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The article discusses the results of using different types of test items in the process of teaching biology. In the context of the need to prepare students of general secondary education institutions to perform the tasks of external independent assessment in biology, there is a need for new assessment tools, including test technologies based on modern theories and methods of pedagogical measurements, which provide an opportunity to assess the level of mastery of key or subject competence. Traditional methods of control (dictation, oral questioning) are not able to fully satisfy all the requirements, since they are not sufficiently formalized about the possibility of comparison with the standard. Therefore, testing is most often chosen as a tool for pedagogical measurement. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to investigate and analyze the performance of test tasks by students of the secondary education institutions in biology. Our research has shown that the pupils coped better with the tasks of establishing correspondence, and worse with the tasks of the «silent drawings» type. In our opinion, this is because tasks such as «silent drawings» are rarely offered for execution, or the quality of the image leaves much to be desired

The article is devoted to the study of the use of digital content and its content on the basis of modern information and communication technologies for general secondary education in biology in the context of distance learning. Digital content includes a wide range of learning tools that can be created with the help of computer equipment and software - drawings, diagrams, presentations, ready-made video clips available on the Internet. However, today there are even more opportunities that can interest students. One of the most common means of visualization among electronic educational resources is a multimedia presentation. MS PowerPoint program is most often used for its creation by scientific and pedagogical workers. Although it has a wide range of possibilities for animating objects and slides, it is much more difficult to interest students in this format today, because complex animation techniques require a lot of time. In our opinion, the means that should be included in digital educational content are: using the LearningApps service, creating a word cloud on the Tagul platform, infographics, MozaBook, scribing and using QR codes. The article considers the most common technologies that can improve the quality of digital content and diversify the presentation of information for e-learning tools, as well as software for creating such learning tools, gives examples of their use in the educational process in biology

The article is devoted to the study of indicators of function of the autonomic and cardiorespiratory systems in children. A study was conducted of 43 children of 11-14 years, including 19 children with scoliosis, and 24 practically healthy peers. The purpose of the study was to study the dynamics of individual indicators of the function of the autonomic nervous and cardiorespiratory systems of children aged 11-14 years with scoliosis compared with their almost healthy peers from secondary school. Analysis of the dynamics of the test of physical performance of children aged 11-14 years showed that the need for myocardium in oxygen both during rest and during exercise, as well as the first and second rest was the same among practically healthy children and boys and girls with scoliosis. During physical activity, myocardial oxygen demand increased sharply and equally both among girls and boys of 11-14 years of age as in the control group and in experimental control group without significant gender difference. There were no gender differences in the Kerdo index in the group of almost healthy adolescents of 11-14 years and adolescents with scoliosis of the same age. However, when comparing between observation groups, one immediately draws attention is that several times exceeding the value of the Kerdo index in the group of children with scoliosis, and this pattern is characteristic for both girls and boys. The determined fact indicates that the extremely powerful activation of the sympathetic nervous system is found in children with scoliosis also persists in adolescence. During physical activity the same tendency persists in the distribution of the parameter of the Kerdo index: a significant excess of the index in the group of girls and boys aged 11-14 years with scoliosis compared with the control group. Determination of the degree of training of the cardiovascular system on the basis of the calculation of the endurance coefficient allowed us to establish that the corresponding coefficient was not significantly different among the groups under study in the state of rest and physical activity, as well as the first and second rest from the physical activity. Analysis of the systolic heart rate according to the Robinson index showed that in the rest state the highest index was found in almost healthy adolescent girls, although statistically significant difference was found only among the girls of the experimental and control groups. The best energy potential of the body of adolescents with scoliosis in comparison with almost healthy adolescents persists since childhood. The Robinson index increased while physical activity, with a statistically significantly higher index in the experimental group of girls compared to male adolescents. The same tendency was found both during the first and the second rest. The highest maximum stroke volume of blood at rest was found in adolescent girls with scoliosis. Moreover, this indicator statistically significantly exceeded both the corresponding value in boys with scoliosis and the stroke volume of blood in almost healthy boys and girls. The value of minute volume of blood at rest and during the first and second rest was not significantly different among almost healthy children aged 11-14 years compared with their peers with scoliosis. During physical exercises a statistically significant lower value of minute blood volume was observed only in adolescent girls with scoliosis compared to adolescent boys in the study group. Conclusions. Thus in the result of our study it was found that children with scoliosis are behindhand their almost healthy peers in terms of autonomic nervous function and cardiorespiratory systems. Myocardial oxygen demand at rest, during physical activity and during restitution was lower in scoliosis children than in practically healthy ones. The Kerdo index in children with scoliosis before, during and after exercises was higher than in practically healthy ones. Children with scoliosis had lower Robinson’s index. Prospects for further research were to study the dynamics of autonomic nervous and cardiorespiratory function in adolescents aged 15-17 years with scoliosis compared with their relatively healthy peers from secondary school.

The present paper provides the methodology of monitoring and evaluation of dynamics of radioactive contamination from radioactive waste depositories, which supposes the wide application of the fuzzy set theory results, heuristics and risk-oriented management. The developed technique is based on hybrid modelling and data mining principle and provides effective control operations, realises appropriate environmental monitoring, assures trustworthy of decision making in situations of noise, ambiguity and misrepresented data.

The present paper provides the modelling of the explosion of the charges of the traditional (trotyl) and new blended explosive substances: polymix GR1/8 (74 %) + KRUK2 (26 %), compolite GS6, polymix GR4-T10. As a result of the research, it has been established that when using TNT a specific impulse is formed, which is by 40 % more than an explosion of new mixed explosives, and the safe distance from the source of the explosion of such explosives is increased by 25 %–50 %. On the basis of the established dependences of excess pressure, the specific impulse on the type and mass of charge, as well as the distance from the epicenter of the explosion, an engineering method has been developed for calculating dangerous parameters of the explosion impact on the environment.

The present paper provides a simple mathematical model that describes the synergistic interaction of environmental factors that occur in urban ecosystem. The model predicts the value of maximum synergistic action and the condition for its achievement, as well as implies the dependence of synergistic action on the intensity of the agents used and the proportion of irreversible damages after the combined effects. The developed mathematical model can be used to predict the accumulation of pollution in the ground layer of soil.

Currently, the determination of additives in lubricating oils is carried out using such analysis methods as IR spectroscopy, TLC, HPLC-UV, GC, GC-MS. To eliminate the interfering influence of the base oil components, various sample preparation methods are used, which are often not suitable for isolating a wide range of additives, are poorly reproduced, or are completely absent. In this regard, the urgent problem is the development of sample preparation techniques that can effectively isolate various additives for subsequent analysis. This paper presents a methodology for determining additives for the subsequent identification of automotive lubricating oils (MO). The method includes sample preparation by the method of solid phase extraction (SPE) with subsequent analysis by GC / MS. The optimal conditions for obtaining a characteristic and reproducible additives profile were determined: silica gel drying temperature, analyte elution rate, composition of the elution mixture, volumes of washing liquid and eluent. This method of SPE allows to isolate a wide range of additives: sterically hindered phenols, alkyl diphenylamines, dialkyldithiophosphates of zinc, alkyl salicylates, alkyl phenolates and components of extreme pressure additives. Also reduced the number of stages of the procedure SPE was compared with known methods. Keywords : lubricating oils, additives, solid-phase extraction, gas-liquid chromatography / mass spectrometry, GC/MS (Russian) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2019.23.4.001 R.L. Akhmedov 1 , S.S. Kravtsova 1 , K.A . Dychko 1 , I.V. Ramus’ 2 1 Tomsk State University, Lenin Ave, 36, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation 2 EFC DMIA of Russia in Tomsk region, Vershinina st, 17/1, Tomsk, 634041, Russian Federation

Introduction. For today, the treatment of patients with comorbid pathology arterial hypertension (AH) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains insufficiently effective. The reason for this may be not only mutually aggravating course of these diseases, but also violations of adherence to antihypertensive and bronchodi-lator therapy in this category of patients. Aim. To determine the effectiveness of patient – oriented correction of adherence to treatment in patients with comorbid pathology arterial hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after determining and elimi­nating the main causes of violations of adherence to antihypertensive (AHT) and bronchodilator treatment (BDT). Materials and methods. 94 patients with the established diagnosis of stage II hypertension and COPD of the 2nd or 3rd clinical groups (groups B and C) were examined, divided into two groups: the main group – 51 patients (54.3 %) with hypertension and concomitant COPD and comparison group – 43 patients (45.7 %) with essential hypertension. The data were analyzed by office and home blood pressure monitoring, spirometry parameters, the results of the questionnaires mMRS (modified Medical Research Council), CAT (COPD Assessment Test) and D. E. Morisky – L. W. Green’s commitment to the treatment. Results. It was found that in patients with AH and concomitant COPD, in addition to the significant reduction in overall adherence to treatment, low attachment to bronchodilator therapy is more often than antihypertensive: 84.3 ± 5.1 % and 64.7 ± 6.7 % respectively (p < 0.02). Conducting the patient-oriented correction of adherence to treat­ment leads to significantly better control of blood pressure in patients with hypertension associated with COPD – in 73.1 ± 6.9 % of COPD patients in clinical group B and only in 57.6 ± 5.3 % of patients with clinical group C (p < 0,02) and improves the function of external respiration, including FEVj/FVC at 9.4 ± 4.1 % (p < 0,05). Conclusions. In patients with comorbid pathology of AH and COPD, in addition to the significant reduction in overall adherence to treatment, low bronchodilator tolerance is significantly more common than antihypertensive therapy. Conducting the patient-oriented correction of adherence to treatment leads to significantly better control of blood pressure in patients with hypertension associated with COPD and improves the function of external respiration.

Introduction. The prevalence of arterial hypertension in Ukraine reaches 35.0 % among the adult population. The frequency of cases of resistant hypertension in the population of patients with hypertension varies from 5.0 to 18.0 %. In the structure of resistant arterial hypertension, pseudoresistant is observed in 90.0-95.0 % of cases. Aim. To compare the various methods of the differential diagnosis of essential resistant and pseudoresistant arterial hypertension in the practice of a doctor of general practice. Materials and methods. 120 patients with uncontrolled essential arterial hypertension, taking three antihypertensive drugs, and randomly divided into two groups – the main group – 60 patients (26 (43.3%) women and 34 (56.7 %) men, middle age 54.6 ± 9.2 years) and comparison group – 60 patients (24 (40.0 %) women and 36 (60.0 %) men, middle age 55.4 ± 8.5 years) were examined. The study consisted of three stages. At the first stage, the differential diagnosis of essential resistant and pseudoresistant arterial hypertension, using the method proposed by us for the patients from the main group was performed. Subsequently, the patients with detected by our acute pharmacological test pseudoresistant arterial hypertension continued to participate in the study and to take three previously assigned antihypertensive drugs in maximal tolerated doses in order to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of our method and to verify the authenticity of pseudoresistant arterial hypertension by the traditional method. At the second stage, the differential diagnosis of essential resistant and pseudoresistant arterial hypertension using the traditional method for the patients from the comparison group was performed and the frequency of resistant and pseudoresistant arterial hypertension in both groups was determined. In the third stage, the assessment of the parameters of office blood pressure in the patients of both groups was performed on each visit. Results. Based on the conducted research, the effectiveness of the new method of differential diagnosis of essential resistant and pseudoresistant arterial hypertension in the reduction of the timing of the diagnosis of pseudoresistant arterial hypertension and the faster achievement of blood pressure control in this category of patients is scientifically substantiated. Conclusions. The sensitivity of the proposed method of differential diagnosis of essential resistant and pseudoresistant arterial hypertension, in comparison with the traditional one, is 95.7 % (95% CI 91.8-99.6), the specificity is 57.2 % (95% CI 47.5-66.9), the accuracy index (diagnostic value of the test) is 86.7 % (95% CI 80.1-93.3), compared to the traditional one. The frequency of pseudoresistant arterial hypertension detection in the comparison group of patients was 80.0 %, in the main group – 88.0 %, the incidence of resistant arterial hypertension was 20.0 and 12.0 %, respectively = 1.7; df = 1; p > 0.05). The application of the developed by us method of differential diagnosis of essential resistant and pseudoresistant arterial hypertension can significantly reduce the timing of differential diagnosis and accelerate the timing of the diagnosis of pseudoresistant arterial hypertension – to 3.9 і 2.6 days, compared with the traditional method – 16.4 і 6.8 days (p < 0.05), that allows to achieve the significant reduction of systolic blood pressure (>10.0% of the baseline level) on average 4.5 і 1.5 days earlier than using the traditional method – 20.2 і 3.6 days (p < 0.05).

Using high-performance liquid chromatography in combination with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry [HPLC–MS-ESI(NEG)], quercetin [Q] and luteolin [L] intermediate oxidation products were investigated. It was found that, in aqueous solutions at pH 8.0 under aerobic conditions, quercetin forms double and triple donor-acceptor complexes of the composition {[Q][Q–H2]} and {[Q][Q–H2]2}, which can be separated by HPLC, but are rapidly converted to deeper oxidation products. In the presence of another flavonoid, luteolin (L), the oxidized form of quercetin also forms mixed complexes of {[L][Q–H2]} and {[L][Q–H2]2} types. Luteolin in the oxidation does not form donor-acceptor {[L][L–H2]} complexes. Quercetin in complexes with luteolin is always present in an oxidized form. It can be assumed that these complexes form as a result of the recombination of two radicals of flavonoids, which formed initially as a result of manifestation of the antioxidant properties (one-electron transfer). These transformations of flavonoids are possible if strict anaerobic conditions in their quantitative determination are not implemented.

In this work, seismic-explosive waves are investigated on the basis of mathematical simulation of short-delayed explosion of a system of charges and effective and seismic-safe schemes are calculated. Numerical simulation of the explosion of a group of charges of cylindrical symmetry in a rock mass is carried out. During the development of the explosion, two stages are distinguished. At the first stage, the explosion of a cylindrical explosive charge in an unlimited soil mass is considered. The principle of superposition of fields is used in the study of explosions of two or more charges, while the influence of the intervals of deceleration and distribution of masses of charges within a group on the parameters of seismic-explosion waves is investigated. It is established that approximately the same stress state is achieved in the soil mass in the near and middle zones of the explosion, which is necessary for the destruction of the rock. The efficiency of application of the proposed schemes for mining in quarries is proved. At the second stage of solving the problem, an assessment of the total action of a short-delayed explosion of a system of cylindrical charges is made. The results of theoretical studies on the determination of the optimal short-delay detonation schemes depending on the distribution of masses within the group and the deceleration intervals are presented. The development of the method for calculating seismic vibrations based on mathematical modeling of a short-delayed explosion of a system of charges, which makes it possible to calculate wave parameters depending on the distribution of masses of charges within a group of deceleration intervals, is made and proved its effectiveness.

The present paper provides the assessing scale of the actual state of the geoengineering complexes and the model for predicting the behavior of supporting structures. To predict accidents in geoengineering and water treatment facilities it is proposed to apply the results of the theory of catastrophe theory, fuzzy sets, chaos theory and the theory of possibilities for the selection of optimal models of system behavior for a particular situation. It is shown that determination the limit boundaries in which the operation of the system can exist is impossible without the consideration of geoengineering treatment facilities and their components as fractal structures, functioning under conditions of “chaos”. To minimize risks of damages of sewage geoengineering systems the monitoring with measurement of the toxic gases concentration and comparing it with the obtained one should be provided. The use of models of internal and external corrosion which includes the elements of the theory of fuzzy sets helps to evaluate completely the state of water supply and treatment facilities network.

As the consumer-grade microchips for IoT get cheaper, they become an attractive platform for distributed applications. This paper presents a way to implement an indoor positioning system using Wi-Fi capable microcontrollers. It contains an overview of available positioning algorithms, an in-depth explanation of the selected implementation, and a review of the capabilities and limitations of the IoT hardware solutions. The achieved system performance is compared with other indoor positioning systems, taking into account price and implementation complexity.

Правильно организованные данные и знания, а также программы для поиска, изменения, обработки представленной информации об окружающей среде, ее состоянии, должны соответствовать задачам и целям интеллектуальной защиты окружающей среды.

Розглянуто задачу структурно-параметричного синтезу гібридної нейронної мережі на основі використання топології багатошарового персцептрону. Гібридизація досягається за рахунок використання штучних нейронів різних типів, а саме Q-нейрону,W-нейрону і класичного нейрону. Розв’язано задачу оптимального вибору кількості шарів, нейронів в шарах, а також типів нейронів у кожному шарі та принципи їх чергування за допомогою генетичного алгоритму SPEA2. Наведено приклади побудови гібридної нейронної мережі за даною методологією та заданим критерієм оптимізації для розв’язання задач класифікації та прогнозування. The problem of structural-parametric synthesis of hybrid neural network based on the use of multilayer perceptron topology is considered. Hybridization is achieved through the use of artificial neurons of different types, namely Q-neuron, W-neuron and classical neuron. The problem of optimal selection of the number of layers, neurons in layers, as well as the types of neurons in each layer and the principles of alternating them using the genetic algorithm SPEA2 is solved. Examples of building a hybrid neural network using this methodology and a given optimization criterion for solving classification and forecasting problems are given.

Currently, the determination of additives in lubricating oils is carried out using such analysis methods as IR spectroscopy, TLC, HPLC-UV, GC, GC-MS. To eliminate the interfering influence of the base oil components, various sample preparation methods are used, which are often not suitable for isolating a wide range of additives, are poorly reproduced, or are completely absent. In this regard, the urgent problem is the development of sample preparation techniques that can effectively isolate various additives for subsequent analysis. This paper presents a methodology for determining additives for the subsequent identification of automotive lubricating oils (MO). The method includes sample preparation by the method of solid phase extraction (SPE) with subsequent analysis by GC / MS. The optimal conditions for obtaining a characteristic and reproducible additives profile were determined: silica gel drying temperature, analyte elution rate, composition of the elution mixture, volumes of washing liquid and eluent. This method of SPE allows to isolate a wide range of additives: sterically hindered phenols, alkyl diphenylamines, dialkyldithiophosphates of zinc, alkyl salicylates, alkyl phenolates and components of extreme pressure additives. Also reduced the number of stages of the procedure SPE was compared with known methods.Keywords: lubricating oils, additives, solid-phase extraction, gas-liquid chromatography / mass spectrometry, GC/MS(Russian) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2019.23.4.001R.L. Akhmedov1, S.S. Kravtsova1, K.A. Dychko1, I.V. Ramus’2 1Tomsk State University, Lenin Ave, 36, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation2EFC DMIA of Russia in Tomsk region, Vershinina st, 17/1, Tomsk, 634041, Russian Federation, В настоящее время определение присадок в смазочных маслах осуществляется при помощи таких методов анализа, как ИК спектроскопия, ТСХ, ВЭЖХ-УФ, ГХ. Для устранения мешающего влияния компонентов базового масла используются различные способы пробоподготовки, которые часто не подходят для выделения широкого спектра присадок, плохо воспроизводятся или вовсе отсутствуют. В связи с этим, актуальной проблемой является разработка методик пробоподготовки, позволяющих эффективно выделять различные присадки для последующего анализа. В данной статье представлена методика определения присадок для последующей идентификации автомобильных смазочных масел (СМ). Методика включает твердофазную экстракцию (ТФЭ) фенольных, аминных, фосфатных и др. присадок на силикагеле с последующим анализом методом газовой хроматографии / масс-спектрометрии. Определены оптимальные условия, позволяющие получить характеристичный и воспроизводимый профиль присадок на хроматограммах: температура высушивания силикагеля, скорость элюирования аналитов, состав элюирующей смеси, объемы промывной жидкости и элюента. Использование ТФЭ в совокупности с ГХ/МС позволяет выделять и идентифицировать широкий спектр присадок: пространственно затрудненные фенолы, алкилдифениламины, диалкилдитиофосфаты цинка, алкилсалицилаты, алкилфеноляты и некоторые компоненты противозадирных композиций, содержащихся даже в небольших количествах исследуемых образцов). Кроме того, в описанной работе сокращено количество стадий процедуры ТФЭ по сравнению с известными методиками. Время анализа ГХ/МС составляет 40 мин. Для повышения чувствительности анализа предложено использование режима инжектора без делителя потока, что обусловлено высокой степенью очистки пробы от компонентов углеводородной матрицы. Адекватность предложенной схемы продемонстрирована на 8 реальных образцах, оценка надежности результатов и их воспроизводимость контролировались с использованием критериев ГОСТ.Ключевые слова: масла смазочные, присадки, твердофазная экстракция, газо-жидкостная хроматография/масс-спектрометрия, ГХ/МСDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2019.23.4.001

El síntoma patológico más común en el cuadro clínico de ISP es la espasticidad generalizada o local, que conduce a la formación de estereotipos patológicos posturales y motores, y deformidades musculoesqueléticas secundarias. Los niños con funciones motoras deterioradas pronunciadas están aislados de la sociedad, no pueden moverse libremente, tienen movilidad limitada; por lo tanto, su espacio vital está limitado principalmente por las paredes del espacio vital. Después de la rehabilitación en el centro «Rostok» en el territorio Trans-Baikal con el uso de hipoterapia en niños discapacitados con parálisis cerebral, hay una remisión persistente de la enfermedad, una mejora en las funciones estatodinámicas, lo que permite reducir la dosis de medicación de mantenimiento.

The present paper provides numerical simulation of interaction of wave processes in the system “soil massif – underground pipeline” in explosion of charge on the surface of ground. Construction is considered in the framework of nonlinear theory of shells of Tymoshenko type. Soil is modelled by a solid porous multicomponent visco-plastic medium. The study establishes patterns of changes in stress-strain state of system depending on depth of pipeline laying and its diameter.

Systems of anaerobic digestion should be used for processing of organic waste. Managing the process of anaerobic recycling of organic waste requires reliable predicting of biogas production. Development of mathematical model of process of organic waste digestion allows determining the rate of biogas output at the two-stage process of anaerobic digestion considering the first stage. Verification of Konto’s model, based on the studied anaerobic processing of organic waste, is implemented. The dependencies of biogas output and its rate from time are set and may be used to predict the process of anaerobic processing of organic waste.

Monitoring system, that ensures a steady control of water urboecosystem in area of man-caused factors influence, which allows evaluating measures to reduce the impact of hazardous sources on environment, which predicts possible consequences of intensive exploitation of ecosystem objects, is practically absent. Methods for determining structure of measuring network, arising from theory of fractals, are presented. The developed methodology for improving reliability of data for environmental monitoring is based on determining structure of measuring network, area limits and density of pollution on basis of measuring network data and appropriate interpolation and smoothing algorithms, and also determining dynamics of pollution area. Measurement network for monitoring of groundwater in urboecosystem should be formed as a matrix structure. The developed system of environmental monitoring allows carrying out constant monitoring of the environment, evaluating measures to reduce the technogenic impact and predicting its consequences.

The paper provides the approach to the management of the repositories of radioactive waste, which include monitoring of contaminants migration into environment in case of natural or technogenic accidents which may influence on soil, subsoil waters and repository’ installations structures. The aim of the research is the development of system of estimation of radioactive state of the environment in the area of radioactive repository, based on the cumulative data, the knowledge base, set of rules of production, logical deduction gear and conclusion building gear by means of uncertain and incomplete input data. It is proposed the use of several models for the spectral characteristics of radioactive pollutants migration. The evaluation of possible damages of repository containment is made. The heuristics for the radioactive waste repository expert system are developed. The proposed procedure of quality definition of decision making for the radioactive waste repositories management should take into account the reliability of information about the state of the radioactive repository.