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Our objectives were to evaluate gender-specific associations of racial discrimination with psychological sequelae among middle-aged Blacks and to evaluate the capacity of racial socialization to moderate the association between discrimination and psychological distress, accounting for relevant prospectively assessed childhood factors. We used data from the Child Health and Development Disparities Study that followed a Northern California-based group of Blacks from the prenatal period through midlife (N = 244, 49.6% female). Multiple regression analyses were performed separately by gender to assess (a) the main effects of racial socialization and racial discrimination on adult psychological distress, (b) racial socialization as a moderator of the association between racial discrimination and adult psychological distress, and (c) whether controls for prospectively assessed childhood factors changed conclusions regarding the role of racial socialization. Seventy percent of the middle-aged Blacks in our sample reported having at least one type of major experience of racial discrimination. Increased reports of racial discrimination were positively associated with psychological distress in men, but not in women. Similarly, racial socialization was associated with decreased overall distress for men, but not for women. Discrimination-related distress was attenuated for men who reported higher levels of racial socialization. These findings remained after adjustment for childhood socioeconomic status (SES), childhood internalizing symptoms, parental marital separation, and number of siblings. Findings suggest that racial socialization conferred a protective psychological effect through midlife to Black men who experienced racial discrimination, a commonplace experience in this cohort. Public Policy Relevance Statement: Racial socialization refers to the messages children receive regarding race-related identity, interactions, and hierarchy. These findings suggest that the psychological benefits of racial socialization extend to midlife among Black men who have experienced racial discrimination. Consideration of the gendered resiliency conferred by racial socialization across the life span informs policy and practice from parenting programs to systems of care, education, and justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines migrant workers' experiences of state-constructed vulnerability to labour exploitation, through the case study of non-European Economic Area (EEA) migrant fishers in Ireland. It draws on the findings of interviews with 24 migrant fishers, together with information obtained from public bodies and legal analysis. Building on the work of Mantouvalou, Zou, and others, we demonstrate that the Irish legal and policy framework – most importantly, immigration law – places migrant fishers in a position of 'hyper-dependency' and 'hyper-precarity' in their work relations. We outline how this state-constructed vulnerability to labour exploitation is experienced in practice through an in-depth account of the interviewees' experiences of working conditions; immigration status; and racism and discrimination at work. In particular, the interviews reveal the work permit scheme for non-EEA fishers to be a powerful structure of exploitation, within which workers have little bargaining power and protective employment mechanisms are rendered ineffective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical health disparities by sexual orientation are widespread yet under-investigated. Drawing upon theories of biological embedding of social adversity, we tested whether minority stress (in the form of perceived discrimination) is associated with salivary interleukin-6 (IL-6), an inflammatory mediator. Furthermore, we examined whether covering, a strategy involving downplaying a stigmatized social identity, modified this association. A community sample (N = 99) of gay men (n = 78) and lesbian women (n = 21) completed self-report measures of minority stress and identity management and provided saliva samples which were assayed for IL-6. Among gay men, results from generalized linear models supported a hypothesized interaction between perceived discrimination and covering, such that perceived discrimination was predictive of higher levels of IL-6 for those who engaged in less covering but not for those who engaged in more covering. This interaction was robust to a number of potential covariates (alcohol, medication, body mass index, race and age). Results for lesbian women suggested a different pattern: the only statistically significant association detected was between greater perceived discrimination and lower levels of IL-6. Findings from the current study point to an important role for inflammatory processes in understanding and remediating health disparities based upon sexual orientation that stem from exposure to prejudice and discrimination., Author(s): David Matthew Doyle[sup.1] , Lisa Molix[sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, 10032, New York, NYUSA (2) Tulane [...]

This paper differentiates between sexual offending behaviour and challenging behaviour in people with an intellectual disability. There is growing awareness that people with an intellectual disability can perform both classes of behaviour. The definitions of sexual offending and challenging behaviour are almost interchangeable, due to the poor construction of the term challenging behaviour. It is when clinicians attempt to view sexual offending from within the framework and underpinning philosophy of the challenging behaviour model that the magnitude of the mismatch emerges. In this paper, the basic definitions are elaborated on and the different models of assessment discussed, as is the approach taken towards the treatment of the two kinds of behaviour. The corresponding notions of intent, criminal intent and communicative intent are also compared. The implications of interpreting sex offending behaviour as challenging behaviour are highlighted. In the conclusion of this discussion functional analysis is put forward as a technique that may aid in the assessment of sex offending.

Approaching the inverse association between perceived discrimination and close relationship functioning from a stress and coping framework, we propose and test a novel model incorporating psychological (emotion dysregulation) and physiological (chronic inflammation) pathways. Analyses of data from a sample of African American participants (N = 592) enrolled in the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study revealed support for the proposed model. Specifically, results from structural equation modeling analyses showed that perceived discrimination was indirectly associated with increased emotion dysregulation (venting and denial) through stressor appraisals and directly associated with increased inflammation (interluekin-6, e-selectin and c-reactive protein). Furthermore, relationship strain with family, friends and spouses was associated with greater levels of emotion dysregulation and chronic inflammation. Overall, the proposed model fit the data well and provides support for new avenues of research on the social, psychological and physiological correlates of perceived discrimination and close relationship functioning. To conclude, evidence for the proposed biopsychosocial model is summarized and directions for future research on these topics are discussed. Keywords Perceived discrimination * Close relationships * Stress and coping * Emotion dysregulation * Inflammation, Researchers have begun to investigate the pernicious health consequences of prejudice and discrimination for members of devalued groups, yet little work has focused on social and interpersonal outcomes. However, there [...]

Supportive social relationships are vital for health and well‐being as they serve to ameliorate stress and therefore reduce the likelihood of suffering from disease across the life course. This social support could be more essential for transgender people, who experience unique social stress due to their marginalized status. The current study compared and contrasted the experiential accounts of transgender people, their relational partners and gender service providers using a thematic phenomenological methodology across a series of focus groups and interviews. In total, there were 17 participants across three focus groups (eight transgender people, six relational partners, and three service providers) and nine participants in the interviews (three transgender people, three relational partners and three service providers). Four overarching themes were identified: (1) Coming out and identity management, (2) Reciprocal support in relationships, (3) Social transition and gender identity affirmation, (4) Experiences in the LGBTQ+ community. Issues of stigma, identity, and support were present throughout all the themes. Receiving gender identity affirmation from supportive relational partners was essential for transgender people, while external support was highlighted as something relational partners needed (but did not often seek). This research has implications for understanding how transgender people and their relational partners support one another when facing stress and stigma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]