macromolecules, i.e. carbohydrates and proteins also followed the similar trend. The present study concludes that EO of E. tereticornis shows toxicity towards E. crus-galli and has potential to be used as bioherbicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Innotec is the property of Laboratorio Tecnologico del Uruguay and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to evaluate the decay resistance of Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus saligna and Eucalyptus tereticornis wood treated through short-term soak and exposed to outdoor and forest canopy. Wood were treated with copper chrome borate (CCB) and used motor oil, beyond untreated samples were the control treatment. The wood samples were exposed for 1 year and collected every 45 days. The characterization of wood samples were carried out through weight loss, loss of ultrasonic velocity, specific gravity, equilibrium moisture content and dynamic modulus of elasticity tests. The main results showed that Eucalyptus saligna is the most susceptible wood to fungal decay. Moreover, Eucalyptus saligna wood presented the best efficiency for both treatments (CCB and used oil motor). On the other hand, treatments with CCB and used oil motor showed low effective for Corymbia citriodora and Eucalyptus tereticornis wood. A strong and positive correlation between weight loss and loss of ultrasonic velocity was observed [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants respond differentially to different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as well as to the different soil moisture levels. Based on this background, the present study was carried out to investigate the effects of different levels of soil moisture and AMF inoculations on mycorrhization and growth of important agroforestry plants, viz., Phaseolus mungo, Triticum aestivum, Eucalyptus tereticornis, and Albizia procera. The experiments consisted of main treatment, i.e., three levels of soil moisture [field capacity (FC = 16 %), half-field capacity (FC/2 = 8 %) and double-field capacity (2×FC = 32 %)] and four subtreatments (mycorrhizal inoculations), viz., Acaulospora scrobiculata, Glomus cerebriforme, Glomus intraradices, and un-inoculated (control). AMF inoculations significantly ( P < 0.05) increased growth and P uptake, in all tested plant species. In P. mungo, maximum AMF efficiency was observed at FC while in other plants, AMF were equally effective at FC/2 and 2×FC. Different inoculants were effective at different moisture levels. Furthermore, mycorrhization was the highest at FC. AMF inoculations were more important than soil moisture (explaining 33-97 % variation in growth) in P. mungo, T. aestivum, and A. procera (forward selection method), whereas soil moisture was more important for growth of E. tereticornis. Thus, it may be stated that depending upon soil moisture, inoculation of plants with suitable AMF consortium can be beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the direct and indirect effects of elevated [ CO2] and temperature on insect herbivores and how these factors interact are essential to predict ecosystem-level responses to climate change scenarios. In three concurrent glasshouse experiments, we measured both the individual and interactive effects of elevated [ CO2] and temperature on foliar quality. We also assessed the interactions between their direct and plant-mediated effects on the development of an insect herbivore of eucalypts. Eucalyptus tereticornis saplings were grown at ambient or elevated [ CO2] (400 and 650 μmol mol−1 respectively) and ambient or elevated ( + 4 °C) temperature for 10 months. Doratifera quadriguttata (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) larvae were feeding directly on these trees, on their excised leaves in a separate glasshouse, or on excised field-grown leaves within the temperature and [ CO2] controlled glasshouse. To allow insect gender to be determined and to ensure that any sex-specific developmental differences could be distinguished from treatment effects, insect development time and consumption were measured from egg hatch to pupation. No direct [ CO2] effects on insects were observed. Elevated temperature accelerated larval development, but did not affect leaf consumption. Elevated [ CO2] and temperature independently reduced foliar quality, slowing larval development and increasing consumption. Simultaneously increasing both [ CO2] and temperature reduced these shifts in foliar quality, and negative effects on larval performance were subsequently ameliorated. Negative nutritional effects of elevated [ CO2] and temperature were also independently outweighed by the direct positive effect of elevated temperature on larvae. Rising [ CO2] and temperature are thus predicted to have interactive effects on foliar quality that affect eucalypt-feeding insects. However, the ecological consequences of these interactions will depend on the magnitude of concurrent temperature rise and its direct effects on insect physiology and feeding behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the effect of two finger profiles on the static bending parameters of Eucalyptus tereticornis samples when joined with urea formaldehyde adhesive. Two sets of finger profiles with tip thicknesses of 0·11 and 0·14 cm were used. Interestingly, the profile with the thinner tip produced weaker joints. This behaviour is attributed to the larger contribution of the tip area to the total joint area in a joint when using the thinner tipped profile. The study suggests that for a given geometry, one needs to reduce the tip area in relation to the total area encountered in a joint. This gives the manufacturer an opportunity to make not too thin and fragile tips but still making it possible to design a profile which can result in useful strength parameters. The results obtained on the effect of tip area on bending parameters were confirmed by using another adhesive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaves from three species of Eucalyptus were combusted in a mass-loss calorimeter to characterise the effect of fuel moisture on energy release and combustion products for this genus. Increasing moisture content reduced peak heat release and the effective heat of combustion in a negative exponential pattern while simultaneously increasing time-to-ignition. Estimates of the probability of ignition, based upon time-to-ignition data, indicated that the critical fuel moisture content for a 50% probability of ignition ranged from 81 to 89% on a dry-weight basis. The modified combustion efficiency of leaves (the ratio of CO[sub 2] concentration to the sum of the CO[sub 2] and CO concentrations) decreased exponentially as fuel moisture increased. This was because CO[sub 2] concentrations during combustion declined exponentially while CO concentrations increased exponentially. However, CO[sub 2] mixing ratios were always greater by at least one order of magnitude. Emission factors for CO[sub 2] declined exponentially with increasing fuel moisture content while CO emission factors increased exponentially to a maximum. The emission factors for volatile organic compounds increased in a pattern similar to that for CO with increasing fuel moisture content. The empirical relationships identified in this study have implications for fire-behaviour modelling and assessing the effect of fire on air quality and climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analysed the impact of nitrogen fertilisation and weed management on wood density and heartwood proportion in Eucalyptus tereticornis and E. grandis trees from 6.5-year-old experimental plantations in Kerala, India. Wood samples taken from 0.20 m, breast height, 50, 75 and 100% of the merchantable bole length of trees were used in the analysis. Addition of nitrogen significantly improved productivity in E. tereticornis (15-28 m³ ha-1 year-1) and E. grandis (44-72 m³ ha-1 year-1) plantations. Likewise, weed management had significant effect on productivity of E. tereticornis plantation (8-19 m³ ha-1 year-1). In terms of heartwood proportion in trees, treatment effect was significant only in E. grandis plantation added with nitrogen. However, axial variation was significantly different for wood density and heartwood proportion of trees in nitrogen input plots in E. tereticornis plantation. Significant axial variation was found only in proportion of heartwood in weed management plots. In E. grandis, axial variation was significant only in heartwood proportion in both experimental plots. Density varied from pith to periphery in both species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to determine the long-term impact of different land uses on carbon sequestration, soil fertility, and microbial indices and to establish their interrelationship in a light-textured hyperthermic Udic Ustochrept. Soil samples were collected from existing land-use systems of (1)Eucalyptus tereticornis,(2)Terminalia chebula,(3)Acacia nilotica,(4)Leucaena leucocephala,(5)Embilica officinalis,(6)Zizyphusspp., and (7) maize–wheat rotation from depths of 0–15, 15–30, and 30–45 cm and examined for pH; organic carbon (OC); electrical conductivity (EC); available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K); micronutrients; microbial biomass carbon (MBC); microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN); and microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP). High-density plantations ofEucalyptus teriticornishad a greater potential in sequestering aboveground carbon (472.37 Mg ha−1), compared to widely spaced trees ofAcacia nilotica(376.05 Mg ha−1).Eucalyptus teriticornisexhibited the greatest impact in increasing soil OC in all depths, followed by AcaccianiloticaandTerminalia chebula,and the lowest was in agriculture (0.778, 0.749, 0.590, and 0.471%, respectively, in surface soil). Available zinc and iron contents were greatest underEucalyptus tereticornis, followed byAcacia nilotica,Zizyphus mauritiana,Embilica officinalis,Terminalia chebula, andLeucaena leucocephala. The MBC and MBN were greatest inEucalyptus tereticornis, followed byAcacia nilotica, and lowest in agriculture. Correlation matrix revealed significant and positive relationships between carbon sequestered with OC, MBC, MBN, and MBP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Koalas are an iconic species of charismatic megafauna, of substantial social and conservation significance. They are widely distributed, often at low densities, and individuals can be difficult to detect, making population surveys challenging and costly. Consequently, koala population estimates have been limited and the results inconsistent. The aims of this study were to estimate the distribution, relative abundance and population size of the koalas on Magnetic Island, far north Queensland. Population densities were estimated in 18 different vegetation types present on the island using a Fecal Standing Crop Method. Koala density ranged from 0.404 ha−1, recorded in forest red gum and bloodwood woodland, to absence from eight of the vegetation types surveyed. The second highest density of 0.297 koalas ha−1 was recorded in mixed eucalypt woodland, which covers 45% of the island. The total abundance of koalas on Magnetic Island, not including those present in urban areas, was estimated at 825±175 (SEM). The large variation in koala density across vegetation types reinforces the need for sampling stratification when calculating abundance over large areas, as uniformity of habitat quality cannot be assumed. In this context, koala populations also occur in low densities in areas generally regarded as poor quality koala habitat. These results highlight the importance of protecting vegetation communities not traditionally considered to have high conservation value to koalas, as these habitats may be essential for maintaining viable, widespread, low-density populations. The results from this study provide a baseline to assess future trends in koala distribution, density and abundance on Magnetic Island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We monitored an area that was revegetated with the goal of restoring a Eucalyptus tereticornis open forest on former agricultural land in central, eastern Queensland. Revegetation involved: (1) planting 60 ha of previously cleared and heavily grazed land with eight local trees species; and (2) removing cattle grazing to encourage natural regeneration in areas where some mature trees remained. We compared the revegetation site to native pasture that had also been previously cleared, with only scattered paddock trees remaining, and continued to be managed for livestock production (an area similar to the revegetation site, prior to planting) and a remnant forest (reference area). Nine years since revegetation began there was some evidence that the revegetated site was diverging from pasture in terms of understorey plant composition, sapling density and topsoil C and N. There was little divergence in terms of plant species richness (native, introduced, grass, forb and woody plant richness), herbaceous biomass and woody plant regeneration. Some monitoring plots were subject to fire (prescribed fire and or wildfire) over the period of monitoring. With increasing time since tire, the richness of native species, introduced species and grass species (both native and introduced) declined, and forb and grass species richness declined with increasing litter biomass, suggesting that the occurrence of tire and the associated removal of litter biomass has a positive influence on herbaceous diversity in this ecosystem. Woody plant regeneration persisted through lignotubers at the revegetation site and at the pasture, but this regeneration was stunted at the pasture presumably due to livestock grazing. Hence areas of former E. tereticornis forest showed promising regenerative capacity where mature trees remained and where livestock grazing was removed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Medical Mycology / Journal de Mycologie Médicale is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The encyrtid parasitoidPsyllaephagus bliteusRiek was introduced to California in 2000 to control the red gum lerp psyllid,Glycaspis brimblecombeiMoore. Field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of regional summer climate (California coastal vs. interior valleys) onP. bliteusperformance. Measurements of parasitoid performance, including reproduction and longevity, showed thatP. bliteuswas adversely affected by the extreme summer heat in the interior valley sites. The results suggest that regional climatic differences can contribute to the lower parasitism rates observed in California's warmer interior valleys. The results are discussed with respect to biological control ofG. brimblecombeiand the potential limitations of the parasitoidP. bliteus, as well as the possible impact of climate and intraguild predation as alternative hypotheses for the observed variable geographic performance ofP. bliteus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several factors influencing micropropagation of a selected elite clone of Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. were investigated. Amongst different cytokinins tested, 6-benzyleadenine proved to be the most effective cytokinin for shoot multiplication and elongation. The initial size of the shoot clump (inoculum) also influenced shoot multiplication and elongation. The number of shoots proliferated per culture vessel were significantly higher (342 shoots per culture vessel) when larger shoot clumps (15-20 shoots) were inoculated, compared to smaller shoot clumps (4-5 shoots), which resulted in a reduced shoot proliferation rates (245 shoots per culture vessel). However, the number of elongated shoots (65 per culture vessel) and shoot length (5.23 cm) were higher in cultures which were inoculated with smaller shoot clumps in comparison to those cultures which were inoculated with larger shoot clumps (54 shoots per culture vessel with shoot length of 4.17 cm). The maximum number of rooted shoots (80.7 %) was obtained on one fourth-strength MS medium supplemented with 5.0 μM indolebutyric acid. The number of shoots proliferated, elongated, rooting frequency, and subsequent survival of plants after acclimatization were higher in cultures incubated under photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) compared to those incubated under cool fluorescent lights (CFL). Osmotic potential of the sap and chlorophyll content of cultures incubated under PAR were also higher than those incubated under CFL. Following transfer of plants to soil, inoculation with a suspension of Bacillus subtilis (plant growth-promoting bacterium) increased the survival rate of plants by 10 %, yielding successful transfer of 84 % of plants. Random amplified polymorphic DNA and inter simple sequence repeat analyses indicated a high level of clonal uniformity amongst regenerated plants and also with that of the mother plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Two triterpenoids ursolic acid (1) and lupeol (2) isolated and characterized from Eucalyptus tereticornis and Gentiana kurroo were subjected to in silico QSAR modeling and docking studies and later the predicted results were confirmed through in vivo experiments. QSAR modeling results showed that both the triterpenoids possess immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity comparable to boswellic and cichoric acids, but were less active than levamisol. Docking results suggested that both the triterpenoids (1 and 2) showed immune modulatory and anti-inflammatory activity due to high binding affinity to human receptors viz., NF-kappaB p52 (−50.549kcal/mol), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) (−47.632kcal/mol), nuclear factor NF-Kappa-B P50 (−16.798kcal/mol) and cyclooxygenase-2 (−55.244kcal/mol). Further both the triterpenoids (1 and 2) were subjected to in vivo immunomodulatory activity in female Swiss albino mice. The experimental mice were divided into nine groups, each comprised of six mice. These received oral treatment for a period of 28days. The triterpenoids (1 and 2) showed significant increased in humoral immune function, but no significant changes were observed in cell mediated immune response and hematological parameters. The in silico and in vivo experimental data suggested that both the triterpenoids 1 and 2 may be considered as potential immunomodulatory drug-like molecules. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The present investigation examined the detoxifying potential of methanolic herbal extracts, namely the leaf and bark extract of Eucalyptus tereticornis, bark extract of Saraca asoca, Cassia fistula and Withania somnifera in vitro using primary chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells against damaging effects of urea and mercuric chloride (HgCl) (II). The influence of 20 mM urea and 10 µM HgCl (II) was determined on cell viability or proliferation of cells after treatment with plant extracts. Higher survival rate of primary CEF cells treated with higher concentrations of plant extracts was observed due to their protective ability against urea and HgCl (II). Cassia fistula bark extract (10 mg mL−1) was found to be most effective against 20 mM urea as it protects 90% of CEF cells whereas W. somnifera protects 86% of the cells within 24 h. After treating cells with10 µM HgCl, W. somnifera and E. tereticornis leaf extracts were found to be more effective among all other extracts as they protect approximately 86% and 70% of CEF cells, respectively, within 24 h. These results indicate that C. fistula and W. somnifera has the highest potential amongst all the five plant extracts for protecting CEF cells against damaging effects of urea and HgCl (II), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Specific gravity is very important factor in determining the economics of wood and wood products. This study is aimed to apply the near infrared spectroscopy technique with integrating sphere accessory for fast prediction of specific gravity of dry timber (moisture content 12 %) of Eucalyptus tereticornis from varying age group. Specific gravity was determined by conventional method and correlated with near infrared spectra using partial least square regression. The coefficient of determination of cross validation (R) is in the range of 0.80-0.91 for radial face and 0.88-0.94 for tangential face. The calibration equations when applied to test set resulted in coefficient of determination (R) ranging from 0.68 to 0.93 for radial face and 0.90 to 0.94 for tangential face. The ratio performance of deviation was calculated as the ratio of the standard deviation of the prediction set to the root mean square error of prediction and it was found to be between 2.1 and 3.8 for radial face and 3.2-4.1 for tangential face. The values were found identical when groups i.e., calibration and test set were interchanged. The range error ratio for both faces models were also identical and indicating that models are quite satisfactory for screening purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interspecific hybrids of Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake × E. tereticornis Smith were used for quantitative genetic analysis of cold hardiness ( CH) and growth traits height ( H), diameter at breast height ( D) and volume ( V) at 0.5, 1.5, 2.5 and 4 years of age. The effect of E. tereticornis male variance was significant ( P < 0.05) for CH as well as 2.5- and 4-year-old growth except for H, and E. urophylla female × E. tereticornis male interaction was significant for 0.5- and 1.5-year-old growth and CH except for CH, whereas E. urophylla female effect was not significant for the majority of traits analyzed. Both additive and dominance gene action were present in the genetics of all the traits measured at most ages, indicating that those traits may be improved by hybrid breeding. The σ/ σ ratios tended to decline after 1.5 years of age in CH and growth traits, implying that breeding value predictions derived from older performance might be more reliable. Estimates of narrow-sense heritability ( h) for CH and growth ranged from 0.03 ± 0.05 to 0.28 ± 0.13, depending on trait and age. Additive genetic correlations between CH and V were 0.28 ± 0.48 and 0.69 ± 0.30 at ages 1.5 and 2.5, respectively, suggesting that selection for growth would cause a favorable increase in cold hardiness in E. urophylla × E. tereticornis hybrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of phosphorus (P) concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 μg g) on growth and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization of two crops (a rainy season crop, Phaseolus mungo Roxb. var. PU-35 and a winter crop, Triticum aestivum L. var. WH-147) and seedlings of two multipurpose tree species ( Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. [Clone C-7, ITC, Bhadrachalam] and Albizia procera Benth.). Plant growth parameters (shoot length, dry weight) and P uptake increased significantly after inoculations with AM fungi ( Acaulospora scrobiculata Trappe, Glomus cerebriforme McGee, and Glomus intraradices Schenck and Smith) in P. mungo, T. aestivum, E. tereticornis, and A. procera. Best results were obtained with G. cerebriforme in P. mungo and A. procera, and A. scrobiculata in T. aestivum, and G. intraradices in E. tereticornis. Results on effect of P application on mycorrhizal dependency (MD) of studied crop and tree species showed that decrease in MD with increase in P concentrations in non-nitrogen-fixing species ( T. aestivum and E. tereticornis) was higher than in nitrogen-fixing species ( P. mungo and A. procera). Threshold P concentrations for maximum benefits from the AM symbiosis in above-mentioned plant species varied from 5 to 20 μg g and corresponding peaks of arbuscules, vesicles, sporocarp formation, colonization index, and spore count per 100 g sand were noticed. Thus, the results showed that the recorded plant growth peaks were due to AM colonization of crops and tree rhizosphere. Inoculations with AMF were more important than P application (explaining 14-78% variation in plant growth) for P. mungo, T. aestivum, and A. procera (forward selection method), whereas P application was more important for growth in E. tereticornis. Therefore, inoculating plants with a suitable AM inoculant could result in a benefit comparable to high P input and lead to a significant saving of inorganic P fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the chemical composition and allelopathic potential of volatile oil from Eucalyptus tereticornis on growth and establishment of Amaranthus viridis, a wasteland weed. The volatile oil was rich in monoterpenoids and a total of 34 components were identified by gas chromatography/gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy analyses, constituting 98.52%. α-Pinene (32.5%) and 1,8-cineole (22.4%) were the two major constituents. The volatile oil and two major components were evaluated for their allelopathic potential against A. viridis. A significant reduction in early seedling growth and seedling vigor of A. viridis was observed in response to volatile oil or its major monoterpenes. Further, the contents of photosynthetic pigments, i.e. chlorophylls a and b, and carotenoids, and cellular respiration in oil-/monoterpene-treated seedlings were significantly reduced thereby indicating adverse effects of the oil on photosynthetic machinery and energy metabolism. Based on the study, it can be concluded volatile oil of E. tereticornis possess allelopathic potential and could be explored as bioherbicide for future weed management programs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E. tereticornis are closely related species commonly cultivated for pulp wood in many tropical countries including India. Understanding the genetic structure and linkage disequilibrium (LD) existing in these species is essential for the improvement of industrially important traits. Our goal was to evaluate the use of simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci for species discrimination, population structure and LD analysis in these species. Investigations were carried out with the most common alleles in 93 accessions belonging to these two species using 62 SSR markers through cross amplification. The polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.44 to 0.93 and 0.36 to 0.93 in E. camaldulensis and E. tereticornis respectively. A clear delineation between the two species was evident based on the analysis of population structure and species-specific alleles. Significant genotypic LD was found in E. camaldulensis, wherein out of 135 significant pairs, 17 pairs showed r²≥0.1. Similarly, in E. tereticornis, out of 136 significant pairs, 18 pairs showed r²≥0.1. The extent of LD decayed rapidly showing the significance of association analyses in eucalypts with higher resolution markers. The availability of whole genome sequence for E. grandis and the synteny and co-linearity in the genome of eucalypts, will allow genome-wide genotyping using microsatellites or single nucleotide polymorphims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to scarcity of cellulosic wood fibers five bamboo species, namely B. tulda, D. hamiltonii, B. balcooa, M. baccifera, and B. arundinacea, and two eucalyptus species, namely E. tereticornis and E. grandis, were grown under North Indian climatic conditions in order to sustain fiber supply through social forestry. After four years of cultivation, these cellulosic raw materials were evaluated for anatomical structures, fibre dimensions, chemical characterization, and pulp and paper making characteristics. B. balcooa and M. baccifera contained higher holocellulose and a-cellulose contents compared to other bamboo species and lower ash contents, indicating that they are likely to pose less problem during chemical recovery. E. grandis contained higher holocellulose, a-cellulose, and lower lignin contents than that of E. tereticornis. Morphologically, bamboo species did not show much difference in fiber dimensions and their derived values. E. grandis showed problems of kink and curl due to longer fiber length than E. tereticornis. Based on pulp yield, brightness, and pulp viscosity B. balcooa, M. baccifera and E. grandis are better options for social forestry among other species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near infrared spectroscopy coupled with multivariate data analysis has been used to predict the specific gravity, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and fiber stress at elastic limit in bending tests on radial and tangential strip wood samples obtained from five-year-old Eucalyptus tereticornis. Moisture content of samples was 6-21% for bending test and 7-16% for specific gravity. Partial least squares regression calibrations were developed for each wood property. Calibrations had good relationships between values measured in laboratory and NIR predicted values obtained from small clear samples. The coefficient of determination (R2) for calibration ranged from 0.76 to 0.83 and for prediction (Rp2) it was between 0.58 and 0.77. Both radial and tangential faces are equally suited for calibration (for radial face R2 was 0.77-0.83 and for tangential it was 0.76-0.83). Standard errors of predictions were slightly higher compared to standard error of calibration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rise in groundwater table followed by water logging and secondary soil salinization is a serious problem in canal-irrigated areas of arid and semi-arid regions. To combat the problem, an agroforestry model for bio drainage was tested in waterlogged fields of Haryana (northwest India), where 10% area (0.44 m ha) is waterlogged resulting in reduced crop yields and abandonment of agricultural lands. In this model, four parallel strip-plantations of clonal Eucalyptus tereticornis (Mysure gum) were raised in December 2002 on four ridges constructed in the north–south direction in 4.8 ha canal-irrigated waterlogged fields of farmers. The strip-plantations were spaced at 66 m and each strip-plantation contained two rows of trees at a spacing of 1 m × 1 m, resulting in a density of 300 plants ha -1. Levels of groundwater table were measured over 3 years (April 2005–April 2008) in 22 observation wells installed in two transect's across the strip-plantations. The groundwater table underneath the strip-plantations remained lower than that in the adjacent fields and the draw down in groundwater table was 0.85 m in 3 years. The annual rate of transpiration by 240 surviving trees per ha was 268 mm annum -1 against the mean annual rainfall of 212 mm. The strip-plantations sequestered 15.5 t ha -1 carbon during the first rotation of 5 years and 4 months. Benefit–cost ratio of the first rotation of strip plantations was 3.5 : 1 and it would be many folds for next 3 to 4 rotations due to negligible cost of coppiced Eucalyptus. Wheat yield (April 2008) in the interspace of strip-plantations was 3.4 times that in adjacent waterlogged areas without plantation. It was mainly because of lowering of the water table and improvement in soil properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Wood quality is an important criterion in the selection of superior genotypes when breeding for solid wood. Methods: Fourteen clones of Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. were assessed for wood quality namely basic density, acoustic velocity, longitudinal growth strain and volumetric shrinkage. The effectiveness of the pilodyn in screening trees according to wood density was also evaluated. The relationship between the various wood quality variables was studied across the clones. Results: A significant variation was observed in the wood quality between clones, but the variations within clones were not significant. The pilodyn penetration in the standing tree exhibited a strong negative correlation ( r = −0.74) with basic density. A moderate but significant positive relationship ( r = 0.61) was observed between the acoustic velocity and basic density. The standing tree's acoustic velocity was strongly associated with log velocity ( r = 0.88). These results suggest that the standing tree measurements namely pilodyn penetration, acoustic velocity and longitudinal growth strain can efficiently be used as fast mass screening methods for wood quality in E. tereticornis. Conclusions: The absence of any association of longitudinal growth strain with any of the measured wood quality parameters suggests that superior clones having low growth strains can be selected for solid wood production without compromising other important wood properties. Four clones were identified with superior wood properties suitable for solid wood products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tree plantation is a proven strategy to improve the salt-affected soils. However, the efficiency of trees to reclaim the soil varies from species to species. This study was therefore, carried out with the objective of assessing the efficiency of 3-yr old plantations of Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) D.C. (Mesquite), Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. (Forest Red Gum) and Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Ex. D.C. (Indian Rosewood) to improve the sodic soil characteristics in Sultanpur districts of Uttar Pradesh, India (26°10′-26°23′N, 81°50′-82°5′E). Soil samples collected from six depths; 0.0-0.1, 0.1-0.3, 0.3-0.6, 0.6-0.9, 0.9-1.2 and 1.2-1.5 m below the surface, were analysed for chemical and physical properties by following standard methods. The infiltration rate (IR) was determined by double concentric infiltrometer and the permeability by constant head permeameter. The trees were measured for their girth at breast height (at 1.33 m from ground) and crown area within a 100 × 100 m sector at each of the sites selected. There were decreases in soil pH (from 10.06 to 9.64) and exchangeable sodium percentage (from 70.6 to 26.9) at the P. juliflora plantation relative to the E. tereticornis and D. sissoo plantations. The organic carbon and nitrogen content increased from 2.0 and 0.18 g/kg to 3.9 and 0.45 g/kg under P. juliflora at the surface (0.0-0.1 m) layer. There was also more exchangeable Ca, Mgand K at exchange sites and a reduction in exchangeable Na 3 yr after establishing the plantations. There was a significant decrease in surface soil (0.1 m) bulk density from 1.66 to 1.37 (t/m) but an increase in porosity from 41.2 to 46.3% and water holding capacity from 4.3 to 4.8 g/kg. The IR and soil permeability also increased after 3 yr of tree growth. Prosopis juliflora proved more effective than E. tereticornis and D. sissoo in its ability to enrich a sodic soil with organic matter and establishing better soil-water characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eighteen clones of Eucalyptus tereticornis (Sm.) were evaluated for three years by adopting randomized block design for various growth parameters at Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India and compared with two checks. Significant variations were recorded for height, diameter at breast height (DBH) and clear bole height (CBH). The broad sense heritability was low to moderate for both height and CBH. The genetic gain for height and CBH increased substantially per se with the increase in age of trees. The average genetic gain for three years was recorded maximum for height (159.60%) followed by DBH (110.97%) and CBH (70.34%). Clone 17 attained maximum DBH over other genotypes for second and third year followed by clones 14 and 11. Clone 5 showed an upward trend for DBH and maintained its superiority for CBH as the age of the tree increased. Similarly, clone 11 changed its ranking from 9th to 8th to 3rd for DBH and from 9th to 4th to 2nd for CBH, respectively for the age of one, two and three years. Nonetheless, clones 6 and 10 performed poorly for all the characters studied. Clones 17, 14 and 5 were found to be the most promising clones for commercial deployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transformation of Eucalyptus calli from ITC-3, a superior clone, was attempted with transformation vectors pAHC 25 and pHX4 carrying â-glucoronidase and hygromycin phosphotransferase respectively. Particle bombardment was done using PDS1000/He Particle Delivery System. However, Gus expression could not be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]