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This study evaluated the effects of ultrasound treatment on walnut meal protein (WMP) extraction and techno-functional properties. The Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was adopted for the optimization of the traditional and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) processes. Standard protocols were used to assay the techno-functional characteristics. The extraction models' statistical results exhibited adequacy with the least desirability index of 95.8%. The UAE enhanced the WMP extraction yield, purity, and chemical score by 30.15%, 16.27%, and 9.74%, respectively, while reducing the extraction time by 25% over the control. The emulsion and foam stabilities and bulk density increased by 34.5%, 39.8%, and 6.1%, respectively, over the control. The α-helix decreased while β-sheet, β-turns and random coil secondary structure components increased significantly (p

Simple Summary Transcriptome is the study of gene expression at the RNA level. In this study, high-throughput transcriptome sequencing technology was used to compare and analyze the gene expression differences in the hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovary tissues of Xinjiang Yili geese with high and low egg production. We preliminarily screened 30 candidate genes related to egg production regulation of Xinjiang Yili geese, including the calcium signaling pathway. Therefore, this study laid a theoretical foundation for further elucidating the molecular mechanism of egg production of Yili geese in Xinjiang. Abstract The study was conducted to investigate the transcriptomic differences of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis between Xinjiang Yili geese with high and low egg production and to find candidate genes regulating the egg production of Xinjiang Yili geese. The 8 selected Xinjiang Yili Geese with high or low egg production (4 for each group) were 3 years old, with good health, and under the same feeding condition. High-throughput sequencing technology was used to sequence cDNA libraries of the hypothalami, pituitary glands, and ovaries. The sequencing data were compared and analyzed, and the transcripts with significant differences were identified and analyzed with bioinformatics. The study showed that the transcriptome sequencing data of the 24 samples contained a total of 1,176,496,146 valid reads and 176.47 gigabase data. Differential expression analyses identified 135, 56, and 331 genes in the hypothalami, pituitary glands, and ovaries of Xinjiang Yili geese with high and low egg production. Further annotation of these differentially expressed genes in the non-redundant protein sequence database (Nr) revealed that 98, 52, and 309 genes were annotated, respectively. Through the annotations of GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) databases, 30 candidate genes related to the egg production of Xinjiang Yili geese were preliminarily selected. The gap junction, focal adhesion, and ECM-receptor interaction signaling pathways were enriched with the hypothalamic, pituitary, and ovarian differentially expressed genes, and the calcium signaling pathway was enriched with the pituitary and ovarian differentially expressed genes. Thus, these pathways in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis may play an important role in regulating egg production of Xinjiang Yili geese. The results provided the transcriptomic information of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis of Xinjiang Yili geese and laid the theoretical basis for revealing the molecular mechanisms regulating the egg-laying traits of Xinjiang Yili geese.

To improve the utility of walnut meal protein, influences of ultrasonication on the kinetic and thermodynamic constraints of enzyme (trypsin) hydrolysis were assessed using a multi-frequency counter current S-type ultrasound machine. Results revealed that both the ultrasonication treatment and control hydrolysis obeyed the first-order kinetics within the study constraints. After 90 min hydrolysis time, the uppermost percentage conversion rate (57.5%) of substrate to product and the percentage increase (25.42%) in hydrolyzed protein concentration were obtained at 323 K and 10% substrate concentration, respectively. The Michaelis constant (KM ) in ultrasonic enzymolysis declined by 58.66% over the control. The reaction rate coefficient (k) for the proteolysis improved by 84.75%, 52.43%, 48.25%, and 37.79% at 219, 303, 313, and 323 K, correspondingly. Generally, the bond energy (Ea ), enthalpy change (ΔH), entropy change (ΔS), and Gibbs free energy (ΔG) were reduced by the ultrasound pretreatment with 36.61%, 28.05%, 18.22%, and 5.24%, respectively. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Walnut meal protein has a well-balanced amino acid profile and its economic utilization could be increased practicably as a food ingredient via production of hydrolysates/peptides for the production of improved food ingredients instead of being cast off as animal feed. This study demonstrated a positive bearing of ultrasonication-assisted alkaline pretreatment on proteolytic reaction characteristics and its energy efficiency for walnut meal protein, which makes this technique applicable to the enhancement of plant proteins for inclusion in food products, especially tree nut and oil seed waste products from the oil industry.

Ectopic overexpression of protein tyrosine phosphatase of liver regeneration-1 (PTP4A1, also called PRL-1) markedly enhanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells migration and invasion. The PTP4A1 trimerization played a vital role in mediating cell proliferation and motility. Biochemical and structural studies have proved that the compound 4AX, a well-known inhibitor for PRL1, directly binds to the PTP4A1 trimer interface and obstructs trimer formation of PTP4A1. However, the molecular basis of the ligand-4AX inhibition on PTP4A1 trimer conformations remains unclear. In this study, the docking analysis and the molecular dynamics simulation (MD simulation) study were performed to investigate how the molecule binding at each interface disrupted the trimer formation. The results suggested that the ligand-4AX attaching to the binding site changed the conformation of A:Q131, A:Q135 in the AC interface, C:R18, C:P96 in the CA interface and B:Q131 in the BA interface, leading to the weak interactions between subunits and thus resulting in the disruption of the PTP4A1 trimerization.

An improved five-step synthesis of triethylene glycol-substituted 4-(