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Importance: Early exposure to complex dietary proteins may increase the risk of type 1 diabetes in children with genetic disease susceptibility. There are no intact proteins in extensively hydrolyzed formulas.Objective: To test the hypothesis that weaning to an extensively hydrolyzed formula decreases the cumulative incidence of type 1 diabetes in young children.Design, Setting, and Participants: An international double-blind randomized clinical trial of 2159 infants with human leukocyte antigen-conferred disease susceptibility and a first-degree relative with type 1 diabetes recruited from May 2002 to January 2007 in 78 study centers in 15 countries; 1081 were randomized to be weaned to the extensively hydrolyzed casein formula and 1078 to a conventional formula. The follow-up of the participants ended on February 28, 2017.Interventions: The participants received either a casein hydrolysate or a conventional adapted cow's milk formula supplemented with 20% of the casein hydrolysate. The minimum duration of study formula exposure was 60 days by 6 to 8 months of age.Main Outcomes and Measures: Primary outcome was type 1 diabetes diagnosed according to World Health Organization criteria. Secondary outcomes included age at diabetes diagnosis and safety (adverse events).Results: Among 2159 newborn infants (1021 female [47.3%]) who were randomized, 1744 (80.8%) completed the trial. The participants were observed for a median of 11.5 years (quartile [Q] 1-Q3, 10.2-12.8). The absolute risk of type 1 diabetes was 8.4% among those randomized to the casein hydrolysate (n = 91) vs 7.6% among those randomized to the conventional formula (n = 82) (difference, 0.8% [95% CI, -1.6% to 3.2%]). The hazard ratio for type 1 diabetes adjusted for human leukocyte antigen risk group, duration of breastfeeding, duration of study formula consumption, sex, and region while treating study center as a random effect was 1.1 (95% CI, 0.8 to 1.5; P = .46). The median age at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes was similar in the 2 groups (6.0 years [Q1-Q3, 3.1-8.9] vs 5.8 years [Q1-Q3, 2.6-9.1]; difference, 0.2 years [95% CI, -0.9 to 1.2]). Upper respiratory infections were the most common adverse event reported (frequency, 0.48 events/year in the hydrolysate group and 0.50 events/year in the control group).Conclusions and Relevance: Among infants at risk for type 1 diabetes, weaning to a hydrolyzed formula compared with a conventional formula did not reduce the cumulative incidence of type 1 diabetes after median follow-up for 11.5 years. These findings do not support a need to revise the dietary recommendations for infants at risk for type 1 diabetes.Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00179777. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Andrews et al. claim that Gould and Lewontin's critique of adaptationism is largely epistemological rather than ontological. In this commentary I argue that, on the contrary, the deepest part of their critique is ontological, raising concerns about the existence of the traits that are the subjects of adaptationist theorising. Andrews et al.'s failure to address this problem undermines their defence of adaptationism.

A theory of group selection as a means of human evolution is based on the premise that selection of desirable and undesirable characteristics occur at all levels of organization. These levels may occur within the organism or at the level of social groups which exhibit cooerative behavior to ensure mutual survival. This premise spurns reductionist theories that have proposed a simplistic approach to evolution in explaining the expression of traits as means of gaining a survival advantage.

Thornhill and Thornhill's (T and T) study is criticized for its pretensions of 'scientism' and omission of relevant social concerns. It is accused of being overly concerned with its 'phallometric' implications to the point that data has been misinterpreted and the whole point of evolutionary background T and T dwell on has become ridiculous. The real question of whether rape is socially conditioned or just a mirror of the proper functioning of an innate psychological organ in not answered. T and T's findings of rape as 'being a natural phenomenon' must be rejected for its harmful consequences.

SIR--Far from being dominated by scepticism about science, as Harry Collins claims, mainstream philosophy of science opposes the relativism that Collins decries. We are both philosophers of biology, a field [...]

Consilience. The Unity of Knowledge. EDWARD O. WILSON. New York, Knopf, 1998. x, 335 pp. $26 or C$34.95. ISBN 0-679-45077-7. It is not uncommon for distinguished scientists in the twilight [...]

It has notoriously been supposed that the doctrine of determinism conflicts with the belief in human freedom. Yet it is not readily apparent how indeterminism, the denial of determinism, makes human freedom any less problematic. It has sometimes been suggested that the arrival of quantum mechanics should immediately have solved the problem of free will and determinism. It was proposed, perhaps more often by scientists than by philosophers, that the brain would need only to be fitted with a device for amplifying indeterministic quantum phenomena for the bogey of determinism to be defeated. Acts of free will could then be those that were initiated by such indeterministic nudges. Recently there has been some inclination to revive such a story as part of the fallout from the trend for chaos theory. Chaotic systems in the brain, being indefinitely sensitive to the precise details of initial conditions, seem to provide fine candidates for the hypothetical amplifiers of quantum events.

A commentary on Perusse's study on the reproductive success and social status of males in industrial societies shows that the study follows previous assumptions and conclusions made on the same field of inquiry. Furthermore, it attempts to expose the weaknesses in Perusse's underlying thesis and in the use of the scant positive data on which the main argument was built. Other concerns raised involved subject selection, which was not a proper representation of the entire population of males being studied.

Comments on the importance of distinguishing between base and superstructure in Marxian economics based on the article `Base and superstructure revisited,' by Terry Eagleton. Distinction between a society's base and superstructure; Relationship between base and superstructure in terms of the function of the state; Contradiction on Eagleton's concept of essentialism.

Examines oral glucose tolerance (OGT) and glucose turnover to study the metabolic effects of insulin derived from islet grafts. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic Lewis rats; Incomplete inhibition of endogenous glucose production in the renal subscapular space; Preservation of normal insulin sensitivity.