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The purpose of this study is to introduce the concept of leader curiosity displays. Transformational leadership (Bass, 1985) has received considerable attention as an effective form of team-centric leadership (Kozlowski, Mak, & Chao, 2016). However, recent criticisms of the multi-dimensional conceptualization and the conceptual and operational confounding of leader behavior with expected effects (van Knippenberg & Sitkin, 2013) suggest that our understanding is limited. To address these shortcomings, I focus on intellectual stimulation and introduce the concept of leader curiosity displays. Displaying curiosity is a behavior that is conceptually and operationally separate from the proposed effects and is defined as behaviors exhibited to followers that signal an interest in knowledge acquisition, learning, and thinking. Using data from 371 undergraduate students organized into 67 teams, I tested a model predicting the effects of leader curiosity displays on team performance through curiosity climate, information elaboration, and team conflict. Team leaders were randomly assigned to one of two training conditions – high or low curiosity displays. Changes in leader behavior, along with team climate, team behavior, and performance were measured in a hidden profile task. Overall, the hypothesized model received limited support; however, additional analyses revealed important relationships. For team leaders low in specific curiosity working in teams low in initial levels of information elaboration, the experimental manipulation operated as expected. These effects on leader curiosity displays mediated a positive relationship with curiosity climate and information elaboration, and a decrease in relationship conflict. Increased information elaboration and decreased relationship conflict did not influence team performance, but I did find that leader curiosity displays had a positive influence on team creative performance. Theoretical implications as well as future research d

Introduction: Vulvovaginitis is described as a common self-limiting paediatric gynaecological condition. Parents’ experiences of their child being diagnosed with this condition and subsequent treatment have not previously been described. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore parents’ experiences of their child’s diagnosis and management of vulvovaginitis. Study design: The study was conducted in the North West of England over a two-year period. Qualitative data were generated by semi structured in-depth interviews. Mothers of nine children with vulvovaginitis consented to participate. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: The analysis of the data resulted in four themes; Trauma and uncertainty of initial symptoms, seeking a diagnosis; an uncertain journey, managing the symptoms; a process of trial and error and managing the impact; keeping it private. Parents experienced a difficult and protracted journey to their child’s diagnosis and were involved in a process of trial and error to try and monitor and manage what can be a difficult ongoing condition. Discussion: Clinical reports suggest that vulvovaginitis is a minor childhood condition; this is not necessarily the perceptions and experiences of parents, who can experience uncertainty and ongoing difficulty following their child’s diagnosis. Conclusion: The diagnosis of vulvovaginitis can have a major and ongoing impact on children’s and their family’s lives.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of central retinal vision loss worldwide, with an estimated 1 in 10 people over the age of 55 showing early signs of the condition. There are currently no forms of therapy available for the end stage of dry AMD, geographic atrophy (GA). Here, we show that the inner blood-retina barrier (iBRB) is highly dynamic and may play a contributory role in GA development. We have discovered that the gene CLDN5, which encodes claudin-5, a tight junction protein abundantly expressed at the iBRB, is regulated by BMAL1 and the circadian clock. Persistent suppression of claudin-5 expression in mice exposed to a cholesterol-enriched diet induced striking retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell atrophy, and persistent targeted suppression of claudin-5 in the macular region of nonhuman primates induced RPE cell atrophy. Moreover, fundus fluorescein angiography in human and nonhuman primate subjects showed increased retinal vascular permeability in the evening compared with the morning. These findings implicate an inner retina-derived component in the early pathophysiological changes observed in AMD, and we suggest that restoring the integrity of the iBRB may represent a novel therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of GA secondary to dry AMD.

Sophie Duignan,1,2 Sarah L Doyle,2 Colin J McMahon1,2 1Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Dublin 12, Ireland; 2Department of Immunology, National Children’s Research Centre, Dublin, IrelandCorrespondence: Colin J McMahonDepartment of Paediatric Cardiology, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 12, IrelandTel +3 531 428 2854Fax +3 531 409 6181Email cmcmahon992004@yahoo.comAbstract: Kawasaki disease (KD), an acute, self-limiting, medium-sized arterial vasculitis, is now the most common cause of acquired heart disease in childhood in the developed world. In this review, we discuss the diagnosis of KD, predicting resistance to traditional therapy and treatment options in refractory or high-risk disease. We also highlight ongoing clinical trials and other potential avenues of research which may prove beneficial in managing children, especially those with resistant KD.Keywords: aneurysm, arteritis, coronary, inflammation, Kawasaki, vasculitis

Background: Bladder augmentation (BA) is the surgical enlargement of the bladder. In childhood, BA is carried out after other conservative methods have failed in the treatment of neuropathic bladder to manage incontinence and other symptoms. The literature mainly focuses on the surgical outcome of the procedure and the incidence of complications; few studies address health-related quality of life and even fewer qualitative studies explore children’s and young people’s lived experiences of BA. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore in detail the experiences of young people with a BA and the meaning the surgery had on their lives as they transitioned to young adulthood. Methods: This qualitative study used semi-structured interviews and drew on Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to explore the subjective experiences of eight young people (aged 17-25 years) living with a BA. Analysis was undertaken in line with IPA focusing on the descriptive, linguistic and conceptual nature of the young people’s experiences. Findings: The findings are presented within a superordinate theme, Achieving a sense of well-being, and three subordinate themes: 1) Being vulnerable; 2) Being free from incontinence and learning to live with limitations; and 3) Finding my normal. In brief, prior to BA the young people’s lives were associated with unpredictable episodes of incontinence, which left them feeling vulnerable. Following surgery, they learned to negotiate the limits of their BA and discovered a new sense of freedom. The young people achieved a sense of normal through gaining autonomy and self-acceptance that allowed them to self-transcend to a sense of well-being.

Two million infants die each year from infectious diseases before they reach 12 mo; many of these diseases are vaccine preventable in older populations. Pattern recognition receptors represent the critical front-line defense against pathogens. Evidence suggests that the innate immune system does not fully develop until puberty, contributing to impaired response to infection and impaired vaccine responses in neonates, infants, and children. The activity of the pattern recognition receptor family of cytosolic nucleic acid (CNA) sensors in this pediatric population has not been reported. We show that in direct contrast to weak TLR-induced type I IFN in human cord blood mononuclear cells, cord blood mononuclear cells are capable of initiating a potent response to CNA, inducing both antiviral type I IFN and, unexpectedly, proinflammatory TNF-a. A deficiency in Rab11-GTPase endosome formation and consequent lack of IRF3 activation in neonatal monocytes is at least in part responsible for the marked disparity in TLR-induced IFN production between neonatal and adult monocytes. CNA receptors do not rely on endosome formation, and therefore, these responses remain intact in neonates. Heightened neonatal responses to CNA challenge are maintained in children up to 2 y of age and, in marked contrast to TLR4/9 agonists, result in IL-12p70 and IFN-g generation. CNA sensors induce robust antiviral and proinflammatory pathways in neonates and children and possess great potential for use as immunostimulants or vaccine adjuvants for targeted neonatal and pediatric populations to promote cell-mediated immunity against invasive infectious disease.