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Myotis is the most diverse genus of bats in the world, with more than 30 species recognized in the Neotropics. However, many of these species represent cryptic complexes and are evidence of the existence of hidden diversity in several regions. Using an integrative approach based on molecular, morphological, and bioacoustic data, we performed a systematic review of Myotis species from Chile. Phylogenetic inference using cytochrome-b indicated the existence of three monophyletic lineages, and qualitative and quantitative morphological analyses supported these lineages as distinct and morphologically diagnosable taxa. Analysis of discriminant functions using parameters of echolocation calls also indicates the existence of three distinct bioacoustic clusters. Thus, all lines of evidence congruently indicate the existence of three distinct taxa. As a result, we recognize Myotis arescens as a valid and distinct species and define its taxonomic limits from the other species from Chile, Myotis atacamensis and Myotis chiloensis.

Myotis nesopoluscurrently comprises two subspecies. The nominate subspecies (M. n. nesopolus) occurs on the Caribbean islands of Curaçao and Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles, whereasM. n. larensisis known from mainland South America in northeastern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela. Our Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analyses of cytochrome-b gene sequences recoveredM. nesopolusas a paraphyletic group, withM. n. nesopolusandM. n. larensisas non-sister lineages. The haplotype network indicates that these two subspecies do not share any haplotypes and are in different evolutionary trajectories. Additionally, these two subspecies can be distinguished on the basis of qualitative and quantitative morphological traits. This pattern supports the recognition ofM. nesopolusandM. larensisas full species. Our results also reveal that the assemblage of CaribbeanMyotisdo not form a monophyletic group. Caribbean species are phylogenetically close to mainland species from northern South America and Central America, suggesting that colonization of Caribbean islands happened multiple times.

Ultraconserved Elements (UCEs) have been useful to resolve challenging phylogenies of non-model clades, unpuzzling long-conflicted relationships in key branches of the Tree of Life at both deep and shallow levels. UCEs are often reliably recovered from historical samples, unlocking a vast number of preserved natural history specimens for analysis. However, the extent to which sample age and preservation method impact UCE recovery as well as downstream inferences remains unclear. Furthermore, there is an ongoing debate on how to curate, filter, and properly analyze UCE data when locus recovery is uneven across sample age and quality. In the present study we address these questions with an empirical dataset composed of over 3800 UCE loci from 219 historical and modern samples of Sciuridae, a globally distributed and ecologically important family of rodents. We provide a genome-scale phylogeny of two squirrel subfamilies (Sciurillinae and Sciurinae: Sciurini) and investigate their placement within Sciuridae. For historical specimens, recovery of UCE loci and mean length per locus were inversely related to sample age; deeper sequencing improved the number of UCE loci recovered but not locus length. Most of our phylogenetic inferences-performed on six datasets with alternative data-filtering strategies, and using three distinct optimality criteria-resulted in distinct topologies. Datasets containing more loci (40% and 50% taxa representativeness matrices) yielded more concordant topologies and higher support values than strictly filtered datasets (60% matrices) particularly with IQ-Tree and SVDquartets, while filtering based on information content provided better topological resolution for inferences with the coalescent gene-tree based approach in ASTRAL-III. We resolved deep relationships in Sciuridae (including among the five currently recognized subfamilies) and relationships among the deepest branches of Sciurini, but conflicting relationships remain at both genus- and species-levels for the rapid Neotropical tree squirrel radiation. Our results suggest that phylogenomic consensus can be difficult and heavily influenced by the age of available samples and the filtering steps used to optimize dataset properties.

The skull morphology of four species of cottontails from the mountains and plateaus of southwestern United States and northern Mexico, currently recognized as Sylvilagus nuttallii, S. cognatus, S. robustus, and S. holzneri (=S. floridanus holzneri), was analyzed using multivariate statistics. Based on 26 or 30 measurements taken on each of 350 adult skulls, and formulation of 16 pooled samples, with each representing a different geographic population, the results show there are two species-level distinctions in skull type. Cottontails from southern Utah, northern and east-central Arizona, and northern New Mexico show morphological overlap among geographically adjacent samples and all have a highly arched skull. These are referable to S. nuttallii. Cottontails from central Arizona, central New Mexico, and western Texas southward along the Sierra Madre Occidental to Durango, Mexico, and Sierra Madre Oriental to central Coahuila, Mexico show morphological overlap among geographically adjacent samples and all have a relatively flat skull. These are referable to S. holzneri. Both S. nuttallii and S. holzneri are polytypic in the study area. Sylvilagus n. pinetis is restricted to the White Mountains of Arizona. Those north and west of the Colorado River in Arizona and Utah are referable to S. n. nuttallii and those from southeastern Utah, northeastern Arizona and northern New Mexico are referable to S. n. grangeri. The population of cottontails previously referred to S. cognatus from central New Mexico is indistinguishable from topotypical S. holzneri from southeastern Arizona as well as populations from southwestern New Mexico, Chihuahua, and Sonora, Mexico. Cottontails previously referred to S. robustus, from the Guadalupe Mountains of New Mexico and Texas, southward in the mountains of western Texas, and the Sierra Madre Oriental to central Coahuila, Mexico, average larger in overall size and, on average, have proportionately larger auditory bullae and are referable to S. holzneri robustus. The relationship of S. holzneri to other mountain/plateau-inhabiting taxa, outside the study area in central and southern Mexico remains to be resolved.

Abstract The genus Myotis comprises a diverse group of vesper bats with worldwide distribution. Twenty-eight neotropical species are currently recognized. Based on a morphological approach, we describe a new species of Myotis from the Uruguayan Pampas grasslands, an ecoregion under high anthropogenic pressure with a largely unknown bat fauna. Qualitative and quantitative morphological analyses support the recognition of the new species and we present a set of external and cranial diagnostic characters by comparing them with other neotropical Myotis species. The new species reassembles Myotis riparius, but can be distinguished by a set of qualitative and quantitative morphological traits, including its clearly bicolored dorsal fur, tricolored ventral fur, a pelage on the dorsal surface of uropatagium, sagittal crest lower, braincase lower in lateral view and overall smaller size.

Myotis nesopolus currently comprises two subspecies. The nominate subspecies (M. n. nesopolus) occurs on the Caribbean islands of Curaçao and Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles, whereas M. n. larensis is known from mainland South America in northeastern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela. Our Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analyses of cytochrome-b gene sequences recovered M. nesopolus as a paraphyletic group, with M. n. nesopolus and M. n. larensis as non-sister lineages. The haplotype network indicates that these two subspecies do not share any haplotypes and are in different evolutionary trajectories. Additionally, these two subspecies can be distinguished on the basis of qualitative and quantitative morphological traits. This pattern supports the recognition of M. nesopolus and M. larensis as full species. Our results also reveal that the assemblage of Caribbean Myotis do not form a monophyletic group. Caribbean species are phylogenetically close to mainland species from northern South America and Central America, suggesting that colonization of Caribbean islands happened multiple times.

Tree squirrels (Sciurinae, Sciurini) represent a diverse radiation that successfully colonized Europe, Asia and the Americas during the Miocene-Pliocene, but information on their evolutionary history remains unclear. In the Neotropics, they have been shown to exhibit the highest rate of diversification amongst all arboreal squirrels, with strikingly high species accumulation rates in the past 3 My. In this study, we investigated the tempo and mode of diversification of tree squirrels using a mitogenome dataset that includes 43 Sciurini species. Our results corroborate the date of origin of the tribe Sciurini around 14 Mya (13.4-15.5) but suggest that their ancestral area was most likely in North America. This is in contrast to previous findings that suggested that the ancestors of this tribe occupied Eurasia. We estimated that cladogenetic events leading to the Eurasian lineages occurred twice at 10.5 and 9.7 Mya. Current North American genera originated in a temporal window from 6.2 to 2.3 Mya, and the origin of the Neotropical radiation was estimated to have occurred around 6 Mya in northwestern South America in the Pacific dominion. Remarkably, our results indicate that tree squirrels entered South America at an earlier date than previously estimated. This could have happened either through a land corridor connecting the Caribbean islands or through the Panamanian land bridge. Most cladogenetic events in Eurasia and North America appear to have occurred either late in the Miocene or in the Pleistocene, while the majority of Neotropical cladogenetic events occurred along the Pliocene—right after the South American invasion. We found a fairly constant speciation rate for tree squirrels (averaging 0.29), which contrasts with the peak of lineage accumulation observed in the Pliocene. The absence of fluctuations in the diversification rate may be the result of several extinction events that were responsible for equalizing the number of lineages maintained over time. Finally, we conclude that the South American invasion was not as recent as previously inferred, but the diversification there was indeed very fast.

We describe a new species of Myotis (Vespertilionidae, Myotinae) from the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, Tobago Island. The new species (Myotis attenboroughi sp. nov.) can be distinguished from all other Neotropical congeners by cranial features and cytochrome-b gene sequences. Myotis attenboroughi sp. nov. is allied morphologically with species in the albescens group (like M. nigricans), and is sister to a clade including M. cf. handleyi, M. nesopolus, and 3 possibly undescribed species from Central and South America. A review of Myotis collections from the Caribbean confirms M. nyctor for Barbados and Grenada; M. dominicensis for Dominica and Guadeloupe; M. martiniquensis for Martinique; M. pilosatibialis and M. riparius for Trinidad; and M. attenboroughi for Tobago. The occurrence of M. attenboroughi on Trinidad is still an open question.

5. Malayan Slit-faced Bat Nycteris tragata French: Nyctere de Malaisie / German: Malayische Schlitznase / Spanish: Nicterio malayo Other common names: Malayan Hollow-faced Bat Taxonomy. Petalia tragata K. Andersen, 1912, “Bidi Caves, Sarawak,” Borneo. Nycteris tragata belongs to the javanica group. Monotypic. Distribution. Patchily distributed in Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo. Descriptive notes. Head-body 68-75 mm, tail 70-73 mm, car 31-33 mm, hindfoot 10 mm, forearm 46-55 mm; weight 13-22 g. The Malayan Slit-faced Bat is small, with short rounded wings. Longitudinal cleft runs along top of muzzle, covering noseleaves. Fur is long and fluffy, pale reddish brown to grayish brown dorsally, and slightly lighter ventrally. Ears are very long. Wing membranes are dark brown. There are no obvious sexual differences in pelage. Habitat. Variety of tropical lowland forests and regenerating forests but apparently not rubber plantations. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. Practically nothing is known about breeding biology of the Malayan Slitfaced Bat, except that pregnant and lactating females have been collected throughout the year, suggesting that breeding is not seasonal. Littersize is one. Activity patterns. Malayan Slit-faced Bats roost during the day mostly in hollow trees and caves, with a single record from an abandoned building. Echolocation call is multiharmonic and involves a steep FM sweep with peak energy at 84 kHz. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Malayan Slit-faced Bats roost singly or in small groups of 2-5 individuals. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Malayan Slit-faced Batis primarily restricted to undisturbed forest and does not enter rubber plantations. Natural lowland forest is being cleared at a rapid rate in this region, and this is cause for conservation concern. Bibliography. Griffiths (1994, 1997), Kingston, Francis et al. (2003), Medway (1983), Mohd-Hanif et al. (2015), Phommexay et al. (2011), Pottie et al. (2005), Thomas et al. (1994), Van Cakenberghe & De Vree (1993b)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Nycteridae, pp. 374-386 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 384, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6576920

120. Isalo Serotine Neoromicia malagasyensis French: Vespere de |'lsalo / German: Isalo-Zwergfledermaus / Spanish: Neoromicia de Isalo Taxonomy. Eptesicus somalicus malagasyensis Peterson, Eger & Mitchell, 1995, 220 km NE Tuléar (= Toleara), Ilakaka, East of Sakaraha sous-prefecture, Madagascar (22°41' S, 45°13' E). Originally described as a subspecies of N. somalica; it is treated as a separate species based on cranial traits, and perhaps also bacular morphology. Its distinction from N. matroka is still open to question. Monotypic. Distribution. Madagascar, known only from four localities around the Isalo Massif. Descriptive notes. Tail 30-4 mm, ear 9-8 mm, hindfoot 5: 3 mm (one specimen), forearm 30-1-32 mm. Dorsal pelage of the Isalo Serotine is dark brown, with mid-dorsal hairs c¢. 7 mm long; ventral pelage is sharply bicolored, with a mixture of dark buff and gray, becoming paler toward tail. Ears are mid-brown and translucent. Single available baculum is 2-2 mm long, has distal end flattened and deflected ventrally, as in the Malagasy Serotine (N. matroka), but has a smaller surface area, and lateral flanges and vertical projection are less developed; dental morphology of the two is similar. Habitat. The Isalo Serotine has been netted foraging over water in transitional gallery tropical dry forest in canyons, at elevations of 450-700 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. In Isalo National Park, a male captured in December had slightly enlarged testes, and a female had large mammae, indicating recently ceased lactation. Activity patterns. Based on calls ofsix individuals, FM/QCF components are produced at low-duty cycle, with maximum energy in fundamental harmonic at ¢.45-8 kHz. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Isalo Serotine is only known from a few specimens. It occurs in Isalo National Park, occupying a restricted area of 1905 km ² Bibliography. Bates et al. (2006), Goodman & Ranivo (2004), Kofoky et al. (2009), Ramasindrazana et al. (2016), Simmons (2005)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Vespertilionidae, pp. 716-981 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 819-820, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6397752

Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Mormoopidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 424-443, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419781

471. Gray Large-footed Myotis Myotis adversus French: Murin adverse / German: Siidasiatische Wasserfledermaus / Spanish: Ratonero adverso Other common names: Gray Large-footed Bat, Large-footed Bat, Large-footed Mouse-eared Bat Taxonomy. Vespertilio adversus Horsfield, 1824, Java, Indonesia. Subgenus Myotis; horsfieldii species group. See M. horsfieldii. Myotis adversus previously included specimens that are now recognized as M. moluccarum and M. macropus. Records attributed to M. adversus in northern Vietnam were dubiously assigned to it and are tentatively considered to represent M. horsfieldii. Subspecies taiwanensis is now considered a subspecies of M. fimbriatus, although some earlier molecular studies suggested that it was a distinct species. Four subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. M.a.adversusHorsfield,1824—JavaandLesserSundaIs(Kangean,NusaPenida,Moyo,Sumbawa,Flores,Lembata,Pantar,Alor,Timor,andSavu).MayalsooccurinMalayPeninsula. M.a.carimataeG.S.Miller,1906—NBorneo(Sabah),KarimataandMendanauIs. M.a.tanimbarensisKitchener,1995—TanimbarIs(Yamdena). M. a. wetarensis Kitchener, 1995 — E Lesser Sunda Is (Wetar). Descriptive notes. Head-body 42- 6-55 mm, tail 33-4—48- 4 mm, ear 14-1-18- 2 mm, hindfoot 10-2-12- 5 mm, forearm 38-45- 2 mm. The Gray Large-footed Myotis is large, with very large hindfeet for fishing. Fur is long, dense, and woolly. Dorsal pelage is dark grayish brown to dusky brown; venteris lighter dark grayish to light grayish brown (hairs with grayish tips and dark bases). Hindfeet are very long, with long toes and hooked claws. Wings attach at ankles; membranes are black and opaque. Baculum is very short (0-60- 0-83 mm), narrow (somewhat Y-shaped in dorsal view), and pear-shaped, with moderate to profound basal bifurcation and rounded to blunt tip. Skull averages smaller in most measurements compared with the Southern Myotis (M. macropus), except rostral length, least interorbital breadth, and mesopterygoid fossa breadth; forehead is gently sloped, and rostrum is comparatively long; sagittal and lambdoidal crests are absent to weakly developed; C' has deep groove on lingual surface; P? and P, are minute at two-thirds the size offirst molars; P? is in tooth row or partially intruded; and P, is usually intruded from tooth row. Habitat. [.owland forests around bodies of water such as streams and lakes. Food and Feeding. Gray Large-footed Myotis feed on fish, frogs, and probably aquatic insects by trawling their long feet at the water’s surface. They probably also catch aerial Insects. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Gray Large-footed Myotis are known to roost in caves and tunnels. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Gray Large-footed Myotis roost in small colonies. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Gray Large-footed Myotis does not appear to be threatened overall but is probably locally threatened by logging, agricultural expansion, plantations, and forests fires in some regions. Bibliography. Bates et al. (1999), Cooper et al. (2001), Findley (1972), Flannery (1995a), Han Naijian et al. (2010), Hill (1983), Huang, J.C.C. et al. (2014), Hutson, Kingston & Francis (2008d), Kitchener, Cooper & Maryanto (1995), Kruskop (2013a), Smith & Hood (1981)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Vespertilionidae, pp. 716-981 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 969, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6397752

17. Neghrohion Long-fingered Bat Miniopterus maghrebensis French: Minioptére du Maghreb / German: Maghreb-Langfllgelfledermaus / Spanish: Miniéptero de Maghreb Other common names: Maghrebian Bent-winged Bat Taxonomy. Miniopterus maghrebensis Puechmaille et al, 2014, “Kef Azigza Cave (or Tazzouguert Cave), 5.7 km S of Ksar Tazougart, 19 km W-NW of Boudenib, Er Rachidiyah Province, Morocco (32 °0I’ 46.6" N, 03° 47° 16.7" W, 1060 ma.s. 1.).” Miniopterus maghrebensis was originally referred to as M. schreibersii until a recent molecular study confirmed existence of genetic differences at mitochondrial and nuclearlevels to allow their separation. All previous records of M. schreibersii from the Maghreb need to be reevaluated because they could potentially belong to M. maghrebensis; both species are found together in the region and can even share roosts. Monotypic. Distribution. So far known only from C & SW Morocco (Middle and High Atlas) and N Tunisia. Possibly occurs continuously across most of the Mediterranean part of N Africa, including Algeria. Descriptive notes. Head-body 60 mm,tail 63 mm, ear 13-4 mm, forearm 45-48 mm (holotype). The Maghrebian Long-fingered Bat is similar in most aspects to Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat (M. schreibersit), from which it can only be taxonomically confirmed with genetic analyses. Dorsal pelage of the Maghrebian Long-fingered Bat is chestnut-brown to dark grayish brown, and ventral pelage is pale brown. Ventral hairs are bicolored, dark brown on proximal parts and pale brown to buffy on distal parts. Dorsal skin of ears and naked parts of face are pale grayish brown, and ventral skin of ears is almost without pigments, fleshy pale to pinkish. Wing membranes are dark brown to dark grayish brown. Ears are small, and tragus (6-3 mm) is slender and slightly curved forward. Habitat. Mediterranean scrublands and dry forests, steppes, and other semi-desert habitats at elevations of 300-1200 m. In Morocco, the Maghrebian Long-fingered Bat seems to prefer southern and more arid environments, and in northern one-half of Morocco, Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat is found, although with large overlap between species. Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but based on wing morphology, the Maghrebian Long-fingered Bat probably forages for flying insects by moderately fast hawking in open, uncluttered places including clearings, above trees, and over water. Breeding. It is difficult to assign available information on reproduction of Miniopterus in the Maghreb to either the Maghrebian Long-fingered Bat or Schreibers’s L.ongfingered Bat. In any case, the pattern seems to be the typical for a temperate zone species of Miniopterus. An unusually wide range of dates of births has been reported for these bats in Algeria from mid-April to the end ofJune, but again it is not possible to taxonomically assign these records, and it was suggested that this wide range was due to the fact that the two species were present but had differentiated breeding periods. Activity patterns. The Maghrebian Long-fingered Bat is presumably nocturnal. As other temperate species of Miniopterus, it is expected to enter torpor in autumn, and it has been found to store fat in autumn for winter hibernation. It roosts in caves and other underground areas (e.g. irrigation channels). Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, with initial frequencies of 63-6-101-1 kHz, end frequencies of 48-9-51-8 kHz, peak frequencies of 51-54-8 kHz, durations of 3-2-5-6 milliseconds, and intervals of 67-2-239-2 milliseconds. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Colonies of Maghrebian Long-fingered Bats can include up to 400 individuals. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List because actual levels of disturbance are likely to lead to habitat declines of at least 30% in the next 15 years. This species is known from very few sites only, all representing underground spaces threatened by human activities. Bibliography. Benda & Piraccini (2017), Benda, Cerveny et al. (2010), Benda, Ruedi & Aulagnier (2004), Benda, Spitzenberger et al. (2014), Bilgin et al. (2016), Kowalski & Rzebik-Kowalska (1991), Puechmaille, Allegrini et al. (2014), Sramek et al. (2013)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Miniopteridae, pp. 674-709 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 700-701, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5735202

15. Common Vampire Bat Desmodus rotundus French: Vampire commun / German: Gewohnlicher Vampir / Spanish: Vampiro comun Taxonomy. Phyllostoma rotundum E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810, “ Paraguay.” Restricted by A. Cabrera in 1958 to Asuncion, Paraguay. Two subspecies are recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. D.r.rotundusE.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1810—Colombia,Venezuela,theGuianas,Ecuador,Peru,Brazil,Bolivia,Paraguay,NChile,Argentina,andUruguay;alsoonMargaritaandTrinidadIs. D. r. murinus Wagner, 1840 — from Sonora and Tamaulipas in N Mexico S through Central America to N & W Colombia and W Andean slopes in Ecuador and Peru. Descriptive notes. Head-body 68-93 mm (tailless), ear 16-21 mm, hindfoot 13-22 mm, forearm 52-64 mm; weight 25-40 g. Females are larger than males in most measurements. Subspecies are indistinguishable and separated by only distribution. Dorsum is generally darker than venter, which is silvery gray, but fur can vary from gray to red, gold, and orange. The Common Vampire Bat has short face, with reduced nasal leaf forming simple fold over nostrils. Upper incisors are highly developed in the form of a blade. Braincase is large, narrow frontally, and very broad posteriorly. Despite its efficiency in biting, bite force is much less than expected by its size. Forearms are covered by abundant fur, and first digit is highly developed allowing efficient quadrupedal locomotion supported by strong rotary muscles of forearm and muscles of hindlimbs. Uropatagium is almost absent, remaining simply as a fold. Dental formulais11/2,C1/1,P 1/2, M 1/1 (x2) = 20. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 28 and FN = 52. Habitat. All types of habitats, particularly lowland and mid-elevation habitats in South America, including open pastures, savannas, tropical and subtropical forests and dry forests, from sea level to elevations of 3600 m. Common Vampire Bats usually roost in small groups of 20-100 individuals but sometimes up to 5000 individuals, and they use variety of roosts including abandoned houses, caves, crevices, hollow trunks, and culverts, usually away from human settlements. Roosts can be shared with other species of bats including other species of vampire bats. Food and Feeding. Common Vampire Bats feed on blood (sanguivorous) of large mammals (including humans) and birds. They have particular techniques and adaptations to obtain blood, including terrestrial locomotory skills on the ground such as deliberate walking, running, and hopping, sometimes interrupted by short flights. After a Common Vampire Bat bits its victim, blood flows into the bat’s mouth along grooves on undersurface of tongue. Flow results from suction created in pharynx by lingual movements. Presence of anticoagulant factor, named Draculin, prevents blood from clotting by inhibiting the activated Factor X (FXa), the key enzyme in the coagulation cascade. Breeding. The Common Vampire Bat is monoestrous and gives birth to only one offspring after seven months of gestation. It breeds throughout year. Young complete development after ¢.7 months. Common Vampire Bats are known to live 18 years in the wild and up to 19-5 years in captivity. Activity patterns. Common Vampire Bats are nocturnal. Similar to other vampire bats (e.g. Hairy-legged Vampire Bat, Diphylla ecaudata), its activity is restrained to the darkest period of the night, and it is influenced by environmental factors, mostly moonlight, rain, and strong winds. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Common Vampire Bats move 5-8 km from diurnal roosts, and some individuals have returned to their roosts after being released 120 km away, apparently by recognizing landscape patterns. It is common to find stable groups over long periods of time, representing aggregation of different sexes and ages, with males and females occasionally segregated in the same roost. Young Common Vampire Bats can feed on regurgitated blood from their mothers; females will even be altruistic and feed orphaned young of the colony. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. Bibliography. Aguirre et al. (2002), Baker et al. (1988), Barquez et al. (2015a), Cabrera (1958), Fernandez et al. (1999), Greenhall et al. (1983), Kwon & Gardner (2008), Teran & Aguirre (2007b), Tirira (2017), Uieda (1987)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Phyllostomidae, pp. 444-583 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 495-496, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6458594

89. Mount Missim Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus shirleyae French: Nyctophile de Shirley / German: Shirley-Langohrfledermaus / Spanish: Nictofila de Shirley Other common names: New Guinea Big-eared Bat, Shirley's Long-eared Bat Taxonomy. Nyctophilus shirleyae Parnaby, 2009, “Southwestern slopes of Mt Missim, Kuper Range, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea, 17° [sic] 16’ S, 146° 46’ E.” The type locality in the original description contained a mistake in the latitude, which for Mount Missim should have been 7°16’ S, 146°46’ E. Nyctophilus shirleyae is tentatively in the bifax species group, although additional studies are needed to determine its relationships to other Nyctophilus. Records now attributed to it were previously attributable to N. timoriensis, although this name is now considered a species inquirenda and was broken into four species. Monotypic. Distribution. Recorded from two localities in Papua New Guinea, Mt Missim in Morobe Province and Trans-Fly region of Western Province;it likely has a wider distribution, and there is a third possible record (as N. timoriensis) from Daru I that requires validation. Descriptive notes. Head-body 52-64 mm,tail 48-52 mm, ear 25.3-25.4 mm, forearm 45-5-48-5 mm; weight 11-5-13 g. The Mount Missim Long-eared Bat has very large ears and unique simple noseleaf consisting of two ridges, one further on muzzle and another immediately above nostrils, with vertical groove in middle and furred trough between them. Dorsal pelage is grayish brown; venteris grayish white. Face, ears, and wing membranes are dark brown. Rostrum is short and blunt, with ridge across muzzle over nostrils that is moderately developed and low with moderately developed medial depression. Ears are very large and broad, with bluntly roundedtips, horizontal ribbing on inner surfaces, inward curved anterior edges, and smooth posterior edges (ears can fold back at top of thick part of anterior edge); large and furred interauricular band crosses forehead between ears; tragusis small and bluntly rounded at tip, being convex on anterior margin. Skull is robust; tympanic bullae are small even compared with the Eastern Long-eared Bat (N. bifax) and set comparatively far apart; and M” and lower molars are moderately reduced, more reduced than in the Eastern Long-eared Bat. Habitat. Primary rainforest on Mount Missim and dry monsoon forest in the Trans-Fly region at elevations of 500-1700 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. All four Mount Missim Long-eared Bats captured in November in the Trans-Fly region were lactating, and a female captured in July at Mount Missim had regressed teats. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Mount Missim Long-eared Bat is known only from twelve individuals, seven of which were captured in 2006. Additional sampling is needed to determineits full distribution and understand its ecology and taxonomy. Bibliography. Bonaccorso (1998), Hill & Pratt (1981), Parnaby (2009, 2017)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Vespertilionidae, pp. 716-981 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 806, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6397752

Family RHINOPOMATIDAE (MOUSE-TAILED BATS) • Smallto medium-sized insectivorous bats, with reduced tail membrane but free long tail; relatively large auricles, with tragus; and minute noseleaf above fleshy anterior pad of muzzle with dorsally oriented, valvular nostrils. • 10-16 cm. • Palearctic, Afrotropical, and Indo-Malayan regions. • Arid and semiarid habitats, roosting in caves, rocky niches, and man-made structures. • 1 genus, 6 species, 8 taxa. • 1 species Endangered; none Extinct since 1600., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Rhinopomatidae, pp. 164-176 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 164, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6421029

437. Pond Myotis Myotis dasycneme French: Murin des marais / German: Teichfledermaus / Spanish: Ratonero lagunero Other common names: Pond Bat Taxonomy. Vespertilio dasycneme Boie, 1825, Jutland, Denmark. Subgenus Myotis; sole member of the dasycneme species group. The relationship of M. dasycneme to other species in the subgenus Myotis is relatively uncertain and there do not appear to be any species closely related to M. dasycneme, supporting the recognition of its monospecific species group. The forms major and lmnophilus are synonyms of dasycneme. Monotypic. Distribution. C & E Europe, from S Sweden to N France, Germany and Poland, and E to Yenisei River in C Russia; isolated populations in Hungary, Romania, Ukraine, and N Kazakhstan. Descriptive notes. Head—body 57-68 mm, tail 46-51 mm, ear 17-18 mm, hindfoot 11-12 mm, forearm 43-49 mm; weight 13-18 g. Fur is shaggy. Dorsal pelage of the Pond Myotis is brown to grayish brown; ventral pelage is lighter gray to yellowish white. Bare face and arms are brown and ears and membranes are grayish brown; there are characteristic dark warts on sides of snout. Ears are relatively short with no notch on outer edge; tragus is shorter than one-half the ear height and is relatively broad compared to congeners. Wings attach at heel and feet are large and strong with long bristles (similar to the Long-fingered Myotis, M. capaccinii). Calcar is straight but comparatively short, only extending one-third the way to tailtip. Skull has relatively flat forehead region and comparatively well-developed sagittal crest near posterior portion of cranium. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44 and FNa = 52 (Russia). Habitat. The Pond Myotis occurs from sea level up to 1500 m, almost always strongly dependent on aquatic habitats, such as canals, rivers, streams, lakes or ponds; commonly by slow-flowing, broad rivers. During summerit occurs in lowland meadows and forests but it moves to the foothills during autumn and winter. Food and Feeding. Commonly seen hunting on canals,rivers or lakes, especially those with open banks. The Pond Myotis is one of the few species specialized in feeding above open,still water surfaces using a trawling foraging strategy, involving the uropatagium. This foraging strategy allows it to capture prey straight off still water surfaces, even emerging chironomid midges. It tendsto fly a little higher and faster (7-9 m /s) than Daubenton’s Myotis (M. daubentonii) or the Long-fingered Myotis, thus preferring clutter-free banks. This species sometimes forages at forest edge and over meadows, and sporadically even over the sea, during the mass emergence of small crabs. It feeds mainly on aquatic insects such as gnats, mosquitoes and caddisflies over water, and beetles and moths at forest edge. Breeding. Maternity colonies usually harbor less than a hundred females, but in few cases, can number up to 750; males rarely form colonies of more than a few dozen. Females became sexually active during their second year. Sometimes, two young are born. Life span reported to be up to 21 years. Activity patterns. Roosts tend to be in houses or other old buildings, in attics, churches or empty cavities in roofs; only occasionally in trees, rock crevices, or bat boxes. Colonies of several thousand roosting together have occasionally been found in Denmark. Echolocation calls resemble the typical pulses of all European Myotis, with broadband FM signals,starting at 65-85 kHz and ending at 25-35 kHz. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Not a long-distance migrant, but it can migrate from lowlands to low mountains. During hibernation, it tends to shift roosts, and roosts either individually or in small clusters, in cellars, caves or bunkers. Winter roosts tend to be separated from summer ones by distances of 100-350 km; for commuting between thesites the species needs quality forest for connecting corridors. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. There are no estimates but populations are suspected to have slumped in recent decades, especially in the Netherlands; now one of rarest bat species in Europe. Continued degradation of aquatic habitats, water pollution and destruction of riparian habitats might compromise its survival in the near future; roost disturbance and loss are also major threats, and many of the known maternity colonies have been lost in recent decades. More information is needed from the eastern part ofits distribution. Bibliography. Britton et al. (1997), Ciechanowski & Zapart (2012), Ciechanowski, Sachanowicz & Kokurewicz (2007), Ciechanowski, Zapart et al. (2017), Hutson et al. (2001), Krlger et al. (2012), Kuijper et al. (2008), Leeuwangh & Volte (1985), Limpens et al. (2000), Orlova & Zapart (2012), Pacifici et al. (2013), Piraccini (2016f), Reinhold et al. (1999), Roer (2001), Van de Sijpe et al. (2004), Verboom et al. (1999), Volleth & Heller (2012), Volte et al. (1974)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Vespertilionidae, pp. 716-981 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 955, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6397752

99. Cadorna’s Pipistrelle Hypsugo cadornae French: Vespére de Cadorna / German: Cadorna-Zwergfledermaus / Spanish: Hypsugo de Cadorna Other common names: Thomas's Pipistrelle Taxonomy. Pipistrellus cadornae Thomas, 1916, “Pashok, 3'500° [= 1067 m],” Dar jeeling, India. Hypsugo cadornae appears to be sister to H. macrotis. Monotypic. Distribution. NE India (West Bengal), N Myanmar, N Thailand, Laos, N & C Vietnam, and NE Cambodia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 45-8 55 mm, tail 32-42 mm, ear 12-5-15 mm, hindfoot 5-4-8-3 mm, forearm 34-4-36-4 mm; weight 5-5-7 g. Pelage of Cadorna’s Pipistrelle is soft, dense, and relatively long; dorsally dark chestnut-brown (hairs slightly darker at root than tip), ventrally paler chestnut-brown (hairs dark brown or black at root). Bare parts of membranes, face, and ears are uniform dark brown. Ears are moderately large with broadly rounded tip, and anterior edge broadly convex above base; tragus is relatively short, broad, and angled slightly forward, and has basal lobe. Last two vertebrae stretch past margin of uropatagium, and calcar has narrow keel. Penis is relatively small. Baculum is small (2-5 mm long, one specimen) and robust; shaft is curved downward and is deeply grooved ventrally; it has two pronounced projections on each side of base; tip is distinctively spoon-shaped. Skull has narrow, rounded braincase (notflattened, as in Savi’s Pipistrelle, Hypsugo savii); basioccipital area has well-defined central ridge running between the two cochleae but basioccipital pits are practically absent; zygomatic arches are robust with projection dorsally on each jugal bone. I’ is as high as second cusp of I?, being subequal in crown area; P? is minute and within recess formed by C',just outside tooth row; C' and P* are either in contact or nearly so; P, is within tooth row and twothirds the crown area and one-half the height of P,; and lower molars are myotodont. Habitat. Collected in dry bamboo forests and montane mixed forests at elevations of c.708-1950 m. Food and Feeding. Cadorna’s Pipistrelles are agile fliers and feed on a variety of insects. In north-western Thailand, fecal samples mainly included Hemiptera (49-3% by volume, 76-7% by frequency) and Coleoptera (43-7%, 70%), along with smaller amounts of Hymenoptera (2-7%, 3-:3%), Homoptera (2:5%, 3-3%), Diptera (1-2%, 6-7%), Acari (0-2%, 3-3%), and Lepidoptera (0-2%, 3:3%). Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Cadorna’s Pipistrelles roost by day and forage at night. Remains of one individual were collected in a cave in north-eastern Thailand, although the species may not typically roost in caves. Call frequency recorded at 37-5 kHz (unpublished data), probably representing peak frequency value. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (as Pipustrellus cadornae). Cadorna’s Pipistrelle does not seem to face any major threats currently, although it may be locally threatened by roost disturbance. Very little is known about its ecology and potential threats; further research is needed. Bibliography. Bates & Harrison (1997), Bates, Harrison et al. (1997), Bates, Nwe Tin et al. (2005), Francis (2008a), Francis, Bates, Molur & Srinivasulu (2008a), Furey et al. (2012), Gorfél et al. (2014), Kruskop (2013a), Lim, L.S. et al. (2016), Weterings et al. (2015)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Vespertilionidae, pp. 716-981 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 811, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6397752

Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Cistugidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 710-715, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5732526

192. Ecuadorian Fruit-eating Bat Artibeus aequatorialis French: Artibée d'Equateur / German: Ecuador-Fruchtvampir / Spanish: Artibeo de Ecuador Other common names: Ecuatorial Fruit-eating Bat Taxonomy. Artibeus jamaicensis aequatorialis K. Andersen, 1906, “Zaruma, Loja [Loja Province], S. Ecuador, 1000 m.” Artibeus aequatorialis is in subgenus Artibeus. Although described and considered a subspecies of A. jamaicensis, at some point it was also associated with A. lituratus. Monotypic. Distribution. W Colombia, W Ecuador, and extreme NW Peru, W of Andes. Descriptive notes. Head-body 73-94 mm (tailless), ear 20-24 mm, hindfoot 16— 19 mm, forearm 65-75 mm; weight 42-65 g. The Ecuadorian Fruit-eating Batis large, with brown to dark brown dorsal hairs having paler bases; venteris paler. Dorsal furis short and dense. Whitish stripes are not well defined on face. Dorsal fur extends onto areas of wings between forearm and legs. Rim of noseleaf gradually disappearsatits base and is continuous with upperlip with no flap ofskin. Patagium and uropatagium are black. Wingtips are whitish, which seems variable among populations. Uropatagium is short, with deep V-shaped notch and wide margin, and is sparsely haired. Dorsal surface of feet is covered with short hairs. Dental formula is 12/2, C1/1, P 2/2, M 2/2-3 (x2) = 28-30. Preand postorbital ridges and processes are poorly developed. M,is reduced in size (when present) and does not have well-developed cusps. Habitat. Various habitats ranging from tropical humid forests of the Choc 6 in western Colombia to dry forests of south-western Ecuador and north-western Peru and near banana plantations from lowlands to elevations of ¢. 1100 m (EI Oro, Ecuador). The Ecuadorian Fruiteating Bat occurs sympatrically with the Fraternal Fruit-eating Bat (A. fraterculus) and the Great Fruit-eating Bat (A. lituratus) throughout most ofits distribution. Food and Feeding. The Ecuadorian Fruit-eating Bat is primarily frugivorous but reportedly eats insects and leaves. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. The Ecuadorian Fruit-eating Bat most probably roosts in caves and trees, as do many ofits congeners. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Ecuadorian Fruit-eating Bats are gregarious. Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Ecuadorian Fruiteating Bat was recently recognized as a distinct species, and information on its population status and life history is lacking. Bibliography. Andersen (1906b, 1908c), Carrera et al. (2010), Handley (1987), Larsen, Hoofer et al. (2007), Larsen, Marchan-Rivadeneira & Baker (2010b), Marques-Aguiar (2008a), Redondo et al. (2008)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Phyllostomidae, pp. 444-583 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 572-573, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6458594

19. Bornean Spotted-winged Fruit Bat Balionycteris maculata French: Cynoptére tacheté / German: Borneo-Fleckenkurznasenflughund / Spanish: Balionicterio maculado Other common names: Spotted-winged Fruit Bat Taxonomy. Cynopterus maculatus Thomas, 1893, “ Sarawak,” western Borneo, Malaysia. The two traditionally recognized subspecies, type maculata in Borneo (slightly larger and browner but otherwise very much alike) and sesmundi in Peninsular Malaysia, have 12% genetic divergence (using cytochrome-b sequences) that warrants species-level recognition. B. maculata is also distinguished morphometrically from B. setmundi. Monotypic. Distribution. Borneo. Descriptive notes. Head—body 50-74 mm (tailless), ear 7-11 mm, hindfoot 7-8 mm, forearm 38-43 mm; weight 11-14 g. Head of the Bornean Spotted-winged Fruit Bat is rounded, with short muzzle and sparse hair, and skin is brown; nostrils are shortly tubular and divergent; philtrum is divided into two separate lines from base of nostrils down to upper lip; and lower lip pads are large and fused. Lacrimal has white spot of bare skin. Eyes are large and bulging; iris is dark brown. Ears are short, rounded, and dark brown, with slightly swollen white spot at bases and small tubercles on dorsal surfaces. There is a line of swollen follicles of genal vibrissae. Head pelage is short, soft, and coffee-brown, and nape is sparsely haired; dorsum has longer, dark brown pelage. Uropatagium 1s narrow and hairy at center, and calcar is short. Males have throat gland. Chest and belly have gray hair bases, washed with yellowish brown tips; sides of neck have longer, yellowish hairs. Wing membranes attach to first toe and are dark grayish brown, flecked with white; all wing digit joints are white and slightly swollen. Skull lacks basicranial deflection. Laterally, rostrum is short, sloping into forehead; orbit is very large; zygomatic root is slightly above upper alveolar line; zygoma is thin and arched posteriorly; and braincase is round. Dorsally, rostrum is broad, postorbital foramen is absent; postorbital processes are very short and blunt; paranasal recesses are inflated and extended posteriorly; temporal lines are low and separate; there is almost no postorbital constriction; braincase is almost rounded; nuchal crest is barely marked; and zygomatic arches are moderately wide. Ventrally, palate is flat; tooth rows are lightly arched; post-dental palate is long and moderately converging, with straight caudal edge; palatine spine is inconspicuous and connected to sphenoid crest; and ectotympanic is small and wider anteriorly, internally edged by ribbon-like entotympanic. Mandible is thin, sloping into a low coronoid with rounded tip; condyle is small, level with lower alveolar line; and angle is distinct and round. Dental formula for all species of Balionycterisis12/1,C1/1,P 3/3, M 2/2 (x2) = 30. Upper dentition has two pairs of small incisors; C' is small and slightly decurved; P' is a spicule; next premolar (P?) is large and triangular; P* is low; molars are low, very small, and rectangular in occlusal outline; and M* is tiny and atavistic. Lower dentition has incisors that correspond to I, (I, absent), C,is very small, P,is peg-like, P, is large, posterior cheekteeth decrease in height and are rectangular, and M,is minute. Diploid numberis 2n = 24. Habitat. Borneo lowland rainforest, including nutrient-poor heath and peat swamp forest and mangrove forests, and secondary forests up to elevations of ¢. 1000 m. Food and Feeding. The Bornean Spotted-winged Fruit Bat is primarily an understory frugivore. It drinks from natural mineral lick pools when available. Breeding. The Bornean Spotted-winged Fruit Bat is seasonally monoestrous and probably is polygynous (harem-forming). Births occur in October-December; postpartum estrus and subsequent mating occurs, overlapped with care of young. Successful mating results in a pregnancy with prolonged delay in embryonic development. Births occur during periods of greatest rainfall. Lactation lasts 2-4 months, after which young become progressively more independent. Both sexes attain sexual maturity within six months, around peak of flowering/fruiting centered in April. Males have significantly larger testes from early December to May. Sex ratio in adults is notsignificantly biased from 1:1. Activity patterns. The Bornean Spotted-winged Fruit Bat presumably makes tents in which to roost. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Feeding areas of Bornean Spottedwinged Fruit Bats occur within 1 km?* centered on the roost. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Bornean Spotted-winged Fruit Bat can adapt to disturbed habitats. Bibliography. Bansa et al. (2018), Bates, Bumrungsri, Suyanto, Francis & Kingston (2008), Benda (2010a), Francis (1989), Giannini & Simmons (2007a), Khan et al. (2008), Kofron (2007a), Maryanto (2003), Mohd-Ridwan et al. (2018), Olson et al. (2001), Rahman et al. (2010), Suyanto & Struebig (2007)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Pteropodidae, pp. 16-162 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 72-73, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6448815

29. Pendlebury’s Leaf-nosed Bat Hipposideros pendleburyi French: Phyllorhine de Pendlebury / German: Pendlebury-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Pendlebury Other common names: Pendlebury’s Roundleaf Bat Taxonomy. Hipposideros pendleburyi Chasen, 1936, “cave near the foot of Khao Ram, Nakon Sri Tamarat, Peninsular Siam [= Thailand].” Hipposideros pendleburyi is in the armiger species group. Monotypic. Distribution. Peninsular Thailand. Descriptive notes. Tail 48-70 mm, ear 30—35 mm, forearm 75—81 mm; weight 44-67 g. Males are usually larger than females. Ears of Pendlebury’s Leaf-nosed Bat re large with pointed tip. Hair is long and soft, and dark brown. Tail is long with tip free from interfemoral membrane. Noseleaf is rather small and does not cover muzzle. There are four supplementary leaflets, with outer one very small. Intermediate leaf is thick and swollen. Posterior leaf is thick but narrower than anterior leaf. Adult males have a thick, swollen structure behind posterior leaf. Skull is large with well-developed sagittal crest. Rostrum and supraorbital region are greatly inflated. C1 and j are heavily built. P2 small and extruded from tooth row, so that C1 and P4 are in contact. Habitat. Pendlebury’s Leaf-nosed Bat forages in primary and disturbed forests, seeking its food in the forest itself or in other vegetation near caves. It is also recorded in orchards and rubber plantations. Food and Feeding. Pendlebury’s Leaf-nosed Bat feeds on insects, mosdy Coleoptera and Hymenoptera, in the forest understory and around trees. It sometimes flies high and fest in open spaces, possibly commuting to and from foraging sites. Breeding. Females were found pregnant fromJanuary to early May. Young were sighted attached to females in the roost from February to June. Activity patterns. Pendlebury’s Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in caves, often in large numbers. Echolocation calls are typical F components terminating with a FM tail, with the frequency of the F part of 65-75 kHz. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Pendlebury’s Leaf-nosed Bat forms small to very large colonies in caves. Each individual usually has a roosting space of c.10-20 cm from other individuals. They are often found in mixed colonies with other large Hipposideros species such as Diadem Leaf-nosed Bats (Ä diadema), Large Asian Leaf-nosed Bats (H. lekaguli), or Shield-faced Leaf-nosed Bats (H. lylei). Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCNRed List as a separate species from the Lesser Leaf-nosed Bat (H. turpis), which is classified as Near Threatened. Pendlebury’s Leaf-nosed Bat is widespread and rather common in cave habitats. It has been recorded from several protected areas throughout its range. Bibliography. Corbet & Hill (1992), Francis (2008a), Lekagul & McNeely (1988), Puechmaille et a/. (2009), Simmons (2005)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Hipposideridae, pp. 227-258 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 238, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808

115. Least Big-eared Bat Neonycteris pusilla French: Néonyctére nain / German: Kleinst-GroRohrblattanse / Spanish: Neonicterio pequeno Taxonomy. Micronycteris (Neonycteris) pusilla Sanborn, 1949, “Tahuapunta, Rio Vaupes,at the Colombian border, Amazonas, Brazil.” This species is monotypic. Distribution. Known only from type locality in W Amazonian Brazil. Descriptive notes. Forearm 34-3 mm and greatest length ofskull 17-9 mm (holotype). No other measurements are available. The Least Big-eared Bat is small, with short tail and calcar shorter (7 mm) than foot. Noseleaf is blunt, and chin has two elongated dermal pads. Ears are rounded and fully separated from each other. Third metacarpalis the largest metacarpal bone, and fourth is shortest. Second phalanx of third digit (14-9 mm) is larger than first (10-8 mm); they are about equalin size in fourth digit (second phalanx 9-8 mm,first phalanx 8-7 mm). Ascending ramus of lower jaw has horizontally displaced border, with tip toward lateral plane. Upper premolars are reduced, and tip of P* is much shorter than that P°. Lower incisors are trlobed. Dental formula is12/2,C1/1,P 2/3. M 3/3 (2) =54. Habitat. Amazonian forest (known only from holotype and topotype). Food and Feeding. Based on morphology ofits teeth and skull and other shared characteristics with closely related Niceforo’s Big-eared Bat (Trinycteris nicefori), the Least Big-eared Bat probably feeds mostly on arthropods and, to a lesser extent, fruit. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Data deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Least Big-eared Bat is only known from two specimens collected in the 1940s, and because it occurs in an area experiencing habitat fragmentation, extent of its occurrence has probably declined. Bibliography. Baker et al. (2016), Sanborn (1949a), Wetterer et al. (2000), Williams & Genoways (2008)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Phyllostomidae, pp. 444-583 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 539, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6458594