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Background Dementia and depression are highly prevalent and comorbid conditions among older adults living in care homes and are associated with individual distress and rising societal costs. Effective, scalable, and feasible interventions are needed. Music interventions have shown promising effects, but the current evidence base is inconclusive. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of two different music interventions on the depressive symptoms of people with dementia living in residential aged care. Methods We implemented a 2 × 2 factorial cluster-randomised controlled trial to determine whether group music therapy (GMT) is more effective than no GMT with standard care, or recreational choir singing (RCS) is more effective than no RCS with standard care, for reducing depressive symptoms and other secondary outcomes in people with dementia with mild to severe depressive symptoms living in residential aged care. Care home units with at least ten residents were allocated to GMT, RCS, GMT plus RCS, or standard care, using a computer-generated list with block randomisation (block size four). The protocolised interventions were delivered by music therapists (GMT) and community musicians (RCS). The primary outcome was Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale score at 6 months, assessed by a masked assessor and analysed on an intention-to-treat basis using linear mixed-effects models, which examined the effects of GMT versus no-GMT and RCS versus no-RCS, as well as interaction effects of GMT and RCS. We report on the Australian cohort of an international trial. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03496675, and anzctr.org.au, ACTRN12618000156280. Findings Between June 15, 2018, and Feb 18, 2020, we approached 12 RAC facilities with 26 eligible care home units and, excluding six units who could not be enrolled due to COVID-19 lockdowns, we screened 818 residents. Between July 18, 2018, and Nov 26, 2019, 20 care home units were randomised (318 residents). Recruitment ceased on March 17, 2020, due to COVID-19. The primary endpoint, available from 20 care home units (214 residents), suggested beneficial effects of RCS (mean difference –4·25, 95% CI –7·89 to –0·62; p=0·0221) but not GMT (mean difference –0·44, –4·32 to 3·43; p=0·8224). No related serious adverse events occurred. Interpretation Our study supports implementing recreational choir singing as a clinically relevant therapeutic intervention in reducing depressive symptoms for people with dementia in the Australian care home context. publishedVersion

Global investments in offshore wind energy are expected to escalate over the coming decades, fueled by improvements in technology, declining costs, and increasing political support. The complexity, scale, and location of these developments make international ownership and export of electricity more feasible. We examine how the general public's acceptance of wind energy will be affected by a political shift in focus from onshore to nearshore or offshore locations, from local or national dominance of ownership to international dominance, and from meeting local or national needs to meeting international ones. We use a nationwide choice experiment with 1612 individuals in Norway to reveal the preferences for these attributes and apply a mixed logit regression model to estimate the willingness to pay to avoid certain outcomes. We show that, although respondents prefer offshore and nearshore locations to onshore ones, they are even more concerned with maintaining local or national control both through ownership and intended use of the added electricity. Although the preferences for national ownership are strong for both nearshore and offshore alternatives, the preference for meeting national needs becomes less important when wind energy developments are located farther off the coast. Three wind energy scenarios are used to further investigate these preferences: 1) international consortium for offshore wind energy, 2) national alliances for nearshore wind energy, and 3) local energy communities for onshore wind energy. We also discuss how a shift to nearshore and offshore wind energy can be enabled by paying greater attention to people's concerns over national control of wind energy resources. Do people prefer offshore to onshore wind energy? The role of ownership and intended use.

Sensitivity to scope in nonmarket valuation refers to the property that people are willing to pay more for a higher quality or quantity of a nonmarket public good. Establishing significant scope sensitivity has been an important check of validity and a point of contention for decades in stated preference research, primarily in contingent valuation. Recently, researchers have begun to differentiate between statistical and economic significance. This paper contributes to this line of research by studying the significance of scope effects in discrete choice experiments (DCEs) using the scope elasticity of willingness to pay concept. We first formalize scope elasticity in a DCE context and relate it to economic significance. Next, we review a selection of DCE studies from the environmental valuation literature and derive their implied scope elasticity estimates. We find that scope sensitivity analysis as validity diagnostics is uncommon in the DCE literature and many studies assume unitary elastic scope sensitivity by employing a restrictive functional form in estimation. When more flexible specifications are employed, the tendency is towards inelastic scope sensitivity. Then, we apply the scope elasticity concept to primary DCE data on people’s preferences for expanding the production of renewable energy in Norway. We find that the estimated scope elasticities vary between 0.13 and 0.58, depending on the attribute analyzed, model specification, geographic subsample, and the unit of measurement for a key attribute. While there is no strict and universally applicable benchmark for determining whether scope effects are economically significant, we deem these estimates to be of an adequate and plausible order of magnitude. Implications of the results for future DCE research are provided.

There are several proposed specifications for CO2 transport regarding how much impurities that can be allowed in the CO2 stream. Many of these specifications are based on health, safety, and environment (HSE) considerations in case of accidental spill, and only limited focus has been on the pipeline integrity. Previous work has demonstrated that many of the impurities that are expected to be present in CO2 captured from flue gasses may react and form corrosive species. The present paper studied impurity reactions and corrosion under simulated transport conditions (25°C and 10 MPa of CO2). An experiment was performed in a transparent autoclave which allowed for in situ visual observation. Chemical reactions between the impurities were observed even at very low concentrations (2 for transport.

Carbon capture and storage has gotten increased attention during the last decade, and several full-scale projects are currently being planned. This requires transportation of large quantities of CO2 from the capturing plant to the end point. From economic and public acceptance point of view it is important to ensure that the transportation system is operated in a safe manner. Thus, avoiding threats like corrosion or formation of particles are important. It is therefore required to monitor that the transported CO2 fulfils the required specifications, and in practice this means that the impurity content of the CO2 must be analysed. CO2 will in most cases be transported in the liquid or supercritical state (high pressure), which makes the practicalities around chemical analysis more difficult. Phase transition from liquid or supercritical state to gaseous state may also introduce several physiochemical effects that may affect the analysis. This paper discusses technical and practical challenges with such types of analysis. Most of this work is based on experience that was gained during development of analytical system for dense phase CO2 in a joint industry project that studied corrosion and chemical reactions in a simulated CO2 transport system.

Warm Atlantic-origin waters are modified in the Lofoten Basin in the Nordic Seas on their way toward the Arctic. An energetic eddy field redistributes these waters in the basin. Retained for extended periods, the warm waters result in large surface heat losses to the atmosphere and have an impact on fisheries and regional climate. Here, we describe the eddy field in the Lofoten Basin by analyzing Lagrangian simulations forced by a high-resolution numerical model. We obtain trajectories of particles seeded at three levels – near the surface, at 200 m and at 500 m depth – using 2D and 3D velocity fields. About 200 000 particle trajectories are analyzed from each level and each simulation. Using multivariate wavelet ridge analysis, we identify coherent cyclonic and anticyclonic vortices in the trajectories and describe their characteristics. We then compare the evolution of water properties inside cyclones and anticyclones as well as in the ambient flow outside vortices. As measured from Lagrangian particles, anticyclones have longer lifetimes than cyclones (16–24 d compared to 13–19 d), a larger radius (20–22 km compared to 17–19 km) and a more circular shape (ellipse linearity of 0.45–0.50 compared to 0.51–0.57). The angular frequencies for cyclones and anticyclones have similar magnitudes (absolute values of about 0.05f). The anticyclones are characterized by warm temperature anomalies, whereas cyclones are colder than the background state. Along their path, water parcels in anticyclones cool at a rate of 0.02–0.04 ∘Cd-1, while those in cyclones warm at a rate of 0.01–0.02 ∘Cd-1. Water parcels experience a net downward motion in anticyclones and upward motion in cyclones, often found to be related to changes in temperature and density. The along-path changes in temperature, density and depth are smaller for particles in the ambient flow. An analysis of the net temperature and vorticity fluxes into the Lofoten Basin shows that while vortices contribute significantly to the heat and vorticity budgets, they only cover a small fraction of the domain area (about 6 %). The ambient flow, including filaments and other non-coherent variability undetected by the ridge analysis, hence plays a major role in closing the budgets of the basin.

Usability inspection is a key part of professional practice in user experience, and continued research into inspection practices is essential to move the field forward. While usability inspections are traditionally portrayed as individual work, a number of studies have established that group-based inspections can yield better results. As many collaborative inspection studies have focused on outcomes, there is a need to learn more about how collaborative usability inspections are experienced by evaluators, and how these collaborative efforts can be organized. To study this process, we had 23 evaluators self-organize in unmoderated groups to conduct a usability inspection of a new mHealth web service. The evaluators valued the group work because it presented them with opportunities to learn from others. Additionally, a workflow that starts with individual evaluations and moves into group discussions to validate identified problems and generate more issues is a fruitful way of organizing a collaborative heuristic inspection process.

Low alloyed carbon steel is the only viable material of construction for long pipelines transporting unprocessed gas-condensate. The water that condenses is highly corrosive because it contains dissolved acid gases, i.e., CO2, H2S and organic acids like acetic and formic acid. The high velocity gas also contains droplets of water and condensate, and these will deposit if they hit the steel surface. Monoethylene glycol (MEG) injected to prevent ice and hydrates must be considered when predicting the composition and corrosivity of the aqueous phases in the pipeline. The liquids gathering at the bottom of the pipe have a higher heat capacity than the gas, and the temperature at the top of the pipe will be slightly lower than at the bottom. As the produced fluids cool during the transport from the hot wells to the process plant, water will condense on the cold pipe surface and more at the top than at the bottom. The literature on Top-of-line corrosion (ToLC) has grown steadily since the first reported case in 1960. There are also several prediction models for ToLC. This review is an overview of the main factors that cause ToLC and how these are modelled. Mass transfer from the aqueous phase at the bottom to the top contribute to the condensation. Despite the low MEG to water ratio in the gas due to the difference in vapour pressure, the fraction of MEG in the condensing water may be considerable. The concentration of MEG in the aqueous phase at the top depends on the mass transfer from bottom. The same is the case for organic acids. Liquid droplets entrained in the gas may deposit top of line and contribute to the chemistry of the aqueous phase. Models for ToLC must thus not only predict the composition of the condensing phases but also the mass transfer to be able to estimate the corrosion rate.

Ved å ta i bruk nye teknologier tilknyttet stordataanalyse, hevder denne oppgaven at det finnes et stort potensial for å kunne gjøre etterretningsanalyse raskere, og sette den enkelte analytiker i stand til å dekke over en større informasjonsmengde med høyere presisjon. Dette muliggjøres av den teknologiske utviklingen innenfor databehandling og stordatasystemer som gjør det mulig å overføre, analysere og sammenstille informasjon raskere og mer effektivt, og gjennom dette kunne tolke store datamengder. Utgangspunktet for denne oppgaven var en observasjon av at stordata- og etterretningsanalyse har en del fellestrekk, og at stordataanalyse derfor kan ha et potensiale for å bidra til mer effektiv etterretningsanalyse. Målsetningen ble derfor å utforske om, og på hvilken måte, stordataanalyse kan understøtte etterretningsanalyse. For å gjøre dette blir det foreslått en metode som kombinerer stordata og etterretningsanalyse. Metoden har fått navnet stordatadrevet ACH. Metoden benytter stordataanalyse til å avdekke mønstre og foreslå konklusjoner, mens ACH benyttes som et rammeverk for å utvikle hypoteser, vurdere kontekst og ta de endelige beslutningene. Metoden blir evaluert gjennom et eksperiment. Eksperimentet tester en hypotese om at det foregår ulovlig, urapportert eller uregulert (UUU) fiske i norske farvann. Med bakgrunn i tre indikatorer for UUU-fiske ble det beskrevet algoritmer som kunne svare på de nevnte indikatorene. For å gjennomføre eksperimentet ble det etablert en stordatainfrastruktur, og Kystverkets åpne AIS-strøm ble benyttet som stordatakilde. I løpet av eksperimentet ble mer enn 5 000 000 AIS-meldinger analysert, og svar på de ulike indikatorene ble presentert i sanntid. Resultatet av eksperimentet var at det ble identifisert ett fiskefartøy som vi kan hevde at det er økt sannsynlighet for at driver med UUU-fiske. Et sentralt funn er at det er tidkrevende og komplisert å etablere stordataløsninger. Stordatainfrastruktur krever spesifikk kompetanse både for å sette opp, konfigurere og drifte. Det er derfor viktig at det etableres et tett samarbeid mellom etterretningsanalytiker og dataingeniør(er) når det skal etableres slike løsninger. Studien viser at stordatadrevet ACH er et kraftig verktøy når det anvendes riktig. Den endelige konklusjonen er derfor at stordatadrevet ACH kan øke omfanget og anvendeligheten til ACH spesielt og til etterretningsanalyse generelt, men dette forutsetter at det benyttes på rett problemstillinger. Det må ses på som et supplement til eksisterende prosesser og systemer, ikke en erstatning.

Dimensional reduction strategy is an effective approach to derive reliable conceptual models to describe flow in fractured porous media. The fracture aperture is several orders of magnitude smaller than the characteristic size (e.g., the length of the fracture) of the physical problem. We identify the aperture to length ratio as the small parameter𝜖with the fracture permeability scaled as an exponent of𝜖. We consider a non-Newtonian fluid described by the Carreau model type where the viscosity is dependent on the fluid velocity. Using formal asymptotic approach, we derive a catalogue of reduced models at the vanishing limit of𝜖. Our derivation provides new models in a hybrid-dimensional setting as well as models which exhibit two-scale behaviour. Several numerical examples confirm the theoretical derivations of the upscaled models. Moreover, we have also studied the sensitivity of the upscaled models when a particular upscaled model is used beyond its range of validity to provide additional insight.

PurposeMental illness presents a huge individual, societal and economic challenges, currently accounting for 20% of the worldwide burden of disease. There is a gap between the need for and access to services. Digital technology has been proven effective in e-mental health for preventing and treating mental health problems. However, there is a need for cross-disciplinary efforts to increase the impact of e-mental health services. This paper aims to report key challenges and possible solutions for cross-disciplinary and cross-sectorial research teams within the domain of e-mental health.Design/methodology/approachThe key challenges and possible solutions will be discussed in light of the literature on effective cross-disciplinary research teams.FindingsSix topics have been key challenges in our cross-disciplinary and cross-sectorial research team: to develop a shared understanding of the domain; to establish a common understanding of key concepts among the project participants; to involve the end-users in the research and development process; to collaborate across sectors; to ensure privacy and security of health data; and to obtain the right timing of activities according to project dependencies.Research limitations/implicationsThis study focuses to increase knowledge and training in cross-disciplinary and cross-sectorial research, as this is often referred to as an important tool when developing sustainable solutions for major societal challenges.Practical implicationsThis study needs to include theory and skills training in cross-disciplinary research in research training.Social implicationsCross-disciplinary teams have the potential to address major societal challenges, including more perspectives and more stakeholders than single disciplinary research teams.Originality/valueMajor societal challenges require complex and sustainable solutions. However, there is a lack of knowledge about how cross-disciplinary and cross-sectorial research teams may work productively to solve these challenges. This paper shares experiences regarding the challenges and possible solutions for productive collaboration in cross-disciplinary and cross-sectorial research teams within the domain of e-mental health services.

Våren 2020, midt under Corona pandemien, startet de forskjellige teknologifagmiljøene på Forsvarets Høyskole å snakke sammen i virtuelle møterom. Prosessen ble initiert litt før nedstengingen av samfunnet i den 12. mars samme året, og skjøt fart litt senere på våren da FHS arrangerte digital fagdag. Opprinnelig var tanken å organisere en militærteknologisk fagdag på Krigsskolen på Linderud, men den felles digitale fagdagen for Forsvarets Høgskole falt omtrent på samme tid, og den samlet et større miljø. I løpet av den digitale fagdagen ble det etablert en egen FoU gruppe for “Teknologi og militærmakt”. Statuttene for gruppen ble ferdigstilt under arbeidet med den digitale fagdagen (Martinussen & al. 2020). Fokus for arbeidet er teknologiundervisning. Teknologi er et komplekst begrep. I vår sammenheng er begrepet vanligvis forenklet til å bety praktisk anvendelse av naturvitenskapelig kunnskap i form av gjenstander. En bredere forståelse av teknologi innebærer at man ser på evolusjonære, historiske og samfunnsmessige perspektiver ved teknologien (Basilla 1988). En bredere forståelse av teknologibegrepet er grunnleggende viktig i forbindelse med innovasjon. Militærmakt er også er et komplekst begrep. Det inkluderer veldig mye mer enn bare materielle verdier. Stridsevnen hviler ifølge Forsvarets fellesoperative doktrine på tre hovedpilarer; fysiske, konseptuelle og moralske faktorer (FFOD 2019 side 53). Undervisningen i militærteknologi bidrar til forståelsen av de fysiske og konseptuelle faktorene. Militærteknologi og juss bidrar i tillegg til de moralske faktorene i det som bygger opp stridsevnen. Derfor er undervisningen i teknologifag viktig. Kadettene som kommer inn på ingeniør eller bachelorstudier i dag har gått gjennom et utdanningssystem som har endret seg flere ganger. Utdanningsreformen i 1997 var omfattende. Den skjedde parallelt med en reform i kulturpolitikken og barne- og familiepolitikken (NOU 2003:16 side 125). I årene frem til neste utdanningsreform, kunnskapsløftet 2006, gikk kvaliteten på realfagskunnskapen blant barn og ungdom markant ned. I realfagsbarometeret (UDIR 2020) ser vi nedgangen både blant de svakeste elevene, de typiske elevene og blant de dyktigste elevene. Se for eksempel figur 1 under realfagsbarometerets mål 3 «Flere barn og unge på høyt nivå i realfag» (UDIR 2020), der antall elever som presterer høyt på barnetrinnet i 2003 er redusert til under halvparten av det antallet som presterer høyt i 1995. Til tross for at arbeidet som førte frem til kunnskapsløftet 2006 la stor vekt på å bedre realfagsutdanningen, også med flere timer i fagene, ligger antall elever som yter høyt i realfagene i området 10% konstant gjennom de siste tjue årene. Dersom vi rekrutterer blant hele det mangfoldet av elever som fullfører videregående så betyr det at en klasse med kadetter på operativ linje, for eksempel på KS, vil inneholde noen få kadetter med gode forutsetninger for å studere realfag og teknologi i et videre studium. Reformene av utdanningssystemet gjennom nitti- og totusentallet ble for noe få år siden fulgt opp av en reform for utdanningssystemet i Forsvaret. Regjeringens målsetning var å: «[ ] reformere utdanningssystemet i Forsvaret og skape bedre forutsetninger for kvalitet i utdanningen. Tiltakene vil samlet sett også være ressursfrigjørende.» Ressursene som skulle frigjøres var tallfestet til 530 mill. kroner innen utgangen av 2020 (regjeringen 2016). Fokus i reformen var sammenslåingen av skolene i Forsvaret for å skape større og mer robuste fagmiljøer. Skolenes identitet og lokalisering skulle bevares. For å skape bedre forutsetninger for kvalitet i utdanningen, i tråd med regjeringens målsetning, trenger vi et klart bilde av hvor vi står. Vi kjenner ikke hverandres militærteknologiske undervisningsopplegg på tvers av skolene. Arbeidet i FoU gruppen for teknologi og militærmakt er tenkt å bidra til å dele kunnskap på tvers av skolene i Forsvaret. I arbeidet med denne rapporten tenker vi å legge frem en status for undervisningen i teknologifagene. Tanken er at når vi ser hvor vi står, så er det enklere å bestemme hvor vi bør gå for å bedre kvaliteten på undervisningen. Innovasjon har de siste årene blitt et felles tema for alle teknologiutdanningene på Forsvarets Høgskole. Innovasjon er nødvendig for at Forsvaret skal opprettholde stridsevne, og bevare militærmakt, når verden endrer seg. Teknologiutdanningen trenger også å innoveres. Den første og enkleste tilnærmingen til innovasjon er å se hva andre gjør og kopiere det som fungerer bra. Det har vi fått muligheten til nå når skolemiljøene samarbeider tettere. Denne rapporten er et første forsøk på å få til slik enkel innovasjon. Vi starter med å beskrive hva vi gjør på de forskjellige skolene, slik at vi kan lære av hverandre. Straks FoU gruppen for teknologi og militærmakt hadde kommet i gang med regelmessig møtevirksomhet, ble det klart at vårt fokus på undervisning falt sammen med et ønske fra FHS ledelse og dekanatet om å få gjort en kartlegging av teknologiundervisningen. Dette skjedde samtidig med at Svendsen utvalgets rapport om teknologi i Forsvaret kom ut (Svendsen & al. 2019) Rapporten er også tenkt som et utgangspunkt for videre FoU arbeid, der vi søker å sammenligne det vi gjør i Norge, med det som gjøres av undervisning i utlandet. I løpet av arbeidet med denne kartleggingen har vi fått støtte fra CDE midler i Forsvaret, gjennom en søknadsordning på FFI, til å etablere kontakter, og reise og besøke teknologiutdanninger på de militære skolene i Sverige og USA. Det er behovet for teknologikompetanse i Forsvaret som er drivkraften både for FoU arbeidet og for undervisningen vi gir. Teknologikompetansen er minst like viktig som materiellet Forsvaret er utrustet med. Den danner grunnlag både for nye militære, doktrinære og organisatoriske tilpasninger når den samfunnsmessige og den teknologiske konteksten rundt forsvaret endrer seg.

We investigate the impact of model trace gas transport schemes on the representation of transport processes in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Towards this end, the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) was coupled to the ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model and results from the two transport schemes (Lagrangian critical Lyapunov scheme and flux-form semi-Lagrangian, respectively) were compared. Advection in CLaMS was driven by the EMAC simulation winds, and thereby the only differences in transport between the two sets of results were caused by differences in the transport schemes. To analyze the timescales of large-scale transport, multiple tropical-surface-emitted tracer pulses were performed to calculate age of air spectra, while smaller-scale transport was analyzed via idealized, radioactively decaying tracers emitted in smaller regions (nine grid cells) within the stratosphere. The results show that stratospheric transport barriers are significantly stronger for Lagrangian EMAC-CLaMS transport due to reduced numerical diffusion. In particular, stronger tracer gradients emerge around the polar vortex, at the subtropical jets, and at the edge of the tropical pipe. Inside the polar vortex, the more diffusive EMAC flux-form semi-Lagrangian transport scheme results in a substantially higher amount of air with ages from 0 to 2 years (up to a factor of 5 higher). In the lowermost stratosphere, mean age of air is much smaller in EMAC, owing to stronger diffusive cross-tropopause transport. Conversely, EMAC-CLaMS shows a summertime lowermost stratosphere age inversion – a layer of older air residing below younger air (an “eave”). This pattern is caused by strong poleward transport above the subtropical jet and is entirely blurred by diffusive cross-tropopause transport in EMAC. Potential consequences from the choice of the transport scheme on chemistry–climate and geoengineering simulations are discussed.

The hydrogen uptake of five carbon steel wires exposed to a corrosive CO2/H2S environment where protective film formation was not favorable was measured. The hydrogen uptakes decreased with the accumulation of retained carbide for most of the materials. It is assumed that hydrogen adsorbed on carbides at some distance from ferrite will not easily diffuse to the steel, hence giving the beneficial effect. This effect was not observed for the material with the lowest carbon content. Apart from this material, the hydrogen uptake increased with the carbon content, probably due to hydrogen trapping on ferrite-cementite interfaces.

The Lofoten Basin situated in the Norwegian Sea, plays a central role in redistributing and modifying the warm Atlantic Water carried poleward with the Norwegian Atlantic Current. Increased residence time of the warm Atlantic Water in this region, leads to a large cooling and the largest surface heat losses in the Nordic Seas. This thesis studies the exchange of Atlantic Water with the Lofoten Basin using observations and numerical models, and Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches. A key focus is the study of the mass and heat exchange with the basin outlined by the 3000-m isobath. Surface drifters are analyzed to study the surface circulation in the Nordic Seas and to estimate the water mass exchange with the Lofoten Basin. Fields from Eulerian models and trajectories from Lagrangian simulations at multiple levels are further used to study the processes leading to the exchange, by delineating the mean and eddy component of the flows. Analyses aimed to quantify the mesoscale eddy properties, their interaction with the ambient, heat and vorticity budgets, and to assess the importance of eddies relative to the ambient flow and other submesoscale processes in the mass and heat exchange with the Lofoten Basin. The geographical origins of the water masses having largest interaction with the basin are identified, and these sites are studied in detail to investigate the processes behind the exchange. The thesis also investigates the fate of water masses in the basin to study how their properties evolve with time, and compare this with other regions. The first main finding, obtained from surface drifter observations, indicates an increased exchange of Atlantic Water across the southern sector of the Lofoten Basin. The drifters show a meandering motion between the eastern and western branches of the Norwegian Atlantic Current towards the basin, and Eulerian simulations suggest that the inflow is primarily related to a mean component of the flow. The warm waters experience long residence times and large temperature losses in the basin. In contrast with earlier literature, there is less evidence of near-surface exchange with the waters carried by the slope current along the continental slope off Norway. However, the net heat transport into the basin is dominated by eddy fluxes. Furthermore, the divergence of eddy heat fluxes obtained from Eulerian calculations on the continental slope is large, and particularly enhanced at depths of about 400 m. It is therefore suggested that the flow from the south dominates the near-surface exchange of Atlantic Water with the basin, but eddy fluxes from the slope region are important at deeper levels. Lagrangian simulations of particles deployed at several depths reveal variations in the vertical structure of the inflows to the Lofoten Basin. Of the water parcels that are cooled most (more than 1^oC) while in the basin, those at the surface mainly enter from the south, and those at deeper levels (about 500 m) come from the slope. The inflows also have a seasonal variability. In winter, cooling and vertical mixing result in weak stratification and distribute the particles vertically, while strong stratification in summer limits their vertical excursions from their deployment depths. During winter, water masses close to the surface therefore tend to sink and give weaker inflows (less particles) close to the surface and stronger inflows (more particles) at deeper levels (100-300 m). The eddy activity in the basin and on the continental slope is quantified. Eddy signals extracted from Lagrangian trajectories, using multivariate wavelet ridge analysis, show that water masses in coherent vortices experience larger changes in their water properties (such as temperature and density) than water masses in the ambient flow, with enhanced warming in cyclones and enhanced cooling in anticyclones. There is also evidence of upwelling in the cyclones and downwelling in the anticyclones. The change of water properties and net vertical displacement is most pronounced in the Lofoten Basin. The anticyclones have a longer lifetime, more circular shape and larger radius than the cyclones. However, the eddies only cover a small portion of the Nordic Seas (about 6%) and the ambient flow and filaments around eddies therefore play an important role in balancing the Lofoten Basin heat and vorticity budgets. Ridge analysis confirms the role of eddy activity at deeper levels on the slope, and further reveals that the anticyclonic eddies generated on the slope bring warm water into the basin. Energetics and energy-conversion rates calculated from mooring observations from the upper slope, supported by volume-averaged calculations from an Eulerian model, are consistent with the Lagrangian and Eulerian analyses. Estimated baroclinic conversion rates imply that potential energy is extracted from the mean flow to eddies. The role of filaments in the upper layers, the link between the generation of eddies on the slope and their exchange with the LB at deeper layers, and contribution of these eddies and filaments to the Lofoten Basin heat and vorticity budgets merit further studies.

Conventional parabolic trough solar concentrators have the benefit of only requiring 1-axis tracking and having a line-focus suitable for heat extraction using long receiver pipes. However, by being 1-axis concentrators, their fundamental limit of concentration is 212x, compared to the 45 000x limit for 2-axis concentrators. We propose to use two recent developments from nonimaging optics to develop practical high-concentration line-focus concentrators. The first is the use of beam-steering lens arrays to redirect sunlight, allowing a concentrator to benefit from 2-axis tracking without being aimed directly towards the sun. The second is the use of etendue squeezing to increase concentration across one axis, at the cost of reduced concentration across the second axis. We show how these two developments may be used to create line-focus concentrators not limited by the 212x concentration limit, and present our work towards designing a practical system implementing these concepts.