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Nowadays, there is a worldwide demand to create new, simpler, and more intuitive methods for the manual programming of industrial robots. Gestures can allow the operator to interact with the robot more simply and naturally, as gestures are used in everyday life. The authors have developed and tested a gesture-based robot programming approach for part-handling applications. Compared to classic manual programming methods using jogging and lead-through, the gesture control method reduced wasted time by up to 70% and reduced the probability of operator error. In addition, the proposed method compares favorably with similar works in that the proposed approach allows one to write programs in the native programming language of the robot's controller and allows the operator to control the gripper of an industrial robot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Inspired by the stringent requirements of energy efficiency and spectral efficiency for future wireless communication networks, a novel Spatial Modulation Assisted Cooperative Cognitive Radio Network with Energy Harvesting (SM-CCRN-EH) is proposed in this paper. It is well known that Cognitive Radio (CR) is a promising solution to mitigate the effect of spectrum scarcity using unlicensed bands in spectrum. In the proposed CR network, SM is applied at both Primary Transmitters (PT) and Secondary Transmitter (ST) to improve spectral efficiency. The ST acts as a Decode and Forward (DF) energy harvested relay node. It uses multiple antennas for receiving signal from PT and single antenna for signal transmission. Energy harvesting at the ST is possible using time switching or power splitting protocol to improve the energy efficiency of the system. In order to quantify the reliability of the proposed system, closed form expressions are derived for outage probability and Bit Error Rate (BER) at the Primary Receiver (PR) and Secondary Receiver in both time slots. Computer simulations are performed to verify the accuracy of derived analytical expressions. It is observed that there is an excellent agreement for both analytical results and computer simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is used to superpose multifarious user signals for concurrent transmission, enhancing spectral efficiency. Additionally, wireless energy sources neighbouring the NOMA sender are utilized for enhanced energy efficiency. Practically, nonlinear energy harvesting (nlEH) circuits reflect faithfully characteristics of components implementing these circuits. In addition, reflected intelligent surface (RIS) is helpful with a role of the relay to maintain communication from the NOMA sender to the far NOMA recipient. However, challenges in RIS-aided NOMA with nlEH (RISaNOMAwEH) include channel state error (CSE) and fading severity. These factors directly impact harvested energy and communication reliability. As such, this paper analyzes their influences on the RISaNOMAwEH through three pivotal metrics (total throughput, outage probability, energy efficiency) under practical considerations like the nlEH, the CSE, and relatively-general fading (Nakagami-m). Demonstrative results reveal that the CSE, the fading severity m, and the quantity of the reflectors of the RIS drastically impact these metrics whereas the nlEH slightly influences them. Remarkably, the RISaNOMAwEH can conduct the prevention of complete outage through proper adoption of required spectral efficiency (R), time splitting factor (η) , and power splitting coefficient. Moreover, optimum metrics are achieved with the optimal configuration of parameters (R , η) . Furthermore, the proposed scheme dramatically outperforms a benchmark scheme (RIS-aided orthogonal multiple access (OMA) with nlEH) in various parameter configurations, highlighting the benefits of NOMA over OMA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relentless pursuit of miniaturization and performance enhancement in electronic devices has led to a fundamental challenge in the field of circuit design and simulation-how to accurately account for the inherent stochastic nature of certain devices. While conventional deterministic models have served as indispensable tools for circuit designers, they fall short when it comes to capturing the subtle yet critical variability exhibited by many electronic components. In this paper, we present an innovative approach that transcends the limitations of traditional modeling techniques by harnessing the power of machine learning, specifically Mixture Density Networks (MDNs), to faithfully represent and simulate the stochastic behavior of electronic devices. We demonstrate our approach to model heater cryotrons, where the model is able to capture the stochastic switching dynamics observed in the experiment. Our model shows 0.82% mean absolute error for switching probability. This paper marks a significant step forward in the quest for accurate and versatile compact models, poised to drive innovation in the realm of electronic circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) technology has revolutionized the landscape of wireless communication systems, offering promising opportunities for enhancing the performance of Internet of Things (IoT) applications. This paper presents a comprehensive performance evaluation of multi-agent IoT monitoring systems leveraging IRS technology. We focus on three criteria for selecting IRS units and assess the impact on system performance. Specifically, we analyze the system performance by deriving an outage probability expression for each criterion. Our study begins by introducing the concept of IRS and its role in IoT monitoring. We then present three IRS unit selection criteria: optimal selection (OS), partial selection (PS), and random selection (RS). For each criterion, we mathematically model and analyze the system outage probability, shedding light on the reliability and connectivity of IoT devices. The outage probability expressions derived in this work offer valuable insights into the trade-offs associated with IRS unit selection criteria in the context of IoT monitoring. Additionally, our findings contribute to the optimization of multi-agent IoT monitoring systems, enabling improved communication performance and enhanced reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid and continuing development of AI, the study of human-AI interaction is increasingly relevant. In this sense, we propose a reference framework to explore a model development in the context of social science to try to extract valuable information to the AI context. The model we choose was the Prisoner Dilemma using the Markov chain approach to study the evolution of memory-one strategies used in the Prisoner's Dilemma in different agent-based simulation contexts using genetic algorithms programmed on the NetLogo environment. We developed the Multiplayer Prisoner's Dilemma simulation from deterministic and probabilistic conditions, manipulating not only the probability of communication errors (noise) but also the probability of finding again the same agent. Our results suggest that the best strategies depend on the context of the game, following the rule: the lower the probability of finding the same agent again, the greater the chance of defect. Therefore, in environments with a low probability of interaction, the best strategies were the 'Always Defect' ones. But as the number of interactions increases, a different strategy emerges that is able to win Always Defect strategies, such as the Spiteful/grim. In addition, our results also highlight strategies that emerge in situations in which Spiteful/grim and Always Defect were banned. These are memory-one strategies with better performance than both TFT and PAVLOV under all conditions showing behaviors that are particularly deceiving but successful. The previously memory-one strategies for the Prisoner Dilemma represent a set of extensively tested strategies in contexts with different probability of encountering each other again and provide a framework for programming algorithms that interact with humans in PD-like trusted contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ultimate performance of machine learning algorithms for classification tasks is usually measured in terms of the empirical error probability (or accuracy) using a testing dataset, although these algorithms are optimized through the minimization of a typically different—more convenient—loss function using a training set. For classification tasks, this loss function is often the negative log-loss that yields the well-known cross-entropy risk that is typically better behaved (in terms of numerical behavior) than the 0-1 loss. Conventional studies on the generalization error do not usually take into account the underlying mismatch between losses at training and testing phases. In this work, we introduce a theoretical analysis based on a pointwise probably approximately correct (PAC) approach over the generalization gap considering the mismatch of testing on the accuracy metric and training on the negative log-loss, referred to as PACMAN. Building on the fact that the resulting mismatch can be written as a likelihood ratio, concentration inequalities can be used to obtain insights into the generalization gap in terms of PAC bounds, which depend on some meaningful information-theoretic quantities. An analysis of the obtained bounds and a comparison with available results in the literature is also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (CREAM) represents one of the second‐generation approaches to human reliability assessment, taking into account the influence of environmental conditions on human error probability (HEP). In the context of CREAM, the Common Performance Conditions (CPCs) influence error probabilities. Since not all CPCs have equal impacts, this study employs the Bayesian Best Worst Method (BWM), a novel approach in group decision‐making, to assign weights to these factors. Subsequently, two techniques based on basic CREAM are proposed. The current control mode is determined in the first technique according to the experts' opinions. Then the probability of human error is calculated based on the amount of control. It is possible to provide solutions for improving control mode, based on obtained results. Therefore, in this study, the second method has been used to make suggestions to enhance human reliability. For this purpose, in the second technique, an optimization problem is formulated to select the best applicable programs for managers to enhance human reliability. The proposed bi‐objective model tries to increase the reliability of human resources by reducing human error and costs. The proposed bi‐objective model seeks to bolster the reliability of human resources by concurrently minimizing HEP and associated costs. The efficiency of the presented methods is verified through a case study in the control room of the cement factory. The results of the first technique reveal an opportunistic control mode with a corresponding HEP of 0.0198. On the other hand, the outcomes of our proposed model underscore the greater impact of improving CPC levels in reducing the probability of human error. Ultimately, the practical programs derived from our mathematical model provide decision‐makers with valuable insights to reduce the probability of human error to a mere 0.000172 through the transition from opportunistic to strategic control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Issue 32(1)" in the Communications of the German Mathematical Society (DMV) covers various topics such as the DMV Student Conference 2024 in Ilmenau, the significance of mathematics in museums, job opportunities for mathematics graduates, and the name of the DMV. The president of the DMV emphasizes the need to attract more and younger members and to make greater efforts towards women and diversity. It also reports on the discussion about renaming the DMV, for which suggestions from members are being collected. The 2023 PISA study shows that the average mathematical and reading competencies of adolescents in many OECD countries have declined compared to the previous study in 2018. Scientific competence has also decreased. In Germany, the performance losses in all three areas are above average. The reasons for the deterioration are mainly attributed to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as language difficulties, interest, and motivation. The exhibition "From Newton to Einstein - a journey through space and time" was developed at the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics in Potsdam and is now on display in Tübingen. The award winner Carla Cederbaum has also developed other projects, such as a book on mathematical magic tricks and the publication series "Oberwolfach-Snapshots of Modern Mathematics". Mathematicians Carolin Mehlmann and Thomas Richter from the University of Magdeburg participated in an expedition of the Polarstern to the Arctic Ocean to calibrate a new hybrid sea ice model. The hybrid sea ice model combines particle and continuum methods to better resolve the different sea ice regimes on different local scales. The text deals with the deformation theorem in differential geometry. It is shown that a manifold with boundary possesses a metric with certain properties if the double of the manifold carries such a metric. The question of whether the converse of this statement holds is also raised. The text deals with hypothesis testing and the problem of multiple error probability. Various methods for solving this problem are presented, including the Bonferroni correction and the development of better methods taking into account the dependency structure of the tests. It also addresses pseudoline arrangements, which have connections to combinatorics, geometry, and computer science. The text deals with various mathematical topics, including sorting networks, pseudoline arrangements, Rubik's cube, the PISA study, calculating machines, student studies, Felix Klein, and international cooperation in mathematics. Various concepts and applications are explained, such as the creation of sorting networks from pseudoline arrangements, the use of Markov chains to generate random pseudoline arrangements, and the development of calculation aids and calculating machines. The importance of student studies and international cooperation in mathematics is also emphasized. The text provides an insight into various mathematical topics and their applications. The article reports on Renate Tobies, a visiting scientist at Friedrich Schiller University Jena. She studied chemistry and mathematics and obtained her habilitation in the history of mathematics and natural sciences. Tobies has taught in various German cities and in Austria and was the managing editor of NTM History and Ethics of Natural Sciences, Technology, and Medicine. The article deals with a position paper by the professional societies DMV. [Extracted from the article]

Providing reliable service to cell edge users has been a practical challenge for network operators due to the deep fading effects and limited base station (BS) resources. The low received signal strength causes the Quality of Service (QoS) degradation of the cell edge users and hence demands appropriate solutions to improve the user connectivity. To address this issue, this article proposes a two-tier partial cooperative relaying scheme, deployed in a non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA)-based downlink network that serves the edge users with the minimum required QoS. Comparative performance analysis has been presented for two relaying schemes: amplify-and-forward (AF) and partial decode-and-forward (DF) in terms of outage probability and overall sum rate of the edge users. Additionally, the maximal ratio combining (MRC) diversity technique is integrated with the relaying network to further enhance the QoS of cell edge users. The impact of successive interference cancellation (SIC) on the outage performance has been thoroughly investigated. It has been established through extensive simulation that the partial DF technique is a promising relaying technique to improve the overall performance of cell edge users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precipitation is an essential climate variable and a fundamental part of the global water cycle. Given its importance to society, precipitation is often assessed in climate monitoring activities, such as in those led by the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S). To undertake these activities, C3S predominantly uses ERA5 reanalysis precipitation. Research has shown that short‐range forecasts for precipitation made from this reanalysis can provide valuable estimates of the actual (observed) precipitation in extratropical regions but can be less useful in the tropics. While some of these limitations will be reduced with future reanalyses because of the latest advancements, there is potentially a more immediate way to improve the precipitation estimate. This is to use the precipitation modelled in the Four‐Dimensional Variational (4D‐Var) data assimilation window of the reanalysis, and it is the aim of this study to evaluate this approach. Using observed 24‐h precipitation accumulations at 5637 stations from 2001 to 2020, results show that smaller root‐mean‐square errors (RMSEs) and mean absolute errors are generally found by using the ERA5 4D‐Var precipitation. For example, for all available days from 2001 to 2020, 87.5% of stations have smaller RMSEs. These improvements are driven by reduced random errors in the 4D‐Var precipitation because it is better constrained by observations, which are themselves sensitive to or influence precipitation. However, there are regions (e.g., Europe) where larger biases occur, and via the decomposition of the Stable Equitable Error in Probability Space score, this is shown to be because the 4D‐Var precipitation has a wetter bias on 'dry' days than the standard ERA5 short‐range forecasts. The findings also highlight that the 4D‐Var precipitation does improve the discrimination of 'heavy' observed events. In conclusion, an improved ERA5 precipitation estimate is largely obtainable, and these results could prove useful for C3S activities and for future reanalyses, including ERA6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a framework for estimating the probability of locking to an error field in a rotating tokamak plasma. This leverages machine learning methods trained on data from a mode-locking model, including an error field, resistive magnetohydrodynamics modeling of the plasma, a resistive wall, and an external vacuum region, leading to a fifth-order ordinary differential equation (ODE) system. It is an extension of the model without a resistive wall introduced by Akçay et al. [Phys. Plasmas 28, 082106 (2021)]. Tearing mode saturation by a finite island width is also modeled. We vary three pairs of control parameters in our studies: the momentum source plus either the error field, the tearing stability index, or the island saturation term. The order parameters are the time-asymptotic values of the five ODE variables. Normalization of them reduces the system to 2D and facilitates the classification into locked (L) or unlocked (U) states, as illustrated by Akçay et al., [Phys. Plasmas 28, 082106 (2021)]. This classification splits the control space into three regions: L ̂ , with only L states; U ̂ , with only U states; and a hysteresis (hysteretic) region H ̂ , with both L and U states. In regions L ̂ and U ̂ , the cubic equation of torque balance yields one real root. Region H ̂ has three roots, allowing bifurcations between the L and U states. The classification of the ODE solutions into L/U is used to estimate the locking probability, conditional on the pair of the control parameters, using a neural network. We also explore estimating the locking probability for a sparse dataset, using a transfer learning method based on a dense model dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce the problem of deceptive information retrieval (DIR), in which a user wishes to download a required file out of multiple independent files stored in a system of databases while deceiving the databases by making the databases' predictions on the user-required file index incorrect with high probability. Conceptually, DIR is an extension of private information retrieval (PIR). In PIR, a user downloads a required file without revealing its index to any of the databases. The metric of deception is defined as the probability of error of databases' prediction on the user-required file, minus the corresponding probability of error in PIR. The problem is defined on time-sensitive data that keep updating from time to time. In the proposed scheme, the user deceives the databases by sending real queries to download the required file at the time of the requirement and dummy queries at multiple distinct future time instances to manipulate the probabilities of sending each query for each file requirement, using which the databases' make the predictions on the user-required file index. The proposed DIR scheme is based on a capacity achieving probabilistic PIR scheme, and achieves rates lower than the PIR capacity due to the additional downloads made to deceive the databases. When the required level of deception is zero, the proposed scheme achieves the PIR capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gaussian process regression is widely used to model an unknown function on a continuous domain by interpolating a discrete set of observed design points. We develop a theoretical framework for proving new moderate deviations inequalities on different types of error probabilities that arise in GP regression. Two specific examples of broad interest are the probability of falsely ordering pairs of points (incorrectly estimating one point as being better than another) and the tail probability of the estimation error at an arbitrary point. Our inequalities connect these probabilities to the mesh norm, which measures how well the design points fill the space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camera surveillance systems can record urban waterlogging processes. Objects with regular shapes and fixed sizes captured by the camera can be utilized to calculate urban waterlogging depths based on geometric principles. In this study, we propose a machine learning‐based method to measure urban waterlogging depths using wheels and traffic buckets captured in video images as reference objects. This method is validated through laboratory experiments and observed data. The results demonstrate that: (1) the urban waterlogging depths calculated using urban reference objects show high consistency with the observed water level data; (2) in the laboratory scenario, the probability of error within 3 cm for measurements based on the hub, tire, and traffic bucket are 99.07%, 99.38%, and 81.55%, respectively; (3) in the real‐world scenario, the probability of error within 3 cm for measurements based on car hubs and pickup truck hubs are 97.30% and 95.14%, respectively. In conclusion, urban waterlogging depths can be accurately measured using reference objects with regular shapes. The proposed method can help obtain waterlogging data with higher temporal and spatial resolution at lower economic costs, which is of great significance for urban flood control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A general framework for performance analysis of error probability over the fluctuating two ray (FTR) fading model with maximal ratio combining (MRC) receive diversity is presented in this paper. The probability density function (PDF) of FTR fading model with MRC is derived by using characteristic function method. Furthermore, the PDF approach is used to formulate the generalized average bit error rate (ABER) expression in closed-form. These generalized expressions are relevant for various modulation schemes for L branches of diversity receivers. The expressions of ABER for coherent modulation schemes with MRC diversity are derived by employing the tight, simple, and accurate approximation of the complementary error function. The calculated results are found to be close and accurate. The expressions of ABER for non-coherent modulation schemes with MRC diversity are calculated in exact closed-form. The validity of obtained expressions is verified with the special cases of FTR model exist in the literature. The main focus of the work is on how the MRC diversity elevates the reliability in communication by diminishing the channel fluctuations due to fading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript proposes the quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check (QC-LDPC) coded-cooperative scheme based on the split labeling diversity (QC-LDPCC-SLD) with a single antenna over the Rayleigh frequency-flat fast fading channel. The two grith-4 cycle-free QC-LDPC codes are employed in the source and relay, respectively. To cancel the cycles of length-4 in the cross-layer of the joint QC-LDPC codes obtained at the destination, a simple optimized approach is developed based on the bi-layer joint Tanner graph. In addition, 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) and 16-ary phase shift keying (16-PSK) are utilized in the proposed QC-LDPCC-SLD scheme, where the two distinct optimized labeling mappers of labeling diversity (LD) are split appropriately and equipped in the relay and source, respectively, therefore lowering the error-floor (EF) region. Moreover, the novel joint Turbo-Decoding Message-Passing iterative decoding algorithm is developed to further enhance the overall BER performance and reduce the decoding complexity. Theoretical analysis and numerical results demonstrate that the proposed QC-LDPCC-SLD scheme significantly outperforms the corresponding non-cooperative schemes by more than 3.4 dB and is closer to the EF bound at the high signal-to-noise rate. Moreover, the performance of the proposed QC-LDPCC-SLD scheme is improved by at least 16 % at a BER of the order of 10 - 5 compared to the existing QC-LDPC counterpart systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stream cipher ChaCha has been subjected to differential linear cryptanalysis since 2008. Aumasson et al. (2008) laid the groundwork for this attack, employing the concept of probabilistically neutral bits for key recovery. Subsequently, various enhancements have been made to this attack over the last few decades. These improvements are essentially refinements to the probabilistically neutral bit-based attack approach. Despite the proposed modifications in these improvements, which increase attack complexity, the consequential changes in the associated probability of key recovery have not been thoroughly examined. A comprehensive analysis of the probability of key recovery is lacking in all attacks within this domain. No systematic process is available in the existing works for analyzing the probability of key recovery. This paper addresses this gap by proposing a method for estimating the probability of key recovery in these attacks. Employing this method, we calculate an estimated interval for the probability of key recovery for both the original idea presented by Aumasson et al. (2008) and the subsequent modifications to this idea. This analysis allows us to understand the variations in probability associated with these modifications.

Arıkan's exciting discovery of polar codes has provided an altogether new way to efficiently achieve Shannon capacity. Given a (constant-sized) invertible matrix M, a family of polar codes can be associated with this matrix and its ability to approach capacity follows from the polarization of an associated [0, 1]-bounded martingale, namely its convergence in the limit to either 0 or 1 with probability 1. Arıkan showed appropriate polarization of the martingale associated with the matrix G2 = (10/11) to get capacity achieving codes. His analysis was later extended to all matrices M that satisfy an obvious necessary condition for polarization. While Arıkan's theorem does not guarantee that the codes achieve capacity at small blocklengths (specifically in length, which is a polynomial in 1/e where e is the difference between the capacity of a channel and the rate of the code), it turns out that a "strong" analysis of the polarization of the underlying martingale would lead to such constructions. Indeed for the martingale associated withG2 such a strong polarization was shown in two independent works (Guruswami and Xia (IEEE IT'15) and Hassani et al. (IEEE IT'14)), thereby resolving a major theoretical challenge associated with the efficient attainment of Shannon capacity. In this work we extend the result above to cover martingales associated with all matrices that satisfy the necessary condition for (weak) polarization. In addition to being vastly more general, our proofs of strong polarization are (in our view) also much simpler and modular. Key to our proof is a notion of local polarization that only depends on the evolution of the martingale in a single time step. We show that local polarization always implies strong polarization. We then apply relatively simple reasoning about conditional entropies to prove local polarization in very general settings. Specifically, our result shows strong polarization over all prime fields and leads to efficient capacity-achieving source codes for compressing arbitrary i.i.d. sources, and capacity-achieving channel codes for arbitrary symmetric memoryless channels. We show how to use our analyses to achieve exponentially small error probabilities at lengths inverse polynomial in the gap to capacity. Indeed we show that we can essentially match any error probability while maintaining lengths that are only inverse polynomial in the gap to capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study develops a methodology using a system dynamics approach to analyse human error probability (HEP) within the context of hydrogen fuelling station (HFS) maintenance, mainly focusing on the dynamic nature of performance shaping factors (PSFs) over time. The developed model offers a comprehensive understanding of how diverse human factors dynamically influence task performance, yielding critical insights for safety management strategies to study 8-hour day shifts in maintenance activity. The study explores the intricate relationship between time-dependent PSFs and human error probability, highlighting that as the number of maintenance tasks rises, so does the potential for increased fatigue levels, subsequently elevating HEP. Introducing breaks during work emerges as a promising intervention to mitigate task-related fatigue, reducing HEP. Careful break implementation is necessary to prevent shifts from extending, which could inadvertently raise HEP. This research has implications extending beyond HFS, benefiting industries where operational safety and efficiency are paramount. Future studies can build upon these findings, exploring additional interventions and diverse work scenarios to advance our understanding of human performance and error prevention strategies, ultimately fostering safer and more productive work environments. The integration of system dynamics and the insights gained contribute significantly to hydrogen safety and offer a robust foundation for future investigations in this field. • Impact of time-related factors was studied on human error probability in hydrogen fuelling stations. • A new methodology was developed, including causal loop and stock-flow diagrams. • The model shows that 15-min breaks every 2 h reduced HEP by 20 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical-cyclone impacts can have devastating effects on the population, infrastructure, and natural habitats. However, predicting these impacts is difficult due to the inherent uncertainties in the storm track and intensity. In addition, due to computational constraints, both the relevant ocean physics and the uncertainties in meteorological forcing are only partly accounted for. This paper presents a new method, called the Tropical Cyclone Forecasting Framework (TC-FF), to probabilistically forecast compound flooding induced by tropical cyclones, considering uncertainties in track, forward speed, and wind speed and/or intensity. The open-source method accounts for all major relevant physical drivers, including tide, surge, and rainfall, and considers TC uncertainties through Gaussian error distributions and autoregressive techniques. The tool creates temporally and spatially varying wind fields to force a computationally efficient compound-flood model, allowing for the computation of probabilistic wind and flood hazard maps for any oceanic basin in the world as it does not require detailed information on the distribution of historical errors. A comparison of TC-FF and JTWC operational ensembles, both based on DeMaria et al. (2009), revealed minor differences of <10 %, suggesting that TC-FF can be employed as an alternative, for example, in data-scarce environments. The method was applied to Cyclone Idai in Mozambique. The underlying physical model showed reliable skill in terms of tidal propagation, reproducing the storm surge generation during landfall and flooding near the city of Beira (success index of 0.59). The method was successfully applied to forecasting the impact of Idai with different lead times. The case study analyzed needed at least 200 ensemble members to get reliable water levels and flood results 3 d before landfall (<1 % flood probability error and <20 cm sampling errors). Results showed the sensitivity of forecasting, especially with increasing lead times, highlighting the importance of accounting for cyclone variability in decision-making and risk management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Secure two‐party computation allows a pair of parties to compute a function together while keeping their inputs private. Ultimately, each party receives only its own correct output. In this paper, a post‐quantum secure two‐party computation protocol is proposed that can be used to effectively block malicious parties. The protocol solves the problems of traditional protocols based on garbled circuits, which are vulnerable to quantum attacks, high communication costs and low computational efficiency. The input garbled keys of the circuit constructor is structured as a Learning with Error (LWE) equation, enabling the circuit constructor to employ a zero‐knowledge proof that demonstrates the uniformity of inputs across all circuits.In the key transfer phase, an LWE‐based batch single‐choice cut‐and‐choose oblivious transfer is proposed to avoid selective failure attacks. In addition, the protocol employs a penalty mechanism to detect if the circuit constructor has generated an incorrect circuit. We have compared the communication overhead of this protocol with three other secure two‐party computation protocols based on Cut‐and‐Choose technology. The analytical results show that this protocol has the best error probability and is resilient to quantum attacks under the malicious adversary model. In addition, with appropriate parameters, the protocol is able to reduce its communication bandwidth by an average of 40.41%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the applications of higher automation and complex system configuration in nuclear power plants (NPPs), ensuring nuclear safety by maintaining the reliability of the operators in main control room is become more crucial than ever before. As an essential dimension of physiological indicator, human mental workload is widely used in evaluating human performance and reliability. This paper presents an approach to evaluate the mental workload of operators using multiple resources in Visual, Auditory, Cognitive, and Psychomotor (VACP) model, and takes time pressure (TP) as a critical index. We have performed the approach by a real case study and analyzed the relationship between the operator mental workload and TP, task type and the error probability during the Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA) under full power operation. There are two operating phases in the workload has been analyzed. Moreover, the relationship between human‐error probability (HEP) and TP had been studied via volatility gain analysis for distinguishing which step of a task is of most important. The results shows that the fault remind ("informing LOCA") is the first important fluctuation in the phase ignoring TP and HEP. On the other hand, the information validity ("ensuring control rods has been inserted to the bottom") in the case considering TP is the most important. Because the high task load is positively correlated with human error, the research provides an important basis for preventing human errors in the phase of NPP designs, which will be especially useful in safety‐critical tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a routine and aspecific test that is still widely used. The reference-manual method for ESR determination is the Westergren method. The VES-MATIC 5 is a novel, fully automated, and closed system based on a modified Westergren method. This study conceived the aim of comparing two ESR analytical analysers, Test 1 and the VES-MATIC 5, with the reference method in routine practice. Methods: This study included 264 randomly analysed samples. A comparison between the two methods and Westergren was performed, and they were evaluated for inter-run and intra-run precision. In addition, we investigated possible interferences and different sensitivities to conventional analytes. Results: The comparison of methods by Passing–Bablok analysis provided a good agreement for both systems, with a better correlation for VES-MATIC 5 (p = 0.96) than Test 1 (p = 0.93), and sensitivity studies did not show any significant influence. Conclusions: The VES-MATIC 5 analyser demonstrated excellent comparability with the reference method, and it had better performance than Test 1. It can be employed in routine practice, bringing advantages such as a reduction in the probability of human error compared to the manual method, as well as an increase in operator safety and environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducing a few intermediate qutrits for efficient decomposition of 3-qubit unitary gates has been proposed recently to obtain an exponential reduction in the depth of the decomposed circuit. An intermediate qutrit implies that a qubit is operated as a qutrit in a particular execution cycle. This method, primarily for the NISQ era, treats a qubit as a qutrit only for the duration when it requires access to the state 2 during the computation. In this article, we study the challenges of extending this decomposition to the error-corrected regime. We first we show that if a qubit has to be in state 2 at any point of time, then it must be encoded using a qutrit quantum error correcting code (QECC), thus resulting in a circuit with both qubits and qutrits. Qutrits being noisier than qubits, the former are expected to require higher levels of concatenation to achieve a particular accuracy than that for qubit-only decomposition. We derive analytically a relation between the levels of concatenation required for qubit-only and that for qubit–qutrit decomposition to achieve the same level of accuracy. Finally, we estimate (i) the degree of concatenation for both qubit–qutrit and qubit-only decompositions as a function of the probability of error and (ii) the criterion for which qubit–qutrit decomposition leads to a lower gate count than that for qubit-only decomposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a pre-coding scheme for recently proposed differential spatial modulation (DSM) systems. It employs a lattice reduction (LR) aided pre-coding approach. An approximated upper bound on average bit error rate (BER) is semi-analytically derived. It is analytically shown that it can achieve a full diversity gain. That is, the performance analysis demonstrates that the LR-aided pre-coding DSM (LR-PDSM) systems with $ {N_T} $ N T transmit antennas and $ {N_R} $ N R receive antennas can achieve the maximum transmit diversity order of $ {N_T} $ N T . Meanwhile, it is well-known that the diversity order attained by the conventional zero-forcing (ZF) pre-coding is given as $ {N_T} - {N_R} + 1 $ N T − N R + 1. Simulation results verify the approximated theoretical analysis and show that LR-aided ZF pre-coding is capable of improving the BER performance of the conventional ZF pre-coding based DSM systems under the same spectral efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote control over communication networks with bandwidth-constrained channels has attracted considerable recent attention because it holds the promise of enabling a large number of real-time applications, such as autonomous driving, smart grids, and the industrial internet of things (IIoT). However, due to the limited bandwidth, the sub-packets or even bits have to be transmitted successively, thereby experiencing non-negligible latency and inducing serious performance loss in remote control. To overcome this, we introduce an incremental coding method, in which the actuator acts in real time based on a partially received packet instead of waiting until the entire packet is decoded. On this basis, we applied incremental coding to a linear control system to obtain a remote-control scheme. Both its stability conditions and average linear-quadratic-Gaussian-(LQG) cost are presented. Then, we further investigated a multi-user remote-control method, with a particular focus on its applications in the demand response of smart grids over bandwidth-constrained communication networks. The utility loss due to the bandwidth constraint and communication latency are minimized by jointly optimizing the source coding and real-time demand response. The numerical results show that the incremental-coding-aided remote control performed well in both single-user and multi-user scenarios and outperformed the conventional zero-hold control scheme significantly under the LQG metric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyzes the fundamental trade-offs that occur in the co-design of pilot resource allocations in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing signals for both ranging (via time-of-arrival estimation) and communications. These trade-offs are quantified through the Shannon capacity bound, probability of outage, and the Ziv–Zakai bound on range estimation variance. Bounds are derived for signals experiencing frequency-selective Rayleigh block fading, accounting for the impact of limited channel knowledge and multi-antenna reception. Uncompensated carrier frequency offset and phase errors are also factored into the capacity bounds. Analysis based on the derived bounds demonstrates how Pareto-optimal design choices can be made to optimize the communication throughput, probability of outage, and ranging variance. Different pilot resource allocation strategies are then analyzed, showing how Pareto-optimal design choices change depending on the channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by DNA storage systems, this work presents the DNA reconstruction problem, in which a length-n string, is passing through the DNA-storage channel, which introduces deletion, insertion and substitution errors. This channel generates multiple noisy copies of the transmitted string which are called traces. A DNA reconstruction algorithm is a mapping which receives t traces as an input and produces an estimation of the original string. The goal in the DNA reconstruction problem is to minimize the edit distance between the original string and the algorithm's estimation. In this work, we present several new algorithms for this problem. Our algorithms look globally on the entire sequence of the traces and use dynamic programming algorithms, which are used for the shortest common supersequence and the longest common subsequence problems, in order to decode the original string. Our algorithms do not require any limitations on the input and the number of traces, and more than that, they perform well even for error probabilities as high as 0.27. The algorithms have been tested on simulated data, on data from previous DNA storage experiments, and on a new synthesized dataset, and are shown to outperform previous algorithms in reconstruction accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a human-based computation approach for the analysis of peripheral blood smear (PBS) images images in patients with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD). We used the Mechanical Turk microtask market to crowdsource the labeling of PBS images. We then use the expert-tagged erythrocytesIDB dataset to assess the accuracy and reliability of our proposal. Our results showed that when a robust consensus is achieved among the Mechanical Turk workers, probability of error is very low, based on comparison with expert analysis. This suggests that our proposed approach can be used to annotate datasets of PBS images, which can then be used to train automated methods for the diagnosis of SCD. In future work, we plan to explore the potential integration of our findings with outcomes obtained through automated methodologies. This could lead to the development of more accurate and reliable methods for the diagnosis of SCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multidimensional modulation technology has been widely used in classical optical communication information transmission and also in quantum communications. Polarization multiplexing (PM) multidimensional modulation using quantum coherent states as information carrier is a research hot spot in quantum multidimensional modulation system. Lots of related research proved that the squeezed state is superior to the traditional coherent state modulation in quantum communication system. In this paper, we propose a new multidimensional modulation method that is the squeezed state is applied to PM multidimensional modulation by the square root method (SRM). The simulation results show that PM multidimensional modulation with quantum squeezed state has lower error probability than the PM multidimensional modulation with coherent state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers a problem related to testing the hypothesis about the independence of random variables given large amounts of statistical data. The solution to this problem is necessary when estimating probability densities of random variables and synthesizing algorithms for processing information. A nonparametric procedure is proposed for testing the hypothesis about the independence of random variables in a sample containing a large amount of statistical data. The procedure involves the compression of initial statistical data by decomposing the range of values of random variables. The generated data array consists of the centers of sampling intervals and the corresponding frequencies of observations belonging to the original sample. The obtained data was used in the construction of a nonparametric pattern recognition algorithm, which corresponds to the maximum likelihood criterion. The distribution laws in the classes were evaluated assuming the independence and dependence of the compared random variables. When recovering the distribution laws of random variables in the classes, the regression estimates of probability densities were used. For these conditions, the probability of errors in recognizing patterns in the classes was estimated, and decisions about the independence or dependence of random variables were made according to their minimum value. The procedure was used in the analysis of remote sensing data on forest areas; linear and nonlinear relationships between the spectral features of the subject matter of the study were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, subcarrier coordinate interleaving (CI) is implemented to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems with the aim of both enhancing the error performance and reducing the implementation complexity. To this end, the modulated symbols are independently chosen from a modified M-ary amplitude-shift keying signal constellation under a specific CI strategy. In addition to doubling the diversity level of the original OFDM scheme, the adopted CI approach also drastically reduces the inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) size at the transmit side by guaranteeing the first half of the input vector to be identical with the second half at the input to the IFFT block. It is further demonstrated that the proposed system has the ability to enhance the robustness against common practical impairments such as insufficient cyclic prefix and phase noise. The closed-form expression of symbol error probability of the system is derived and confirmed with the simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a class of stochastic nonlinear systems, this paper proposes a novel event-triggered adaptive control scheme by means of multi-dimensional Taylor network (MTN) approach for the first time, which has the advantages of alleviating computational burden and reducing communication frequency. In addition, the event-triggered control (ETC) strategy can effectively save network resource by alleviating the computational burden and reducing the communication frequency. Therefore, the proposed control approach can not only reduce communication frequency but also further alleviate computational burden, thereby saving network resource to a greater extent. The proposed control scheme ensures that all signals of the system are semi-global uniformly ultimately bounded (SGUUB) in probability and the tracking error can be made arbitrarily small by choosing appropriate design parameters. Meanwhile, Zeno behavior can be avoided. Finally, two simulation results are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has been envisaged as a key driving scheme for future wireless communication systems because of its huge connecting ability and superior spectrum efficiency. Integrating the concepts of Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) into NOMA enhance the system capacity at the cost of hardware complexity. In this article, we consider an MIMO-NOMA-based system in which the users are partitioned to form a cluster. A beamforming vector that helps to maximize the channel gain has been designed to remove the inter-cluster interference. This work presents the effect of user pairing in downlink MIMO-NOMA systems. User pairing has a significant impact on the performance of MIMO-NOMA systems. Outage probability and Ergodic Capacity (EC) are analyzed for MIMO-NOMA systems. Exact outage probability expressions are provided for user pairing to reveal some useful insights that pairing two users with dissimilar channel conditions increases the probability that NOMA achieves a larger sum rate than traditional orthogonal multiple access (OMA) systems. This mathematical investigation is carried out by considering Nakagami-m fading channel. Furthermore, this notion of user pairing is presented for imperfect successive interference cancellation (SIC). Diversity order is also derived for the strong and weak users. Extensive simulation results are provided to validate the derived analytic expressions. Furthermore, it is also demonstrated that the EC of MIMO-NOMA systems is improved significantly when compared with traditional OMA systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Investigación Agraria is the property of Investigacion Agraria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study explores the possibility of designing simple semitransparent antennas that allow for the passage of most visible light while maintaining good electromagnetic performance. We propose a substrateless metal mesh patch antenna manufactured using low-cost 3D printing and silver conductive paint. Our goal is to integrate numerous such radiators onto office building windows, preserving natural lighting with minimal visual impact, aiming to alleviate infrastructure congestion or improve antenna placement in sub-6 GHz frequency bands. In this paper, we conduct an analysis of the primary parameters influencing patches constructed with substrateless metal mesh wires, focusing on the grid topology and the width of the metallic wires, as well as their effects on antenna transparency and back radiation. Owing to the absence of a substrate, the antenna demonstrates minimal losses. Furthermore, in this study, we thoroughly investigate the effects of conductivity and roughness on surfaces printed with metallic paint. A prototype at 2.6 GHz is presented, achieving over 60% transparency, a 2.7% impedance-matching bandwidth, and a realized peak gain of 5.4 dBi. The antenna is easy to manufacture and cost-effective and considers sustainability. Its large-scale implementation can alleviate building infrastructure, enhancing radio connectivity in urban environments and offering new cost-effective and energy-efficient wireless solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Ideally, evaluating next-generation sequencing performance requires a gold standard; in its absence, concordance between replicates is often used as substitute standard. However, the appropriateness of the concordance-discordance criterion has been rarely evaluated. This study analyses the relationship between the probability of discordance and the probability of error under different conditions. Methods: This study used a conditional probability approach under conditional dependence then conditional independence between two sequencing results and compares the probabilities of discordance and error in different theoretical conditions of sensitivity, specificity, and correlation between replicates, then on real results of sequencing genome NA12878. The study examines also covariate effects on discordance and error using generalized additive models with smooth functions. Results: With 99% sensitivity and 99.9% specificity under conditional independence, the probability of error for a positive concordant pair of calls is 0.1%. With additional hypotheses of 0.1% prevalence and 0.9 correlation between replicates, the probability of error for a positive concordant pair is 47.4%. With real data, the estimated sensitivity, specificity, and correlation between tests for variants are around 98.98%, 99.996%, and 93%, respectively, and the error rate for positive concordant calls approximates 2.5%. In covariate effect analyses, the effects' functional form is close between discordance and error models, though the parts of deviance explained by the covariates differ between discordance and error models. Conclusion: With conditional independence of two sequencing results, the concordance-discordance criterion seems acceptable as substitute standard. However, with high correlation, the criterion becomes questionable because a high percentage of false concordant results appears among concordant results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria is the property of Agrosavia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Previous studies show that processes related to traditional pretests to prove the perfect fulfillment of assumptions in comparison means tests lead to severe alterations in the overall Type I error probability and power. These problems seem to be overcome when pretests based on an equivalence approach are used. The paper proposes a lack of fit tests based on equivalence to pretest normality on homoscedastic samples with measurable departures from normality. The Type I error probability and power produced by this equivalence pretest are compared with two traditional goodness of fit pretests and with the direct use of the t-Student and Wilcoxon test of means comparison. Furthermore, since the irrelevance limit for the lack of fit test is an arbitrary value, we propose a non-subjective methodology to find it. Results show that this proposed equivalence test controls the overall Type I Error Probability and produces adequate power; therefore, its use is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unit log-logistic distribution is a suitable choice for modeling data enclosed within the unit interval. In this paper, estimating the parameters of the unit-log-logistic distribution is performed through a Bayesian approach with non-informative priors. Specifically, we use Jeffreys, reference, and matching priors, with the latter depending on the interest parameter. We derive the corresponding posterior distributions and validate their propriety. The Bayes estimators are then computed using Markov Chain Monte Carlo techniques. To assess the finite sample performance of these Bayes estimators, we conduct Monte Carlo simulations, evaluating their mean squared errors and their coverage probabilities of the highest posterior density credible intervals. Finally, we use these priors to obtain estimations and credible sets for the parameters in an example of a real data set for illustrative purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental and theoretical studies performed in Russia in 2012–2022 on non-line-of-sight optical communication in air and water media are reviewed. The main results of field, laboratory, and numerical experiments in the IR, visible, and UV wavelength ranges are given. In the laboratory experiments, a water-glycerin and atmospheric air mixture was used as scattering media. In the field experiments, optical communication was implemented in the near-surface air layer, as well as in artificial and natural water reservoirs (including through ice in winter). The investigations were performed for coplanar and noncoplanar schemes of communication channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cells continually sense and receive signals from the environment and respond accordingly. Due to biological noise, however, the response is not always as expected. Such a response can induce a different cell fate and may disrupt some cellular functions. In the presence of noise, cells may either mistakenly perceive non-existent signals and act accordingly, or may ignore the actual signals and do nothing. We label these two as false alarm and signal miss events, respectively. In this paper, we consider an important signaling system with one input and two outputs to show how the likelihood of false alarm and signal miss events can be computed, using the experimentally measured joint response of the two outputs of the signaling system. The two system outputs are the nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and the activating transcription factor-2 (ATF-2), whereas the system input is the tumor necrosis factor (TNF). These molecules are highly involved in essential processes such as cell survival, cell death, and viral replication. The introduced methodology and the measured false alarm and miss probabilities using experimental data can model complex cellular decision-making processes and provide insight into how they may contribute to the development of some pathological conditions. A cell constantly receives signals and takes different fates accordingly. Given the uncertainty rendered by signal transduction noise, a cell may incorrectly perceive these signals. It may mistakenly behave as if there is a signal, although there is none, or may miss the presence of a signal that actually exists. In this paper, we consider a signaling system with two outputs, and introduce and develop methods to model and compute key cell decision-making parameters based on the two outputs and in response to the input signal. In the considered system, the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) regulates the two transcription factors, the nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and the activating transcription factor-2 (ATF-2). These two system outputs are involved in important physiological functions such as cell death and survival, viral replication, and pathological conditions, such as autoimmune diseases and different types of cancer. Using the introduced methods, we compute and show what the decision thresholds are, based on the single-cell measured concentration levels of NFκB and ATF-2. We also define and compute the decision error probabilities, i.e., false alarm and miss probabilities, based on the concentration levels of the two outputs. By considering the joint response of the two outputs of the signaling system, one can learn more about complex cellular decision-making processes, the corresponding decision error rates, and their possible involvement in the development of some pathological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In practice, hardware impairments (HIs) often exist in wireless devices, especially in low‐cost device systems. However, previous reports usually ignored HIs due to the computational complexity in mathematical derivations, particularly in millimeter‐wave (mmWave) communications. This article proposes the usage of transmit antenna selection (TAS) and multiple reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) to address HIs in mmWave communications. In particular, TAS is utilized at the source to increase the received signal power at the destination and reduce the effects of HIs. Multiple channel gains from RISs are combined with the classical source‐destination channel gain at the destination. The symbol error probability (SEP) expression of the mmWave communications with TAS and RISs under the effects of HIs (shortened as the TAS‐RISs‐HIs communications) is formulated over Nakagami‐ m channels and verified through Monte Carlo simulations. The effects of HIs on the SEP of TAS‐RISs‐HIs communications are demonstrated through numerical illustrations. Specifically, the SEP of the TAS‐RISs‐HIs communications is significantly higher than the SEP of the ideal hardware communications with TAS and RISs, especially in the high transmit power regime. As a result, ignoring HIs when evaluating the SEP of the mmWave communications can result in some inappropriate conclusions. Moreover, the joint and separate advantages of TAS and RISs are thoroughly analyzed when comparing the SEPs in the cases with and without TAS, with and without RISs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Log-normal, Weibull, and log-logistic distributions are widely used in modeling nonnegative skewed data. We develop sequential methodologies to discriminate between any two of these three distributions as well as to discriminate among these three distributions. These methods are extended to discriminate Mð 2Þ distributions from location-scale, log-location-scale and regular families of distributions. Discriminating three or more distributions having similar shapes often requires large sample size. Sequential procedures allow early stopping which in turn reduce the sample size needed for discrimination. Proposed methods yield high probabilities of correct selection that are shown to converge to 1 asymptotically. Asymptotic behavior of expected sample size and error probabilities are studied as stopping boundaries tend to infinity. Extensive simulation study validates finite sample performances of the proposed procedures requiring significantly fewer samples on average. These methods are applied to three benchmark datasets on cancer trials and are shown to select the correct model with high probability [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient bandwidth utilisation is significant in new communication systems where secondary users can be used besides primary users considering interference issues and idle state of primary users. Using secondary users as relays to transmit their own signals in addition to the primary signals can be applied for more reliability of the system where opportunistic relay selection can significantly enhance the performance of the system. The best-condition secondary user is selected as the optimum relay for retransmission of primary/secondary signal. Outage probability is analysed in this paper based on decode and forward technique in secondary users while the closed-form statement for outage probability is provided and verified by numerical evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a novel method for a tighter approximation of the Q -function using the two-point Gauss quadrature rule. In the proposed method, the integral used for approximation can be divided into any number of sub-intervals and result in an approximated expression, which is a simple summation of exponentials. The proposed approximation provides lesser relative error not only at smaller but also at larger arguments of Q -function. As an application, the proposed approximation of the Q -function can be efficiently used to evaluate the closed-form expressions of symbol error probability (SEP) for various modulation techniques over generalized fading channels. In order to show the applicability and tightness of the proposed approximation, we have derived more accurate approximated expressions for binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and triangular quadrature amplitude modulation (TQAM) schemes over α–κ–μ fading channel. The results indicate a comparison between the proposed approximation and existing approximations while demonstrating improved accuracy in terms of the relative error and hence achieve a tighter bound while calculating the error performance of the digital modulation schemes at both lower and higher values of SNRs. The accuracy of the proposed work is also verified by analytical and Monte-Carlo simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]