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Fine-scale topographic complexity creates important microclimates that can facilitate species to grow outside their main distributional range and increase biodiversity locally. Enclosed depressions in karst landscapes (‘dolines’) are topographically complex environments which produce microclimates that are drier and warmer (equator-facing slopes) and cooler and moister (pole-facing slopes and depression bottoms) than the surrounding climate. We show that the distribution patterns of functional groups for organisms in two different phyla, Arthropoda (ants) and Tracheophyta (vascular plants), mirror this variation of microclimate. We found that north-facing slopes and bottoms of solution dolines in northern Hungary provided key habitats for ant and plant species associated with cooler and/or moister conditions. Contrarily, south-facing slopes of dolines provided key habitats for species associated with warmer and/or drier conditions. Species occurring on the surrounding plateau were associated with intermediate conditions. We conclude that karst dolines provide a diversity of microclimatic habitats that may facilitate the persistence of taxa with diverse environmental preferences, indicating these dolines to be potential safe havens for multiple phyla under local and global climate oscillations.

Approximately, 40% of Turkey’s landmass consists of soluble rocks (limestone, dolomite, and gypsum) highly suitable for karstification. While presenting different lithological composition, lithostratigraphic and structural characteristics, these rocks reach in some places up to 4000 m in elevation. Tectonic movements since the middle Miocene have played, together with climate, a major role in the processes of karst development. Several factors intervene in the formation processes and history of the karstic landscapes of Turkey: structural dynamics (mainly extensional tectonics and block faulting) and its spatial distribution, relief rejuvenation responding to the combination of uplift intensity and sea-level changes and the stratigraphic/lithologic context. Resulting from the various combinations possible, there are large-scale differences in the evolution of the karstic landscape within short distances. Consequently, six karstic regions and eleven distinct sub-karstic areas can be identified on the basis of their different morphogenetic and morphometric characteristics. © 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Coastal karst aquifers show a three-dimensional vulnerability, which consists of the whole of the &ldquo, intrinsic vulnerability&rdquo, and the &ldquo, groundwater vulnerability to seawater intrusion&rdquo, The results of a study carried out in the Salento karst coastal aquifer (southern Italy) show that temperature, as well as being a reliable tracer of groundwater flow, is also an effective indicator of vulnerability in anisotropic media. The trend of isotherms related to a cross-section of the aquifer thermal field, combined with geological, geomorphological, and hydrogeological information, allows the role of faults and dolines in the mass transport from ground surface to be inferred. Isotherm trends may also give information on the permeability distribution along faults. A specific temperature value evidence the saltwater top, thus indicating the groundwater vulnerability to salinization.

Ponikve pripadaju među najznačajnije krške oblike koji se stoga smatraju i dijagnostičkim oblicima krša. Njihov prostorni raspored i gustoća važan su pokazatelj stupnja okršenosti nekog prostora, ali i njegova cjelokupnoga geomorfološkog razvoja. Cilj ovoga rada je utvrditi prostorni raspored i gustoću ponikava te analizirati utjecaj geološke građe i morfometrijskih karakteristika terena (hipsometrija, nagib padina, vertikalna raščlanjenost) na prostorni raspored ponikava na području jugoistočnog Velebita. Prvi je put na području krša Hrvatske uspoređen prostorni raspored ponikava s prostornim rasporedom ulaza u speleološke objekte i to samo na dijelu jugoistočnog Velebita – Crnopcu. Podaci o položaju ponikava preuzeti su s topografskih karata 1:25 000. Svi podaci su digitalizirani i računalno analizirani s pomoću ArcGIS 10.1 programskog paketa u GIS laboratoriju GO PMF-a u Zagrebu. Istraživanjem je ustanovljen snažan utjecaj morfometrijskih parametara reljefa na gustoću ponikava. Najznačajnija pojava ponikava vezana je za područja nadmorskih visina 1000 – 1200 m, nagiba padina manjeg od 2° i vertikalne raščlanjenosti reljefa 100 – 200 m/km2. Također, najveća gustoća ponikava zabilježena je u karbonatnim naslagama jurske starosti te je utvrđeno da zone glavnih rasjeda nemaju značajniji utjecaj na povećanje gustoće ponikava. Usporedbom prostornog rasporeda i gustoće ponikava i ulaza u speleološke objekte utvrđen je njihov visok stupanj korelacije., Dolines are considered to be among the most prominent karst formations, which is why they can serve as diagnostic forms of karst. Their spatial distribution and density are important indicators of an area’s degree of karstification, as well as of an overall geomorphological development. The aim of this paper is to determine the spatial distribution and the density of dolines, and also to analyse the influence of geological structure and morphometric features of the terrain (hypsometry, slope inclination, relative relief) on the spatial distribution of dolines in the area of southeastern Velebit. Moreover, for the first time with regards to the Croatian karst, the spatial distribution of dolines was compared with the spatial distribution of entrances into caves in the southeastern Velebit’s area of Crnopac. The data on the dolines’ position were adopted from 1:25,000 scaled topographic maps. All data were digitalised and analysed with ArcGIS 10.1 software in the GIS laboratory of the Geographic Department of the Faculty of Science in Zagreb. The research showed a strong influence of morphometric parameters of the relief on dolines’ density. The most prominent occurrence of dolines is linked with the areas ranging from 1000 to 1200 meters of altitude, slope inclination lower than 2° and the relative relief of 100 – 200 m per km2. Furthermore, the highest density of dolines was recorded in the Jurassic carbonate layers, while it was determined that the zones of main faults do not have a significant influence on the increase of dolines’ density. A high degree of correlation was determined by comparing spatial distributions and density of dolines and entrances into caves.

The Causse of El Hajeb belongs to the Tabular Middle Atlas (TMA), in which thousands of karst landforms have been identified. Among them, collapse dolines and dissolution sinkholes have been highlighted as a source of environmental risks and geo-hazards. In particular, such sinkholes have been linked to the degradation of water quality in water springs located in the junction of the TMA and Sa&iuml, ss basin. Furthermore, the developments of collapse dolines in agricultural and inhabited areas enhance the risk of life loss, injury, and property damage. Here, the lack of research on newly formed cavities has exacerbated the situation. The limited studies using remote sensing or geophysical methods to determine the degree of karstification and vulnerability of this environment fail to provide the spatial extent and depth location of individual karst cavities. In order to contribute to the effort of sinkhole risk reduction in TMA, we employed remote sensing and geophysical surveys to integrate electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and self-potential (SP) for subsurface characterization of four sinkholes identified in the Causse of El Hajeb. The results revealed the existence of sinkholes, both visible and non-accessible at the surface, in carbonate rocks. The sinkholes exhibited distinct morphologies, with depths reaching 35 m. Topography, geographic coordinates and land cover information extracted on remote sensing data demonstrated that these cavities were developed in depressions in which agricultural activities are regularly performed. The fusion of these methods benefits from remote sensing in geophysical surveys, particularly in acquisition, georeferencing, processing and interpretation of geophysical data. Furthermore, our proposed method allows identification of the protection perimeter required to minimize the risks posed by sinkholes.

This paper introduces some important results of botanical research from Cres, Lošinj and Ilovik islands, Croatia. Besides the first records of taxa that have biogeographical importance (Erythronium dens-canis, Crocus vittatus, Anemone ranunculoides, Corydalis cava), the distributions of several rare (e.g. Medicago marina, Potentilla micrantha, Scilla bifolia, Sedum litoreum) and some adventive (e.g. Oxalis pes-caprae, Symphyotrichum squamatum) plant species are also given. Presumably the survival of Central European forest elements (with montane characters) on Cres Island is related to the macroclimatic and orographic features, the special microclimate and the ability of karst dolines (in the areas of Prašče brdo and Tamniški dolac) to provide safe haven for relict populations., Rad donosi neke važne rezultate botaničkih istraživanja Cresa, Lošinja i Ilovika. Osim prvih nalaza svojti koji imaju biogeografsku važnost (Erythronium dens-canis, Crocus vittatus, Anemone ranunculoides, Corydalis cava), daje se i rasprostranjenost nekih rijetkih (npr. Medicago marina, Potentilla micrantha, Scilla bifolia, Sedum litoreum) i nekih novopridošlih biljnih vrsta (npr. Oxalis pes-caprae, Symphyotrichum squamatum). Opstanak srednjeeuropskih šumskih elemenata (montanog karaktera) na Cresu dovodi se u vezu s makroklimatskim i orogeografskim obilježjima, posebnom mikroklimom i sposobnošću krških ponikvi (na području Prašče brdo i Tamniški dolac) da pruže sigurno utočište reliktnim populacijama.

Congreso Español sobre Cuevas Turísticas (7º. 2018. La Vall d’Uixó, Castellón). - Congreso Iberoamericano sobre Cuevas Turísticas (2º. 2018. La Vall d’Uixó, Castellón). - Texto en español con resumen y palabras claves en español e inglés., La Sierra de Mollina se localiza al N de la provincia de Málaga, en la cuenca vertiente a la laguna de Fuente de Piedra. En su ladera sudoriental se conocen varias cavidades asociadas a dolinas de colapso. A partir de datos geológicos y geofísicos, se ha caracterizado la estructura de la sierra, se han analizado los aspectos hidrogeológicos que condicionan la formación de las cavidades y se han estudiado los rasgos exo y endokársticos más sobresalientes. Las dos cavidades más importantes (Cueva de los Órganos y la Sima del Soldado) se desarrollan preferentemente a favor de la estratificación, que en este sector presenta buzamientos superiores a 40°SE. Sus desniveles superan los 100 m y presentan amplias salas con gran desarrollo de espeleotemas vadosos y caos de bloques, consecuencia del colapso gravitacional de algunas zonas. Juegos de diaclasas N-S y NE-SO facilitan la circulación de agua. El principal aspecto que caracteriza estas cavidades es la presencia de abundantes cortezas de yeso recubriendo los carbonatos que constituyen la roca de caja en las zonas profundas. Este rasgo apunta a un proceso de espeleogénesis por ácido sulfúrico, debido a la emisión de gas sulfhídrico (H2S) procedente de la reducción del sulfato disuelto en el agua subterránea. Estos procesos debieron producirse con el nivel freático ~100 m más elevado que el actual y como consecuencia de la mezcla de aguas de infiltración local y aguas procedentes de materiales triásicos y posiblemente miocenos. El estudio previo de espeleotemas pone de manifiesto también la existencia de termalismo durante el Pleistoceno medio, por lo que en esa edad el proceso espeleogenético podría haber estado activo = Mollina Range is located in the northern part of the Málaga province, in the endorheic watershed of Fuente de Piedra. In its southeastern slope, some caves associated with collapse dolines are known. Geological and geophysical data allow us to characterize the structure of the range, to analyze the hydrogeological aspects that condition the formation of the caves and to study their most outstanding exo and endokarstic characteristics. The two most important caves (Órganos Cave and Soldado Shaft) are preferably developed along the bedding surfaces, dipping 40ºSE in this sector. Both cavities are more than 100 m deep, with spacious chambers and great development of vadose speleothems and chaos of blocks, consequence of the gravitational collapse of some areas. N-S and NE-SW joint sets facilitate water flow. The main aspect that characterize these caves is the presence of gypsum crusts replacing the carbonates that constitute the host rock in the deepest zones. This evidence points to sulphuric acid speleogenesis due to the emission of H2S from the reduction of the sulfate dissolved in groundwater. These processes may have occurred with the water table ~100 m higher than nowadays and as a consequence of mixing processes local infiltration waters and groundwater arising from Triassic and possibly Miocene materials. Previous studies of speleothems also reveal the existence of thermalism during the Middle Pleistocene, so at that period the speleogenetic process could have been active., Unidad de Granada, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, España, Unidad de Sevilla, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, España, Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, España

Le programme Dolines « Diagnose des dolines, indicateurs de qualité des milieux » avait pour objectifs :1/ d'acquérir des connaissances nécessaires à la compréhension du fonctionnement général de l’écosystème « doline » dans les milieux ultramafiques, d’un point de vue hydrogéologique, physico-chimique et biologique. 2/ de définir des indicateurs pertinents et émettre des recommandations pour qualifier et suivre la qualité écologique des plans d’eau de type doline, et notamment les effets potentiels de l’activité minière sur ces systèmes.- L'étude réalisée propose également une série de fiches techniques pour le suivi de la qualité physico-chimique et biologique (caractérisation des communautés planctoniques et benthiques) des dolines.

The purpose of this study is to produce a sinkhole susceptibility map of the Obruk Plateau in central Turkey, based on a frequency ratio method within a Geographic Information System environment. Using field surveys, the locations of the 182 sinkholes were determined in the study area. In this study, 30 sinkhole-related factors were determined and used in the analysis. The values of the frequency ratio were estimated using frequency ratio analysis and were used to calculate the sinkhole potential for the entire study area. For model validation, the constructed sinkhole occurrence potential map was overlaid onto the 182 observed sinkholes, showing that 169 sinkholes (93% of all sinkholes) were determined to be in the high and moderate sinkhole occurrence potential areas. In addition, the predictive capabilities of the models were determined by the area under the relative operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The area value under the ROC curve was 0.953. These results indicate that the model is a good estimator of the sinkhole potential in the study area. The sinkhole potential map shows that the areas of very low or no, low, moderate and high sinkhole potential classes are 712.31 km 2 ; 641.15 km 2 , 572.45 km 2 ; and 438.01 km 2 , respectively. The interpretations of the potential map showed that geology (lithology), elevation, aspect, fault density, distance to fault, and decline of the groundwater level play major roles in sinkhole occurrence and distribution in the Obruk Plateau. The resulting sinkhole potential map can aid planners and engineers in development plans and land-use planning.

The evolution of the fluvial and alluvial Quaternary deposits in the surroundings of Zaragoza is controlled by the dissolution of the Miocene substratum . Karstification of Miocene evaporites conditioned changes in thickness and sedimentary facies of such deposits , and, in addition, the land forms resulting from its degradation. Recently created new road and railway cuts expose, not only unconformable Quaternary remains, but also disorganized materials in ancient dolines. These increase in thickness may be the reason for the preservation of Quaternary remains in the hills, forming "inverted reliefs", En el entorno de Zaragoza la evolución de los depósitos cuaternarios (fluviales y aluviales) está muy influida por el comportamiento del substrato mioceno. La karstificación de dicho substrato ha condicionado los espesores y las facies sedimentarias en terrazas y glacis, así como las formas del relieve que resultan de la degradación de estos depósitos. Las nuevas obras lineales han creado cortes donde se observa que algunos cerros están coronados por restos de materiales cuaternarios disconformes y también por rellenos desestructurados de material colapsado en dolinas. Dichos rellenos han prolongado la supervivencia de los cerros dando lugar a relieves invertidos

En el entorno de Zaragoza la evolución de los depósitos cuaternarios (fluviales y aluviales) está muy influida por el comportamiento del substrato mioceno. La karstificación de dicho substrato ha condicionado los espesores y las facies sedimentarias en terrazas y glacis, así como las formas del relieve que resultan de la degradación de estos depósitos. Las nuevas obras lineales han creado cortes donde se observa que algunos cerros están coronados por restos de materiales cuaternarios disconformes y también por rellenos desestructurados de material colapsado en dolinas. Dichos rellenos han prolongado la supervivencia de los cerros dando lugar a relieves invertidos. The evolution of the fluvial and alluvial Quaternary deposits in the surroundings of Zaragoza is controlled by the dissolution of the Miocene substratum. Karstification of Miocene evaporites conditioned changes in thickness and sedimentary facies of such deposits, and, in addition, the landforms resulting from its degradation. Recently created new road and railway cuts expose, not only unconformable Quaternary remains, but also disorganized materials in ancient dolines. These increase in thickness may be the reason for the preservation of Quaternary remains in the hills, forming “inverted reliefs“.

River systems are often primitive in "Ryukyu" coral limestone soil regions. Therefore, water is drained through underground infiltration from a doline. A lower infiltration capability coupled with typhoon and heavy rain often triggers flood damages, which jeopardizes agricultural crop production in these areas. Therefore, it is urgent to evaluate the effect of various measures on flood damage mitigation these areas and implement the effective measure. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of these measures, we need to clarify the relationship between rainfall-discharge and infiltration drainage through a doline in these regions. However, previous studies used a simple model assuming only penetration apertures at the bottom of infiltration ponds and were not able to sufficiently capture the roles of side apertures and limestone pipes for drainage which are characteristics to be seen in these areas.The objective of this study is to clarify and improve our understanding of the relationship between rainfall-discharge and infiltration drainage through a doline in these regions considering the complex drainage system in these areas. We considered rainfall-discharge and infiltration drainage as a series of phenomena within a model. First, we estimated the inflow to a do line based on the amount of discharge. Then, we evaluated the residues by computing the differences between the inflow to a doline and infiltration drainage through a doline. Finally, we developed a mathematical simulation model and simulates an input-output relationship of these drainage systems. In order to reflect this complex systems in the model, we varied the size of side apertures depending on the water level of a seepage basin, modeled the relationship between the cross sectional area of side apertures and the water level, and incorporated this mechanism into our simulation model.We applied this simulation model to two areas, 1) "Ashi-chaga" area where a tunnel drainage system has been introduced for mitigating flood damages, 2)"Makabe" area where several measures have been discussed for mitigating flood damages.Our simulation model was able to closely approximate the observed water level changes by explicitly modeling the effect of side apertures in "Ashi-chaga" area. Our simulation results indicate that the peak discharge for the December's rainfall event (the maximum rainfall per hour: 54.0mm, the total rainfall: 187.0mm) was 8.5lm^3/sec. We applied parameters estimated for this December's rainfall event to the heavy rain event of September, 1999 (the maximum rainfall per 24 hours: 477.0mm, the total rainfall: 555.0mm) and simulated changes in water levels. This simulation closely projected the peak water level of the heavy rain event (simulated water level was 6.8m, while the observed water level was 6.7m). Furthermore, this simulation results indicate that the peak discharge of this event was 25.91m^3/sec., In this region, the tunnel had been constructed as a drainage measure. However, we have not experienced the heavy rain event like September, 1999 and the effectiveness of this tunnel has not been tested yet. So, we used our simulation model to examine the effect of the tunnel drainage on the degree and extent of flood damages. Our simulation model suggests that the tunnel contribute to the reduction of the maximum flood area by 65% and 82% of the total discharge.In "Makabe" area, we simulated infiltration of our study site by modeling two adjacent infiltration ponds with different infiltration capabilities, overflow among these two adjacent ponds through a subterranean drain system, and pipe flow drainage system. Our simulation model was able to closely approximate the observed water level changes by modeling this complex multiple drainage ponds system.We used the rain event data of August, 2007(rainfall per day: 457mm, the maximum rainfall per hour: 83.5mm), which caused the flood damage over 20 ha, and simulated the changes in water level. Our simulation results show that the peak water level was at the evaluation of 26.3 m, and flooding occurred on the section of approximately 11Om of prefectural road. Although, the rainoff-discharge relationship at each pond has not been quantified, our simulation results indicate that the peak discharge and the cumulative discharge at the 1'1 pond were 28.4m^3/sec and 445,029m^3 respectively, while the peak discharge and the cumulative discharge at the gth pond were 6.2m^3/sec and 113,706m^3 respectively. Furthermore, we identified the characteristics of the limestone-cave which has been observed at the downstream direction of the 151 pond thorough our simulation analysis. Our simulation model closely projected changes in water levels when the base height of this pipe is set at the elevation of 18.5m (the base height of this pond is EL=l6.5m),the diameter of this pipe is set at 80cm and the roughness coefficient (n) of 0.1 is used.Our simulation results indicate that this modeling approach is useful for evaluating proposed measures for mitigating flood damages in these regions. These results will help us improve our understanding of the complex relationship between rainfall-discharge and infiltration drainage through a doline on and will provide scientific knowledge for evaluating flood damage mitigation measures in these areas., 琉球石灰岩域では,河川が未発達な地域が多く，流域の多くは,すり鉢状の地形をなしているため,降雨はドリーネの浸透孔から,地下に排水される事例が多い.このような地域では,台風等の豪雨の度に,ドリーネの浸透能力の機能低下が原因で,周辺農地は深刻な湛水被害に見舞われ,農業経営上,大きな問題を引き起こしている.そのため,湛水被害軽減のために様々な対策を早急に検討し,実施する必要がある.これら対応策の効果を評価するためには,琉球石灰岩域における浸透排水メカニズムを解明する必要があるが,これまでの研究では浸透孔が浸透池の底部にあると仮定した単純なモデルを用いて浸透排水の分析を行ってきたため,この地域に特徴的にみられる横浸透孔や鍾乳洞のトンネル｢パイプフロー｣が浸透排水に果たす役割を十分に捉えることができなかった.本研究では,これらの複雑な役割を考慮し，琉球石灰岩域における降雨流出と,ドリーネによる浸透排水の関係を解明することを目的とした.解析手法としては,降雨流出と浸透排水を一連の現象として捉えた.降雨流出は特’性曲線法を用いた表面流モデルにより求め，浸透排水はﾄﾘチェリーの定理を用いてドリーネの浸透孔断面積と水位の関係を数式化して,解析モデルに組み込んだ．本研究では,異なる2つの事例を比較考察するため,この解析モデルを糸満市アシチャガー地区と真壁地区に応用した.アシチャガー地区では,湛水被害解消のためにすでにトンネルを導入している．一方,真壁地区では,湛水被害解消に向けた対策工法を現在検討中である．, アシチャガー地区では,横浸透孔を浸透排水のモデルに組み込むことで,実測水位の変動と近似するシミュレーション結果が得られた.また,このシミュレーション結果から,2000年12月降雨(最大時間雨量54.0mm,総雨量187.0mm)におけるピーク流出量は8.51mVsecであったことが明らかになった．さらに,このシミュレーションモデルで採用されたパラメータを用いて,1999年9月降雨(最大24時間雨量477.0mm,総雨量555.0mm)について水位変化をシミュレーションしたところ,ピーク水位は実測値の6.7mに対してシミュレーションでは6.8mとなり実測値に近似したシミュレーション結果となった.また,この時のピーク流出量が25.91mVsecであったことが明らかになった.現在,アシチヤガー周辺の湛水被害を解消するため，国営かんがい排水事業でトンネル(馬てい形断面2r型)による排水対策が取られているが,いまだ1999年に匹敵する大きな降雨は見られず,トンネル導入の効果が評価できていない.そこで,今回の研究では1999年の降雨データを用いて,初めてトンネル導入の効果をシミュレーションにより検証した．その結果,トンネル導入により最大湛水面積が65％程度減少し，総排出量の82％がトンネル排水によることが明らかになった．一方,真壁地区については,県道と隣接した1号浸透池と8号浸透池の2つの浸透池における異なる浸透能,暗渠による浸透池問の越流,県道のオーバーフローによる越流,パイプフローによる排水等の形状･寸法を解析モデルに組み込み,シミュレーションにより降雨流出と浸透排水の仕組みを再現することができた．真壁地区において20haが湛水し,施設園芸作物等に多大な被害を及ぼした,2007年8月の降雨(日雨量457mm,最大時間雨量83.5mm)について,水位変化をシミュレーションした結果,湛水のピーク水位が標高EL=26.3mであり,県道の道路長約llOmの区間で冠水が生じていたことが明らかになった.また,これまでは,各浸透池における降雨流出量が不明であったが,このシミュレーションの結果,1号浸透池におけるピーク流出量は28.4m^3/sec,累加流出量は445,029m^3,8号浸透池については，それぞれ,6.2m^3/sec,113,706m^3であったことが明らかになった．パイプフローについては,1号浸透池より下流方向に鍾乳洞の存在が確認されていたが，本研究では実測水位と整合するパイプの特徴を明らかにすることができた． パイプ底高は標高EL=18.5m(浸透池の底高EL=16.5m)であり,その直径がD=80cm,粗度係数n=0.1の時に実測水位と最も一致した．これらの研究成果は,今後の琉球石灰岩域における湛水被害解消に向けた対応策を検証するときに,新たな知見を提供し,応用されていくものと期待される．, 紀要論文

Ponikva Sovljak nalazi se na istočnom obronku Velike Kapele. Oblikovana je u karbonatnim naslagama gornjojurske starosti, a predisponirana je izrazitim tektonskim pukotinama. Poligenetskog je postanka, nastala djelovanjem procesa korozije, padinskih procesa i urušavanja. U razdoblju od travnja do rujna 2015. godine na području ponikve provedena su mikroklimatološka mjerenja memorijskim termohigrografima. Prikupljeni su podaci o temperaturi zraka, relativnoj vlažnosti zraka i temperaturi rosišta na različito eksponiranim padinama i na njenom dnu. Također je u istom razdoblju istraživana i flora. Popisivane su biljne vrste koje rastu na različitim ekspozicijama i na dnu ponikve, koje su potom bile podvrgnute analizi ekoloških indikatorskih vrijednosti i životnih oblika. Ukupno je zabilježeno 107 biljnih svojti, od kojih najveći udio čine svojte iz porodice Lamiaceae. Raspodjela biljnih svojti i rezultati analize ekoloških indikatorskih vrijednosti ukazali su na prisutnost inverzije vegetacije u ponikvi, kao posljedice posebnih mikroklimatoloških uvjeta u ponikvi, odnosno prisutstva inverzije temperature zraka. The Sovljak doline is located on the eastern slope of the Velika Kapela mountain. It was formed in Upper Jurassic carbonate layers, where intense tectonic fractures facilitated its formation. Corrosion, slope processes and collapse occurring in the doline suggest its polygenetic origin. From April to September 2015, microclimatic measurements, including air temperature, relative humidity and dew point were made in the doline at three different locations using data loggers. Flora inventory was also made in that period. Plants growing at various slope expositions and at the bottom of the doline were registered, and they underwent the analysis of ecological indicator values and life forms. Altogether 107 plant taxa were registered, most of which belong to family Lamiaceae. Microclimatic measurements proved the temperature inversion in the doline, which also implicated the occurrence of the vegetation inversion, shown by distribution of plant taxa and by the results of the ecological indicator values analysis.

Bor-Niğde yöresinde Miyosen yaşlı Gökbez formasyonu, Adana M33 a3-a4-b4-c1-d1-d2 paftalarında yüzeylenmektedir. Yapılan arazi çalışmaları sonucunda Gökbez formasyonunun jeolojik, mineralojik, jeokimyasal özellikleri belirlenmiş ve bölgenin jeolojik haritası amacımız doğrultusunda yenilenmiştir. Yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda; Gökbez formasyonunun kuzeyden güneye doğru görece olarak derinleşen bir göl ortamında çökeldiği, zaman zaman Niğde Grubu metamorfikleri ve Havuzlu ignimbritinden malzeme aldığı, ortama gelen kırıntıların miktarı ve derinliğe bağlı olarak kuzey kesimlerde mikritik, güney kesimlerde sparitik ve batı kesimlerde ise oomikritik kireçtaşlarının çökeldiği saptanmıştır. Ayrıca, kireçtaşlarındaki bu farklılaşmaya bağlı olarak yoğunluğu değişen ve gelişen karstlaşma sonucu; çok miktarda lapya, dolin ve grike-clint gibi çeşitli karstik yapıların oluştuğu belirlenmiştir. Formasyonun güney kesimlerinde gözlenen yoğun karstlaşma nedeni ile formasyon kalınlığı 50 cm ye kadar incelmiş ve drenaj ağlarına kapılmadan dolayı zaman içinde yok olacağı tesbit edilmiştir. Literatürde yeralan ve makroskopik gözlemlere dayalı saha çalışmaları ile traverten olarak tanımlanan ve haritalanan formasyon; tatlı su ortamı olan bir göl içerisinde çökelmiş ve yüzeylendikten sonra aşırı karstlaşmaya uğramış kireçtaşlarından oluşmakta olup, gerek kimyasal bileşimi ve gerekse mühendislik parametreleri nedeni ile kireç üretimi veya blok çıkarımına elverişli değildir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Gökbez formasyonu, karstik kireçtaşı, asfalt (Kaldırım) yapıları, dolin, lapya, grike, clint, bor havzası, Miocene aged Gökbez Formation located and widely spread in Bor-Niğde area is observed in the M33 a3-a4-b4-c1-d1-d2 maps. Related to field study, the geological, mineralogical and geochemical features of the Gökbez formation were determined and the geological map of the region is revised. According to mentioned studies, sedimentation of the Gökbez formation from north to south is investigated in a relatively deepening lacustrine environment. It gained material from Niğde group metamorphics and Havuzlu ignimbrite time to time. With respect to the depth and the quantity of the fragments, sedimentation of micritic in northern parts, sparitic in southern parts and oomicrtic limestone structures in the western parts of the formation are assigned. By differentiation and development of carstification process, the formation of many carstic features such as; lapia, dolin, and grike-clint structures are determined. Due to intense carstification in the south, the thickness of the formation has decreased to 50 centimeters. The formation which is formed in a fresh water lacustrine environment comprises of extremely carstified limestone pavements after their sedimentation. The formation regarded as travertine in the literature will be completely dissolved due to flux by drenage network. Not only due to chemical composition, but also for engineering parameters, lime production and block extraction are inefficient in the formation. Key words: Gökbez formation, carstic limestone, limestone pavement, doline, lapies, grike, clint, bor basin

WOS: 000378865400047, Gypsum covers an area of approximately 5 % in Turkey and is mainly found in Sivas basin. Gypsum in the Sivas basin includes many karst structures with various sizes and has a variety of forms that present different conditions offering different morphometric features. Two basic shapes of karstic terrain are reflected in this area offering a wide variety of gypsum karst. The first of these are dissolution dolines which constitute the polygonal karst areas, and the second one is collapse dolines which is deeper karst depressions formed by roof collapse and the accompanying of solutions. The aim of this study was to determine and identify general characteristics of doline in the study area using morphometric measurements and calculations. Density of dolin is very high in study area. The source of the dolines data included 1/25,000 scale digital maps containing elevation and several cartographic attribute interpretations, a very demanding field work and satellite images. The parameters calculated for the study area include depression length, width, orientation, area, perimeter, depth, circularity index, depression density, circularity index, length/width ratio and major axis orientation. This study describes an application of geographic information systems to examine the morphometric and geological features of gypsum karst in Sivas basin. The effect of geologic, structural, and hydrogeologic variables on the morphometry and spatial distribution of depressions are discussed in the study.

The doline Buraco das Araras is a peculiar environment and important destiny for ecotourism in the Serra da Bodoquena region, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Here we describe the bat fauna of the doline and surrounding areas, and report its use as dayroost by the bat Nyctinomops laticaudatus. Bats were mist-netted during two field expeditions, in November 2007 and January 2008. We captured 153 individuals of 10 species, mainly N. laticaudatus (n = 90) and Artibeus planirostris (n = 28). This is the first record of N. laticaudatus in the Serra da Bodoquena region; it was captured only in January when leaving the doline in dense flocks at dusk. Phyllostomus hastatus, Micronycteris sanborni, and Molossops temminckii are also new records for the Serra da Bodoquena region. Three individuals - A. planirostris, Carollia perspicillata and Glossophaga soricina - tagged in November were recaptured in January, indicating that these species are residents. The doline and bordering vegetation appear to be important sources of shelter and food for bat fauna maintenance. A dolina Buraco das Araras é um ambiente peculiar e importante destino para o ecoturismo na região da Serra da Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Descrevemos aqui a fauna de morcegos da dolina e entorno, e reportamos sua utilização como abrigo diurno pelo morcego Nyctinomops laticaudatus. Os morcegos foram capturados em redes de neblina durante duas expedições, em novembro de 2007 e janeiro de 2008. Capturamos 153 indivíduos de 10 espécies, principalmente N. laticaudatus (n = 90) e Artibeus planirostris (n = 28). Este é o primeiro registro de N. laticaudatus na região da Serra da Bodoquena; a espécie foi capturada apenas em janeiro quando indivíduos deixavam a dolina em denso agrupamento ao anoitecer. Phyllostomus hastatus, Micronycteris sanborni e Molossops temminckii também são novos registros para a região da Serra da Bodoquena. Três indivíduos - A. planirostris, Carollia perspicillata e Glossophaga soricina - marcados em novembro foram recapturados em janeiro, indicando que estas espécies podem ser residentes. A dolina e a vegetação de entorno parecem representar importantes fontes de abrigo e alimento para a manutenção da fauna de morcegos.

Biokovo Mt is part of the Outer Dinarides, in a coastal position with a NW-SE main tectonic orientation. The highest peak called Sveti [Sv.] Jure (1762 m) towers above a karst plateau of 1300-1400 m mean elevation. Both of the long margins of Biokovo are characterized by steep and high relief energy rockwalls formed along tectonic fault lines. The plateau is intensely karstified with diverse karren forms, large dolines and several shaft caves. Its unique karstmorphological features are the relatively deep dolines with steep walls, so the landscape is characterized mainly by the sharp interdoline ridges and pyramidal peaks instead of negative doline forms. Based on the previous observation, the Biokovo plateau can be considered a „polygonal karst”. The geomorphological map of a study area from this plateau has been elaborated, based on field observations and topographical maps. After digitizing the contour lines, we have created the digital elevation model (DEM) of the study area and carried out sophisticated doline-morphometrical analysis using the DEM. The most important and unique feature of the landscape, the polygonal structure, has been derived from the DEM using GIS hydrologic modelling tools., Planina Biokovo nalazi se na obali Jadranskog mora i dio je Vanjskih Dinarida s tipičnim dinarskim smjerom pružanja SZ–JI. Najviši vrh Biokova Sv. Jure (1762 m) izdiže se iznad krške zaravni koja se nalazi na visini od 1300 do 1400 m. Sjeveroistočna i jugozapadna padina Biokova nastale su duž glavnih rasjeda, vrlo su strme i velike su reljefne energije. Krška zaravan građena je od jurskih i krednih vapnenaca i dolomita te je intenzivno okršena. To se očituje u bogatstvu krških reljefnih oblika: škrapa, vrlo velikih ponikava i jama. Posebnost su krškog reljefa Biokova duboke ponikve vrlo strmih padina, tako da je krajobraz istraživanog područja više obilježen oštrim i uskim grebenima i visokim piramidalnim vrhovima koji međusobno odjeljuju ponikve nego udubljenjima. Na temelju dosadašnjih istraživanja biokovsku kršku zaravan možemo smatrati "poligonalnim kršem". Na osnovi terenskoga kartiranja i različitih analiza topografse karte načinjena je geomorfološka karta istraživanog područja površine od 3 km2 koje se nalazi jugozapadno od vrha Sv. Jure. Na temelju digitaliziranih izohipsa izrađen je digitalni model reljefa (DEM) istraživanog područja, koji je poslužio sofisticiranoj morfometrijskoj analizi ponikava. Poligonalna struktura dobivena je iz digitalnog modela reljefa uz pomoć GIS hidroloških alata.

Le modelé karstique du plateau d’Ajoie (Jura, Suisse) et en particulier de la combe de « Vâ Tche Tchâ » est parsemé d’un grand nombre de dolines. Certaines d’entre elles ont fonctionné comme des pièges naturels à restes de mammouths et autres mammifères lors de la dernière glaciation. Les assemblages fossiles préservés sont principalement datés du Pléniglaciaire moyen terminal (environ de 45-40 à 30 ka BP). La plupart des éléments fossiles ont été soumis à des processus de transport biologiques (prédateurs ou charognards) ou physiques (solifluxion, soutirage), impliquant un tri, des phénomènes d’abrasion et d’altération ainsi que des concentrations d’os et de dents. L’assemblage faunique est composé essentiellement de mégaherbivores et grands herbivores brouteurs associés à une microfaune dominée par des rongeurs fouisseurs. Les espèces sylvicoles sont minoritaires et les formes intermédiaires semblent absentes. Une activité humaine est attestée par de rares artefacts lithiques associés aux restes de mammifères. Elle semble correspondre à des passages plutôt qu’à des occupations de longue durée ou des haltes de chasse. Sur la base d’analyses paléoécologiques (biodiversité, histogrammes écologiques, cénogramme), le biotope préférentiel de l’assemblage faunique devait correspondre à un environnement en mosaïque, ouvert et humide, partiellement recouvert d’une végétation en buissons et forestière. La communauté mammalienne associée devait probablement vivre en Ajoie durant une phase interstadiaire du Pléniglaciaire moyen terminal (Hengelo, Huneborg ou Denekamp de la chronostratigraphie du nord de l’Europe). The karstic relief of the Ajoie plateau and particulary of the “Vâ Tche Tchâ” valley is formed by many dolines. Some of these latter functioned as natural traps for skeletal remains of mammoth, woolly rhinoceros and other large terrestrial mammals during the last glaciation. Often the dolines yield a fossil assemblage of the latest middle Pleniglacial (ca. 45-40 to 30 ka BP). Most of the fossil remains have been transported by biological (predators or scavengers) or physical (solifluction, withdrawing) processes resulting in sorting, abrasion, weathering and concentration of the bones and teeth. The fossil mammal assemblages are dominated by grazing mega- and large herbivores as well as fossorial rodents. In contrast, forest-dwelling species are only a minor component and intermediate-sized mammals seem to lack in these faunal assemblages. Rare lithic artefacts associated with the mammal fossils support at least an occasional presence of humans, but no long time settlements or hunting. Based essentially on palaeoecological analyses of the mammal community (biodiversity, ecological histograms, cenogram), the palaeoenvironmental reconstruction should correspond to a humid relatively open landscape partially covered by a bush, shrub and forest vegetation. The mammal fauna probably lived in the Ajoie during an interstadial phase of the latest middle Pleniglacial (either the Hengelo, Huneborg or Denekamp of northern Europe chronostratigraphy).

The doline is a unique karst landform and a result of long-term karst-shaping processes,which is not specially protected in any legal documents. The represented examples showsome characteristics of traditional and modern usage of dolines, examples of permanentdegradation and more significant negative and positive environmental impacts. Current waysof protecting and possibilities for a permanent preservation of dolines in the planning ofspatial usage are also shown.

La propagación de cavidades de disolución localizadas por debajo de series aluviales genera una serie de evidencias cuya representación superficial, en ocasiones, puede no ser indicativa de su extensión real en profundidad. La propagación de cavidades a través de medios heterogéneos, en los que pueden existir niveles cementados, puede producir cambios en la progresión de dichas cavidades y la identificación en superficie de grietas, colapsos, o zonas de subsidencia que pueden involucrar decenas de miles de metros cúbicos de material inestable. Cualquier tipo de evaluación de soluciones mitigadoras en estos contextos debe considerar la amplitud de estos volúmenes y el origen del proceso con independencia de la actividad registrada en superficie. En este trabajo se aborda un estudio integrado con el objetivo de determinar la estructura de un sector con evidencias de actividad kárstica superficial y evaluar su extensión y desarrollo tridimensional integrando el análisis geomorfológico, de inspección de campo, geofísica (GPR) y sondeos The propagation of solution cavities located below alluvial deposits produce surficial evidences that, in some cases, cannot be representative of their actual extension at depth. Cavity propagation through heterogeneous media, for example with interbedded cemented levels, can produce changes in the propagation of deformation producing the identification of cracks, collapses or subsidence zones at the surface. These processes can involve thousands of cubic meters of unstable materials. Any evaluation of mitigation tasks, in this context, needs to consider: i) the amplitude of the affected volumes and ii) the in depth origin with independence of the surficial recorded activity In this work an integrated analysis is developed to evaluate the size and 3D structure of a sector with surficial evidences of karstic activity integrating geomorphological analysis, field inspection, geophysics (GPR) and boreholes

La propagación de cavidades de disolución localizadas por debajo de series aluviales genera una serie de evidencias cuya representación superficial, en ocasiones, puede no ser indicativa de su extensión real en profundidad. La propagación de cavidades a través de medios heterogéneos, en los que pueden existir niveles cementados, puede producir cambios en la progresión de dichas cavidades y la identificación en superficie de grietas, colapsos, o zonas de subsidencia que pueden involucrar decenas de miles de metros cúbicos de material inestable. Cualquier tipo de evaluación de soluciones mitigadoras en estos contextos debe considerar la amplitud de estos volúmenes y el origen del proceso con independencia de la actividad registrada en superficie. En este trabajo se aborda un estudio integrado con el objetivo de determinar la estructura de un sector con evidencias de actividad kárstica superficial y evaluar su extensión y desarrollo tridimensional integrando el análisis geomorfológico, de inspección de campo, geofísica (GPR) y sondeos, The propagation of solution cavities located below alluvial deposits produce surficial evidences that, in some cases, cannot be representative of their actual extension at depth. Cavity propagation through heterogeneous media, for example with interbedded cemented levels, can produce changes in the propagation of deformation producing the identification of cracks, collapses or subsidence zones at the surface. These processes can involve thousands of cubic meters of unstable materials. Any evaluation of mitigation tasks, in this context, needs to consider: i) the amplitude of the affected volumes and ii) the in depth origin with independence of the surficial recorded activity In this work an integrated analysis is developed to evaluate the size and 3D structure of a sector with surficial evidences of karstic activity integrating geomorphological analysis, field inspection, geophysics (GPR) and boreholes

WOS: 000229765500013, Texture and grain size is of great importance in understanding the mechanical properties of rocks. The aim of this study was to investigate textural and slaking durability characteristics, and correlate them with the gypsum types where the dolines occurred, with particular reference to the texture and crystal size. The investigation comprised two stages: field work and laboratory testing. Initially, rock samples were obtained from various representative karstified and non-karstified locations. Thereafter, mineralogical, physical and slaking durability characteristics of the gypsum samples were determined by means of laboratory testing. After the field and laboratory works, the geological, mineralogical and slaking durability characteristics of the study area gypsum were reviewed and discussed from the point of view of doline formation. Results showed that fine grain sized alabastrine gypsum tends to be karstified and leads to doline formation. This is closely related to the crystal size, texture and attributable to the slaking durability of the gypsum. Consequently, the results demonstrate that the texture, especially crystal size, and effective porosity are important parameters controlling the slake durability of the gypsum and doline formation.

Doline ponds (telaga) have an important role as one of water resources in karst areas, especially during dry seasons in Gunungkidul. Recently, the doline ponds are facing various environmental problems, i.e. steadily decreasing water storage, water loss, and degrading water quality. The research aims to determine the characteristics of Jonge Telaga which include the continuity of flow, utilization, pollution sources, physical water quality (temperature, EC,TDS, TSS, and turbidity), chemical water quality (pH , NO 2 , NO 3 , NH 4 , PO 4 , BOD , COD, and detergent), and biological water quality (total coliform). In order to determine the characteristics of Jonge Telaga, the research was conducted using a survey method, i.e., observing the continuity of flow and measuring physical, chemical, and biological water quality. Initially, the water was sampled purposively based on the area and the depth of this doline pond. The qualitative description of the results shows that Jonge Telaga is a closed perennial doline pond, whose main pollution source comes from domestic activities, such as bathing and washing. According to the Governor Regulation of the Special Region of Yogyakarta Number 20 Year 2008 on Water Quality Standards, Jonge Telaga meets all of the water quality criteria, except the temperature and detergent, for a Class II water. Abstrak Telaga mempunyai peran penting sebagai salah satu sumberdaya air di daerah karst, khususnya pada musim kemarau di Kabupaten Gunungkidul. Pada saat ini telaga menghadapi berbagai permasalahan lingkungan yaitu simpanan air yang terus berkurang, air yang cepat hilang, dan penurunan kualitas air. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik telaga yang meliputi kontiyuitas aliran, pemanfaatan, sumber pencemar, kualitas fisik air telaga (TDS, TSS, s uhu, k ekeruhan, DHL), kimia air (pH, NH 4 , PO 4 , NO 2 , NO 3 , BOD, COD, deter j en) dan biologi air (coliform total ). P enelitian ini dilaksanakan berdasarkan metode survei . Untuk mengetahui karakteristik telaga dilakukan pengamatan konti n yuitas aliran, pengukuran kualitas air secara fisik , kimia dan biologi . Pengambilan sampel air dilakukan secara purposive mendasarkan pada luasan dan kedalaman telaga . Analisis hasil dilakukan secara deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Telaga Jonge merupakan telaga yang tertutup dengan ketersediaan air menerus sepanjang tahun. Sumber pencemar utama telaga adalah kegiatan domestik (mandi dan cuci). Kualitas air Telaga Jonge menurut baku mutu air kelas II PERGUB DIY Nomor 20 Tahun 2008 masih di bawah ambang batas kecuali suhu dan deterjen.

In parts of the Aquitaine sedimentary basin (France), groundwater resources management is hampered by the karstic nature of carbonate aquifers. This leads to temporal variability of flows and chemical signatures of springs and high groundwater vulnerability regarding pollution. For two years, a study has started in Dordogne Department in order to improve the knowledge of the carbonate aquifers structure and functioning. Part of the study focuses on the identification of infiltration processes: the role played by surface forms such as sinkholes can be critical because they may constitute preferential infiltration paths to the groundwater and impact the quantity, the quality and transit times of water from the surface. An inventory of sinkholes was conducted based on cartographic information (geological maps, satellite images, etc.) and literature (reports from consultants and thesis). This information was used to build a map of the distribution of sinkholes by aquifer. It revealed a heterogeneous distribution of sinkholes in the area and a contrasted density between different reservoirs. The confrontation of this map with hydrogeological data brings insights on the functioning of karst aquifers. It appears that Jurassic carbonate aquifers can be binary karst systems with part of the recharge coming from surface drainage on impermeable bedrock and Cretaceous carbonate aquifers are mostly unary karst systems solely fed by infiltration at the top of limestone. In addition, a specific work was initiated on the influence of sinkholes on the springs chemical signature. It was based on the analysis of springs with or without sinkholes in their catchment area. Initial results showed that higher contaminant concentrations (e.g., nitrate) are observed in springs fed by catchments with high density of sinkholes.

Genesis of the Iulliminden basin karst (Niger). The carbonated and cuirass areas of the lulliminden basin plateaus show many closed-in, circular or oval depressions. Though noticed early by geologists, they have been described only recently. These depressions are similar to the known karstic forms such as dolines, ouvalas and poljes. Some of them, such as the valleys with bayonet-shaped lines and the karst with residual hillocks, are typical. The lithologie differences that characterize these plateaus make it possible to make assumptions on the origin of these pseudo-karstic forms : dissolution of limestones, sandstones (Continental terminal) and weathered rocks of the basement, and withdrawing., La surface calcaire et cuirassée des plateaux du bassin des lulliminden au Niger présente de nombreuses dépressions fermées. Très tôt observées par des géologues, elles ne seront décrites que beaucoup plus tard. Elles sont similaires aux formes karstiques connues comme les dolines, ouvalas et poljés. D'autres sont spécifiques comme les vallées à tracé en baïonnette et le karst à buttes résiduelles en mamelons. Les différences lithologiques permettent d'émettre plusieurs hypothèses génétiques : dissolution dans les calcaires, les grès du Continental terminal et les altérites du socle, puis soutirage., Bouzou Moussa Ibrahim, Schoeneich Philippe. Sur l'origine des karsts du bassin des lulliminden au Niger. In: Karstologia : revue de karstologie et de spéléologie physique, n°31, 1er semestre 1998. Apports de l'endokarst dans la reconstitution morphogénique d'un karst (Antre de Vénus, Vercors) pp. 42-47.

Temperatures of tree's leaves and gate wall were measured in the summer of 1996 at doline. Diurnal fluctuations of leaf temperatures were greater, the higher the position of leaf in the doline, and they showed maximum temperatures later, the deeper the leaf position. The leaf temperature of trees growing in the first collapse doline was uniform in the horizontal direction and had a stable thermal layer. The difference between leaf temperatures at a depth of 20 m and 11 m was about 12℃ around noon. The leaf temperature was always higher at the upper part than at the lower part of the doline throughout the day. Daily fluctuation of wall temperature was small,compared with that of leaf temperature. The vertical profile of wall temperature was similar to that of leaf temperature. The warm water flowing down from the upper part of the doline influenced the soil temperature in the lower part of the doline. The thermal imagery elucidated the peculiar vertical structure of leaf and wall temperature formed in the summer at Rashomon doline., 1996年夏季に羅生門の第一中間ドリーネ内の樹木の葉や壁面の温度の高度分布や経時変化の観測を行った。以下に得られた結果の主なものを列挙する。ドリーネ内の樹木の葉温は、水平方向に対しては、ほぼ一様な温度成層を示していた。樹木の葉温は、下層部で日変化巾が小さく、上層部で日変化巾が大きくなっていた。樹木の葉温は、高度が高くなるほど、高温を示す鉛直構造をもっていた。特に葉温の鉛直分布は、正午ごろに、高度差約9ｍの範囲で、温度差約12℃という非常に大きな正の鉛直勾配を示した。樹木の葉温が日最高温度を示す時間は、高度が高いほど早く、高度が下がるに従って遅くなっていた。羅生門の壁面温度は、樹木の葉温の鉛直構造と同じように、高度が高くなればなるほど、高温になっていた。また壁面の温度変動は、葉温の変動に比べて小さい。熱画像中に、周辺の温度と異なるホットスポットが見られた。これは、ドリーネ上部から流れ下りてきた暖かい水が地表面を濡らしている部分であり、ほぼ同じ場所の水のない部分の地表面温度と比べて約6℃も高くなっていた。高度方向に気温や地温に大きい温度勾配がある羅生門ドリーネにおいては、大雨などの場合に、上部から水が流れ下りてきた場合に、地表面温度を上げ、下層の気温を上昇させる可能性があることが指摘された。羅生門ドリーネにおいて、夏季に特異な葉温や壁面温度構造を形成しており、貴重な植物や動物が数多く生息できる温度環境にあることが、熱映像温度計を用いて確認できた。

天然記念物「羅生門」(昭和5年8月国指定)付近は,洞窟の両側が陥没ドリーネで限られてできた天然橋,カルストトンネル,およびその延長上の洞窟からなるカルスト地形が卓越する。羅生門のある草間台は,岡山県の南西部に広がる,阿哲台と呼ばれる石灰岩台地の中央部に位置し,標高はおよそ400～500mの台地をなしている。この台地面にはポリエ,ウバーレ,ドリーネなどのいわゆるカルスト地形がよく発達している。特に羅生門付近は,小規模ながらドリーネが阿哲台の他の地域よりもかなり密に,しかも方向性をもって整然と存在している。本論は,これらのドリーネ群の形態,配列,機能上の特色に注目して,ドリーネと地下地形としての洞窟との関係を考察している。, The Natural Monument Rashomon is situated on a karst upland, so called "Atetsu Plateau", Okayama Pref., Southwest Japan. It has a natural bridge, a karst tunnel and several limestone caves. At the vicinity of that, there are many karst landforms such as doline, ponor, cave and so on. This article argues on the relationship between doline landforms and cave system, which are developed under the doline around the Rashomon. The doline in this area form two doline lines in the direction of the north and south. The eastern doline line has round doline, but the western has triangles. The western doline line is formed at the boundary between quartz porphyry and limestone. The Rashomon Cave No. 1, which is the largest cave in this area, is developed under the eastern doline line. This is divided into three parts independently (Fig. 3), and each of them is conneced with branch caves from the doline of the western line.

WOS: A1997WN75100014, This study investigated the formation mechanism of dolines. Dolines are caused by dissolution of gypsum in the study area, 50-220 m in diameter. Two systems were applied to determine the support necessary for natural underground opening of given span in a given rock mass. From the characteristics of the rock mass, a 5 m-wide unsupported span in the gypsum can be expected to stand up for over 9 years. The designed span of an artificial opening would normally be considerably less than the span of a collapsed natural opening in the same rock. Dolines in the study area play an important role in the groundwater flow system.

WOS: 000299173200023, Karst topography is a landscape shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble bedrock, usually limestone and evaporites. Karstification in the Sivas basin (Turkey) has sculpted a beautiful landscape with a distinctive beauty and appeal for both local inhabitants and visitors. Dolines are very special geological landscape features found in karst regions, and the Sivas basin has several giant dolines amongst its thousands of smaller dolines. The basin constitutes a distinctive karst architecture with a system of collapse and/or dolines and caves. Anyone who walks along the shores of a lake resulting from the collapse, in this gypsum terrain, will be amazed with the lake and rocks that surround them. In this paper, dolines in the gypsum terrain are evaluated and discussed according to their value as a "Geological Heritage". Three main characteristics of dolines, namely their scientific, aesthetic and ecosystem importance are considered and discussed. Dolines and karstified areas as representative examples of landform types possess the three attributes for them to be considered as a Geological Heritage in that they demonstrate the effect of erosion on the landform, geomorphic processes that are still active and a range of features characteristic of the rock unit involved.

Cilj je ovog rada utvrditi prostornu gustoću ponikava na području krša Hrvatske i provesti korelaciju izračunatih vrijednosti gustoće ponikava s pojedinim geomorfološkim i geološkim čimbenicima njihova nastanka i razvoja. Kako bi se to postiglo, potrebno je izračunati prostornu gustoću ponikava temeljem jedinstvenih GIS metoda prikupljanja i analize podataka unutar čitavoga istraživanog područja. Gustoća ponikava unutar jedinične površne izračunata je na temelju kartiranih dna ponikava. Za potrebe određivanja dna ponikava upotrijebljene su digitalne kartografske podloge u mjerilu 1 : 25.000. Na temelju dobivenih podataka izračunata je prostorna gustoća ponikava jednostavnom kernel metodom unutar površine od 1 km2. Provedenom analizom prostornih razlika u intenzitetu gustoće ponikava, uočene su pojedine veze između njihova razvoja i morfometrijskih parametara reljefa, te litoloških i strukturnih obilježja terena., This paper deals with the spatial density of dolines in the Croatian territory covered by karst. The purpose of this paper is to calculate the spatial density of dolines and show a correlation between calculated doline density values and certain geomorphological and geological factors of their origin and development. Therefore, it has been necessary to calculate the spatial density of dolines applying unique GIS methods of data collection and analysis to the entire study area. Doline density per unit area has been calculated based on the mapped doline bottom. 1:25,000 scale digital cartographic models have been used to determine the doline bottom. The given data have been used to calculate the spatial density of dolines applying a simple kernel method to an area of one square kilometre. The analysis of spatial differences in doline density has revealed that certain connections exist between doline development and relief morphometric parameters as well as lithological and structural terrain features.

The first approach to the relationships between societies and physical environments on Velebit Mountain shows narrow correlations between spatial distribution of dolines, soil formation, hydric resources, vegetation and land occupation. In 2002, sediment cores have been obtained from different dolines of Velebit Mountain to evaluate the potential of their sedimentary archives in order to reconstruct the landscape history. On the littoral slopes and on the top parts of the mountain, the dolines were difficult to dig due to the presence of rocks in depth. Nevertheless, the cores have been sampled and soil analyses have been made (physical and chemical analyses: colour, grain size, pH, CaCO3, C, N, P, K, Mg, CEC). No dating materials were found. The first results attest to rather homogeneous pedologic processes in each area studied (Kamenica, Stinica, Baske Ostarije and Bilensko Mirevo), but they also indicate colluvial contributions. These contributions differ from one doline to another according to their location and morphology. Dolines reveal themselves to be not very good traps, as the representative nature of their sedimentary archives could be very local. However, the best profile has been obtained at Bilensko Mirevo, which shows a change in the soil nutrient content from an impoverishment in its middle part toward an increase of the soil nutrients in recent parts. Those environmental changes could not be precisely dated, but could be correlated with the 17th to 20th century phase of strong human impact on the Velebit environment and with the rural depopulation observed since the second half of the 20th century. Keywords: karst, dolines, Mediterranean soils, Velebit Mountain, Dinarides, Croatia.

Рассмотрена приближенная методика расчета многоэтажных зданий рамной, связевой и комбинированной конструктивных систем при работе на вертикальную нагрузку над карстовыми провалами. Расчетная схема здания сводится к плоской вертикальной сетке, в которой отдельные рамы диафрагмы и диски перекрытий заменены условными сдвиго-изгибными стержнями. Методика позволяет учесть пространственную работу зданий и определить дополнительные усилия в несущих конструкциях. Technique for approximate calculation for multistory buildings of framed, braced and combined structural system is considered at vertical load of doline. Structural design of a building leads to the plane vertical grid, in which separate rigid frame of a diagram and disks of flooring are replaced by shift-flexural pivots. This technique helps to consider spatial performance of buildings and define additional stress of framings. Завьялова Ольга Борисовна, инженер-строитель, преподаватель кафедры «Промышленное и гражданское строительство», Астраханский инженерно-строительный институт. E-mail: zavyalova_ob@aucu.ru Zavyalova, Olga Borisovna, civil engineer, lecturer of the department of Industrial and Civil Engineering, Astrakhan Institute of Civil Engineering. E-mail: zavyalova_ob@aucu.ru