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Constructing an efficient photocatalyst is critical for photocatalytic carbon dioxide (CO 2) into valuable fuel. Herein, a high-efficiency catalyst was synthesized by a simple one-step electrostatic self-assembly method, in which Ti 3 C 2 (TC) was anchored on porous g-C 3 N 4 (PCN) with rich –NH x via NH x -Ti bond. Such a chemical interaction made the optimized TC/PCN-2 with 2 wt% loading of Ti 3 C 2 possess highest CH 4 production (0.99 μmol·h−1·g−1 catalyst) under visible light (>420 nm), which was 14 times higher than that of pure PCN (0.07 µmol·h−1·g catalyst −1) at the same condition. More importantly, the TC/PCN-2 photocatalyst still maintained satisfied activity after four cycles. Besides the formation of NH x -Ti chemical bonding and superior conductivity of Ti 3 C 2 as a co-catalyst, which facilitated interfacial charges separation and migration, the exceptional performance could also attribute to the enhanced CO 2 adsorption/activation and improved light-harvesting capability. This work provided a potential application in energy conversion with MXene as an efficient co-catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stimulated Raman-scattering-based lasers provide an effective way to achieve wavelength conversion. However, thermally induced beam degradation is a notorious obstacle to power scaling and it also limits the applicable range where high output beam quality is needed. Considerable research efforts have been devoted to developing Raman materials, with diamond being a promising candidate to acquire wavelength-versatile, high-power, and high-quality output beam owing to its excellent thermal properties, high Raman gain coefficient, and wide transmission range. The diamond Raman resonator is usually designed as an external-cavity pumped structure, which can easily eliminate the negative thermal effects of intracavity laser crystals. Diamond Raman converters also provide an approach to improve the beam quality owing to the Raman cleanup effect. This review outlines the research status of diamond Raman lasers, including beam quality optimization, Raman conversion, thermal effects, and prospects for future development directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterotrimeric G-proteins are key elements of signal transduction pathways, which participate in regulating multiple biological processes in fungi including growth, conidiation, antagonism, and mycoparasitism. Among G protein subunits, Gα3 showed diverse regulatory functions in different fungi. In this study, we cloned a Gα3 subunit coding gene thga3 from T. harzianum Th33 that can antagonize Rhizoctonia solani and some other plant pathogenic fungi. A thga3 deletion strain Δthga3 was generated using the double-crossover homologous recombination strategy, and Rthga3 was generated by transforming thga3-expressing vector into the protoplasts of Δthga3 by the PEG/CaCl2-mediated method. The biological characteristics of wild-type Th33, Δthga3 and Rthga3 were evaluated. Compared with wild-type Th33, Δthga3 showed 15%, 94%, and 23% decrease in hyphal growth, conidia yield, and chitinase activity, respectively, and Δthga3 showed lower antagonistic and mycoparasitism abilities, while there were no significant differences between wild-type Th33 and Rthga3. The hyphal surface hydrophobicity of Δthga3 significantly decreased compared with those of the wild-type Th33 and Rthga3. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that transcript abundance of the hydrophobin gene (tha_09745) of Δthga3 decreased by 80% compared with that of wild-type Th33 and Rthga3. The results showed that thga3 positively regulates the growth, conidiation, hydrophobicity, chitinase activities, and mycoparasitism of Th33 towards R. solani. We hence deduced that the expression level of Tha_09745 is correlated to the hyphal hydrophobicity of Th33 and therefore affects the other biological characteristics of Th33. The findings of this report provide a foundation for elucidating the G-protein signal regulatory mechanisms of fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Time-efficient and accurate whole volume thigh muscle segmentation is a major challenge in moving from qualitative assessment of thigh muscle MRI to more quantitative methods. This study developed an automated whole thigh muscle segmentation method using deep learning for reproducible fat fraction quantification on fat–water decomposition MRI. Results: This study was performed using a public reference database (Dataset 1, 25 scans) and a local clinical dataset (Dataset 2, 21 scans). A U-net was trained using 23 scans (16 from Dataset 1, seven from Dataset 2) to automatically segment four functional muscle groups: quadriceps femoris, sartorius, gracilis and hamstring. The segmentation accuracy was evaluated on an independent testing set (3 × 3 repeated scans in Dataset 1 and four scans in Dataset 2). The average Dice coefficients between manual and automated segmentation were > 0.85. The average percent difference (absolute) in volume was 7.57%, and the average difference (absolute) in mean fat fraction (meanFF) was 0.17%. The reproducibility in meanFF was calculated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for the repeated scans, and automated segmentation produced overall higher ICCs than manual segmentation (0.921 vs. 0.902). A preliminary quantitative analysis was performed using two-sample t test to detect possible differences in meanFF between 14 normal and 14 abnormal (with fat infiltration) thighs in Dataset 2 using automated segmentation, and significantly higher meanFF was detected in abnormal thighs. Conclusions: This automated thigh muscle segmentation exhibits excellent accuracy and higher reproducibility in fat fraction estimation compared to manual segmentation, which can be further used for quantifying fat infiltration in thigh muscles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) based grant-free random access (RA) (mGFRA) has been studied for massive machine-type communication (mMTC). In the existing works of mGFRA, it is implicitly assumed that each RA user equipment (UE) in mMTC has the same data-packet size. However, this may not be the case in practice as RA UEs in different applications can have different numbers of bits to send, which may result in data packets of different sizes. In addition to that, preamble collision is a key issue that degrades the performance of mGFRA when orthogonal preamble is used. In this article, we aim to address the preamble collision issue under a practical mGFRA scenario that consists of two different types of RA UEs (with short and large data packets). Specifically, by exploiting different sizes of data packets, we propose a triangular non-orthogonal RA (T-NORA) scheme, where the preamble transmission of RA UEs with small-sized data packet is embedded into the data transmission of RA UEs with large-sized data packet so that the preamble collision between two different types of RA UEs can be avoided. As a result, an improved performance over conventional mGFRA can be achieved by T-NORA with the assistance of mMIMO. Through analytical and simulation results, we can confirm that the proposed T-NORA scheme outperforms the conventional mGFRA scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an accurate, reliability-aware statistical Berkeley short-channel IGFET Model 4 (BSIM4) compact model parameter generation methodology using the generalized lambda distribution (GLD) method. Using this methodology, compact model parameter sets can be generated “on the fly” beyond the limitation of the number of compact models extracted from the TCAD simulation. The generated unlimited parameter sets enable circuit designer for the statistical circuit simulation. An analytical model has been developed to interpolate TCAD simulation data points, which enables statistical compact model parameter sets to be generated at any aging level. The capability to generate such intermediate aging model parameters at trap densities that were not physically simulated has important application in statistical circuit simulation, opening up the possibility to include accurately reliability assessment in circuit design. An aging model that can transfer trap density to stress/aging time is an integral part of the presented methodology. The accuracy of the compact model parameter generation methodology is validated by comparing the new generated compact model parameter sets at an interpolated trap density, against physical “atomistic” 3-D TCAD simulation. The compact model parameter generation methodology enables the accurate investigation of the influence of statistical variability and bias temperature instability (BTI)-induced aging at circuit level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: It is challenging to differentiate unilateral aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) from bilateral idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia (IAH) and nonfunctional adrenal adenoma (NFA) in primary aldosteronism (PA). In a first primarily ex vivo study detection, CXC chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) expression has been shown to be a valuable tool for the detection of APA. In this study, we aimed to clinically evaluate CXCR4 imaging with 68Ga-pentixafor PET/CT for detecting APA. Methods: We prospectively recruited 36 patients with clinical suspicion of PA. All patients underwent 68Ga-pentixafor PET/CT. Positive lesions were defined based on higher tracer uptake in adrenal nodular(s) shown on CT than the normal adrenal. These lesions were referred for adrenalectomy subsequently. All patients received clinical follow-up. Semi-quantitative analysis using maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), lesion-to-liver ratio (LLR), and lesion-to-contralateral ratio (LCR) has also been performed. PET/CT results were correlated with clinical presentation and follow-up. Results: Thirty-nine adrenal lesions in 36 patients were found; 25 APA, 4 IAH, and 10 NFA according to histopathology and clinical assessment. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 68Ga-pentixafor PET/CT in distinguishing APA by visualization were 100%, 78.6%, and 92.3% respectively. The SUVmax of APA (21.34 ± 9.41, n = 25) was significantly higher than that of non-APA lesions (6.29 ± 2.10, n = 14, P < 0.0001). An optimal threshold of SUVmax = 11.18 was determined for predicting APA with a sensitivity of 88.0%, specificity of 100%, and an accuracy of 92.3%. A cutoff value for LCR of 2.12 yielded a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 92.9%, whereas a cutoff value for LLR of 2.36 reached at both 100% of sensitivity and specificity. All patients with (removed) positive lesions benefited from surgery. Conclusion: 68Ga-Pentixafor PET/CT may be used to non-invasively detect APA in PA patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metallic materials with a gradient microstructure usually exhibit excellent mechanical properties. However, the radiation response of gradient structural materials is less well understood. Here, room-temperature He ion irradiation up to ~4.5 dpa with ~10 at% He injection was performed on a gradient T91 steel processed by surface severe plastic deformation. In comparison to the coarse-grained ferritic T91, the gradient T91 with the nanocrystalline layers shows improved radiation tolerance in terms of less bubble swelling and radiation hardening. Additionally, bubble distribution along grain boundaries depends on misorientation angle suggesting a strong capacity of non-equilibrium grain boundaries in storing He atoms. The present study provides insight into the design of radiation tolerant gradient steels for nuclear industry applications. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Practical applications of silica aerogels have been restricted due to their hydrophilicity, fragility and high cost of supercritical drying technique. In this work, the successful synthesis of the super hydrophobic polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ) based silica aerogel via the sol-gel technique and ambient pressure drying method is proposed. Dimethoxydimethylsilane (DMDMS) and methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) are used as the co-precursors. The MTMS/DMDMS volume ratio is determined at 3/1, and the water contact angle as large as 165°, confirming its super hydrophobicity. The CH 3 groups rendering the hydrophobicity gradually disappear after heat treatment at 400 °C. The aerogel is composed of the spherical and smooth secondary particles with diameters at around 3–4 μm, with the most probable pore diameter locating at around 20 μm. The aerogel exhibits excellent elastic property under compression cycling test. Moreover, it displays good adsorption properties over many kinds of organic solvents, as well as excellent cycling adsorption property. Schemicatic diagram of the formation for the superhydrophobic and flexible PMSQ based silica aerogel. Unlabelled Image • A novel PMSQ-based aerogel is prepared via ambient pressure drying technique. • The mechanism of hydrophobicity evolution and flexible aerogel formation is proposed. • The aerogel has a high contact angle of 165° and excellent flexibility under compression cycling test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is gradually becoming an alternative therapy for patients who cannot adapt to surgical treatment or have contraindications. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the value of echocardiography in the evaluation of severe AR patients treated with TAVR and to analyze the correlations with postprocedural complications to improve the evaluation and screening of patients. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed clinical and echocardiographic data of 70 patients with severe AR. Periaortic valve structures were carefully measured by esophageal echocardiography (TEE) and compared with the multilayer slice computed tomography (MSCT) findings. Real‐time three‐dimensional esophageal echocardiography (RT‐3D TEE) was monitored during the operation, and a 30‐day postprocedural follow‐up was performed. The relationship between postprocedural complications and patients' clinical data or periaortic valve structures was analyzed by multifactorial analysis to identify relevant predictors of complications. Results: The TEE measurements of periaortic valve structures were in good agreement with the MSCT measurements. Among the patients who underwent successful operations, both left atrial (LA) and left ventricular (LV) diameters were reduced, and the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was improved 30 days after TAVR compared with the preprocedural period (P <.05). Permanent pacemakers were implanted in 15 patients. The presence of preprocedural right bundle branch block (RBBB) (OR: 2.93; 95% CI: 1.18‐12.70; P =.01) was an independent factor for permanent pacemaker implantation after TAVR. Conclusions: Echocardiography plays an extremely important role in TAVR procedures. The presence of preprocedural RBBB can be an independent predictor of postprocedural pacemaker implantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertrophic scars (HTS) develop from an excessive synthesis of structural proteins like collagen and a decreased expression of proteoglycans such as decorin. Previous research has demonstrated that decorin expression is significantly down‐regulated in HTS, deep dermal tissue, and thermally injured tissue, reducing its ability to regulate pro‐fibrotic transforming growth factor‐beta 1 (TGF‐β1) and normal fibrillogenesis. However, treatment of HTS fibroblasts with interferon‐alpha 2b (IFN‐α2b) has been shown to reduce excessive collagen synthesis and improve HTS by reducing serum TGF‐β1 levels. The expression of decorin isoforms in HTS is currently unknown and the effects of TGF‐β1 and IFN‐α2b on decorin, decorin isoform expression and type 1 collagen are of great interest to our group. Dermal fibroblasts were treated with TGF‐β1 and/or IFN‐α2b, for 48 h. The expression and secretion of decorin, decorin isoforms and type 1 collagen were quantified with reverse transcription‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence staining and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. The mRNA expression of decorin and each isoform was significantly reduced in HTS fibroblasts relative to normal skin. TGF‐β1 decreased the mRNA expression of decorin and decorin isoforms, whereas IFN‐α2b showed the opposite effect. IFN‐α2b significantly inhibited TGF‐β1's effect on the mRNA expression of type I collagen alpha 1 in papillary dermal fibroblasts and overall showed relative effects of inhibiting TGF‐β1. These data support that a further investigation into the structural and functional roles of decorin isoforms in HTS pathogenesis is warranted and that IFN‐α2b is an important agent in reducing fibrotic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's global traditional energy shortage environment, developing renewable and environmental-friendly energy has become a trend. In this work, the (1-x)Na 0.5 Bi 0.5 TiO 3 -xSr 0.7 Bi 0.2 TiO 3 ((1-x)NBT-xSBT, x=0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) relaxor ferroelectric thin films are grown on Pt/Si/SiO 2 substrate via the sol-gel method. The structure, dielectric properties, energy density, thermal stability, frequency stability, and fatigue endurance for long-term stability of the (1-x)NBT-xSBT thin films are studied systematically. The experimental results demonstrate that the NBT-0.5SBT thin film exhibits an excellent discharge energy density (W rec ~35.014 J/cm3) and efficiency (η ~73.8%) under 3200 kV/cm at room temperature (RT). More importantly, the corresponding thin film display superior the thermal stability (20–140 °C), frequency stability (102–104 Hz), and fatigue endurance for long-term stability (104 st). Therefore, this contribution will provide a convenient and efficient way for preparing high-performance dielectric capacitors for application in power pulse systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have demonstrated that the sulfated polysaccharide named PRP-S16 could inhibit the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of endothelial cells in vitro. Here, its anti-angiogenic effect and mechanism in vivo were investigated by Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) mice model. PRP-S16 significantly reduced the microvessel density (MVD) of tumor, exhibiting a high tumor growth inhibitory effect in LLC mice. All designed assays including quantitative real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blotting showed that PRP-S16 reduced the mRNA and the protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) in serum or tumor tissue of mice. Western blotting also detected decreased phosphorylated (p)-VEGFR-1, p-VEGFR-2, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), protein kinase B (Akt), and matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9). PRP-S16 had no adverse effects on angiogenesis in non-target organs. These findings suggested that the mechanism of anti-angiogenesis of PRP-S16 in vivo was due to inhibition of VEGF/VEGFR signaling pathway and it might be a promising candidate for tumor by anti-angiogenic therapy. • Sulfated polysaccharide PRP-S16 suppressed the growth of Lewis lung carcinoma by inhibiting angiogenesis of tumor in mice. • PRP-S16 had no adverse effects on angiogenesis in non-target organs. • PRP-S16 reduced the expression of VEGF, VEGFR-2, p-VEGFR-1, p-VEGFR-2, HIF-1α, MMP-9, and Akt. • The mechanism of anti-angiogenesis was due to inhibition of VEGF/VEGFR pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocrystalline (NC) metals have high strength, but are highly susceptible to grain growth at elevated temperatures due to the driving force to reduce the energy stored at grain boundaries (GBs). In this study, we compared the thermal stability of NC Ni alloy with conventional thin GBs and thick GBs. Thermomechanical treatment was applied to induce thick GBs in the Ni alloy. After annealing at 800 °C, significant grain growth occurs in the Ni alloy with thin GBs; whereas the nanograins with Mo-rich thick GBs remain stable. This study provides a fresh perspective on improving the thermal stability of NC alloys. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is to convert renewable H 2 and increasingly concerned CO 2 to ethylene or C 2 H 4 over Fe 3.33 Co 1.67 K 5 /ZrO 2 and Fe 3.33 Co 1.67 K 5 /Al 2 O 3 catalysts. The ZrO 2 support provides amounts of surface oxygen vacancies (OVs) as well as stable and rich surface hydroxyl groups (-OH), which promotes the Fe 3.33 Co 1.67 K 5 /ZrO 2 catalysts with 5% Fe and Co loadings to achieve C 2 H 4 space time yield (STY) of 0.064 mmol C2H4 ∙m−2 cat ∙h−1 at 290 °C and 2.0 MPa, while the Fe 3.33 Co 1.67 K 5 /Al 2 O 3 catalysts only reach C 2 H 4 STY of 0.009 mmol C2H4 ∙m−2 cat ∙h−1 at 330 °C and 2 MPa Fe 3.33 Co 1.67 K 5 /ZrO 2 catalysts are very promising for converting the captured CO 2 and renewable H 2 to highly demanded C 2 H 4. This work not only provides a guideline for developing efficient catalysts but also advances the mechanistic understanding of catalytic CO 2 hydrogenation. Image 1 This study at least contains three highlights, as presented below. 1. The higher OV density of R–FCKZr promotes the CTE; 2. The higher surface –OH affinity of R–FCKZr promotes the CTE; 3. The C 2 H 4 production rate reached 0.064 mmol C2H4 ∙m−2 cat ∙h−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has grown to be a global public health emergency since patients were first detected in Wuhan, China. Thus far, no specific drugs or vaccines are available to cure the patients with COVID-19 infection. The immune system and inflammation are proposed to play a central role in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to possess a comprehensive powerful immunomodulatory function. Intravenous infusion of MSCs has shown promising results in COVID-19 treatment. Here, we report a case of a severe COVID-19 patient treated with human umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly-derived MSCs (hWJCs) from a healthy donor in Liaocheng People’s Hospital, China, from February 24, 2020. The pulmonary function and symptoms of the patient with COVID-19 pneumonia was significantly improved in 2 days after hWJC transplantation, and recovered and discharged in 7 days after treatment. After treatment, the percentage and counts of lymphocyte subsets (CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cell) were increased, and the level of IL-6, TNF-α, and C-reactive protein is significantly decreased after hWJC treatment. Thus, the intravenous transplantation of hWJCs was safe and effective for the treatment of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, especially for the patients in a critically severe condition. This report highlights the potential of hWJC infusions as an effective treatment for COVID-19 pneumonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To study the association between anthropometric measurements and the risk of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and compare body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist‐to‐height ratio (WHtR) to determine the best indicator and its optimal cutoffs for predicting type 2 diabetes and IFG. Methods: A Chinese prospective (2011‐2019) cohort named the Jingchang cohort that included 48 001 participants was studied. Using Cox proportional hazard models, hazard ratios (HRs) for incident type 2 diabetes or IFG per 1 SD change in BMI, WC, and WHtR were calculated. Area under the curve (AUC) was compared to identify the best anthropometric variable and its optimal cutoff for predicting diabetes. Results: The association of BMI, WC, and WHtR with type 2 diabetes or IFG risk was positive in the univariate and multivariable‐adjusted Cox proportional hazard models. Of all three indexes, the AUC of BMI was largest and that of WC was smallest. The derived cutoff values for BMI, WC, and WHtR were 24.6 kg/m2, 89.5 cm, and 0.52 in men and 23.4 kg/m2, 76.5 cm, and 0.47 in women for predicting diabetes, respectively. The derived cutoff values for BMI, WC, and WHtR were 23.4 kg/m2, 87.5 cm, and 0.50 in men and 22.5 kg/m2, 76.5 cm, and 0.47 in women for predicting IFG, respectively. [Correction added on 14 April 2020, after first online publication: '0' has been deleted from 'WC,0' in the first sentence.]. Conclusions: Our derived cutoff points were lower than the values specified in the most current Asian diabetes guidelines. We recommend a cutoff point for BMI in Asians of 23 kg/m2 and for WC a cutoff point of 89 cm in men and 77 cm in women to define high‐risk groups for type 2 diabetes; screening should be considered for these populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes parameter estimation algorithms for Hammerstein nonlinear ARX systems. By making full use of the current and previous input–output data of the system, a weighted multi-innovation stochastic gradient algorithm is presented to improve the convergence rate of identification. The innovation term in the traditional identification algorithms can be treated as a particle in the particle-filtering technique, and the weight of each innovation then can be computed according to their importance. The simulation results indicate that the algorithm can improve the accuracy of parameter estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of AlGaN interlayer in quantum barrier on the electroluminescence characteristics of GaN-based green light emitting diodes (LEDs) grown on silicon substrate was investigated. The results show that AlGaN interlayer is beneficial to improve the luminous efficiency of LED devices and restrain the phase separation of InGaN. The former is ascribed to the inserted AlGaN layers can play a key role in determining the carrier distribution and screening dislocations in the active region, and the latter is attributed to the increased compressive stress in the quantum well. However, when the electrical stress aging tests were performed at a current density of 100 A/cm2, LED devices with AlGaN interlayers are more likely to induce the generation/proliferation of defects in the active region under the effect of electrical stress, resulting in the reduced light output power at low current density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of amorphous TiO 2 /NH 2 -MIL-125(Ti) (Am-TiO 2 /NM) composites were in-situ fabricated via one-pot facile water (H 2 O) bath method. The photocatalytic performance of as-synthesized samples was evaluated by CO 2 reduction with H 2 O under visible-light irradiation. The Am-TiO 2 /NM with 22.6 wt% Am-TiO 2 loading had the highest photo activity for CO 2 reduction into CH 4 (1.18 μmol·h−1·g−1 catalyst), which was 1.7 times higher than that of pure NM. The enhanced photocatalytic activity was attributed to the formation of the strong interactions between NM and Am-TiO 2 , which not only improved the ability of electron transfer, but also inhibited the recombination of electron-hole pairs. Furthermore, the optimum sample showed satisfied stability within five times recycling tests during the photo reaction under visible-light irradiation. These kinds of MOF-based composites provided potential applications in the field of energy conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We investigated whether carotid intima-media thickness is associated with measures of cerebral blood flow (CBF), white matter hyperintensities, and brain volume in a biracial cohort of middle-aged individuals.Methods: We performed a cross-sectional cohort study based on data from a multicenter, population-based study Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults. Using linear and logistic regression, we estimated the association of the composite intima-media thickness measured in three segments of carotid arteries (common carotid artery, carotid artery bulb, and internal carotid artery) with volume (cm3) and CBF (mL/100 g/min) in the total brain and gray matter as well as volume of white matter hyperintensities (cm3).Results: In the analysis, 461 participants (54% women, 34% African Americans) were included. Greater intima-media thickness was associated with lower CBF in gray matter (β=-1.36; p = .04) and total brain (β=-1.26; p = .04), adjusting for age, sex, race, education, and total brain volume. The associations became statistically nonsignificant after further controlling for cardiovascular risk factors. Intima-media thickness was not associated with volumes of total brain, gray matter, and white matter hyperintensities.Conclusions: This study suggests that lower CBF in middle age is associated with markers of atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries. This association may reflect early long-term exposure to traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Early intervention on atherosclerotic risk factors may modulate the trajectory of CBF as people age and develop brain pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Massive MIMO based grant-free random access (mGFRA) is a promising RA technique for massive access with low signaling overhead. However, due to a limited orthogonal preamble size, preamble collision is a key factor that constrains the success probability of mGFRA. In this paper, we examine the potential of applying non-orthogonal preambles to mitigate the issue, where two typical non-orthogonal sequences, i.e., Gaussian distribution sequences and Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequences, are taken into account. Asymptotic behaviors of the success probabilities with the non-orthogonal preamble sequences are analyzed and compared using derived closed-forms. Through the analysis we reveal that ZC sequences outperform Gaussian ones. However, though non-orthogonal sequences are able to reduce or even alleviate the preamble collision, they do not necessarily provide better performance than the orthogonal counterpart. In addition, regarding orthogonal sequences as a single-root case of ZC sequences, we show that there exists an optimal number of ZC roots that maximizes the success probability for mGFRA, which is low-bounded by orthogonal baseline. Simulation results evaluate the performance of non-orthogonal sequences in mGFRA under various practical system parameters, and validate our analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dementia is a major health concern for which prevention and treatment strategies remain elusive. Lowering high blood pressure with specific antihypertensive medications (AHMs) could reduce the burden of disease. We investigated whether specific AHM classes reduced the risk for dementia.Methods: We did a meta-analysis of individual participant data from eligible observational studies published between Jan 1, 1980, and Jan 1, 2019. Cohorts were eligible for inclusion if they prospectively recruited community-dwelling adults; included more than 2000 participants; collected data for dementia events over at least 5 years; had measured blood pressure and verified use of AHMs; included in-person exams, supplemented with additional data, to capture dementia events; and had followed up cases for mortality. We assessed the association of incident dementia and clinical Alzheimer's disease with use of five AHM classes, within strata of baseline high (systolic blood pressure [SBP] ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure [DBP] ≥90 mm Hg) and normal (SBP <140 mm Hg and DBP <90 mm Hg) blood pressure. We used a propensity score to control for confounding factors related to the probability of receiving AHM. Study-specific effect estimates were pooled using random-effects meta-analyses.Results: Six prospective community-based studies (n=31 090 well phenotyped dementia-free adults older than 55 years) with median follow-ups across cohorts of 7-22 years were eligible for analysis. There were 3728 incident cases of dementia and 1741 incident Alzheimer's disease diagnoses. In the high blood pressure stratum (n=15 537), those using any AHM had a reduced risk for developing dementia (hazard ratio [HR] 0·88, 95% CI 0·79-0·98; p=0·019) and Alzheimer's disease (HR 0·84, 0·73-0·97; p=0·021) compared with those not using AHM. We did not find any significant differences between one drug class versus all others on risk of dementia. In the normal blood pressure stratum (n=15 553), there was no association between AHM use and incident dementia or Alzheimer's disease.Interpretation: Over a long period of observation, no evidence was found that a specific AHM drug class was more effective than others in lowering risk of dementia. Among people with hypertensive levels of blood pressure, use of any AHM with efficacy to lower blood pressure might reduce the risk for dementia. These findings suggest future clinical guidelines for hypertension management should also consider the beneficial effect of AHM on the risk for dementia.Funding: The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation and the National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the photocatalytic CO2 to methane (CH4) with H2O over NH2-MIL-125(Ti) under visible light. It shows that the CH4 yield of NH2-MIL-125(Ti) reaches as high as 15.83 µmol h−1 g catalysts - 1 , which is 82.6% higher methane (CH4) production than that of MIL-125(Ti). The amine functionalization promotes the CO2 adsorptions on amine groups and the electron transfer between Ti and organic clusters. The H2O acts as a good reductant in this catalytic system, which can provide the electrons and reduce the Ti4+ to Ti3+. This study provided a potential method to enhance the performance of photocatalytic CO2 conversion with H2O for the metal organic frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian cancer is associated with a high percentage of recurrence of tumors and resistance to chemotherapy. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for cancer progression, tumor recurrence, metastasis, and chemoresistance. Thus, developing CSC-targeting therapy is an urgent need in cancer research and clinical application. In an attempt to achieve potent and selective anti -CSC agents, a series of celastrol derivatives with cinnamamide chains were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-ovarian cancer activities. Most of the compounds exhibited stronger antiproliferative activity than celastrol, and celastrol derivative 7g with a 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamamide side chain was found to be the most potent antiproliferative agent against ovarian cancer cells with an IC 50 value of 0.6 μM. Additionally, compound 7g significantly inhibited the colony formation ability and reduced the number of tumor spheres. Furthermore, compound 7g decreased the percentage of CD44+, CD133+ and ALDH+ cells. Thus, compound 7g is a promising anti -CSC agent and could serve as a candidate for the development of new anti-ovarian cancer drugs. Image 1 • A series of celastrol derivatives was synthesized and showed excellent antiproliferative activity toward three ovarian cancer cell lines. • Among them, celastrol derivative 7g with a 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamamide side chain was found to be the most potent antiproliferative agent. • Compound 7g induced apoptosis and reduced migration of SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells. • Compound 7g suppressed multiple stem cell-like properties of SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the friction and wear behavior of Inconel 617, one of the primary candidate materials for high-temperature gas-cooled nuclear reactors. Using a custom-built, high-temperature tribometer, a helium (He)-cooled reactor environment was simulated up to 950°C. To obtain a comprehensive understanding of the Inconel 617 tribological response, the effects of contact load, temperature, air and He environments, sliding speed, and sliding distance were studied. From the conditions investigated, the coefficient of friction and wear values are the highest in a high-temperature He atmosphere. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction techniques were used to analyze the Inconel 617 oxide layer. Analysis of the samples tested in the He atmosphere showed the presence of Cr-rich oxide with a lower presence of Co-Ni-Mo compared to the samples tested in air. Characterization also revealed the existence of a very hard protective glaze layer in air while such layer was not observed in the He environment, which was associated with higher wear/friction values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoluminescence carbon dots (CDs) have chemical stability, water dispersibility and biocompatibility. Although various methods have been used to synthesize CDs, green synthesis approaches with inexpensive raw materials are paying more and more attention. It is a development trend that transforming low-value waste into high-value biomass CDs to reduce resource waste and realize the development of sustainable technology. In this review, we emphasis on the application of sensors based on biomass CDs. The sensor fabrication and quenching mechanisms of biomass CDs to various targets are summarized. Furthermore, the future outlook and challenges for biomass CDs as sensing materials are also discussed. Image 1 • Biomass carbon dots (CDs) based fluorescence sensors are introduced. • Optical properties and green synthesis methods of biomass CDs are overviewed. • Functionalization and fluorescence quenching mechanisms of biomass CDs are reviewed. • The sensor fabrication of biomass CDs to various targets are summarized. • The challenges and outlook of biomass CDs based fluorescence sensors are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The active OV rich Fe 0.30 Co 0.15 Zr 0.30 K 0.10 O 1.63 catalyst is developed. • CO 2 is directly dissociated into CO efficiently over OVs. • The STY of light olefins reaches 4.93 mmol∙g-1 cat ∙h−1. The study was designed to investigate the catalytic hydrogenation of increasingly concerned CO 2 to light olefins including ethylene, propylene and butylene, a series of critically important materials for various chemical syntheses, a win-win scenario for environment and economy. The Fe 0.30 Co 0.15 Zr 0.30 K 0.10 O 1.63 catalyst, presented much poorer surface hydroxyl groups but richer oxygen vacancies (OVs) than the Fe 0.60 Co 0.30 K 0.10 O 1.40 , displayed light olefin space time yields (STY) of 4.93 mmol∙g-1 cat ∙h−1 at 310 °C and 2.0 MPa, which was 33.24% higher than the Fe 0.60 Co 0.30 K 0.10 O 1.40 at the same reaction conditions. Extensive characterizations demonstrate that both oxygen vacancies (OVs) and surface hydroxyl groups (OH) played important roles in the catalytic CO 2 hydrogenation to light olefins, while OVs were more critical. OVs on the reduced Fe 0.30 Co 0.15 Zr 0.45 K 0.10 O 1.63 were more active than those on the reduced Fe 0.60 Co 0.30 K 0.10 O 1.40 , which was very important to the enhancement of the oxygen storage, adsorption and activation of CO 2 and thus the direct and efficient conversion of CO 2 into CO, an important intermediate for the synthesis of light olefins synthesis. Thus, Fe 0.30 Co 0.15 Zr 0.45 K 0.10 O 1.63 is a promising catalyst for converting CO 2 hydrogenation to light olefins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recursive prediction error method is one of the main tools for analysis of controlled auto‐regressive systems with quantised output. In this study, a recursive identification algorithm is proposed based on the auxiliary model principle by modifying the standard stochastic gradient algorithm. To improve the convergence performance of the algorithm, a particle filtering technique, which approximates the posterior probability density function with a weighted set of discrete random sampling points is utilised to correct the linear output estimates. It can exclude those invalid particles according to their corresponding weights. The performance of the particle filtering technique‐based algorithm is much better than that of the auxiliary model‐based one. Finally, results are verified by examples from simulation and engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Softening is one of the crucial factors causing the deterioration of postharvest fruit quality. In this study, the effects of konjac glucomannan/low-acyl gellan gum/microcapsule of thymol (TKL) coating on the storage characteristics, the ultrastructure of cell wall and transcription expression of pectin-related metabolism of blueberries fruits during low-temperature storage were investigated. TKL coating suppressed the expression of pectin-related enzymes disassembly (VaPE 2 , VaPE 3 , VaPG 3 , VaPL 2 and Vaβ-Gal 2), reduced the activity of cell wall polysaccharide degrading enzymes (PG, PE, PL, β-Gal, α-Man, α-Af, Xth, β-Xyl, Cx, β-Glu), maintained the normal morphological structure and stability of cell wall, and prolonged the shelf life of blueberries fruits. Overall, TKL is a promising coating that can effectively maintain the firmness, inhibit the postharvest softening and prolong the shelf life of the blueberries during storage period. • The TKL treatment delayed the quality deterioration of postharvest blueberries. • The enzyme activities of cell wall disassembly were effectively prevented by TKL coating. • The TKL coating suppressed the expression levels of pectin-related genes. • The molecular degradation of WSP and NSP was inhibited according to the TKL treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ion transport plays a crucial role in biophysical and electrochemical applications. While being modeled by the classical Poisson–Nernst–Planck (PNP) equations, many ionic features are ignored in the course-graining modeling of ionic interactions. In this work, we study ion transport by modified PNP equations including effects arising from steric interactions and the Born solvation, which both could cause strong convection. The modified NP equations are first rewritten in a gradient-flow reformulation that involves mobility and chemical potential terms. The mobility is then approximated by upwind fluxes with various flux limiters on the half-grid points, and the chemical potential terms are then implicitly approximated by central differencing. The resulting first-order in time scheme is proved to be energy dissipative unconditionally. Furthermore, the unconditional existence of positive numerical concentration is proved by making use of the singularity of the entropy term, which prevents the concentration from approaching zero. The flux with the Minmod or Osher limiter is reduced to a second-order upwind flux in the strong convective limit. Numerical tests are performed to confirm the expected order of accuracy and the properties of the developed scheme at discrete level. In addition, our numerical experiments demonstrate that the developed schemes with limiters can achieve higher accuracy than the Scharfetter-Gummel scheme and classical upwind scheme in tests with strong convection. Finally, the developed schemes are applied to numerically assess the effects of Coulombic interaction, steric interaction, and Born solvation on the rectifying transport of ions through nanopores. • Semi-implicit schemes are designed for PNP equations with steric interactions and Born solvation effects. • Upwind fluxes with flux limiters are used to approximate the mobility. • Unconditional energy dissipation and solution positivity are proved. • High accuracy is observed in large-convection tests. • Rectifying ion transport through nanopores is studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) is a commercially important marine fish indigenous to the southeastern coast of China. Cultured L. crocea is frequently subjected to hypoxia which causes huge economic losses to the aquaculture industry. Therefore, it is crucial to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia tolerance in L. crocea. Here, we combined a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and transcriptome analysis to reveal single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the mechanisms by which they regulate hypoxia tolerance in L. crocea. We used liquid chips to genotype 400 L. crocea individuals, obtained 120,815 high-quality SNPs, identified seven SNPs with significant suggestive association levels, and found a significant peak on chromosome 1. We then combined the potential candidate genes obtained from GWAS with the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) obtained by transcriptome sequencing. We found that the genes and processes related to glucose transport and metabolism, erythropoiesis, ion regulation, DNA replication and repair, and cell cycle were critical to hypoxia adaptation in L. crocea. We also identified the gene lias that might regulate hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α. The results of the present study provided insight into the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia tolerance in fish and may facilitate the genetic selection and breeding of hypoxia tolerance in L. crocea. • We identified candidate genes by GWAS and DEGs by transcriptome analyses. • Seven SNPs with significant suggestive association levels were identified. • Molecular mechanisms regulating hypoxia tolerance of L. crocea were elucidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• BCA-1 is a novel cytokine in burn wound healing but has significant changes. • MCP-1 and IL-6 levels have a positive correlation with burn severity. • CD14+ CD16+ reaches higher levels during more severe burn injury and in hypertrophic scar patients, contributing to the pro-inflammatory response. • IL-8 antagonism may prove beneficial in curbing excessive inflammation leading to fibrotic scars. • IL-1RA appears to be an anti-inflammatory mediator after burn injury. Burn injury is a sudden and traumatic injury that affects a large part of the population worldwide, who are placed at high risk of developing hypertrophic scars (HTS). HTS are a fibrotic scar resulting in painful contracted and raised scarring, affecting mobility in joints and work life, as well as cosmetically. The aim of this research was to enhance our understanding of the systematic response of monocytes and cytokines in wound healing after burn injury, in order to develop novel approaches to prevention and treatment of HTS. Twenty-seven burn patients and thirteen healthy individuals were recruited in this study. Burn patients were stratified by burn total body surface area (TBSA). Peripheral blood samples were taken post-burn injury. Serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were separated from the blood samples. This research investigated cytokines IL-6, IL-8, IL1RA, IL-10, and chemokine pathways SDF-1/CXCR4, MCP-1/CCR2, RANTES/CCR5 during the wound healing process in burn patients with varying severity of injuries by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. PBMCs were stained for monocytes and the chemokine receptors by flow cytometry. Statistical analysis was done by one-way ANOVA with a Tukey correction, and regression analysis was performed using Pearson's Correlation analysis. The CD14+ CD16- monocyte subpopulation is larger in patients who developed HTS at 4–7 days. The CD14+ CD16+ monocyte subpopulation is smaller in the first week of injury, where it is similar after 8 days. Burn injury increased CXCR4, CCR2, and CCR5 expressions in CD14+ CD16+ monocytes. Increases in MCP-1 at 0–3 days after burn injury was positively correlated with burn severity. IL-6, IL-8, RANTES, and MCP-1 significantly increased with increasing burn severity. Monocytes and their chemokine receptors, as well as systemic levels of cytokines in wound healing of burn patients and scar development will require ongoing assessment to enhance our understanding of the abnormal wound healing after burn injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biological effects of sevoflurane, a volatile anesthetics, on cancer cells seem to be contradictory and are not fully understood. While some studies demonstrate that sevoflurane promotes tumor growth, other studies report that sevoflurane displays anti-cancer activities. In this work, we systematically investigated the effects of sevoflurane at clinically relevant dose on the multiple biological aspects of cervical cancer cells and analyzed the underlying mechanism. Using a panel of cell lines, we found that sevoflurane significantly inhibited proliferation and migration of cervical cancer cells regardless of cellular origin and genetic background. In contrast, sevoflurane did not affect cervical cancer survival. Additionally, sevoflurane significantly enhanced chemosensitivity of cervical cancer cells. Mechanistically, we show that sevoflurane inhibits Ras and RhoA GTPase activities, leading to the blockade of their downstream signaling pathways, such as Ras/Erk/Akt and Rho/MYPT1/MLC. The rescue studies using Rho activator calpeptin or constitutively active Ras further confirm that Ras and RhoA are the targets of sevoflurane in cervical cancer. Interestingly, we found that the anti-proliferative effect of sevoflurane was via targeting Ras whereas the anti-migratory effect of sevoflurane was mediated via targeting RhoA. Our data clearly demonstrates the anti-cancer effects of sevoflurane. These findings provide preclinical evidence into the potential mechanisms by which sevoflurane may negatively affect cervical cancer growth and metastasis. • Sevoflurane inhibits cervical cancer cell growth and migration but not survival. • Sevoflurane significantly enhances chemosensitivity in cervical cancer cells. • Sevoflurane suppresses multiple oncogenic pathways in cervical cancer cells. • Sevoflurane targets cervical cancer cell through a RhoA- and Ras-dependent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors study a family of transcendental entire functions which lie outside the Eremenko-Lyubich class in general and are of infinity growth order. Most importantly, the authors show that the intersection of Julia set and escaping set of these entire functions has full Hausdor. dimension. As a by-product of the result, the authors also obtain the Hausdor. measure of their escaping set is infinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: After experimental retinal detachment (RD), the applications of caspase inhibitor z-vad-fmk (a pan-caspase inhibitor) could inhibit apoptosis, but increased receptor interacting protein (RIP)-mediated necroptosis. In this study, we investigated whether rapamycin could inhibit necroptosis and cooperate with z-vad-fmk to protect the retina after RD. Methods: RD animal models were established in Sprague–Dawley rats by subretinal injection of sodium hyaluronate and treated with subretinal injections of z-vad-fmk or z-vad-fmk combined with rapamycin. On day 3 after RD, retinas were collected and analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ROS assay, and western blot (for beclin-1, LC-3, RIP-1, AIF). On day 7 after RD, retinas were observed by H&E staining. Vision-dependent behavior of rats was tested by the modified Morris water maze. Results: TEM and H&E staining indicated that rapamycin combined with z-vad-fmk could reduce photoreceptor necrosis and preserve the ONL thickness after RD. The modified Morris water maze test showed that vision-dependent behavior was also significantly improved in the rapamycin + z-vad-fmk group.Western Blotting results demonstrated that rapamycin promoted the activation of autophagy by promoting beclin-1 and LC-3 induction and inhibited z-vad-fmk-induced necroptosis by inhibiting RIP-1 expression. In addition, rapamycin could also inhibit ROS production and AIF release. Conclusions: These findings indicated that rapamycin is a promising therapeutic agent that inhibits z-VAD-induced necroptosis, and protects photoreceptors and improves functional outcome in combination with z-vad-fmk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study focused on developing single-atom silver-manganese catalysts for converting the increasingly concerning CO 2 to highly demanded methane (CH 4) with renewable solar energy via artificial photosynthesis. The performances of the Ag supported manganese oxides (Ag/HMO) and the single-atom silver-manganese catalysts (Ag-HMO) were tested and compared under the same conditions. The activity of Ag-HMO reached as high as 0.61 mol mol−1 catalysts, which was 1.53 times higher than that of Ag/HMO. The single-atom Ag chains in Ag-HMO promoted the electron transfer from Ag to HMO, the adsorption of visible light and the activation of adsorbed CO 2 , thus enhancing the photocatalytic performances. This research will be beneficial for the practical application of solar energy with plasmonic photocatalyst. Graphical abstract fx1 Highlights • The Ag atoms dispersed well in the HMO lattice tunnels for Ag-HMO. • The Ag-HMO exhibited better CH 4 production rate than Ag/HMO. • The Z-scheme like mechanism is used to explain the better activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of K and Fe loaded ZrO 2 species (Fe K/ZrO 2) for CO 2 hydrogenation was relevant to the concentration of oxygen vacancies due to the differences of ZrO 2 crystal phases. The K and Fe were deposited on the surface of monoclinic zirconia (m-ZrO 2) and tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO 2) with the Fe loading of 0–20 wt% and the K loading of 1 wt% by impregnation methods. The ZrO 2 served as both a support and a co-catalyst for CO 2 hydrogenation, exhibiting 40.54% CO 2 conversion and 14.98% light olefins selectivity over the 10Fe 1K/m-ZrO 2 with 10 wt% Fe and 1 wt% K, at 2.0 MPa and 340 °C. Such CO 2 conversion were almost 200% higher than that of 10Fe 1K/t-ZrO 2. The better activity of 10Fe 1K/m-ZrO 2 is mainly attributed to the higher concentration of oxygen vacancies on the surface of m-ZrO 2 after the reduction in H 2 /N 2. However, covering the surface of m-ZrO 2 , excess surface Fe species lowered the concentration of surface oxygen vacancies for reduced 10Fe 1K/t-ZrO 2 , which inhibited the catalytic performance of ZrO 2 for CO 2 conversion. These investigations may propel the utilization of Zr-based catalysts on CO 2 hydrogenation to various value-added chemicals. Image 1 • CO 2 conversions over 10F 1K/m-ZrO 2 are almost 200% higher than that of 10Fe 1K/t-ZrO 2. • The reduction of catalysts with H 2 promotes the generation of oxygen vacancies. • Surface oxygen vacancies promote the catalytic CO 2 hydrogenation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract T91 ferritic/martensitic steel (modified 9Cr-1Mo steel) with high strength and high ductility is considered one of the promising structural materials for various industrial applications. Recent studies show that equal channel angular pressing can improve the yield strength of T91 steel to 1.6 GPa but degrade the uniform elongation to ∼1%. Here, we report that by using a modified quenching and tempering treatment, T91 steel can achieve a high yield strength of 1.4 GPa and a uniform elongation of ∼5.5%. Extensive microstructure analyses show the formation of transition carbides and ultra-fine martensite within bainite grains. This study provides an alternative approach to obtain a combined enhancement of strength and ductility for T91 steel. Graphical abstract Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a methodology (referred to as kinetic prediction) for predicting time series undergoing unknown changes in their data generating distributions. Based on Kolmogorov-Tikhomirov’s ${\varepsilon }$ -entropy, we propose a concept called ${\varepsilon }$ -predictability that quantifies the size of a model class (which can be parametric or nonparametric) and the maximal number of abrupt structural changes that guarantee the achievability of asymptotically optimal prediction. Moreover, for parametric distribution families, we extend the aforementioned kinetic prediction with discretized function spaces to its counterpart with continuous function spaces, and propose a sequential Monte Carlo-based implementation. We also extend our methodology for predicting smoothly varying data generating distributions. Under reasonable assumptions, we prove that the average predictive performance converges almost surely to the oracle bound, which corresponds to the case that the data generating distributions are known in advance. The results also shed some light on the so called “prediction-inference dilemma.” Various examples and numerical results are provided to demonstrate the wide applicability of our methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An energy storage value estimation model in monopoly power markets is put forward. • Ancillary services model in the monopolized electricity market is proposed. • A novel value-drive policy is introduced and compared with two other mechanisms. • Energy storage value under different energy storage configurations is analyzed. Recent trend in increasing the penetration level of renewable energy challenges safety and stability of the power grid. Electrical energy storage (EES) has been deemed as one of the key elements needed to mitigate the fluctuant and intermittent nature of renewables, and is undergoing rapid development nowadays. However, there are still many questions regarding the benefits and drawbacks that EES technologies will present to society, as well as the economic feasibility of EES in monopoly power markets. Given this, this paper presents a grid-scale production cost model for monopoly power markets in which EES generates profits by offering both energy and ancillary services. The production costs of the power system with and without an EES power plant was compared in order to generate a value estimation. Results indicate that the value of EES is related to the unit fuel price and the start-up cost of thermal power units, the penetration level of wind power and size of the EES system. Based on these variables, a value-driven pricing mechanism for EES was put forward and compared with other policies. Economic viability analysis revealed that the pricing mechanism currently used in monopoly power markets are highly inaccurate in capturing the value generated by EES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This research focused on developing an efficient and stable single-atom silver-manganese catalysts (Ag-HMO) for converting the increasingly concerning CO 2 to highly demanded methane (CH 4) via ambient photocatalytic hydrogenation with renewable H 2. The catalytic performances of Ag/P25, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), silver loading hollandite-type manganese oxide nanorods (Ag/HMO) and single-atom silver-manganese catalysts (Ag-HMO) were tested and compared under ambient conditions. It showed that the CH 4 was the main product and the photocatalytic activity of single-atom catalysts reached the maximum value, 6.0 μmol h−1 g−1 catalyst, with the silver loading of 30%, which was >33.3% higher than that of sole silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and Ag/HMO. The activity of Ag-HMO was >71% higher than that of the benchmark Ag/P25. The enhancement of photocatalytic CO 2 reduction activity was ascribed to the superior electrical conductivity, efficient Ag to HMO electron transfer, high adsorption of visible light and activation of adsorbed CO 2 and H 2. This work provided a promising efficient and cost-effective substitute for noble metal cocatalysts such as Pt, Au and Pd. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • The single-atom Ag-HMO catalysts are prepared via Ag thermal migrations. • The photocatalytic ambient hydrogenation method is used to produce CH 4. • The Z-scheme like mechanisms are used to explain the difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Bone cancer pain (BCP) is the pain induced by primary bone cancer or tumor metastasis. Increasing evidence and our previous studies have shown that mammalian silent information regulator 2 homolog (SIRT1) is involved in periphery sensitization and central sensitization of BCP, and the underlying mechanism of SIRT1 in bone cancer pain may provide clues for pain treatment. Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) is an essential regulator for mitochondrial fission. In this research, BCP model rats were established by injecting MRMT-1 rat mammary gland carcinoma cells into the left tibia of female Sprague-Dawley rats and validated by tibia radiographs, histological examination and mechanical pain test. As a result BCP rats exhibited bone destruction and sensitivity mechanical pain. BCP increased inflammatory cells infiltration and apoptosis, reduced SIRT1 protein expression and phosphorylation, and elevated Drp1 expression in spinal cord. An agonist of SIRT1 named SRT1720 intrathecal treatment in BCP rats increased SIRT1 phosphorylation, reduced the up-regulated Drp1 expression, and reversed pain behavior. SRT1720 also regulated Bcl-2/BAX and cleaved caspase-3 expressions, and inhibited mitochondrial apoptosis in spinal cord of BCP rats. For in vitro research, SRT1720 treatment decreased Drp1 expression in a dose-dependent manner, blocked CCCP-induced mitochondrial membrane potential change, consequently reduced apoptosis and promoted proliferation. These data suggest that SIRT1 activation by SRT1720 attenuated bone cancer pain via preventing Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission. Our results provide new targets for therapeutics of bone cancer pain. Highlights • SRT1720 reduces BCP-induced apoptotic signal in spinal cord. • SRT1720 reverses the inhibitory effect of BCP on SIRT1 activity. • SIRT1 activation reduces pain behavior in BCP rats. • SRT1720 down-regulates Drp1 expression in spinal cord of BCP rats. • SRT1720 inhibits CCCP-induced mitochondrial membrane potential decrease in cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a new inference procedure for understanding non-stationary processes, under the framework of evolutionary spectra developed by Priestley. Among various frameworks of modeling non-stationary processes, the distinguishing feature of the evolutionary spectra is its focus on the physical meaning of frequency. The classical estimate of the evolutionary spectral density is based on a double-window technique consisting of a short-time Fourier transform and a smoothing. However, smoothing is known to suffer from the so-called bias leakage problem. By incorporating Thomson's multitaper method that was originally designed for stationary processes, we propose an improved estimate of the evolutionary spectral density, and analyze its bias/variance/resolution tradeoff. As an application of the new estimate, we further propose a non-parametric rank-based stationarity test, and provide various experimental studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Array geometry calibration is necessary to ensure favorable performance of the array. Traditional techniques for array geometry calibration jointly estimate element positions, instrument delays, and constant sound speed (CSV) via nonlinear iterative method. The drawback is that the calibration results depends on the initial estimations. To improve the robustness and accuracy of the calibration results, a new array geometry calibration method for underwater compact arrays is proposed in this paper. In the new method, the position and instrument delay of each element are jointly estimated based on effective sound velocity (ESV) and time of flight (TOF) and the distances between elements are calculated subsequently, then the relative positions of elements are determined by trilateration. A compact pentagon array with a radius of 130 mm of a USBL positioning system is calibrated in an anechoic tank and a lake trial is conducted to test the performance of the results of array geometry calibration. As expected, the new method outperforms the traditional method, especially in regards to instrument delays and sound velocity estimations. The new method improves the array geometry horizontal precision from 0.6 mm to 0.12 mm and achieves a nearly onefold increase in USBL horizontal positioning accuracy compared to the traditional method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The effect of TiB 2 on the thermal stability of phenolic and the role of TiB 2 on the high-temperature mechanical property of carbon–phenolic composites are investigated by introducing TiB 2 particles into phenolic, and then TiB 2 particles into carbon–phenolic composites. The results show that the thermal stability of phenolic is enhanced by TiB 2 additions. And the enhancement in thermal stability of phenolic exhibits a positive effect on improving the high-temperature mechanical property of carbon–phenolic composites. The flexural strength at 1000 °C of carbon–phenolic composites is increased by 148.2% after introducing 20 wt% TiB 2 particles into phenolic matrix. In the heating stage before high-temperature mechanical test, TiB 2 particles react with oxygen or oxygen-containing molecules released by phenolic pyrolysis. Therefore, amorphous carbon coated with glassy B 2 O 3 and ceramic particles forms a new compact matrix. The well-bonded interface provides TiB 2 modified carbon–phenolic improved mechanical performance at high temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The carbon-fiber-reinforced composites modified by nano-silica were successfully prepared using RFI technology. And the properties of composites also were studied. The investigations revealed that the properties of composites were increased by filling nano-silica. With the increase of nano-silica content, the density of carbon-fiber-reinforced composites was increased, while the glass transition temperature, tensile strength and flexural strength were first increased and then decreased. At the nano-silica content of 3 wt%, the glass transition temperature reached a maximum of 117.3 °C. When the nano-silica content was 4 wt%, the tensile strength and flexural strength were increased to 595.69 and 703.76 MPa, which were improved by 86.30% and 126.98% compared with the composites without nano-silica. Therefore, the best properties of carbon-fiber-reinforced composites was obtained with filling 4 wt% nano-silica content, while the toughening and strengthening effect was optimal, since nano-silica as a reinforced material were filled the gap between epoxy resin and carbon fiber to disperse the external force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]