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Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ICRH) has been a dependable tool for sturdy plasma heating with high RF power of several megawatts. However, a sudden increase in the reflected power during ICRH heating experiments is a problem that should be solved for future fusion experimental devices. To solve this issue, a load tolerant matching network has been designed for the ICRH system in EAST. The matching network includes a 3-stub tuner impedance matching system with conjugate-T structure, 30 Ω to 50 Ω transmission line and center grounded antenna strap. By maintaining a low reflection ratio in the network for a wide range of resistance, this matching network can allow sturdy high-power operations without fast impedance matching in EAST. In our matching network, the two arms of a conjugate-T are designed to have a $\lambda/2$ length difference which could mitigate current imbalance and antenna poloidal phasing outside of the control problem. The T-point corresponds to the maximum point of the standing wave voltage, which could greatly improve the input impedance of the antenna.

Magnetic field measurement is the basic diagnosis to obtain the physical engineering parameters of magnetic confinement fusion device and the macro information of plasma discharge. The real-time diagnosis of magnetic field distribution near the plasma-facing components (PFCs) surface provides the important information on the migration and transport model of key elements. In this work, a remote, in-situ approach for the magnetic field measurement near the surface of PFCs by the polarization-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) based on Zeeman effect is proposed and implemented. The Zeeman characteristics of the emission spectra of laser-induced W, Mo and C plasmas were verified in the laboratory by using different magnetic field configurations. According to the polarization characteristics of the Zeeman sublines of the LIBS spectrum, the intensity and direction of the external local magnetic field were successively identified by using a linear polarizer. Subsequently, a linear array fiber was utilized to determine the polarity of the external magnetic field. And finally, the magnetic field intensity near the lower edge surface of the tungsten baffle of the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) upper divertor was measured when the field coils were demagnetized. This method can supplement the experimental data near the PFCs for the magnetic field configuration of the magnetic confinement fusion device and provide a reference for the wall element analysis model diagnosed by LIBS.

A BOUT ++ three-field magnetohydrodynamic model is employed to study the triggering and evolution of edge localized mode (ELM) by Li pellets injected along the outer mid-plane in the EAST configuration. The linear simulation shows that compared with a large deposition on the pedestal top (scenario I), a smaller deposition within the steep-gradient pedestal region (scenario II) can stimulate much larger linear growth rates of all-n peeling-ballooning modes (PBMs). The nonlinear simulation shows that there exists a pellet size threshold for ELM triggering for two deposition locations; the threshold for scenario I predicted in the present study matches the EAST observation well. Comparison of the two scenarios reveals that a smaller deposition is sufficient to trigger an ELM in a much shorter time in scenario II, whose ELM size is comparable to that in scenario I. This conclusion confirms previous DIII-D and ASDEX-Upgrade observations, suggesting that the steep-gradient pedestal region is a favorable deposition location for ELM triggering with minimum pellet size. Simulation analyses also find that the positive radial gradient of the hump-like pressure profile in the outer mid-plane induced by the pellet deposition plays a different role in the two scenarios. In scenario I, the force resulting from the gradient hinders the outflow of core plasmas and in return, the perturbation is suppressed from spreading inwards after ELM crashes. In scenario II, with a sizable deposition, the gradient results in another competitive perturbation growth region during the linear phase, thus dispersing the free energy and reducing the efficiency of destabilizing PBMs by pellet injection. The suppressing effect of saturated zonal flow on other modes, the short ELM fast crash phase, and the restricting transport effect of the positive radial pressure gradient work together to constrain the pedestal energy loss, especially when the pellet deposition amount is high.

Experiments at EAST demonstrate effective modulation of the stationary heat flux to the secondary lobes of the magnetic footprint induced by the resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) by slightly varying the equilibrium q _95 , consistent with prior numerical modeling. During the small q _95 variation, the edge localized mode control is well maintained, and the position of the secondary heat flux peak is effectively shifted, thus avoiding a specific location heat flux accumulation. As the divertor heat load is one of the significant concerns in tokamaks, these results provide a promising choice, varying magnetic equilibrium periodically to shift stationary heat load deposition position during static n = 4 ( n is the toroidal mode number) RMP condition, for further fusion devices. In this respect, the use of this technique for n = 4 RMPs is advantageous because the q _95 range that needs to be covered to spread the divertor heat load is reduced due to the smaller toroidal extent of the off-separatrix heat deposition zones compared to lower n ’s.

Enhanced confinement is observed in EAST low ${q_{95}}$ ( ${q_{95}} < 3.5$ ) plasmas with the temperature ratio ( ${T_i}/{T_e}$ ) increasing. A statistically significant positive correlation between ${H_{98y2}}$ and ${T_i}/{T_e}$ has been established. Increased ${T_i}\,$ triggerd by Neutral Beam Injection in experiments maintaining constant ${T_e}$ leads initially to an improved ${T_i}/{T_e}$ ratio, which subsequently mitigates heat transport in the ion channel. The Trapped Gyro–Landau Fluid transport model was applied to analyse the dependence of the turbulent transport on ${T_i}/{T_e}$ . Simulation results demonstrate that the Ion Temperature Gradient mode is stabilized in high ${T_i}/{T_e}$ plasma, with ion flux results from predictive modelling further validating this effect. These findings corroborate the Weiland model and complement one another. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of how the dimensionless parameter ${T_i}/{T_e}$ influences plasma transport, and helps demonstrate the feasibility of operations under the low ${q_{95}}$ condition required for the ITER-inductive scenario in the new ${T_i}/{T_e}$ regime.

A type of actively cooled W/Cu flat-type component with high heat exhaust capacity was installed as limiter during the EAST spring plasma campaign in 2022, aiming to support the long pulse operation. Unfortunately, severe melting phenomena with obvious droplets ejection of the flat-type W/Cu limiter was repeatedly monitored by CCD and IR cameras, which not only induced the failure of component but also seriously influenced plasma operation. The high temperature around midplane of W/Cu flat-type main limiter is identified to be closely connected with ICRF induced fast ions loss. Indeed, the surface temperature of W/Cu flat-type main limiter was too high to ignore. The damage of flat-type structure, however, usually started between the joint interface of W plates and CuCrZr heat sink material. Such damage would in turn lead to the gradual increase of surface temperature which eventually would cause melting of W plates. Once melting events occurred on the W/Cu flat-type main limiter, the vast majority of cases would result in plasma disruption. Moreover, the damage of main limiter would rapidly deteriorate. Hence, more attention should be paid to how to improve the fatigue lifetime of the joint interface. Such test results of flat-type W/Cu component for limiter are important references for the improvement and application of W/Cu flat-type component for high heat flux area in fusion devices.

One of the key challenges facing magnetic fusion research is to demonstrate the compatibility between high confinement and radiative divertors in long-pulse discharges with a metal wall environment. A small edge-localized-mode (ELM) high-confinement plasma with an energy confinement factor H _98 ∼ 1.1 and Greenwald density fraction f _GW ∼ 0.65 maintained for 26 s is obtained in the upgraded lower divertor of the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), and periodical detachment is achieved through active control of neon impurity seeding in this long-pulse discharge. For the divertor region, partial detachment is achieved periodically on the outer divertor target plates with the plasma temperature near the outer strike point decreasing to below 5 eV and the peak surface temperature on the outer divertor target plates maintained below 350 °C. The peak heat flux of the lower outer divertor decreases significantly and its profile along the target becomes very flat in the detached state. Two low-frequency (

This study discusses a matter of cultural identity faced by diaspora individuals in Akhil Sharma’s novel Family Life. As a diasporic Indian American, Sharma depicts that cultural identity is problematic, especially for an individual who experiences two or more conflicted cultures from home left behind and the home this individual has moved to. Sharma also demonstrates that the identity of this diasporic is never complete. This study aims to critically analyze Sharma’s fiction by highlighting the issues he engages as a diasporic writer. It also depicts how voluntary displacement done by diaspora characters tends to lead them to mourn. The analysis applies a concept of cultural identity by Stuart Hall. It explains a notion of identity within the discourses of history and culture, which is not an essence but a positioning. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method. The result shows there is doubleness of cultural identity conveyed by Sharma. This regretting doubleness appears in structured stages: admiring the West and being rejected by the West.

The impacts of neon injection positions and directions on the toroidally asymmetric heat load distributions on the divertor targets have been investigated for EAST tokamak by means of three-dimensional (3D) edge transport code EMC3-EIRENE. The heat loads on the outboard divertor targets are studied with five neon injection positions near the outboard strike point, which have different distances to separatrix. In comparison with neon injections away from the separatrix, neon injection close to the separatrix (within ∼ 1.2 cm) can lead to the asymmetric heat load profile on the outboard divertor targets. Furthermore, a parameter study of poloidal angle of neon injection has been conducted to estimate the effect of impurity injection direction on the suppression of heat loads. It is found that neon injection direction parallel to the magnetic surface results in the more effective mitigation of heat loads compared with other injection directions. Moreover, the neon accumulations in the core region are discussed for different neon injection positions and directions.

Plasma facing materials (PFMs) are subjected to long-duration high-energy particle streams and radiation in tokamak devices. The PFMs of EAST have been upgraded several times and Titanium-Zirconium-Molybdenum (TZM) tiles were installed into EAST as its first wall since 2011. However, with the gradually increasing of plasma parameters, several unexpected TZM melting phenomena were found at the high field side by post mortem inspection after each EAST plasma experimental campaign since 2017. The resolidified melted surface is general in wave shape with unobvious motion of melting layer. Three different grain shapes, i.e., columnar grain, isometric crystal and original rolled crystal from surface to deep region are found by means of metallurgical analysis, in which the superficial layer columnar grain is very thin with a thickness of 100 ∼ 200 μm and the thickness of intermediate isometric crystal is also small only about 300 ∼ 400 μm, strongly indicating there was a large temperature gradient near surface when melting occurred. Combined with plasma operation parameters and temperature evolution, the melting of TZM tiles were concluded to be induced by the transient heat flux during plasma disruption. These results imply the transient heat flux during plasma disruption in EAST can severely destruct the metal PFMs and should not be ignored, suggesting the active mitigation of plasma disruption is necessary for future long pulse and high parameters operation.

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was employed for the depth-resolved identification of impurities deposited on the small test tiles used in the experimental advanced superconducting tokamak (EAST). LIBS spectra show the impurity elements of molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), carbon (C), copper (Cu), lithium (Li), titanium (Ti), silicon (Si), iron (Fe), and chromium (Cr) in the impurity deposition on the test tiles used in the EAST. The analysis of impurities was performed at various spot positions on the surfaces of the tiles. The impurity deposition is the final destination of the migrating eroded materials in the EAST. The interaction of high-heat plasma with the plasma-facing components (PFCs) causes the erosion of W upper and lower divertors, Mo main wall, the doped graphite (C, Si & Ti) limiters, Li wall conditioning, and CuCrZr heat conductors. Surface morphology was performed by using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Depth profile analysis showed the thickness of impurity deposition is in fractions of micrometers because the impurity signals appeared just in a few laser shots. The spectral intensity of impurity was observed differently during the consecutive laser shots on various spot positions that showed the impurity deposition is uneven on the tiles’ surfaces.

Siliconization using 10 % SiD4 + 90 % He assisted by ion cyclotron range of frequency discharge (ICRF) or glow discharge (GD) was performed in EAST with full tungsten (W) diverters. It was found that the coated Si film on W sample at a higher baking temperature (160 °C) was smoother than that at a lower baking temperature (60 °C). This was mainly because physically adsorbed gaseous impurities were released at a higher baker temperature. This process improved the adhesion between the film and the surface of W. An increase in the ICRF working power from 20 kW to 40 kW further increased the Si content and the film thickness by 1.5 times. The cleaning efficiency of ICRF on the surface of the W sample before siliconization was higher at 40 kW than that at 20 kW, which facilitated the removal of oxides and other compounds from the surface of W. The ratio of silicon/oxygen (Si/O) and the thickness improved considerably due to greater ionization and deposition of SiD4. Additionally, siliconization via GD was more uniform and 1.5 nm thicker than that via ICRF, which was because of the greater working gas pressure, coating duration, and homogeneity in GD. These results might be used as a reference for evaluating the effect of siliconization on plasma performance and its application in fusion devices.

During the tokamak plasma discharge, the strong interaction between the edge plasma and the wall material leads to the overheating of the surface of divertor target plate and the possible melting of the material, which will seriously influence the safe operation of the device. Furthermore, transient heat load induced by edge localized modes (ELMs) is expected to cause surface damage of tungsten (W) based plasma-facing materials (PFMs) in future fusion devices. In order to ensure safe steady-state operation, it is prerequisite to obtain the peak temperature as well as distribution on the divertor target plate in real time. In EAST, a high temporal and spatial resolution infrared camera (IR) located in H port was built to observe the outer target on the L port of upper W divertor. Currently, the maximum temperature measured by IR camera has been characterized and analyzed during deuterium (D) and helium (He) plasma discharges. In addition, the ELM-induced temperature rise during H mode operations for D and He plasma discharges was specially studied. It is found that the maximum temperature on observed targets during both D and He discharges increase with the increase of heating power. In case of the same heating power, the maximum temperature during D discharges is generally lower than that during He discharges no matter L and H modes, which is more obvious when the total heating power exceeds 3 MW. However, the sharp temperature rise by ELM induced transient heat load during D discharges is usually higher than that during He discharges. Such qualitative and statistical analysis on the maximum temperature on upper outer divertor provides important reference for future operation of EAST and other tokamaks.

Real-time wall conditioning and edge-localized mode (ELM) suppression through real-time boron powder injection into high-confinement mode discharges of the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) have been investigated. The boron powder injection effectively conditioned the plasma-facing components, as shown by the reductions in low-Z and high-Z impurities and the global recycling level in the whole inner vessel, and suppressed the strong magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) activity in the plasma core. The improved wall conditions also resulted in an earlier transition from L- to H-mode. Boron powder injection also effectively suppressed ELM in the lower single null configuration with BT in the favorable direction while leaving the plasma density and stored energy largely unaffected.

Fuel recycling control in long pulse discharges is studied in EAST tokamak with tungsten divertors by particle balance. Double null configuration, proper Resonant Magnetic Perturbation (RMP), divertor cryopumps and realtime lithium injection, are all very effective for recycling control. High heating power discharge leads to low recycling due to the enhancement of particle exhausting. High external gas injection is required in a low fuel recycling discharge to keep a constant density, and Dα emission is increased by external injection, therefore a higher Dα emission may indicate low fuel recycling for the same plasma density. Reproducible long pulse discharges of over 100 s with core electron temperature >10 keV, and 1056 s discharge with ∼1.5 MW heating power were obtained in the EAST 2021 campaign, fuel recycling was well controlled by divertor cryopumps and realtime lithium injection. The results provide a valuable reference for the high power and long pulse operation in future fusion reactors, such as ITER and CFETR.

Arcing on the plasma-facing components (PFCs) is one of the mechanisms of material erosion and impurity production in the magnetic-confinement fusion devices. EAST tokamak has been upgraded to almost full metal PFCs. The arcing phenomena in EAST has special features due to the lithium coating and the RF heating. Post-mortem analysis of arc traces is performed on both plasma-wetted components and PFCs in sub-limiter remote areas. The arcs in sub-limiter remote areas nearly have no influence on the normal discharges as most of them were produced during the glow discharge cleaning. But some arcs on the first mirrors of infrared and visible tangential wide-angle viewing systems in EAST can form patterned traces in the videos, which affects the precision of temperature measurements and visible imaging quality. The arcs on plasma-wetted components were mainly observed at two locations: the tungsten upper divertor and the lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) antennas. The random-walk arc traces on the surface of the upper tungsten divertor are limited to a very small area and most probably formed without magnetic field during glow discharge, unable to influence plasma discharges so far, and still need long-term tracking. The arcs on the LHCD antenna surface can be sustained for more than hundreds of milliseconds, and produce large numbers of impurity particles and molten droplets, which can result in plasma current quench and disruption, and the effects of arcing on LHCD heating mode and power should be further studied.

The microstructure of and damage to the upper divertor components in EAST were characterized by using metallography, EBSD, and SEM. Under the synergistic effect of heat load and plasma irradiation, cracking, recrystallization, and interface debonding were found in the components of the upper divertor target. The crack propagates downward from the heat loading surface along the heat flux direction, and the crack propagation mode is an intergranular fracture. The thermal loads deposited on the edge of monoblocks raise the temperature higher than the recrystallization temperature of pure tungsten, and the microstructure changes from being in a rolled state to being recrystallized. Additionally, cracks exist in both recrystallized and rolled areas. EBSD boundary maps show that the range of the recrystallization area is determined via the heat flux distribution. The Cu/CuCrZr interface of the cooling components near the thermal loading area is debonded, and the structural integrity is destroyed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research work deals with the rural settlements of Andalusia located to the east of the land of Malaga, specifically the axarchic farmhouses. Making use of both archaeology and written documentation we have collected twenty-seven farmhouses where we set ourselves the objetives of knowing the settlement patterns, as well as their characteristics and urban composition in order to discover where and how they adapted and were arranged in a mostly mountainous physical environment and what differences and similarities existed between them depending on their buildings. The results will allow us to know a large number of unequal settlements in demography and extension which were developed according to the exploitation of rainfed agriculture of the Montes de Málaga. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper spotlights certain aspects of the activity, expansion and intellectual exchange between the Islamic East and West by exploring the journey made by Ibn 'Īsā lBalawī, a living document in which important intellectual ties can be perceived through the relationships between scholars of the Islamic West and East. We highlight the aspects that had a clear impact on the prosperity of the cultural and intellectual life of the fourteenth century. We look closely at the prominent role of the cultural centres visited by the author, identifying the most important intellectual and educational institutions, their sheikhs and teachers and the role they played in the dissemination of scientific thought. We identify the figures that predominated in these centres, shedding light on the sources of knowledge and books used in teaching, as well as the selection of the scientific and literary works produced by Eastern elites for transmission to the Islamic West and vice versa. Attention is also given to the author's interest in the Sufi movement and its role in the cultural and spiritual life of the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Bunt [Revolt] (1924) by Władysław Stanisław Reymont and Animal Farm (1946) by George Orwell display many parallels, probably stemming from the common provenance of the two works, which can be traced to the work Skotskoy bunt [Skotskoj rebellion] (1879) by the Ukrainian writer Nikolai Kostomarov. The works deploy allegory in the construction of dystopian worlds inhabited by animals that rebel against humans. They share a number of motifs, characters and plot patterns, including, most importantly, the desire to overthrow man’s hegemony, which turns against the anthropomorphized heroes. The texts also differ significantly in the circumstances of their creation, the source of imaginative transfer, the symbolism and, finally, the purpose of the animal revolution. The article aims to trace the antecedence and mutual intersection of the works in question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper brings together two streams of literature which rarely enter into conversation: diverse economies scholarship and critical readings of postsocialism. Mobilising the cases of food self-provisioning (FSP) in Czechia and agricultural cooperatives in Kyrgyzstan as an empirical basis for our reflections, we pursue a two-fold aim. Firstly, we call for attention to the postsocialist East as fertile ground for the study of diverse economies. Secondly, we offer a postcapitalist reading of postsocialism as embedded and emancipated theorising, arguing that diverse economies thinking can support novel representations of this geopolitical area and open space to appreciate economic diversity on the ground. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2017, I had the opportunity to hitchhike along the main route of the Silk Road: during nine months, with all the appetite in the world, I walked along the bitumen ribbon connecting Xi'An to Istanbul. I have taken many photographs that testify of the mixture of cultures, between East and West, prevailing in this region between Asia and Europe.

• At present, there is no diagnostic for measuring electron temperature in the divertor region (i.e. among the X-point and the target plate) on the experimental advanced superconducting tokamak (EAST) device. It is motivated to develop a new diagnostics for the measurement electron temperature in the divertor region. In this work, a multi-spectral EUV imaging (MEUVI) diagnostics based on mirror arrays for electron temperature measurement by using line intensity ratio is proposed and being developed on the EAST. The MEUVI system can measure specific impurity emission lines. • In the commissioning phase, it is installed to monitor the plasma from the low-field side to the high-field side along the major radius rather than the divertor region. In this manuScript, we would like to report the first imaging data obtained by MEUVI during the commissioning in the 2024 experiment campaign. • In addition, the electron temperature derived from the MEUVI data is higher than that given by the helium beam emission (He-BES) spectroScopy system since the ne VIII emission is mainly located inside the last closed surface region. However, the tendency of the evolution of the electron temperature is consistent each other, which are given by these two systems. • These results verify that the MEUVI diagnostics can work as a potential tool for the measurement of edge plasma temperature and monitoring of impurities. A multi-spectral extreme ultraviolet imaging (MEUVI) diagnostics to measure impurity line emissions on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) is proposed and being developed to measure the electron temperature at the edge region. It makes use of multi-channel multilayers Schwarzschild telescope, coupled with a micro-channel plate (MCP) equipped with a P46 phosphor screen, and a high-speed camera with a CMOS sensor to image the selected line emissions, i.e., C IV lines (312.4 Å, 419.7 Å), W XLVI line (127 Å), Ne VIII lines (88.1 Å, 103 Å), and Ne VII Line (465.2 Å), at the edge region in two dimensions with high spatial and temporal resolutions simultaneously. The MEUVI diagnostics is installed on the EAST horizontal J port to monitor plasma and first imaging data is obtained during the commissioning of the system in the 2024 experiment campaign. It is in good agreement with that measured by the traditional extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectrometer. In addition, the electron temperature derived from the MEUVI data is higher than that given by the Helium beam emission (He-BES) spectroscopy system since the Ne VIII emission is mainly located inside the last closed surface region. However, the tendency of the evolution of the electron temperature is consistent each other, which are given by these two systems. These results verify that the MEUVI diagnostics can work as a potential tool for the measurement of edge plasma temperature and monitoring of impurities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

EAST (Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak) has been in operation since 2006. With increasing operation time, the volume of plant data stored in MySQL has steadily grown to several billion rows. The current storage architecture centered around the relational database has shown poor performance when facing massive time series data, so it is crucial to adopt TSDB (Time Series Database) for storing plant data. In initial testing, IoTDB demonstrated a performance advantage of at least 2 times over other TSDBs in terms of both write throughput and large-scale queries for plant data management. However, as the inflexible underlying infrastructure of EAST, the plant database cannot be easily modified directly. To remedy this problem, we propose a MySQL-IoTDB Hierarchical Mechanism (MIHM). Specifically, we utilized a MySQL master–slave to IoTDB cluster design to seamlessly transfer the performance burden from relational database to TSDB IoTDB. Extensive tests on the EAST plant data demonstrate that MIHM-based plant data storage system has increased the write throughput by 20 times and the large-scale data querying speed by 100 times compared to previous systems. • We Proposed a MIHM to address the performance dilemma in EAST plant data storage system. • The MIHM-centered storage system increased the queries speed by two orders of magnitude. • Designed system shows a 20-fold improvement in write throughput compared to the previous system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• New high-field side magnetic probe array system is developed on EAST tokamak. • The 3D magnetic probe provides additional toroidal magnetic fluctuation measurement. • New system can measure fluctuation with higher frequency and toroidal mode numbers. • Main subsystems of the high field-side magnetic probe array system are introduced. • The calibrations and preliminary applications of the new system are presented. To better study the magnetic fluctuations in the high-field side of EAST tokamak, a new high-field side magnetic probe array (HFS-MPA) has been developed on EAST recently. The HFS-MPA consists of 12 identical three-dimensional (3D) magnetic probes, which are mounted on the HFS wall with carefully designed arrangement. The HFS-MPA magnetic probes bring additional toroidal magnetic fluctuation measurements compared with the HFS regular magnetic probes which can only provide poloidal and radial magnetic fluctuation measurements. The upper limits of frequency and toroidal mode number (n) measurements of the magnetic fluctuations have been improved by comparing HFS-MPA with the HFS regular magnetic probes, i.e., 650 kHz vs 100 kHz and n = 23 vs n = 1. In developing the HFS-MPA diagnostic system, many practical challenges have been overcome and many special designs have been developed. These will be mentioned in the main subsystem description of the HFS-MPA diagnostic in this paper, which might be useful for developing new magnetic probe diagnostics in the future on EAST or other magnetically confined fusion devices. The calibration of the effective area and frequency response of the HFS-MPA is also described. The preliminary application in studying the frequency and propagation characteristics of the magnetic fluctuations with HFS-MPA compared with EAST regular magnetic probes shows that the HFS-MPA is well developed for plasma physics studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The model of primary heat transfer system of lower divertor for EAST was developed using the RELAP5 code. • Steady state calculation results were compared with design parameters and actual operation data. • Three potential in-vessel loss of coolant accident conditions were simulated and analyzed. • An addition accident mitigation scheme was proposed and the effectiveness was assessed. Uneven heat load distribution on the divertor during the high power long-pluse discharge of the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) leads to hot spot phenomena, potentially causing the Plasma Facing Component (PFC) material melting, flaking, and even penetration, which may trigger the in-vessel loss of coolant accident (LOCA). Continuous coolant intrusion could damage vacuum equipment, while flash evaporation may increase vacuum pressure, posing a potential threat to the safety of the device operation. In this research, the RELAP5/MOD3.4 program was employed to develope a model of the lower divertor primary heat transfer system (PHTS). Steady state analysis was conducted to obtain the key parameters of the system in comparison with the design parameters, and the results showed good consistency. Thermal-hydraulic analysis of the in-vessel LOCA is performed based on the design condition, quantitatively investigating the evolution of the breach discharge flow rate and vacuum pressure. An additional pneumatic isolation valve and check valve are proposed as an accident mitigation scheme, and the effectiveness is evaluated to provide a reference for the upgrade of EAST lower divertor PHTS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Calculation of neutron contribution matrix for uncollided and scattered. • Evaluation of background neutrons through RNC sightlines variation. • Fast simulation of RNC response to corresponding plasma neutron source. The EAST (Experiment Advanced Superconductor Tokamak) Radial Neutron Camera (RNC) is designed to measure the temporal and spatial distribution of fast neutrons. The system primarily consists of detector components, shielding collimators, support structure, and data acquisition system. We have studied on the neutronic transport through MCNP with EAST reference D-D neutron source (EAST #77160), and calculated the plasma neutron source chord integral along the observation sightlines and scattering neutrons from structural facilities. Contribution matrixes, incorporating both uncollided and scattered neutrons determines the response from the neutron source to every detector unit. We evaluate the RNC primarily through the variation of the RNC sightlines to improve detector performance by reducing interference particles, thereby laying the foundation for subsequent upgrades. Benefiting from these measurements, we can better study the detector signals in relation to corresponding plasma configurations in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viticulture and winemaking in the Republic of Croatia has a long-standing tradition, primarily due to its natural locations, which are excellent for growing grapes and producing top-quality wine. Although the downward trend is present according to statistical indicators, the Republic of Croatia is a very desirable destination on the world map for tasting wines from all its regions. This is evidenced by numerous manifestations, especially related to the east of Croatia, which also include small producers, which make them more visible to every true taster of wine droplet.

Background and Aims: Previous large studies on the epidemiology and clinical profile of chronic pancreatitis have suggested significant differences in presentation and management in the eastern and western hemispheres. The aim of this systematic review was to compare large multicenter studies across different geographic regions of the world to detect meaningful differences in the presentation and management of this poorly understood disease. Methods: We identified 237 manuscripts through a comprehensive literature review aiming to identify multicenter studies enrolling more than 200 patients to limit reporting biases. After rigorous screening, 12 studies were included for the final analysis. The Asian studies were included in the eastern cohort, and the European and American studies were included in the western cohort. Reported demographics, risk factors, etiologies, clinical presentation, complications, and management strategies were then compared. Results: We found similar demographics across both cohorts including age, prevalence among gender, and predominant etiology. Clinical manifestations including pain, pancreatic calcifications, and diabetes were similar between both cohorts although pseudocysts, pancreatic cancer, and strictures were more common in the west. Notably opioids and surgical/endotherapy management were more common in the west as well. Conclusion: Chronic pancreatitis is a protracted disease affecting predominantly middle-aged people, leading to a decreased quality of life. Chronic pancreatitis now appears to have a fairly similar clinical profile and natural history in the east and west. There is notable variability in management. We hope that international collaboration may identify common targets for research which could lead to significant advances in the understanding and management of chronic pancreatitis.

The article examines the situation in the Middle East and North Africa region (the so-called Afrasian arc of instability) in the context of the social representations of the local youth. Based on the empirical study conducted with the authors method, the authors assess the youths ideas about the most important factors for the effective social-political development of the region. The research methodology is based on the analysis of 12 trends that determine the regional development in the Arab East. The study allowed to assess the social-political potential of the Arab youth as a specific and influential demographic group ready to contribute to the development agenda for the Arab East. The authors identify the Arab youths social preferences regarding the main development trends in the region; show that in the political struggle, young people do not act alone, their aspirations are closely intertwined with national goals; prove that there is an active search for ways out of the economic crisis, for strengthening national sovereignty and ensuring peace and security. All these problems have become urgent in recent years in the Middle East region for a number of its countries strives to solve difficult problems of overcoming the destructive impact of the Arab Spring. The article presents the youth priority requests such as demands for the quality legal relations, developing national idea, and ensuring national security by strengthening military force and possessing weapons of restraint. One of the basic preferences of the Arab youth is preserving sovereignty, reducing external influences and creating a strong alliance of the Middle Eastern states. Rapprochement with leading world powers and regional associations (named as West, East and Russia) seems to be on the periphery of the Arab youth interests.

It is known that the East and the Eastern literature were in the centre of constant attention of Russian readers during the Golden Age of Russian poetry. The researchers of the oriental theme in Alexander Pushkin’s works have noted his deep awareness of the Eastern literature and culture. Pushkin’s novel in verse started by him after his first trip to the North Caucasus was completed after the trip to Turkish Arzurum. Oriental motifs in the novel “Eugene Onegin” by Pushkin are analysed in the article. These motives occupies a certain place in the ideological and artistic structure of the novel in verse, which turned to be a kind of connecting link in Pushkin’s creative comprehension of the East, an important niche between his romantic and realistic works.

While the capabilities of the low and middle-income countries (LMIC) have always been defined as "doubtful" to deal with public health crises of Covid pandemic magnitude, a flip-flop and incoherent response by the high-income countries (HIC) was unexpected. In the unprecedented moment of the pandemic, it is that we are beginning to find among ourselves, across the globe a search for stronger, resilient, scalable, and economy-efficient foundations in health systems that are capable of delivering healthcare to all. The apparently underperforming international health bodies have only increased this willingness of individual nations to look towards multilateralism as the foundational principle for not just the exchange of ideas but to deliver on these. India, a vibrant and the largest democracy, has showed her willingness to overcome, for example, the limitation of the vaccines during COVID to a few by making availability and possible delivery of a safe and effective vaccine to populations across the world. This has not only been seen as a hope to surmount challenges through help from others but also as a show of human resilience in the face of adversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the central themes in the works of Claudio Magris through a critical reading of Danube, A Different Sea, Microcosms, Utopia e disincanto [Utopia and disenchantment], Blindly, Journeying, and Alfabeti [Alphabets]. Magris's work, be it his fiction or essays, abounds with descriptions and narrations of spaces and places, which become central to his world-view as an author. These spaces and places, located primarily in Central Europe and in the surroundings of his own city, Trieste, inspired his turn to Eastern Europe, including the Slavic countries. Conscious of the Western Europeans' often condescending view of the East, Magris became a vocal critic of Western Eurocentrism, which he attributed to their insufficient familiarity with the cultures and histories of their Eastern neighbours. Magris's primary interest has always been Europe's ethnic and cultural coexistence, with a particular affinity with dissident, nationless, and exiled literary figures, in line with his notion of hybrid, fluid, and multiple identities. The works of Magris offer compelling reflections on a Europe viewed through the contradictory encounters between East and West. As such they have contributed to the gradual creation of hybrid identities, which, through their historical palimpsests, have become part of a broader cultural geography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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With the advent of smart cities, the text information in an image can be accurately located and recognized, and then applied to the fields of instant translation, image retrieval, card surface information recognition, and license plate recognition. Thus, people's lives and work will become more convenient and comfortable. Owing to the varied orientations, angles, and shapes of text, identifying textual features from images is challenging. Therefore, we propose an improved EAST detector algorithm for detecting and recognizing slanted text in images. The proposed algorithm uses reinforcement learning to train a recurrent neural network controller. The optimal fully convolutional neural network structure is selected, and multi-scale features of text are extracted. After importing this information into the output module, the Generalized Intersection over Union algorithm is used to enhance the regression effect of the text bounding box. Next, the loss function is adjusted to ensure a balance between positive and negative sample classes before outputting the improved text detection results. Experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm can address the problem of category homogenization and improve the low recall rate in target detection. When compared with other image detection algorithms, the proposed algorithm can better identify slanted text in natural scene images. Finally, its ability to recognize text in complex environments is also excellent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dibrugarh Health and Demographic Surveillance System (Dibrugarh-HDSS), was started in the year 2019 with the objective to create the health and demographic database of a population from a defined geographical area and a surveillance system for providing technical assistance for the implementation of programmes and formulating intervention strategies for reducing disease morbidities and mortalities in the population. Dibrugarh-HDSS adopted a panel design and covered 60 contiguous villages and 20 tea gardens. Line listing of all the households was conducted and a unique identification number detailing State, district, village/tea garden and serial number was provided along with geotagging. Detailed sociodemographic variables, anthropometric measurements (subjects ≥five years) and blood pressure data (subjects ≥18 yr), disease morbidity and mortality were collected. All data were collected in pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaires using a mobile application package developed for this purpose. Dibrugarh- HDSS included a total of 106,769 individuals (rural: 46,762, tea garden: 60,007) with 52,934 males (49.6%) and 53,835 females (50.4%). The number of females per thousand males were significantly higher (1042 in tea garden vs. 985 in rural populations) in the tea-garden community as compared to the village population. More than one-third (35.1%) of tea populations were illiterate compared to the rural population (17.1%). Villagers had significantly higher body mass index than the tea-garden community. The overall prevalence of hypertension (adjusted for age) was 29.4 vs. 28.2 per cent, respectively, for the village and tea-garden population. For both these communities, males (village=30.8%, tea garden=31.1%) showed a higher prevalence of hypertension (adjusted for age) than females (village=28.2%, tea garden=25.8%). The findings of the present study give an insight into the profile of the native rural and tea-garden populations that will help to identify risk factors of different health problems, review the effectiveness of different ongoing programmes, implement intervention strategies for reducing morbidity and mortality and assist the State health authorities in prioritizing their resource allocation and implementation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Oriental Studies (Al-Farabi Kazakh National University) / Kazahskij Nacional'nyj Universitet Imeni Al'-Farabi Vestnik Seriâ Vostokovedeniâ is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article focuses within a global perspective on the influence of Islamic feminism on social, political, representative, cultural and legal aspects, as well as on the role played by Muslim women in their struggle for their emancipation in the States ruled by the Quran, as well as in the so-called Western secular States in States oriented by the Quran, as well as in western secular States. The facts point to a possible effective change that will place Muslim women on a higher level in society, despite all the contrasts with regard to patriarchy. How is this vulgarization of Islamic feminism on a global scale justified today? What are the conditions that lead Islamic feminism to reconcile with, or distance itself from, other vanguards of feminism? In what terms do these feminist movements interpret reality outside of Islam? Why is Islamic feminism often silenced? Questions that the article addresses in its structure, obeying a dualistic pattern between religion and secular, West and East, freedom and equality, conservatism and progress, man and woman, rights and duties, namely in the civilizational, social, cultural, political and legal domains.