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V magistrski nalogi smo analizirali vpliv avtoceste na cene stanovanj v jugovzhodni Sloveniji. V analizi smo uporabili podatke evidence trga nepremičnin, registra nepremičnini ter osi državnih cest za obdobje 2007 do 2020. Analizo vpliva oddaljenosti avtoceste in priključkov na avtocesto na ceno stanovanj smo izvedli s pomočjo statističnega modeliranja ter preizkušanja domnev. Analizirali smo stanovanja v skupno petindvajsetih občinah, od tega v devet obravnavanih občinah, tj. v občinah, preko katerih poteka avtocesta, ter v šestnajstih neposrednih sosednjih, t.i. kontrolnih, občinah. Izvedli smo tudi analizo lokacije prodaje stanovanja glede na oddaljenost od avtoceste in avtocestnega priključka. The master's thesis analysed the influence of the motorway on housing prices in south-eastern Slovenia. Data from real estate market records, the real estate register and the national road axis for the period 2007 to 2020 were used for the analyses. Statistical modelling and hypothesis testing were used to analyse the effects of highway distance and highway access on housing prices. We analysed housing sales in a total of twenty-five municipalities. Nine of these are crossed by the highway and sixteen of these are neighbouring municipalities. We also conducted an analysis of the location of housing sales by distance from the motorway and motorway access points.

Magistrsko delo analizira funkcionalna območja in regije visokošolskega izobraževanja v Sloveniji. Analizo smo izvedli s pomočjo tokov študentov med občinami stalnega bivališča in občinami visokošolskega šolanja v študijskem letu 2019/2020. Funkcionalna območja smo modelirali po v tej nalogi prilagojenem pristopu OECD, funkcionalne regije pa po dveh uveljavljenih metodah, po metodi CURDS in Intramax. Rezultate modeliranja smo primerjali po izbranih hierarhičnih prostorskih ravneh ter med njimi. Izpostavili smo tipične sestave funkcionalnih regij v visokošolskem izobraževanju na makro in mezo ravneh Slovenije, ki smo jih primerjali s funkcionalnimi regijami delovne mobilnosti v Sloveniji. Rezultati študije bodo pripomogli k boljšemu razumevanju funkcionalnih območij in funkcionalnih regij v Sloveniji. In the master 's thesis, functional areas and regions of higher education are analysed. The analysis was performed using data on student flows between municipalities of permanent residence and municipalities of higher education in the academic year 2019/2020. Functional areas were modeled according to the OECD approach adapted in this task, and functional regions according to two established methods, the CURDS and Intramax method. The modeling results were compared by and between selected hierarchical spatial levels. We highlighted the typical composition of functional regions in higher education at the macro and meso levels of Slovenia, which we compared with the functional regions of job mobility in Slovenia. The results of the study will contribute to a better understanding of functional areas and functional regions in Slovenia.

V magistrskem delu smo modelirali in analizirali funkcionalne regije srednješolskega izobraženja v Sloveniji. Analizo smo izvedli s pomočjo tokov dijakov med občinami stalnega prebivališča in občino srednješolskega izobraževanja. Pri modeliranju funkcionalnih regij smo uporabili dve metodi in sicer, metodi CURDS in Intramax. Prvo metodo uvrščamo med metode večstopenjskega združevanja metodo Intramax pa v skupino metod hierarhičnega razvrščanja v skupine. Analizirali smo tokove dijakov, njihovo število in število srednješolskih ustanov. Rezultate modeliranja smo grafično predstavili in primerjali po hierarhičnih ravneh ter med njimi. Izpostavili smo tipične sestave funkcionalnih regij v srednješolskem izobraževanju na makro in mezo ravneh Slovenije, ki smo jih primerjali s funkcionalnimi regijami delovne mobilnosti v Sloveniji. Rezultati študije bodo pripomogli k boljšemu razumevanju funkcionalnih regij v Sloveniji in povezavi med delovno in srednješolsko mobilnostjo. In this thesis we modelled and analyzed the functional regions of secondary education in Slovenia. The analysis was performed using student flows between the municipalities of residence and the municipality of secondary education. In modeling functional regions, we used two methods namely the CURDS and Intramax methods. The first method is classified as a method of multi-stage aggregation, and the Intramax method is included in the group of methods of hierarchical grouping. We analyzed student flows, their number, and the number of secondary school institutions. The modeling results were graphically presented and compared by hierarchical levels and between them. We highlighted the typical composition of functional regions in secondary education at the macro and meso levels of Slovenia, which we compared with the functional regions of work mobility in Slovenia. The results of the study will contribute to a better understanding of functional regions in Slovenia.

This paper contains a brief description of a singular value decomposition method as a tool for data management and performance improvement in the context of tourism activities – online hotel ratings. Throughout the paper, the authors introduced elementary linear theory background and SVD mathematical algorithm in a simplified way in order to express its contribution to the analytical value of data. Demonstrated algorithm and achieved results indicate two decisions. To perform high compression despite potential analytical and misinterpretation risks due to the details loss or keeping the data volume, only with minimal reduction for a largely dependent, false, and outlier data

Although differential calculus is a powerful and often inevitable technique for solving numerous optimization problems, it is not always easy to implement. Therefore, many researchers propose different non-calculus methods as complementary tools in finding the optimal solution to certain problems whenever possible. In this talk, we give a short survey of an extensive research dealing with the application of mathematical inequalities when solving the economic order quantity (EOQ) inventory problems. Moreover, we present some ideas on how mathematical inequalities can be used as an easy-to-apply and simple-to- understand method to compute the global optimum, not only for EOQ models but for selected problems in microeconomics as well. We also give some guidelines for improving mathematical education by using mathematical inequalities as a non-calculus optimization method.

The paper aim is to investigate whether males or females are more likely to get infected by the COVID-19 disease. Due to the fact that the COVID-19 disease is a new disease about which a lot of things are not well known yet, in the analysis daily data from the one-year period from March 1, 2020 to February 28, 2021 are used. The comparison of total confirmed COVID- 19 cases according to gender is conducted for Croatia and Slovenia. In addition, the comparison is conducted by taking into account age groups as well.

The normality of distribution presents the underlying assumption of many statistical methods. In some cases, the observed data do not always follow a symmetric bell-shaped distribution or approximately normal distribution. Therefore, data transformation is a commonly used approach to deal with skewed data distributions. This paper analyses the three most often used data transformations: square root transformation, log transformation, and inverse transformation, and their impact on seriously skewed distributions. The proposed data transformations applied to several cryptocurrencies resulted in different statistically significant outcomes, which might be useful for quantitative analysis of data and prognostic modelling.

Health care has been recently under the strong impact of information and communication technologies, especially the internet. eHealth has become one of the most often mentioned concepts that raise hope for the increasing effectiveness of health care. Patients increasingly seek health information over the internet, thus increasing their access to knowledge and expertise available online. The paper aims to investigate the differences among individuals living in households with different levels of income and different levels of education in European countries according to their habits of seeking health information over the internet. For that purpose, K-means cluster analysis was used. We use the elbow method to determine the optimal number of clusters, which considers the percentage of variance explained as a function of the number of clusters. Data about the habits of seeking health information over the internet from the Eurostat database is used. Results indicate that education and income have a substantial impact on seeking health information on the internet. However, the differences among countries are the largest for the households with the income in the fourth quartile and the smallest for the households with the income in the first quartile.

We show that rising income inequality linked with financial liberalization is responsible for the deterioration of the current account in new EU members. The increase in income inequality is usually associated with an economic policy of financial liberalization designed to maintain the standard of living for those suffering from real income stagnation. However, such a policy is not intended to solve the causes of inequality but generates additional stimulus for aggregate consumption through cheaper borrowing. Financial liberalization leads to increased household domestic debt contributing to a deterioration of the current account. We also show that the rise of dependency ratio as a demographic factor deteriorates the current account due to reduced savings.

Understanding the complexity of the waste management system within smart cities is crucial for policymakers since urbanization carries new challenges regarding waste. Challenges are even more noticeable when it comes to tourist destinations. Since so far research has stressed the importance of taking a holistic view, which includes tourists, a real databased system dynamics model was developed to analyze waste management processes. Simulation scenarios indicated the necessity for waste management improvement. The system dynamics approach can provide the basis for a better understanding of waste management’s dynamic processes and the basis for policymakers to achieve smart cities’ long- term goals.

V magistrski nalogi smo analizirali funkcionalne regije po spolu delovno aktivnega prebivalstva v Sloveniji s statističnimi podatki delovne mobilnosti med občinami. Funkcionalne regije, posebej za moški in ženski spol ter za vse delovno aktivne skupaj, smo modelirali s pomočjo tretje različice metode CURDS. Analizo funkcionalnih regij smo izvedli na makro in mezo ravni Slovenije v treh časovnih obdobjih, in sicer: 2002–2005, 2009–2011 in 2016–2018. Med obravnavanimi obdobji je prišlo do spremembe meja analiziranih občin ter do spremembe v metodologiji zajema podatkov o delovni mobilnosti. Na makro ravni smo izračunali 9 do 16 funkcionalnih regij, na mezo ravni pa 19 do 35 regij. Ugotavljamo, da delovno aktivni moški v povprečju premagujejo daljše razdalje pri vožnji na delo kot ženske ter da razdalja do delovnega mesta pri obeh spolih narašča. Hkrati ugotavljamo, da ženske oblikujejo lokalno posebne funkcionalne regije, ki se pojavljajo predvsem na vzhodu države, medtem ko vzorci moške delovne mobilnosti poudarjajo lokalno posebna območja delovne mobilnosti predvsem v gorenjski statistični regiji. In this master’s thesis, functional regions by gender of persons in employment were analysed with statistical data on labour commuting between municipalities in Slovenia. Functional regions were modelled separately for male, female, and working population of both genders, using the third version of the CURDS method. The regions were analysed at macro and meso levels of Slovenia in three different periods: 2002–2005, 2009–2011 and 2016–2018. During these time spans, there were some changes in the boundaries of the analysed municipalities and in the methodology of data collection on labour commuting. At macro level 9 to 16 functional regions were calculated and 19 to 35 regions at meso level. We found that male persons in employment travels longer distances when commuting to work and also that distance to work is increasing for both genders. At the same time, we found that women persons in employment form locally specific functional regions that occur mainly in the eastern part of the country, while patterns of male labour commuting emphasize locally specific areas of labour mobility, especially in Gorenjska statistical region.

V magistrski nalogi smo analizirali stroške umestitve središč oskrbe starostnikov in oskrbe na domu v hierarhično urejenem sistemu 2–37 funkcionalnih regij in 37 lokalnih akcijskih skupin v Sloveniji. Sistem hierarhičnih funkcionalnih regij, modeliranih po pristopu Intramax, smo prevzeli iz (Drobne, 2019), sistem lokalnih akcijskih skupin pa se nanaša na programsko obdobje 2014–2020 (MKGP, 2016). Stroške oskrbe na domu smo izračunali s pomočjo podatkov o delovni mobilnosti, s katerimi so bile modelirane funkcionalne regije. Analizo smo izvedli za stanje leta 2019 ter za simulirana stanja leta 2050. Pri simuliranih stanjih v prihodnosti smo posebej upoštevali demografske in ekonomske spremembe. Rezultati analize so izkazali primernost umestitve oskrbnih središč v središča 5–15 funkcionalno zaključenih regij ter oskrbe na domu znotraj teh funkcionalnih regij. Med temi sistemi funkcionalnih regij sicer ni velikih razlik, stroškovno najbolj ugodna rešitev pa je v primeru sistema 11 funkcionalnih regij. Na mezo ravni obravnave oskrbe starostnikov pa je sistem 37 lokalnih akcijskih skupin stroškovno ugodnejši kot sistem 37 funkcionalnih regij modeliranih po metodi Intramax. In the master thesis, we analyzed the costs of establishing care centers for elderly people and home care in a hierarchically organized system of 2–37 functional regions and 37 local action groups in Slovenia. The system of hierarchical functional regions modeled according to the Intramax approach originates from (Drobne, 2019), and the system of local action groups refers to the program period of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food, for the period 2014-2020 (MKGP, 2016). The costs of home care were calculated using data on labour commuting, with which functional regions were modelled. The analysis was performed for the situation in 2019 and for the simulated conditions in 2050. In the simulated conditions for the future, we took particular account of demographic and economic changes. The results of the analysis showed the suitability of locating care centers in the centers of 5–15 functionally closed regions and of locating home care within these functional regions. There are no significant differences between the systems of functional regions, but the most cost-effective solution is in the case of the system of 11 functional regions. At the meso level of care for the elderly, the system of 37 local action groups is more cost-effective than the system of 37 functional regions modeled with the Intramax method.

V diplomski nalogi bomo analizirali območja primerna za postavitev sončnih elektrarn v Sloveniji. Analizo primernosti območij bomo izvedli s pomočjo javno dostopnih podatkov o jakosti sončnega obsevanja, izbranih objektih v prostoru, reliefu ter različnih naravovarstvenih območjih. Urejene podatke bomo ustrezno kombinirali s pomočjo kartografskega modela v postopkih prostorskih analiz v okolju geografskega informacijskega sistema ArcGIS. Rezultat diplomske naloge bo karta primernih območij za postavitev sončnih elektrarn v Sloveniji v ločljivosti 50 metrov. In the diploma thesis, we will analyse suitable areas for the installation of solar power plants in Slovenia. The suitability of the sites will be analysed using publicly available data on the intensity of solar irradiation, selected objects in space, terrain and various nature conservation areas. We will combine appropriately the edited data in a cartographic model by spatial analysis procedures in the geographical information system ArcGIS. The result of the diploma thesis will be a map of suitable sites for the installation of solar power plants in Slovenia with a resolution of 50 meters.

Zaradi vse večjih potreb po energiji in ciljih za zmanjšanje toplogrednih plinov, smo v diplomski nalogi s pomočjo prostorskih analiz v GIS določili primerna območja za postavitev vetrnih elektrarn v Sloveniji. Primerna območja smo iskali glede na povprečno hitrost vetra, geografske omejitve, omejitve rabe zemljišč ter glede na zavarovana območja. Rezultati diplomske naloge lahko pritegnejo pozornost ljudi, ki so odgovorni za dosego trajnostnega razvoja vetrne energije v Sloveniji. Dokazali smo, da ima Slovenija dovolj vetra in območij, ki jih je mogoče uporabiti za izgradnjo vetrnih elektrarn. Due to increasing energy needs and greenhouse gas reduction goals, we made graduation thesis in which we designated suitable areas for wind farms installation in Slovenia, using a GIS–based approach. Suitable areas were determined by average wind speed, geographical and land use constraints and by protected areas. The results of this thesis can draw the attention of decision makers to reach a sustainable wind energy development in Slovenia. The results achieved in this paper suggest that Slovenia possesses sufficient wind energy and land area available for wind farms installations.

V magistrskem delu smo preučevali upad delovne mobilnosti z razdaljo na ravni občin in statističnih regij Slovenije med leti 2009 in 2017. Parametra upada delovne mobilnosti z razdaljo smo ocenjevali po Newton-Raphsonovem iterativnem postopku v treh omejenih gravitacijskih modelih s pomočjo programskega orodja Matlab (Olsson, 2016). Dve omejitvi v Modelu 1 zagotavljata, da je ocenjena populacija enaka opazovani populaciji in ocenjeni skupni čas vožnje enak skupnemu opazovanemu času vožnje. Model 2 vključuje šest omejitev, ki zagotovijo enakost ocenjene delovne mobilnosti in skupnih potovalnih časov opazovanim količinam v občinah, v regijah in med regijami. Model 3 vključuje poleg omejitev iz Modela 2 še dve dodatni omejitvi, ki zagotovita enakost ocenjenega števila delovno aktivnih v posamezni osnovni prostorski enoti, tj. občini, opazovanemu številu delovno aktivnih v izvoru in ponoru. Potek iterativne ocene parametrov modelov smo predstavili z grafičnimi prikazi. Oceno upadanja delovne mobilnosti z razdaljo smo podrobneje študirali v Modelu 3, kateri se opazovanjem najbolje prilega (Olsson, 2016). V obravnavanem obdobju je vpliv razdalje na delovno mobilnost v splošnem padal, kar nakazuje večjo pripravljenost za vožnjo na delo na daljše razdalje. In Master thesis we studied distance-decay of labour commuting at the level of municipalities and statistical regions of Slovenia between years 2009 and 2017. Distance-decay parameters of labour commuting were evaluated according to Newton-Raphson's iterative procedure in three constrained gravity models using Matlab program (Olsson, 2016). The two constraints in Model 1 ensure that the estimated population equals the observed population and the estimated total commuting time equals the observed total commuting time. Model 2 has six constraints that ensure the estimated population and estimated total commuting time on the level of municipalities, regions and between regions. Model 3 includes, in addition to the six constraints in the Model 2, two additional constraints to enforce that the estimated number of workers that live in each municipality is equal to the observed number in origin and destination. The evaluation of parameters in models we presented with graphical representations. We studied the estimation of distance-decay in more detail in the Model 3, which fits the best among all models to observations (Olsson, 2016). During the analysed period, the impact of distance-decay has generally fallen, which indicates a greater willingness of labour commuting for longer distances.

V analizah prostorskih interakcij lahko njihova ustrezna upodobitev bistveno pripomore k razumevanju obravnavanega pojava v prostoru. V diplomski nalogi smo avtomatizirali postopke nekaterih v literaturi predlaganih standardnih izrisov prostorskih interakcij, hkrati pa smo predlagali tudi nekaj lastnih rešitev. Avtomatizirali smo postopke izrisa prostorskih interakcij po metodah pajkove mreže, neto izvorov in neto ponorov ter vektorje asimetrije. Poleg teh smo avtomatizirali tudi izračune in postopke izrisa prostorskih interakcij na način pajkove mreže bruto in neto povezav, poudarjanja ponorov, poudarjanja izvorov in po pristopu interpolacije ter razlike vektorjev asimetrije. Avtomatizacijo izrisa smo izvedli v programskem okolju ArcGIS, programska koda pa je napisana v programskem jeziku Python. Rezultati te diplomske naloge, ti. orodjarna za programsko okolje ArcGIS in napotki za izrise prostorskih interakcij s primeri, so neposredno uporabni v postopkih prostorskega načrtovanja. In the analysis of spatial interactions, their representation can significantly contribute to understanding of the discussed spatial phenomenon. In the graduation thesis we automated the procedures of some, in the literature proposed standard spatial interaction mapping methods, and proposed some of our own solutions. We have automated spatial interaction mapping methods using spider web method, net origins and net destinations and vectors of asymmetry. In addition to these, we also automated the calculations and procedures of mapping spatial interactions spider web gross and net connections, destination emphasis, origin emphasis, interpolation of vectors of asymmetry approach and the difference of vectors of asymmetry. The automation of the mapping was performed in the ArcGIS software environment, and the code is written in the Python programming language. The results of this diploma thesis is the ArcGIS software environment toolkit and instructions for mapping of spatial interactions with examples, which are directly applicable in spatial planning processes.

A common application of mathematical programming in microeconomics is solving the firm’s cost minimization problem. This is a constrained optimization problem that considers a firm minimizing its cost of producing a given level of output. A standard procedure for solving this problem is the use of differential calculus, i.e. Lagrange multiplier method. In order to find the solution by using calculus, a necessary and sufficient condition needs to be examined. If the technology is described by constant elasticity of substitution (CES) production function, the use of differential calculus is not trivial. Therefore, in this paper we provide a new complementary approach of obtaining the solution. Our methodology uses only the definition of a minimum and the reverse Hölder’s inequality. We show that in case of CES production function our methodology provides an easier way of obtaining solution than the method based on calculus.

Production function with only one output plays one of the key roles in the theory of the firm. Some of the common examples of production functions in the main microeconomic literature are, for example, CES, Cobb-Douglas or Leontief production function. In order to be a production function, a given mathematical function must satisfy certain properties. Various properties of the CES, Cobb-Douglas and Leontief production functions are proved and very well known in general. However, one of the not so common production functions is the “Sato function”. In this paper, we prove that Sato function satisfies the necessary assumptions for a function to be a production function. These requirements are continuity, strict monotonicity, strict quasiconcavity and that a positive amount of output requires positive amounts of some of the inputs. To the best of our knowledge, our results are new and unknown in the microeconomic literature.

Benford’s Law is a logarithmic distribution that gives the expected patterns of digits in numerical data. Digital analysis based on Benford’s Law is used by auditors and forensic accountants to detect anomalies in financial reports. This paper describes the first digit law that predicts the appearance of expected data as to respect Benford’s distributions. The aim of this paper was to test whether the financial statements from selected companies of two industries from Croatia comply with Benford’s Law of first digit. The paper demonstrates the difference in performance of two compared industries’ results.

This paper observes shock spillovers between realized volatility and Google search volume regarding the DAX stock index in the period from January 2004 to April 2019. In that way, a dynamic relationship is estimated between DAX risk and search volume. The search volume variable is interpreted as the investor’s attention towards the stock market index. Results indicate that a bidirectional time varying relationship is found. This means that potential users of search volume in forecasting the DAX risk should take into account the bidirectional causality.

The incorporation of the psychological sentiment in quantitative analysis, especially in macroeconomic modelling, turned out to be necessary and invaluable during and after the recent crisis in 2008. It has been shown that knowing the level and the dynamics of GDP, industrial production, stocks of finished products, employment, investment, savings etc. is not enough. Equally important are the perception and expectation of business actors and consumers about these real macroeconomic variables. One of the important sources of the economic and consumer sentiment indicators are Business and Consumer surveys (BCS). Managers’ and consumers’ judgements about their economic surroundings, derived from BCS results, are expressed as different, empirically confirmed, leading indicators, like economic sentiment indicator or consumer sentiment indicator. It is well known that the European Economic Sentiment Indicator (ESI) is one of the high- quality leading indicators of overall economic activity. They are based on assessments and expectations actors in five BCS sectors (industry, retail trade, services, construction and the consumer sector). Consumer Confidence Indicator (CCI) presents consumer sentiment. It is based on the consumers’ perceptions about the past, and expected financial situation of households, the expected general economic situation and the intentions to make major purchases over the next 12 months. Lately, some methodological improvements and new areas of application of economic sentiment in quantitative analyses are more present. The well-known econometric methods such as linear time series and panel data models, or simple regression and correlation analysis still exist. Nonetheless, the modern time series analysis methods such as state-space modelling, nonlinear econometrics (time-varying parameter models, threshold models and breakpoint tests) accentuate the role of economic sentiment in short-term forecasting of economic activity. Models, which include economic sentiment and all other BCS indicators, bring additional benefit to the methodological skills of economists and analysts.

V magistrskem delu smo vrednotili funkcionalne regije s pristopom mehke logike (Feng, 2009), s podatki o delovni mobilnosti med občinami za območje Slovenije. Vrednotili smo funkcionalne regije modelirane po metodi TTWA (Borovnik, 2018) in Intramax (Drobne, 2016) na lokalni in regionalni ravni. Z vrednotenjem teh podatkov smo dobili 24 nizov rezultatov, katere smo po vrednosti predstavili na ravni občin, medtem ko povprečja na ravni funkcionalnih regij in ravni Slovenije. Rezultati so pokazali, da metoda TTWA v splošnem modelira funkcionalne regije z višjimi stopnjami pripadnosti občin kot metoda Intramax, kar velja za obe analizirani leti kot tudi za raven obravnave funkcionalnih regij. V splošnem velja tudi, da se z nižanjem ravni funkcionalnih regij zmanjšuje pripadnost občin k tem regijam. In the master thesis, we evaluated the functional regions with the fuzzy logic approach (Feng, 2009) with using data on labour commuting between communities for the Slovenian region. We evaluated the functional regions modeled according to the TTWA (Borovnik, 2018) and Intramax (Drobne, 2016) method at local and regional level. By evaluating these data, we obtained 24 sets of results, which we presented in terms of values at the level of municipalities, and in averages at the level of functional regions and Slovenia. The results showed that the TTWA method generally models functional regions with higher levels of municipalities’ affiliation than the Intramax method, which applies to both analyzed years as well as the level of treatment of functional regions. In general, the decrease in the level of functional regions reduces the affiliation of municipalities to these regions.

V diplomskem delu analiziramo vpliv selitev na porazdelitev prebivalstva v Sloveniji. Za ta namen smo uporabili statistične podatke o selitvah in prostorske podatke območij občin Slovenije. S temi podatki in pomočjo IMAGE Studia smo izračunali prostorski (gravitacijski) model in prostorske kazalnike selitev. V analizi smo obravnavali izbrana leta v obdobju 2000–2014. Iz prostorskih kazalnikov je izhajal kazalnik učinka neto selitev, ki dobro opisuje in prikazuje vpliv selitve na porazdelitev populacije. V anlizi smo upoštevali še številne vplive na porazdelitev populacije pri selitvah, kot je npr. indeks človekovega razvoja. S tem indeksom smo posebej opredelili vpliv razvoj družbe na selitve in pri tem na porazdelitev populacije. V analizi smo posebej izpostavili in upoštevali problem spremenljivih prostorskih enot kot enega glavnih problemov v prostorskih analizah. Poleg drugih parametrov, ki vplivajo na porazdelitev populacije, ima razdalja zelo pomembno vlogo. Razdalja in prostorski kazalniki skupaj podajajo celostno sliko sprememb na področju notranjih selitev. Diplomsko delo se lahko uporabi kot teoretičen model za sledenje spremembam v porazdelitvi populacije s takšnim modelom pa lahko spremembe tudi napovedujemo. S pomočjo rezultatov te naloge lahko usmerjamo selitve, da so čim bolj koristne za celotno družbo in državo. In the thesis, we analyze the way the population is distributed regarding migration. For this purpose, statistical data as migration and spatial data as boundaries of municipalities were used. With this information and the help of IMAGE Studio, we analized a spatial (gravity) model and spatial indicators. We discussed the period from 2000-2014, by choosing years that were of particular importance for the economy in Slovenia. The spatial indicators were used in order to form the index of net migration impact, which best describes and shows the effect of migration on population distribution. Another factor that was used to show the different effects on population distribution is the human development index. This parameter succeeded in determining how the development of society influences migration and the distribution of the population. The analysis also takes into account the modifiable areal unit problem as the main problem in spatial analysis. In addition to the indicators, the distance that affects the distribution of the population appears as a factor. Distance and spatial indicators together give a complete picture of the change in the field of migration and their impacts. The graduation thesis can be used as a theoretical model for tracking changes in the distribution of the population and how these changes can be predicted. The way the analysis is carried out is an example of how migration can be directed to be as useful as possible for the whole society and the country on an economic plan.

V magistrski nalogi smo modelirali funkcionalna območja Slovenije po pristopu dostopnosti, kot sta ga predlagala Karlsson in Olsson (2006). Pri tem smo modelirali dostopnost delodajalcev do delavcev ter ločeno dostopnost delavcev do delovnih mest. Funkcionalna območja dostopnosti (FOD) smo modelirali na ravni regionalnih središč po Strategiji prostorskega razvoja Slovenije (SPRS, 2004) za leta 2000, 2004, 2007, 2009, 2012 in 2016. Modeliranje smo izvedli s pomočjo statističnih podatkov o številu delavcev ter številu delovnih mest v slovenskih občinah ter s podatki o vožnji na delo (Drobne in Bogataj, 2011 Drobne, 2016). Rezultate modeliranja FOD smo primerjali s funkcionalnimi regijami modeliranimi po metodi CURDS (Borovnik, 2018) in po metodi Intramax (Drobne, 2016) ter s funkcionalnimi urbanimi območji modeliranimi po prilagojeni metodi OECD (2013 Zavodnik Lamovšek in Drobne, 2017 Drobne in Zavodnik Lamovšek, 2017). In the master thesis, we modeled the functional regions of Slovenia according to the accessibility approach, proposed by Karlsson and Olsson (2006). In doing so, we modeled the employer’s accessibility to workers and the separately accessibility of workers to jobs. Functional Accessibility Areas (FODs) were modeled at the level of regional centers according to the Spatial Development Strategy of Slovenia (SPRS, 2004) for the years 2000, 2004, 2007, 2009, 2012 and 2016. Modeling was performed using statistical data on the number of workers and the number of jobs in Slovenian municipalities and with data on commuting to work (Drobne and Bogataj, 2011 Drobne, 2016). The results of FOD modeling were compared with functional regions modeled according to the CURDS method (Borovnik, 2018) and by the Intramax method (Drobne, 2016) and functional urban areas modeled according to the adjusted OECD method (2013 Zavodnik Lamovšek and Drobna, 2017 Drobne and Zavodnik Lamovšek , 2017).

V magistrskem delu smo preizkušali programsko orodje MCK za primerjanje rastrskih kart. Preizkusili smo metode za kategorične in numerične podatke. Uporabili smo prostorske podatke o Sloveniji. Preizkus metod za primerjanje kategoričnih kart smo izvedli s podatki o številu občin v štirih različnih letih (1993, 2000, 2006 in 2014) in s podatki o dejanski rabi tal v petih različnih letih (2002, 2005, 2009, 2012 in 2017). Za testiranje algoritmov, ki so namenjeni primerjanju numeričnih kart, smo izbrali dva satelitska posnetka iz let 2001 in 2011 ter podatke o povprečni temperaturi zraka v obdobju med leti 1971 in 2000 za šest različnih mesecev (januar, februar, april, maj, julij in december). Rezultati analize so pokazali, da je programsko orodje MCK uporabno za izvajanje primerjav slovenskih podatkov. Za vsako izmed štirih skupin primerjanih podatkov smo določili primernosti uporabljenih metod. In this master thesis, we tested the Map Comparison Kit – software for comparison of raster maps. We tested methods for categorical as well as numerical data. In the comparison analyses, spatial data of Slovenia were used. We performed comparisons of categorical maps with data consisting of numbers of municipalities during four different years (1993, 2000, 2006 and 2014) and data of the actual land use during five different years (2002, 2005, 2009, 2012 and 2017). For testing algorithms that are for comparisons of numerical data, we chose two satellite imagery from years 2001 and 2011 and data of average air temperature during years 1971 and 2000 for six different months (January, February, April, May, July, and December). The results of comparison analyses showed that the MCK software is suitable for executing comparisons on Slovenian data. We defined the suitability of analyzed methods for each one among four analyzed data groups.

V zadnjih letih so se uveljavili številni novi koncepti razmejitve območja, ki posplošujejo in podajajo nove smernice za nadaljnje analize gospodarskega, družbenega, okoljskega in prostorskega razvoja. Funkcionalno regijo je kot nov koncept razmejitve v literaturi moč zaznati že nekaj časa, v novejšem času pa se vse bolj uveljavlja koncept funkcionalnega urbanega območja (FUO). V magistrski nalogi prevzamemo funkcionalna urbana območja, ki jih je modelirala Cetin (2018) po metodi OECD za območje Slovenije v obdobju 2000–2015. V nalogi na ravni regionalnih središč po SPRS (2004) analiziramo številne družbeno-ekonomske in prostorske parametre po FUO regionalnih središč. Izhajamo iz uradnih statističnih podatkov, zbranih na ravni občin (SKTE 5). Nadaljnjo analizo izvajamo v dveh delih. Prvi del zajema analizo statističnih podatkov po FUO in po letih, drugi del pa tematsko obravnava analizo poti na delo po FUO in po letih. V obravnavanem obdobju 2000–2015 analiziramo ter ovrednotimo notranje spremembe analiziranih parametrov na ravni FUO regionalnih središč Slovenije. Analizo v celoti opravimo v programskem orodju Excel, s pomočjo katerega rezultate tudi grafično prikazujemo. Rezultate tematsko predstavljamo v dveh ločenih poglavjih, to so rezultati, vezani na spremembo družbeno-ekonomskih parametrov, ter rezultati, vezani neposredno na spremembo delovne mobilnosti na ravni regionalnih središč Slovenije. Over the last few years, numerous new concepts of area delimitation generalizing and giving new guidelines for further analyses of economic, social, environmental and spatial development have been enforced. A functional region, as a new concept of delimitation, has appeared in literature for quite some time now. In the contemporary era, the concept of functional urban area (FUA) is gaining in importance. In this graduation thesis, functional urban area, modelled by Cetin (2018) after the OECD method for the area of Slovenia between 2000 and 2015, were taken. On the level of the regional centres after SPRS (2004), numerous social-economic and spatial parameters of regional centres, FUAs were analysed. The official statistic data, collected on the level of municipalities (SKTE 5), served as sources for our analysis. Further analysis is done in two parts. The first part consists of the statistical data analysis after FUAs over the years the second part thematically discusses the analysis of labour commuting routes in FUAs and over the years respectively. An analysis and an evaluation of internal changes of the analysed parameters in FUAs of the regional centres of Slovenia is presented for the period between 2000 and 2015. The analysis is made completely with the programme Excel, which also helps present the results graphically. The results are presented in two different separated chapters: the results, bound up to the change of the social-economic parameters, and the results, bound up directly to the change of labour commuting on the level of regional centres of Slovenia.

V nalogi smo modelirali funkcionalna urbana območja Slovenije po metodi OECD (2013), ki jo je sprejela tudi Eurostat (2014). Središča funkcionalnih urbanih območij smo prevzeli iz Strategije prostorskega razvoja Slovenije (SPRS, 2004). FUO smo modelirali na treh obravnavanih ravneh (raven nacionalnih središč mednarodnega pomena, raven središč nacionalnega pomena in raven središč regionalnega pomena) za izbrana leta v obdobju 2000–2015. Rezultate naše naloge smo primerjali z rezultati študije Funkcionalna urbana območja - Strokovne podlage za Strategijo prostorskega razvoja 2050 (Zavodnik Lamovšek in Drobne, 2017) in jih kritično ovrednotili. In the thesis we modelled the functional urban areas for Slovenia following the OCED method, which was accepted by the Eurostat (2014). The functional urban areas’ centers were taken from the Spatial Development Strategy of Slovenia (SPRS, 2004). The functional urban areas were modeled for three different levels (level of national centers of international importance, level of national centers and level of regional centers) for chosen years from year 2000 to 2015. The results were then compared to the results of the study Spatial Development Strategy of Slovenia 2050 (Zavodnik Lamovšek and Drobne, 2017) and were critically evaluated.

V magistrskem delu smo v programskem jeziku R modelirali območja delovne mobilnosti. To so območja, v katerih večina delovno aktivnega prebivalstva živi in dela. Uporabili smo metodo TTWA, kjer je potrebno določiti štiri vhodne parametre (minimalno in ciljno število delovno aktivnega prebivalstva ter minimalno in ciljno samozadostnost). S podatki o delovnih tokovih med občinami smo modelirali lokalna in regionalna območja delovne mobilnosti v Sloveniji za leti 2004 in 2016. Z različnimi nizi vhodnih parametrov smo modelirali skupno 14 nizov rezultatov. Izhodišča za modeliranje območij delovne mobilnosti smo povzeli po Strategiji prostorskega razvoja Slovenije (SPRS, 2004) in po predlogu lokalnih zaposlitvenih sistemov projekta RePUS (Pichler Milanović et al., 2008). Primerjava rezultatov med letoma 2004 in 2016 izkaže zmanjševanje števila - in posledično povečevanje - območij delovne mobilnosti v Sloveniji. Hkrati pa se območjem delovne mobilnosti povečuje število delovno aktivnega prebivalstva in zmanjšuje samozadostnost. In the master thesis, we modelled Travel-To-Work-Areas (TTWA) in the programming language R. Travel-To-Work-Areas represent areas where the majority of working population lives and works. The TTWA method was used in the process, therefore four input parameters were defined (minimum and target number of the working population and minimum and target level of self-containment). The commuting flows data between municipalities was used to model the local and regional Travel-To-Work-Areas in Slovenia for years 2004 and 2016. A total of 14 sets of results were gained with different sets of input parameters, which were based on the Strategy of spatial development of Slovenia (SPRS, 2004) and local labour systems proposal of the RePUS project (Pichler Milanović et al., 2008). The results’ comparison between 2004 and 2016 shows a reduction in the number - and consequently an increase - of the Travel-To-Work-Areas in Slovenia. At the same time, the number of the working population number is increasing and the level of self-containment is decreasing in the Travel-To-Work-Areas.

V magistrskem delu analiziramo priselitvene tokove in prihodne tokove delovne mobilnosti v Sloveniji. Analizo smo izvedli z dvema regresijskima metodama za obdobje trinajstih let, med leti 2000 in 2013. Z globalno metodo OLS smo ocenili vpliv neodvisnih spremenljivk na priselitvene tokove in prihodne tokove delovne mobilnosti v modelu za celotno državo, z lokalno metodo GOR pa smo ocenili vpliv neodvisnih spremenljivk v posamezni občini. Prihodne tokove delovne mobilnosti obravnavamo kot nadomestek za priselitvene tokove. Rezultate obeh analiz smo posebej za posamezno pojasnjevalno spremenljivko primerjali med seboj. Pri globalni metodi OLS smo rezultate primerjali med zaporednimi leti od 2000 do 2013, pri lokalni metodi GOR pa smo pri priselitvenih tokovih med seboj primerjali lokalne modele med leti 2004 in 2007, pri tokovih delovne mobilnosti pa lokalne modele za obdobje pred, med in po samem vrhu gospodarske krize v Sloveniji. Rezultati so za lažje razumevanje zbrani v preglednicah ter prikazani s kartografskimi prikazi. Ugotovili smo, da je Ljubljana skozi celotno obravnavano obdobje pomembno regionalno središče, saj privlači prihodne tokove delovne mobilnosti, posledično pa v njeno okolico privlači priselitvene tokove. In the master's thesis, immigration flows and incoming commuting flows in Slovenia are analysed. Analysis was performed using two regression methods for the period of thirteen years between 2000 and 2013. We estimated influence of independent variables to immigration flows and influence to incoming commuting flows for the whole country using global method OLS. Using local method GWR, we estimated influence of independent variables in each local community. Incoming commuting flows are treated as substitute for immigration flows. The results of both analyses were compared for each explanatory variable. The results of global method OLS were compared between consecutive years 2000 and 2013. But with local method GWR, immigration flows were compared between years 2004 and 2007, and incoming commuting flows between years before, during and after the economic crisis in Slovenia. In order to assure a more thorough explanation of results, tables and graphical display are included. We concluded that Ljubljana is an important regional centre throughout the period under review. It attracts incoming commuting flows, and consequently attracts immigration flows to its surroundings.

V diplomski nalogi smo analizirali vpliv razdalje na notranje selitve v Sloveniji s programskim orodjem IMAGE Studio. Tovrstne analize so obremenjene s problemom spremenljivih prostorskih enot. Ta vsebuje učinek merila in učinek coniranja, kar smo raziskali z dvojno omejenim prostorskim interakcijskim modelom. Analizo smo izvedli za referenčni leti 2000 in 2014. Rezultate analize za različni leti smo primerjali numerično in grafično. Primerjali pa smo jih tudi z rezultati analize vpliva razdalje na notranje selitve po obravnavanih državah sveta avtorjev Stillwella in sodelavcev (Stillwell et al., 2016). In the graduation thesis we analysed the influence of the distance on the internal migration in Slovenia using the IMAGE Studio tool. Such analysis is influenced with the problem of modifiable areal units (MAUP). MAUP consists of the scale effect and the zonation effect, which were examined with a double constrained spatial interaction model. The analysis was performed for the referential years 2000 and 2014. The results for two different years were analysed numerically and graphically. Our results were compared also to the results of the influence of the distance on the internal migration in the selected world countries of authors Stillwell et al. (2016).

Energy efficiency is an important topic in the context of climate change and has gained much attention in EU directives and national strategic and action plans. Researchers strive to build models that could efficiently predict or explain the main factors that influence energy efficiency. Since buildings are the largest individual energy consumers [20] and building sector itself contains 40% of total primary energy consumption, the efficient models that decision makers could use to allocate resources in reconstructions of buildings are desirable. The methodology for calculating energy efficiency category of a building is determined by professionals. However, there is a lack of analyses that investigate relationships among various buildings’ attributes describing construction, geospatial data, climate data, heating data, cooling data and usage, as well as their connection to energy consumption. Since it is a complex issue which includes uncertainty and nonlinearity, it requires advanced methodology. In this paper, the aim is to investigate possibilities of several machine learning methods in extracting important predictors of yearly energy consumption of electricity and natural gas. The methods of artificial neural networks, CART decision trees, conditional inference trees, random forest, and support vector machines are tested on a real dataset of Croatian public buildings. The similarities and differences among the three tested methods in modelling energy consumption are discussed.

The aim of this paper is to classify the post- transition countries of EU according to differences in their income inequality and social spending. As an instrument of fiscal policy, social spending should play a significant role in reducing income inequality. We also analyze important questions regarding income inequality, such as the unemployment and internet usage data. We perform cluster analysis to group the eleven Central and Eastern European (CEE) post- transition countries of EU. Comparison of the results of cluster analyses carried out, first for three and then for four variables, reveals a similar cluster structure.

Machine learning methods, such as artificial neural networks, have shown their success over statistical methods in previous research. However, they have not been exploited enough for the purpose of efficient prediction of energy efficiency. In the domain of public buildings owned by state, improving energy efficiency could significantly save the state budget. Therefore it is important to estimate the influence of characteristics of buildings and their interdependence in order to decide how to allocate resources for the reconstruction of public buildings. In this paper, methodology of neural network is used on the real dataset of Croatian public buildings covering the input space of 130 building attributes. After data pre-processing, two approaches of variable selection were used, based on statistical methods and sensitivity analysis. The most accurate model was selected, and economic implications of suggested model are also discussed. The results show that neural network methodology has the potential in predicting energy efficiency and estimating important features for classifying buildings.

This paper investigates the importance of enrolment in higher education and investment in higher education in 11 CESEE countries, EU members, during the period from 1994 to 2015. The results of panel data analysis confirm that higher education plays significant role in growth process of CESSE countries. More precisely, the results of the augmented Solow model indicate a statistically significant influence of gross enrolment ratio in the tertiary education and expenditure on tertiary education on economic growth. Additionally, the results confirm positive influence of investment while the influence of population growth is not clear as in the similar research.

System dynamic models can help decision makers in enhancing understanding of system behavior over time. However, previous research has demonstrated that model behavior is in number of cases contradictory. Therefore, the evaluation of the consequences of different policies showed by these models should be supported by multi-criteria decision making. The goal of this paper is to explore the complementary usage of complete system dynamics and multi-criteria decision making. A real-life example of the selection of the most appropriate human resource management policy in one market research company is developed in order to demonstrate the usage of multi- criteria decision making for the purpose of the evaluation of different policies identified by system dynamics.

In the focus of this paper is the new approach of financial competitiveness measurement. As the standard of this measurement, Periodic National Reference Rate (PANRR) is proposed. Authors conceive this standard as national replacement for international standards like EURIBOR or LIBOR. The average capital cost for national financial market is defined using monthly statistical reports published on the official Croatian National Bank webside in the time horizon from 2009 to 2016. Finally, PANRR is established as the standard of financial competitiveness measurement.

V diplomski nalogi predstavimo projekt vzpostavitve geografskega informacijskega sistema (GIS) omrežja plinovoda v Javnem podjetju Energetika Ljubljana, pri katerem smo sodelovali. Posebej opišemo postopke ažuriranja podatkovne baze omrežja plinovoda ter predstavimo nekatere postopke prostorskih analiz, ki jih omenjeni GIS omogoča. S pomočjo tega sistema ocenjujemo število zgrajenih in neaktivnih plinskih priključkov oziroma odjemalcev na območju Mestne občine Ljubljana. Rezultati kažejo, da je od skupno 5.817 neaktivnih odjemalcev plina, največ potencialnih novih odjemalcev na vzhodu Mestne občine Ljubljana v naseljih Novo Polje, Polje in Vevče. The diploma thesis presents a project to establish a geographic information system (GIS) for a gas pipeline network at Javno podjetje Energetika Ljubljana, a public undertaking with which we cooperated. Procedures for updating the pipeline network database are described in detail and certain spatial analysis procedures provided by the mentioned GIS are presented. Using the system, the number of built and inactive gas connections or customers in the area of the Ljubljana City Municipality was estimated. The results revealed that most potential gas customers, from a total of 5.817, come from the eastern part of the Ljubljana City Municipality: in settlements Novo Polje, Polje and Vevče.