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This paper focuses on the role of Europol in the implementation of the EPPO Regulation and analyses the potential challenges for law enforcement in Croatia. For this purpose, a comparative method is used and future ideas for the practical implementation of the Regulation within Europol are presented. Part of the paper focuses on explaining the legal background of the work of the EPPO and its relation to Europol and Croatia. It then explains the challenges and opportunities for Europol after the EPPO becomes fully operational, including Europol analytical capacities, the possibilities for information exchange (SIENA), and Europol innovation capacities. In conclusion, the paper analyses concrete challenges and offers solutions for different problems that may arise in future relations between Europol and the EPPO. An outline is also given of the priorities of the Presidency of Croatia of the Council of the European Union in the first half of 2020 related to financial investigation., U radu se obrađuje primjena Uredbe o europskom javnom tužitelju u kontekstu odnosa prema trenutačnom ustroju, radu, funkcioniranju i mogućnostima koje pruža Europol. U radu se prikazuje i širi kontekst s kojim se cjelokupna zajednica suočava u početku operativne primjene postupanja u skladu s Uredbom o Uredu EJT-a. Pod širim kontekstom podrazumijevaju se načelne aktivnosti koje provodi Hrvatska kao predsjedateljica EU-a u području financijskih istraga, izazovi koji su nastali izlaskom Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva iz EU-a, kao i postupak povodom definiranja višegodišnjega financijskog okvira EU-a za financijsko razdoblje 2021.- 2027. Ipak, u radu se u prvom redu razmatra odnos Ureda EJT-a i Europola: kako se i kojim sredstvima može ostvariti kvalitetna, brza i pouzdana razmjena podataka te koje su pravne pretpostavke za uspostavu i realizaciju takve suradnje. Rad je metodološki određen korištenjem komparativne metode u analizi pravnog okvira za uspostavu Ureda EJT-a te empirijske metode u dijelu koji se odnosi na rad, funkcioniranje i praktične aktivnosti koje poduzima Europol oko prilagodbe za punu primjenu postupanja u skladu s Uredom EJT-a. U odnosu na moguće izazove autor nudi konkretne prijedloge rješenja. Tako se primjerice u odnosu na razmjenu podataka između dva tijela predlaže korištenje sigurnog Europolova komunikacijskog kanala (SIENA). Nadalje, predlaže se korištenje mogućnosti koje nudi Europol kroz financiranje određenih aktivnosti Europolovim sredstvima, ali se upozorava i na moguće teškoće prilikom analitičke obrade podataka koju provodi Europol. U potonjem slučaju radi se, osim o mogućoj potkapacitiranosti Europola, i o pravnim nedoumicama, za koje autor ponovno nudi rješenje za korekciju kroz novelu odredaba Uredbe o Europolu. U zaključnim razmatranjima autor konstatira kako su pred Uredom EJT-a, Europolom i državama članicama veliki izazovi oko primjene novoga zakonodavstva EU-a usmjerenoga na jačanje suradnje u provedbi financijskih istraga. Kvalitetna obrada podataka moguća je kroz usmjereniju aktivnost svih sudionika, otvaranjem komunikacijskih aktivnosti i sinergijskim analitičkim djelovanjem.

EU criminal law is a relatively new construct of the last twenty years. Despite its added value in the creation of a common legal area of freedom, security and justice, it has also shown some deficits. The deficits highlighted in this article refer to: 1) open questions about the EU "federal" structure; 2) the limits of the concept of mutual recognition in view of the limited harmonisation of procedural rights; 3) the issue of democratic accountability when adopting EU criminal law; and 4) and the issue of effective legal remedies in EU criminal law instruments. The EPPO represents a new era in EU criminal law. It creates a fully functioning "federal" prosecutorial service that is not based on the cooperation logic of Eurojust. It is an independent judicial authority with prosecutorial and punitive powers as a strong sign of "federal" sovereignty. As such, it is a significant step forward in forming a true European state. However, it is not immune to the issues raised before, and any success of the EPPO will depend on solving the same questions as those that affect EU criminal law in general. This article will try to provide some warnings and some answers for a positive solution., Kazneno pravo EU-a relativno je nova pravna konstrukcija nastala u posljednjih dvadeset godina. Iako je imalo iznimno pozitivnu ulogu u kreiranju zajedničkog područja slobode, sigurnosti i pravde, u isto je vrijeme razotkrilo specifične nedostatke. Kao takvi u ovom će članku biti analizirani: 1) pitanje “federalne” strukture i načela nadređenosti prava EU-a, 2) granice uzajamnog priznavanja, pri čemu se uzima u obzir ograničena harmonizacija proceduralnih prava, 3) demokratska kontrola pri donošenju kaznenog prava EU-a, pogotovo u vezi s ulogom Europskog parlamenta i nacionalnih parlamenata, te 4) pitanje učinkovitih pravnih lijekova u instrumentima kaznenog prava EU-a. Ured europskog javnog tužitelja predstavlja novo razdoblje u razvoju kaznenog prava EU-a. Uspostavlja djelatnu tužiteljsku službu, koja se ne temelji na logici suradnje, kao npr. Eurojust, nego predstavlja nezavisno pravosudno tijelo s ovlastima progona i kažnjavanja kao znacima "federalne" suverenosti. Posljedično predstavlja velik korak naprijed u ostvarivanju prave europske savezne države. Kao takav nije imun na probleme koji su bili prikazani u vezi s kaznenim pravom EU-a općenito. U članku su prikazani problemi koji mogu nastati pri prijenosu Uredbe o Uredu EJT-a u nacionalne sustave u vezi s načelima iz nacionalnog ustava (npr. načelo jednakosti ili podjele vlasti), pogotovo u sustavima s istražnim sucem kao u slučaju slovenskog prijenosa. Nadalje će biti istaknut problem mogućnosti forum shoppinga zbog relativno nizke usklađenosti nekih proceduralnih jamstava na razini EU-a (npr. pravo na odvjetnika). Bit će upozoreno da kazneno pravo kao represivno pravo mora uključivati u punoj mjeri parlamentarna tijela kao kritiku čl. 86 i postupka u vezi s nacionalnim parlamentima. Bit će analiziran problem nepostojanja pravnog lijeka protiv istrage Ureda EJT-a kao takve, gdje se pravna praznina uredbe može pogrešno tumačiti kao zabrana takva lijeka. Na kraju će biti navedena upozorenja i rješenja za pozitivne odgovore u vezi s Uredom EJT-a.

Seit der Umstellung der Europäischen Union von Fremd- auf Eigenmittelfinanzierung im Jahr 1976 belasten strafbare Handlungen zum Nachteil der finanziellen Interessen der Union direkt und im beträchtlichen Ausmaß den Finanzhaushalt der Union. Bereits Ende der 1990er Jahre wurde daher die Idee einer supranationalen europäischen Strafverfolgungsbehörde zur Bekämpfung dieser Delikte geboren. Bis zur Verwirklichung dieses Vorhabens sollten 20 Jahre vergehen, welche durch harte Verhandlungen und kontroverse Standpunkte geprägt waren. Viele Mitgliedstaaten fürchteten durch eine supranationale europäische Anklagebehörde einen beträchtlichen Souveränitätsverlust in ihrer nationalen Strafgewalt zu erleiden. Trotzdem gelang es schließlich einen Kompromissvorschlag in 22 der 27 Mitgliedstaaten in Form einer verstärkten Zusammenarbeit durchzusetzen. Voraussichtlich im November 2020 wird die Europäische Staatsanwaltschaft ihre Finanzermittlungen aufnehmen. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit dem Entstehungsprozess, sowie der aktuellen Ausgestaltung der Europäischen Staatsanwaltschaft. Dabei werden zunächst die Gründe, die zur Errichtung der Europäischen Staatsanwaltschaft führten, die geschichtliche Entwicklung, Struktur, Aufgabenbereich, die Vor- und Nachteile, sowie die Kritikpunkte der aktuellen Verordnungsregelung näher betrachtet. Noch bevor die Europäische Staatsanwaltschaft ihre Arbeit aufgenommen hat, wird bereits über eine Kompetenzerweiterung im Bereich Terrorismus und organisierter Kriminalität nachgedacht. Dieser Thematik widmet sich das abschließende Kapitel. eingereicht von Lang Reinhard Universität Linz, Diplomarbeit, 2020 (VLID)5270557

This article addresses some theoretical and practical problems concerning coordination between the EPPO and national prosecuting authorities, seen from the Croatian perspective. Since investigations of the EPPO will be conducted according to national law, their efficiency will depend on the efficiency of national legal systems, but also on the efficiency of the EPPO’s coordination with national authorities. There are two basic principles that regulate coordination between the EPPO and competent national prosecuting authorities: the principle of shared competence and the principle of sincere cooperation, meaning that the EPPO and national prosecuting authorities should work together and with the same goals, which implies mutual trust, loyalty and intense communication. Still, the EPPO exercises priority competence, which is reflected in its right of evocation. The analysis of some challenges to the system of shared competence and sincere cooperation, considered from the perspective of current Croatian criminal procedure legislation, shows that the complementarity principle may be a useful tool in regulating coordination between the EPPO and Croatian prosecuting authorities in specific situations where the EPPO must decide whether to use the right of evocation, although existing language barriers may reduce its practical utility., U članku se razmatraju određeni teorijski i praktični problemi vezani uz koordinaciju između Ureda EJT-a i nacionalnih tijela kaznenog progona promatrani iz hrvatske perspektive. Budući da će se istrage Ureda EJT-a provoditi prema nacionalnom pravu, njihova učinkovitost ovisit će o učinkovitosti nacionalnih pravnih sustava, ali i o učinkovitosti koordinacije Ureda EJT-a s nacionalnim vlastima. Dva osnovna načela reguliraju koordinaciju između Ureda EJT-a i nadležnih nacionalnih tijela kaznenog progona: načelo podijeljene nadležnosti i načelo lojalne suradnje, koja zahtijevaju da Ured EJT-a i nacionalna tužiteljstva rade zajedno i s istim ciljevima, što podrazumijeva međusobno povjerenje, lojalnost i intenzivnu komunikaciju. Ipak, u odnosu na nacionalna tijela kaznenog progona, Ured EJT-a ima prvenstvenu nadležnost, koja se odražava kroz njegovo pravo evokacije. U članku se ističe nekoliko problema koje je moguće očekivati u koordinaciji Ureda EJT-a i državnog odvjetništva kao nacionalnog tijela kaznenog progona u kontekstu prava evokacije Ureda EJT-a te se traži odgovor na pitanje bi li primjena načela komplementarnosti pomogla u njihovu rješavanju. Analiza je najprije obuhvatila problematiku koordinacije delegiranih europskih tužitelja s domaćom policijom, potom problematiku koordinacije Ureda EJT-a i državnog odvjetništva s obzirom na propisane rokove za provođenje istrage i podizanje optužnice te problematiku vezanu uz utvrđivanje iznosa štete financijskim interesima Europske unije, koji je ključni element u odlučivanju o tom hoće li Ured EJT-a koristiti svoje pravo evokacije, odnosno određeni predmet uputiti hrvatskom državnom odvjetništvu kao nadležnom nacionalnom tijelu, ili to neće učiniti. Provedena analiza pokazuje da načelo komplementarnosti može biti koristan alat u reguliranju koordinacije između EPPO-a i hrvatskog državnog odvjetništva kada Ured EJT-a mora odlučiti hoće li koristiti svoje pravo evokacije, premda bi postojeće jezične prepreke mogle umanjiti njegovu praktičnu korisnost.

Although the EPPO can undertake its investigative activities in all Member States, when undertaking them it is not governed by a supranational criminal procedural order, but by the national law of the Member States. Since the EPPO can undertake its activities on the whole territory of the EU, the criminal procedural laws of all Member States, as a framework for its activities, come into account.

It is important to bear in mind that not all Member States will participate in the EPPO. In the five non-participating Member States (Denmark, Hungary, Ireland, Poland, Sweden), OLAF’s role will remain exactly the same as today. In the participating Member States, OLAF will continue to investigate non-fraudulent irregularities, which actually constitute 93% of all irregularities reported to the Commission. Finally, restrictions to the competence of the EPPO enshrined in the EPPO Regulation mean that also in the participating Member States and with regard to criminal offences, OLAF will maintain a residual role.

Storage of seeds under elevated partial pressure of oxygen mimics dry after-ripening at the genetic level, as indicated by identification of DELAY OF GERMINATION quantitative trait loci., Seed dormancy determines the timing of seed germination and may be released by dry storage, also referred to as after-ripening. Studies on dormancy-release mechanisms are often hampered by the long after-ripening requirements of seeds. After-ripening is thought to be mainly caused by oxidative processes during seed dry storage. These processes are also the main cause of seed ageing. Increasing partial oxygen pressure through the elevated partial pressure of oxygen (EPPO) system has been shown to mimic and accelerate dry seed ageing. In this study, we investigated whether the EPPO system may also release primary seed dormancy in Arabidopsis thaliana. EPPO mimics dry after-ripening at the genetic level, as quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis after EPPO treatment identified the DELAY OF GERMINATION loci DOG1, DOG2, and DOG6 that were first described in a study using dry after-ripening to release seed dormancy. QTL analysis also showed that dormancy release by cold stratification (another common method to break seed dormancy) partly overlaps with release by after-ripening and EPPO treatment. We conclude that EPPO is an appropriate method to mimic and accelerate dormancy release and, as such, may have applications in both research and industry.

On 19 June 2018, the Bulgarian Presidency of the Council, the European Parliament, and the European Commission agreed on the new Eurojust Regulation. The EU ambassadors confirmed the agreement on 20 June 2018 followed by final adoption of the Regulation in November 2018. This paper refers to the novelties introduced by the new Regulation as well as to the projection of relations between agencies after the finalization of OLAF and EPPO competencies. The authors are analysing current modalities for their cooperation on institutional, operational and administrative levels. Will Eurojust become obsolete and possibly a department in the European Public Prosecutor’s Office or two differentiated bodies that have a future with separated competencies, independent of each other? What role will OLAF play in relation to both agencies, and what impacts will this have on national criminal justice systems? The authors analyse possible scenarios and point to perceived overlapping in competencies.

The European Public Prosecutor’s Office (EPPO) was set up in 2017, after successfully completing the legislative process that began in 2013. The EPPO is conceived as an EU body with legal personality and acts as a single office with a decentralised structure which, in addition to the central office, also operates in the participating EU Member States. Council Regulation (EU) 2017/1939 of 12 October 2017 implementing enhanced cooperation on the establishment of the European Public Prosecutor’s Office sets certain implementing obligations for the national legal systems of those States. Although regulations are EU legal acts that are binding in their entirety and directly applicable, the EPPO Regulation nevertheless requires certain interventions for the purpose of implementation. Specifically, the Regulation refers to the application of national law to the extent that a matter is not regulated by the Regulation, prescribes certain minimum investigative powers that States should provide to the EPPO, and opts for a prosecutorial inquiry model. The paper discusses the implementation requirements that the Regulation places before the Croatian criminal justice system, especially with regard to the implementation of the Office’s structure, its material competence and the exercise of its prosecutorial and investigative powers. It considers what has been done so far, gives an overview of the proposed solutions, outlines the comparative legal solutions available, and makes suggestions for resolving some of the requirements. In this regard, the analysis shows that the powers of the Croatian State Attorney in criminal proceedings are largely in line with the requirements of the Regulation and that there are therefore no major implementation obligations., Ured europskog javnog tužitelja osnovan je 2017. godine, čime je uspješno završen zakonodavni postupak koji je započeo još 2013. godine. Ured EJT-a je zamišljen kao tijelo EU-a koje ima pravnu osobnost i funkcionira kao jedinstven ured s decentraliziranom strukturom, koji osim na centralnoj razini djeluje i u sudjelujućim državama članicama EU-a. Uredba Vijeća (EU) 2017/1939 od 12. listopada 2017. o provedbi pojačane suradnje u vezi s osnivanjem Ureda europskog javnog tužitelja postavlja pred nacionalne pravne sustave tih država određene implementacijske obveze. Iako su uredbe pravni akti EU-a koji su obvezujući u cijelosti i izravno se primjenjuju, Uredba o Uredu EJT-a ipak zahtijeva određene intervencije u svrhu imple nije njome uređeno, propisuje određene minimalne istražne ovlasti koje države trebaju osigurati Uredu EJT-a te se opredjeljuje za model tužiteljske istrage. U radu se razmatraju implementacijski zahtjevi koje Uredba postavlja pred hrvatski kaznenopravni sustav, osobito u pogledu implementacije ustroja Ureda i njegove stvarne nadležnosti te implementacije njegovih tužiteljskih i istražnih ovlasti. Analiza je pokazala da je položaj državnog odvjetnika u hrvatskom kaznenom postupku u velikoj mjeri sukladan zahtjevima iz Uredbe. Međutim implementacijskim odredbama trebat će integrirati delegirane europske tužitelje u hrvatski kaznenopravni sustav, odnosno urediti im položaj unutar strukture Državnog odvjetništva RH, stvarnu i mjesnu nadležnost sudova nadležnih za njihove predmete te tijelo koje će odlučivati u slučaju neslaganja oko nadležnosti. Uz to delegiranim europskim tužiteljima trebat će osigurati ovlasti koje imaju nacionalni državni odvjetnici. U samom kaznenom postupku trebat će razriješiti pitanje ovlasti Ureda za podizanje zahtjeva za zaštitu zakonitosti te uskladiti zakonske rokove koji obvezuju državne odvjetnike u prethodnom postupku s osobitostima postupanja delegiranih europskih tužitelja. Za razliku od toga postojeće istražne mjere u skladu su sa zahtjevima iz Uredbe te nisu potrebne implementacijske odredbe o tome. U odnosu na sve navedeno u radu se razmatra što je do sada napravljeno, daje se osvrt na predložena rješenja, iznose se dostupna komparativnopravna rješenja te se daju prijedlozi za rješenje nekih od zahtjeva.

Rad se bavi analizom unutarnje strukture EPPO-a, odgovornosti Europskog javnog tužitelja, pozitivnim i negativnim stranama EPPO-a, pravima obrane...

Introduction Reliable and rapid diagnostic processes are essential to support inspection activities conducted by National Plant Protection Organisations (NPPOs) in the framework of their official mandate, and to evaluate the efficacy of measures taken. Official controls aim to prevent or reduce the risk of introducing new pests through the agri-food trade and to protect consumer interests. The reliability and consistency of these controls contribute to effective trade. In this context, validated and internationally accepted diagnostic protocols are of the utmost importance as they support the harmonisation of detection and identification procedures worldwide, and contribute to greater transparency and comparability in the diagnosis of regulated pests (Petter et al., 2007; Petter et al., 2008). [...], http://euroreference.mag.anses.fr/en

This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the LIBE Committee, analyses the proposal for a Regulation establishing the EPPO. The evolution of the text is analysed through a comparison between the initial Commission proposal and the current version of the text (dated of 28 October 2016). The paper assesses whether the EPPO, as it is currently envisaged, would fit the objectives assigned to it, whether it will have some added value, and whether it will be able to function efficiently and in full respect of fundamental rights. It focuses on the main issues at stake and controversial points of discussion, namely the EPPO institutional design, some material issues, its procedural framework, and its relations with its partners., PE 571.399, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

La tutela degli interessi finanziari dell’Unione, soprattutto in relazione alla repressione delle frodi fiscali come quelle in materia di imposta sul valore aggiunto (IVA) e dazi doganali, ormai da decenni costituisce uno snodo centrale per lo sviluppo del diritto comunitario, sia nel suo complesso, sia con riferimento specifico al diritto penale. In questo ambito, appare fondamentale trovare un bilanciamento fra la tutela dei diritti di difesa degli individui sottoposti ad accertamento amministrativo o ad indagine penale, e la necessità di assicurare un’efficiente repressione di condotte illecite caratterizzate da una particolare gravità e dimensione transnazionale. Il presente contributo evidenzia alcuni profili problematici che caratterizzano i più recenti sviluppi della cooperazione penale-amministrativa nell’Unione europea, alla luce della direttiva sull’ordine europeo di indagine penale (OEI), della proposta di regolamento che istituisce la Procura europea (EPPO nell’acronimo inglese) e della rete di cooperazione stabilita dall’Ufficio europeo per la lotta antifrode (OLAF).

Editorial discusses a variety of aspects of the EU's evolving criminal jurisdiction in the context of the issues of financial cost and constitutional accountability.

The EU 7th Framework Program provided funds for Quarantine Barcoding of Life (QBOL) to develop a quick, reliable and accurate DNA barcode-based diagnostic tool for selected species on the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) A1/A2 quarantine lists. Seven nuclear genomic loci were evaluated to determine those best suited for identifying species of Mycosphaerella and/or its associated anamorphs. These genes included β-tubulin (Btub), internal transcribed spacer regions of the nrDNA operon (ITS), 28S nrDNA (LSU), Actin (Act), Calmodulin (Cal), Translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2). Loci were tested on their Kimura-2-parameter-based inter- and intraspecific variation, PCR amplification success rate and ability to distinguish between quarantine species and closely related taxa. Results showed that none of these loci was solely suited as a reliable barcoding locus for the tested fungi. A combination of a primary and secondary barcoding locus was found to compensate for individual weaknesses and provide reliable identification. A combination of ITS with either EF-1α or Btub was reliable as barcoding loci for EPPO A1/A2-listed Mycosphaerella species. Furthermore, Lecanosticta acicola was shown to represent a species complex, revealing two novel species described here, namely L. brevispora sp. nov. on Pinus sp. from Mexico and L. guatemalensis sp. nov. on Pinus oocarpa from Guatemala. Epitypes were also designated for L. acicola and L. longispora to resolve the genetic application of these names.

Ulaskom Hrvatske u EU promijenila se zakonska regulativa vezana za biljnu karantenu. Svojim članstvom u Uniji i prihvaćanjem pripadajućih zakona ujedno smo postali i krajnja poveznica tj. barijera, po pitanju biljne karantene, između južnoistočne Europe i EU. Stoga, pitanje biljne karantene u samoj Republici Hrvatskoj posebno dobiva na važnosti te su potrebna daljnja istraživanja i edukacija novih kadrova kako bi spriječili introdukciju novih štetnih organizama, a posebno se to očituje u definiranju jasnih mjera pri prometovanju s biljkama i biljnim materijalom. Ovim radom željeli smo prikazati važnost i ulogu biljne karantene u sprečavanju unosa novih štetnih organizama u Republiku Hrvatsku. Na primjeru Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), karantenskog štetnika kojemu je primarni domaćin rajčica na kojoj radi štete od 80-100 %, te se nalazi na EPPO A2 listi karantenskih štetnika.Pokušali smo ukazati na važnost mjera biljne karantene. U Europi se prvi puta pojavljuje 2006. godine, dok je prva pojava u Hrvatskoj zabilježena 2009. godine. Cilj je prikazati i objasniti postojeće propise te ilustrirati preventivne mjere koje se danas provode te analizirati njihov uspjeh.

The European Model Rules for the Procedure of the future European Public Prosecutor’s Office are the outcome of a research project carried out at the University of Luxemburg in the period February 2010 – March 2012 with the financing of the Hercule II Programme of the EU Commission and the co-financing of the University of Luxemburg. The Model Rules were elaborated by a group of academics and practitioners working under the coordination of Professor Katalin Ligeti. The aim of the research project was to elaborate a set of rules with a model character delineating the investigative and prosecutorial powers of a European Public Prosecutor’s Office (EPPO), the applicable procedural safeguards and the evidential standards.

Resume Le debat sur la securite de l’Union europeenne a ete considerablement re-ouvert par les attentats terroristes a Paris (en janvier et novembre 2015) et Bruxelles (en mars 2016). Actuellement, l’Union ne possede pas les instruments pour prevenir de possibles attaques terroristes. De plus, les Etats membres ne peuvent ni prevenir ni punir ces crimes avec des mesures prises individuellement. Il faut aller au-dela de simples mesures d’urgence et d’etablir un mecanisme stable. Bien qu’ils soient realises dans le territoire d’un seul Etat membre, les infractions terroristes sont developpees a travers une phase de preparation articulee sur plusieurs Etats membres. Les auteurs ne sont pas forcement des citoyens de pays tiers, mais le plus souvent ils sont citoyens de l’UE. Jusqu’a present, Europol et Eurojust, qui sont les deux organismes charges d’ameliorer la cooperation entre les autorites competentes en matiere de terrorisme dans les Etats membres ont echoue. Cela montre que l’UE a besoin de quelque chose de plus que les organes auxiliaires. Pour ces raisons, il s’avere imperatif d’affiner le cadre normatif et de creer un Parquet europeen qui puisse: ouvrir des enquetes au niveau supranational, faciliter l’echange d’informations, fournir des preuves entre les autorites chargees de l’enquete dans une procedure criminelle, prevenir et contester les crimes terroristes avec des actions efficaces. Malgre cela, la realisation du Paquet europeen avec ces caracteristiques apparait distante. Les negociations en sein au Conseil sont bloquees par la volonte des Etats membres de ne pas accorder a ce nouvel organisme europeen une competence en matiere d’anti terrorisme et de limiter son champ d’action. Le projet de reglement laisse ouverts d’autres problemes. La structure du Parquet europeen est complexe. En effet, le Parquet europeen se compose d’un bureau central forme par un Conseil (ou siegent le chef procureur europeen, les substituts et un procureur europeen pour chaque Etat membre), les Chambres permanentes et le personnel administratif. Les procureurs europeens delegues en revanche travaillent au niveau decentralise. De plus, dans le reglement les regles de procedure et celles sur l’admissibilite des preuves ne sont pas tres efficaces. La proposition de reglement ne prevoit pas l’harmonisation des mesures d’investigation. Les dispositions concernant les garanties de la defense de l’accuse sont tres pauvres. En plus, le projet de reglement ne precise pas quelles sont les relations entre le Parquet europeen et les autres agences europeennes. Precisement, il faudra etablir les mesures regissant les rapports entre le Parquet europeen et Europol, Eurojust et Frontex. La securite des citoyens de l’Union passe a travers l’institution du Parquet europeen ayant une competence antiterrorisme, sur la voie pour la realisation de ce bureau beaucoup de difficultes persistent. Les problemes les plus importants sont de nature politique. Dans le meme temps, l’Union europeenne peut lutter efficacement contre le terrorisme uniquement avec des instruments stables comme le Parquet europeen. Le systeme actuel de contraste et repression au terrorisme mene par chaque Etat membre, de facon independante, permet aux terroristes de choisir ou developper les activites criminelles ainsi que de decider ou s’etablir apres avoir commis un crime. Le probleme du terrorisme peut etre regle grâce a une meilleure integration entre les Etats membres.

The EU 7th Framework Program provided funds for Quarantine Barcoding of Life (QBOL) to develop a quick, reliable and accurate DNA barcode-based diagnostic tool for selected species on the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) A1/A2 quarantine lists. Seven nuclear genomic loci were evaluated to determine those best suited for identifying species of Mycosphaerella and/or its associated anamorphs. These genes included β-tubulin (Btub), internal transcribed spacer regions of the nrDNA operon (ITS), 28S nrDNA (LSU), Actin (Act), Calmodulin (Cal), Translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2). Loci were tested on their Kimura-2-parameter-based inter- and intraspecific variation, PCR amplification success rate and ability to distinguish between quarantine species and closely related taxa. Results showed that none of these loci was solely suited as a reliable barcoding locus for the tested fungi. A combination of a primary and secondary barcoding locus was found to compensate for individual weaknesses and provide reliable identification. A combination of ITS with either EF-1α or Btub was reliable as barcoding loci for EPPO A1/A2-listed Mycosphaerella species. Furthermore, Lecanosticta acicola was shown to represent a species complex, revealing two novel species described here, namely L. brevispora sp. nov. on Pinus sp. from Mexico and L. guatemalensis sp. nov. on Pinus oocarpa from Guatemala. Epitypes were also designated for L. acicola and L. longispora to resolve the genetic application of these names.

The EU 7th Framework Program provided funds for Quarantine Barcoding of Life (QBOL) to develop a quick, reliable and accurate DNA barcode-based diagnostic tool for selected species on the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) A1/A2 quarantine lists. Seven nuclear genomic loci were evaluated to determine those best suited for identifying species of Mycosphaerella and/or its associated anamorphs. These genes included β-tubulin (Btub), internal transcribed spacer regions of the nrDNA operon (ITS), 28S nrDNA (LSU), Actin (Act), Calmodulin (Cal), Translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2). Loci were tested on their Kimura-2-parameter-based inter- and intraspecific variation, PCR amplification success rate and ability to distinguish between quarantine species and closely related taxa. Results showed that none of these loci was solely suited as a reliable barcoding locus for the tested fungi. A combination of a primary and secondary barcoding locus was found to compensate for individual weaknesses and provide reliable identification. A combination of ITS with either EF-1α or Btub was reliable as barcoding loci for EPPO A1/A2-listed Mycosphaerella species. Furthermore, Lecanosticta acicola was shown to represent a species complex, revealing two novel species described here, namely L. brevispora sp. nov. on Pinus sp. from Mexico and L. guatemalensis sp. nov. on Pinus oocarpa from Guatemala. Epitypes were also designated for L. acicola and L. longispora to resolve the genetic application of these names.

International audience; We present here a collection of light microscope, and comparative scanning electron microscope, images of extant coccolithophores, sampled from various oceanic locations, and also from cultured strains. This series of images is intended to provide students and researchers interested in extant coccolithophore biology with an accessible means of identifying the common coccolithophore species found in modern assemblages.