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Obesity remains a national and global problem because its prevalence still increases, leading to various dangerous degenerative diseases. One way to tackle obesity is by taking drugs that can reduce fat and carbohydrate intake, such as orlistat and acarbose. However, both of these drugs have unwanted side effects, so a safer exploration of anti-obesity herbal is still needed to replace them. Previous studies have shown that ethanol extracts of cucumber mesocarp can inhibit pancreatic lipase. In this study, the hot water extract of cucumber mesocarp powder was tested as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor in vitro and an α-amylase inhibitor in silico. The results show that cucumber mesocarp powder has been successfully produced by freeze-drying method; TPC and TFC value of brewed cucumber mesocarp powder are 0.0218 % and 0.0278 %, respectively. At the same mass of powder, brewed cucumber mesocarp powder has inhibition power against pancreatic lipase 3.44 times higher than orlistat. In comparison, in silico test result shows that pinocembrin and cucurbitacin A contained in cucumber able to bind to the active site of the α-amylase enzyme, so the cucumber mesocarp powder has great potential as anti-obesity agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesat River, where a lot of garbage dumps from upstream residents. This study aims to provide information about the diversity of cyanobacteria microalgae in the Mesat river. This type of research is survey research, conducted in February-April 2020. Microalgae samples were taken from 3 different stations following the river flow. Based on the identification and analysis, the Cyanobacteria found in the Mesat River in Lubuklinggau City consisted of 1 class, 3 orders, 4 families, 4 genera, and 5 species. The highest diversity value was at station 1 at 0.18 and the lowest was at station 3 at 0.14. The highest dominance value at station 1 is 0.001 and the lowest is at station 2 at 0.0003. The highest uniformity value at station 1 was 0.166 and the lowest at station 3 was 0.088. Measurement of the abiotic factors in the Mesat river consisted of: an average temperature of 26.87 °C, an average oxygen level of 45.63 mg/L, an average acidity of 6.6 and an average brightness of 17.56 cm. The conclusion of this study is the diversity of the distribution of cyanobacteria microalgae in the Mesat river, the city of Lubuklinggau, in the medium category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-streoidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used despite their known gastrointestinal adverse effects. Centella asiatica (CA) is widely used for its anti-inflammatory due to its active components. This study was conducted to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of CA ethanolic (CAE) extracts in gastric ulcer by measuring COX-2 expression. The effects of CAE were identified in mice (Rattus norvegicus) used as peptic ulcer models induced with Indometachin at 30 mg/kg BW. The experimental groups were divided into five groups: negative control group, positive control group day 8, and the treatment groups receiving three different doses of CAE (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW). CAE was administered once daily for seven days. The experimental models were sacrificed 24 hours after the last CAE administration, and COX-2 expression in the gastric mucosal layer was assessed using immunohistochemistry. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to examine gastric mucosal damage. There was a consistent significant decrease in COX-2 expression in all treatment groups compared to control groups (p = 0.006). The results showed that CAE displayed anti-inflammatory effect. CAE extracts could decrease COX-2 expression in all three treatment groups compared to control models. CAE has a potential to be anti-inflammatory herbal therapy for gastric ulcers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to identify the potential of soursop leaves simplicia as a mouthwash to hinder mouth infection caused by Streptococcus mutans bacteria. This study used a quasi-experimental laboratory with a post-test group design. The research sample was soursop leaves simplicia with the particle size of 1.36 µm produced by high energy ball milling (HEM) technique and extracted into 20 µm of soursop leave infusion. The soursop simplicia and infusion tests were carried out using 21 sterile tubes, consisting of 15 tubes as an antibacterial test with a concentration of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%. Three positive control tubes containing 0.2% of Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) and three negative control tubes of sterile aquadest were maintained. The bacterial isolates of Streptococcus mutans were gram stain identification, catalase, oxidase, and optochin susceptibility tests. The average colony number of Streptococcus mutans identified on 60% soursop leaves infusion is 681.7 and gets lower by 120.3 for 100% concentration. Meanwhile, its average colony number on 60% soursop leaves simplicia is 575.0 and reduces by 31.3 for 100% concentration. There is a substantial difference among 100% concentration soursop leaves infusion with CHX (p = 0.005), while there is no significant difference among 100% soursop leaves simplicia with CHX (p = 0.249). Therefore, a 100% concentration of soursop leaves simplicia can obstruct mouth infection and have the potential for mouthwash since it has no meaningful difference with CHX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunbathing activity could convert pro-vitamin D into vitamin D to maintain pancreas for controlling blood glucose. This study aimed to determine the effect of sunbathing therapy in the morning to reduce blood glucose levels in men and women aged over 40 years. This study recruited 30 respondents who were over 40 years old using simple random sampling in Kutisari Village, Surabaya city, East Java Province, Indonesia. Respondents were divided into two groups: control group without sunbathing therapy and treatment group with sunbathing therapy in the morning for 10 minutes throughout seven days. Capillary blood glucose levels were taken using Point of Care Testing on 1st day before therapy began and on 7th day after therapy finished. The analysis unveiled that on treatment group was able to decrease blood glucose levels from 241.93 ± 132.84 to 173.13 ± 86.91 mg dL-1 with a significance p-value = 0.001. Meanwhile, on control group was able to increase from 209.47 ± 118.89 to 249.27 ± 152.10 mg dL-1 with p-value = 0.098. Therefore, sunbathing therapy in the morning for 10 minutes significantly reduces blood glucose levels effectively on respondents aged over 40 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus is a disease caused by abnormalities in the pancreas due to impaired insulin secretion or the inability to use the insulin produced effectively, which treats hyperglycemia. Indonesia ranks 4 in the world with the highest number of diabetes mellitus sufferers, namely 8.4 million people, and will continue to increase to 21.2 million people in 2030. α-Amylase (alpha-1,4glucan-4-glucanohydrolase) is a catalyst hydrolyzing Alpha-1,4-glycosidic polysaccharides of starch become oligosaccharides then digested further to produce glucose. In controlling glucose in people with DMT2, it is necessary to consider the choice of oral antidiabetic drugs (OAD) because of their many side effects. The anti-diabetic activity of Sapodilla leaf extract (Manilkara zapota) has been proven to show real antidiabetic activity by showing a hypoglycemic effect. Phenolic compounds have biological activity as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic. This study aimed to obtain a prediction of the antidiabetic potential of the phenolic compounds of Sapodilla leaf extract (Manilkara zapota) in inhibiting the α-Amylase enzyme in type 2 DM patients. The method used in this study was to predict the pharmacokinetics of ADMET using the online pkCSM webserver. At the outset, we downloaded a copy of the test of compound SMILES using the PubChem webserver, Molecular docking using PyRx 0.8, PyMol, and Discovery Studio software. The findings suggested that the phenolic group compounds are predicted to have good absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity values, and the combination of free energy values of phenolic compounds produced a synergistic effect. The bond between sitagliptin and the α-amylase enzyme was the most stable domain compared to others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nephrotic syndrome, the most common kidney disease in children, has been associated with transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-α). This study aimed to assess the role of vitamin D3 supplementation to TGF-β1 and TNF-α levels in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SNRS). This research was an experimental study involving 32 subjects divided into two groups. Each group was given a placebo and vitamin D3 for four weeks. Peripheral blood was taken before and after treatment. In the placebo group, there were significant decrease in 25(OH)D, increase in TGF-β1, and increase in TNF-α after treatment (p < 0.05). In the vitamin D3 supplementation group, there were significant increase in 25(OH)D, decrease in TGF-β1, and decrease in TNF-α (p < 0.05). The increase in 25(OH)D had correlation with the decrease in TGF-β1 (r = -0.593; p = 0.000) and the decrease in TNF-α (r = -0.782; p = 0.000). 0ur data indicated that vitamin D3 supplementation could increase 25(OH)D, decrease TGF- β1 and TNF-α. The decrease in TGF-β1, and TNF-α was negatively correlated with the increase in 25(OH)D in SRNS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease that causes blood glucose to increase above normal (hyperglycemia), which results in an increased level of free radicals. Antioxidants can fight the effects of free radicals. The combination of purple sweet potato (PSP) and black soybean tempeh (BST) is expected to increase antioxidant levels. This study aims to determine antioxidants levels, phenolics, and flavonoids from PSP and BST extract as antidiabetic candidates. Extraction was carried out by the maceration method using ethanol. The antioxidant activity test was carried out using the DPPH method, phenolic determination using the Folin-Ciocalteau (F-C) addition method, and the determination of flavonoid levels using quercetin as a standard. The spectrophotometer determined the IC50 of antioxidants, phenol, and flavonoid at 517, 740, and 510 nm, respectively. The highest antioxidant activity test results were obtained from the combination of BST and PSP (1 : 3), the IC50 value was 50.6 µg/mL, and the total phenol was 45.21 mgGAE/g extract. The most considerable total flavonoid level was found in the combination of BST and PSP ratio (3 : 1), 358.805 mgQE/g of extract. Our result suggested that the combination of BST and PSP has high antioxidant content and can be used as an alternative to antidiabetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction of strontium (Sr2+) from seawater has been of concern to many researchers. Sr2+ extraction is one solution to secure Sr2+ resources to meet current and future industry demands. In this research, we used the Sr2+ extraction method from seawater of the South Coast, Gulf Prigi using Fe3O4/MnO2/humic acid (HA) nanocomposites. The examining regeneration and reusability of the three cycles showed an adsorption efficiency of 99%. The adsorption efficiency in the first cycle was 95.13% and decreased in the next cycle. In seawater samples, our nanocomposites showed Sr2+ extraction efficiency of 50.54% from their initial concentration of 6.43 mg/L at pH 6.8. At pH 10, nanocomposites showed an extraction efficiency rate of 62.52%. Coating Fe3O4/MnO2 nanocomposite with HA can be an alternative adsorbent for the extraction of Sr2+ from seawater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquatic ecosystems have biotic and abiotic components that can be essential resources in development. One of these components is the minerals in the water, such as salt (NaCl). Salt is a valuable commodity that is extensively used for consumption and industrial purposes. This commodity is widely produced in various regions in Indonesia. One of the main factors that determine the success of salt production is the salt location suitability. Therefore, the innovation of technology to evaluate the suitability of salt production is fundamentally essential. This study analyzes the suitability of the salt production sites in Tuban Regency (i.e., Palang District and Tambakboyo District) as one of East Java's main salt production areas using the Salt Suitability Index (SSI) method. The method evaluates the suitability of salt production sites by analyzing nine environmental parameters (rainfall, soil type, soil permeability, exposure time, humidity, wind speed, air temperature, evaporation rate and a saturation level of raw material water). This study shows that the SSI value of salt production site in Palang District and Tambakboyo District is 97% and 94%, respectively. These results suggest that the salt production sites in Tuban Regency are very suitable for salt production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the tuberculosis investigation and screening process on the students, as the tuberculosis disease control in Pesantren Zainul Hasan Probolinggo, Indonesia. This study used an analytic correlation design with a survey method and action research approach, while its populations were all of the students. The 87 students were trained by the Probolinggo Public of Health Office to do tuberculosis observation and screening to detect the tuberculosis suspect. Then, the students were provided with health education, and a cadre was formed. The research results indicated a 0.967 (insignificant) correlation between students' role and case detection. Meanwhile, a significant correlation of 0.01 was observed between students' motivation and tuberculosis case detection, and the highest significant correlation of 0.001 had been found among students' attitude and tuberculosis case disclosure. Thus, students' attitude carries great contribution to the increase of tuberculosis case detection in Pesantren and facility provision and students' motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lake Gegas is one of the attractive tourist destinations in South Sumatra Province, Indonesia. There are quite a lot of tourists visiting Lake Gegas. This can disturb the life of the fauna there, one of which is waterbirds. In addition, it is feared that land clearing and hunting of waterbirds will reduce waterbirds and loss of habitat in Lake Gegas. The background of this research is the data related to the diversity of aerial bird species in Lake Gegas, so data collection is needed. The purpose of this study was to analyze the height level of birds in Lake Gegas. The research method used is the roaming technique. Cruising is carried out along the shores of Lake Gegas and to the other side by boat. Data collection is done by collecting techniques through collection sheets. Data level analysis using the Shannon Wiener formula. The results found 11 species of waterbirds consisting of 4 families with a contribution value of 2.21 in the "medium" category. "Habitat" by bird habitat. The conclusion of this study is that the results of research on waterbirds in Lake Gegas are included in the "medium" category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of Fe3O4@ZnS core-shell has been successfully carried out using sonochemical methods. This research was conducted to investigate the crystal structure, functional groups, morphology, and antibacterial activity of Fe3O4@ZnS core-shell by varying the concentration of the ZnS precursor. The XRD characterization results showed that the addition of the ZnS composition resulted in a diffraction peak, representing the inverse cubic spinel (Fe3O4), and cubic sphalerite (ZnS) phases. Based on XRD data analysis, the average particle size of Fe3O4 was 7 - 21 nm, while the ZnS was 3 - 6 nm. The results of FTIR characterization indicated the presence of Fe-O functional groups in the wavenumbers range of 520.24 - 647.36 cm−1 for tetrahedra and 415.83 cm-1 for octahedral, linear to the cubic structure of Fe3O4. In addition, a ZnS functional group appeared at wave number of 959.09 - 1120.25 cm−1 and zinc acetate at wave number of 1548.51 - 1575.79 cm-1. The particle size distribution resulting from SEM characterization for Fe3O4 and Fe3O4@ZnS core-shell with variations of ZnS precursor concentrations of 1x and 2x were 88.36, 105.27, and 156.55 nm, respectively. The antibacterial inhibition of Fe3O4@ZnS core-shell was quite effective in preventing bacterial growth. The diameter of the antibacterial inhibitory capacity of Fe3O4@ZnS core-shell ranged from 3.6 - 7 mm. Thus, Fe3O4@ZnS core-shell is very potential to be applied as an antibacterial agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rheumatic heart disease (RHO) is a sequela of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) caused by the delayed immune response after group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus (GABHS) infection. It is the most frequent etiology of permanent heart valve damage in pediatrics, especially in the mitral valve. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is cytokines that associate with the pathogenesis of RHO. Repeated exposure to GAHBS with an excessive Th17 response is thought to trigger inflammation, which will increase the severity of valve damage in RHO. This study aims to determine how circulating IL-17 level plays a part in the progression of mitral regurgitation (MR) in pediatric patient with RHO. The cross-sectional study included children 5-18 years diagnosed with ARF and RHO divided into 4 groups: mild, moderate, severe MR, and ARF without heart valve damage. ELISA method was employed to observe IL-17 levels, and comparison was made in each group. The levels of circulating IL-17 had a significant difference compared to each group of MRs (p = 0.000). Increasing IL-17 level associated with worse degree of MR with a strong positive correlation (p = 0.000, r = 0.638). There was a positive correlation of circulating IL-17 level and progression MR in the pediatric patient with RHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAID) prescriptions have increased over the past decade to treat inflammatory diseases. Indomethacin is a non-selective NSAID that can cause gastric mucosal damage and often leads to acute gastric ulcers. TNF-α is a proinflammatory cytokine overproduced in gastric ulcers. Centella asiatica is a herb commonly found in Indonesia that have anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to determine the effects of Centella asiatica ethanolic extracts (CAE) on TNF-α expression in indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer model. This study had six experimental groups: negative control (C), positive control day-1 (P1), positive control day-8 (P8), treatment group 1 (CAE 100), 2 (CAE 200), and 3 (CAE 400). P1, P8, CAE 100, CAE 200, and CAE 400 groups were given 30 mg/kg BW of Indomethacin orally to induced gastric ulcer. Treatment groups were given CAE 8-hours following indomethacin administration at a dose of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW. Gastric mucosal damage was examined with HE staining and TNF-α expression evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. Indomethacin has proven caused acute gastric ulcers in the histopathological evaluation and significantly upregulated TNF-α expression (p = 0.003). CAE has proven to have anti- inflammatory effects by downregulating TNF-α expression significantly in all treatment groups with the optimum dose at 100 mg/kg BW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxantene has many derivates. One of those is 9-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-xanthene-1,8(5H,9H)-dione. This compound has been successfully synthesized from 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 1,3-cyclohexanedione. This reaction has been catalyzed by lime and lemon juice under the free solvent condition. It is assumed that citric acid in both materials has a role in catalyzing this reaction. The advantages of using them as catalysts are biodegradable, environmentally safe, and cheap. Besides that, the synthesis of this compound only required one reaction stage, and the product was easily purified. The structure of the pure product was determined by FT-IR, H-NMR, and GC-MS. The antioxidant activity of this compound was investigated by the DPPH method. This compound had an antioxidant activity with inhibition percentage over 53.42%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passiflora has beneficial value as a medicine plant. However, with its many morphological variations, it is difficult to identify and classify them. Therefore, observation of its morphological characteristic and the phenetic relationships between Passiflora species is essential. This study aims to determine the morphological variations of the genus of Passiflora in Probolinggo and their phenetic relationship based on morphological characteristics of generative organs. This explorative-descriptive study was conducted using the cruise methods in the Probolinggo area on 0-500 m asl. Identification of the morphological feature was conducted to the species level using the Backer dan Bakhuizen van der Brink identification key in their book entitled Flora of Java. Morphological characters of generative organs were selected, then the similarity index was calculated using the association coefficients. The results were analyzed using cluster analysis, then illustrated in the form of the dendrogram. This study shows that in the Probolinggo area, seven species of Passiflora are found, including Passiflora ligularis, Passiflora foetida L., Passiflora quadrangularis L., Passiflora edulis Sims, Passiflora caerulea-racemosa Sabine., Passiflora coccinea L., and Passiflora vitifolia H.B.K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metro River is one of the rivers in Malang city that still used for bathing and washing by the local community. Waste from household activities and agricultural waste is directly discharged into waterways, triggering water pollution. This study aims to determine the water quality of the Metro River based on the diversity of macrozoobenthos. The physicochemical factors are also measured, including temperature, pH, DO, and BOD. A Surber net collected the macrozoobenthos sample with three repetitions at each station. This study used the Shannon Wieners Index method to calculate macrozoobenthic diversity, the Water Quality Index to analyze physicochemical water parameters, and the Family Biotic Index method to analyze the Metro River water quality. This study shows a correlation between physicochemical parameters and the abundance of macrozoobenthos. The results also show that many macrozoobenthos from the Tubificidae, Chironomidae, Parathelphusidae, and Thiaridae families. The FBI analysis shows a value of station 1 (8.38), station 2 (6.90), station 3 (7.88), station 4 (6.78), and station 5 (7.44) classified as poor and very poor water quality categories, so the conclusion from this study that the Metro River has experienced heavy pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertension, a circulatory disturbance signed by high blood pressure levels, had become the leading cause of death worldwide. One way to maintain blood pressure levels is by inhibiting Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE), which functions in converting angiotensin I to be angiotensin II. Reducing angiotensin II level prevents the vasoconstrictive effect and causes vasodilation so that blood pressure can be stable. ACE inhibition with certain herbal compounds is the main target of hypertension treatment. This study aimed to predict organosulfur compounds from single bulb garlic to inhibit ACE through molecular docking. The docking simulation was done with Pyrx and visualized with Pymol and Discovery Studio software. The results showed that the binding affinity of three single bulb garlic organosulfur compounds consisting of thiamine (-6.7 kcal/mol); allithiamine (-6.5 kcal/mol); and 3.5 diethyl 2.4 trithiolane (-5.7 kcal/mol), lower than that of captopril (-5.5 kcal/mol). Organosulfur compounds had more stable bonds than the control based on the chemical bond type. The types of bonds formed consisted of hydrogen bonds, pi-alkyl bonds, carbon-hydrogen bonds, and pi-sulfur bonds. ADMET test results showed that the organosulfur compounds were well absorbed by the digestive system, well distributed, and the three compounds did not cause toxicity to the liver. This study's decision was the three single bulb garlic organosulfur compounds could be recommended as oral drug candidates for hypertension medication and could be further proven through in vitro and in vivo studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Brantas River is a freshwater river that flows in the area of Malang. The current quality of the Brantas River has decreased due to microplastic contamination. Microplastic has dynamic properties and high flexibility accumulating in the waters and organisms. The purpose of the study was to determine the type and abundance of microplastic in water and Gambusia affinis fish in the Brantas River Malang area. This study employed a survey method and sampling which was carried out in five different locations based on land used. The identification of microplastics used NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS-OR&R-48 as the standard method. Two-way ANOVA analysis was used to determine the differences in the abundance of microplastics in water and fish at different stations. The average abundance of microplastic in water samples is equal to 5593.33 ± 1137.35 particles/m3 and in gambusia fish samples is 3.09 ± 0.29 particles/individual. Microplastic in the water samples was dominated by fragments type, while fibers type had mainly founded in gambusia fish samples. The result of the abundance of microplastic of water samples and fish samples was different at each station was influenced by their respective land uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A coral skeleton is one of the biomonitoring agents that is useful to consider the seawater's situation pollutant. It can record contaminants' reconstruction and predict pollution history, especially of Fe3+ and F− ions as the pollutant in the seawater. We investigated Fe in the coral skeleton and added F− ions in seawater as the reconstruction of polluted F− ions. Fluoride content in coral skeleton was determined as a related Na concentration (NaF) using the Flame of Atomic Absorption Atom (FAAS) with spike method. Fe3+ and F− ions were mixed in the reactor with a coral skeleton to understand their effect on the coral growth. The coral absorbs F− ions in the coral growth with their effect on Fe's absorption rate. The addition of 1.5 g/L F− ions significantly reduces the coral growth by 25%. The coral skeleton can be used to control Fe and F− in the seawater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, no anti-fibrotic agents work effectively to suppress fibrosis process because of its complex pathophysiology. Moringa oleifera (MO) has been shown to function as anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic agent through inhibition of NFĸB cascade pathway. This study was conducted to prove the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of MO for inhibit liver fibrosis process through an expression of TNF-α and p38-MAPK. Male Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar rat 3 months old separated randomly was conducted in this study. The liver fibrosis rat model was injected CCl4 10% 1 - 2 cc/kg BW twice a week during 14 weeks. The treatment groups which received MO ethanol extract were divided into three doses (150, 300, and 600 mg/kg BW). MO ethanol extract was injected shortly after CCl4 injection through oral gavage. Samples were analyzed for TNF-α and p38-MAPK expression using immunohistochemistry. Expression of TNF-α and p38-MAPK are decrease in all treatment groups using MO (150, 300, 600 mg/kg BW) compared to control group significantly (p<0.001). The result shows MO has anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects as expected. Moringa oleifera was proven to be able to decrease TNF-α and p38-MAPK in treatment groups compared to rat models. It could be a potential herbal as anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic to inhibit fibrosis process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesian frizzle chicken is one of the poultry species that have unique morphology. Morphological uniqueness in the form of curves from the ventral to the dorsal direction. In Java island, this chicken is believed to ward off negative power, rejecting magic. Frizzle Chicken is much more in demand among the others because of its uniqueness. This chicken also has a stronger body endurance. It is proven that frizzle chicken homozygotes have cells that can mediate the immune response in significant numbers to produce higher antibodies when the surrounding temperature is also high. It is related to the F gene expression that causes changes in the direction of hair growth increasing heat release. In Chinese Frizzle Chicken (Kirin), KRT75L4 gene mutation occurs. The purpose of this study was to explore whether Indonesian frizzle chicken has a similar mutation. Blood samples was used to isolate DNA from four Indonesian frizzle chicken originating from several regions in East Java. This treatment was made triplet, then PCR was traced and visualized through electrophoresis. It is predicted that Indonesian frizzle chicken is heterozygous and has a mutation in the KRT75L4 gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase which commonly hyperactivated in the majority of cancers. mTOR was reportedly involved in various tumorigenesis and cancer development. Cancer therapy, combined with mTOR inhibitors, can be a good strategy for cancer treatment. Biflavonoids from Selaginella doederleinii Hieron are known to possess anticancer activity. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potency of the biflavonoids to inhibit mTOR via rapamycin and ATP-binding sites and determine oncogenic proteins that interacted with mTOR. The research methods were molecular docking and protein interaction network analysis. All compounds had lower binding affinities than rapamycin, a native inhibitor of mTOR in the rapamycin-binding site. However, all compounds could bind mTOR in the same site as rapamycin and had several amino acid residues similarities with rapamycin. Meanwhile, 3′,3″′-binaringenin was the only compound that had the same binding position as PP242, a native ligand of the ATP-binding site of mTOR. The compound also had a higher binding affinity than PP242 and some similarities of amino acid residues with it. mTOR could interact with RAPTOR, RICTOR, MAPKPA1, Rheb, RPS6KB1, EIF4EBP1, LAMTOR1, LAMTOR2, LAMTOR4, and LAMTOR5. Nonetheless, this research still needs further studies to validate the in-silico results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Durch) and carrots (Daucus carota L.) is the potential agricultural source in Malang, but not optimally be used. This research aims to develop new variants of cookies for toddlers as weaning food and observe its proximate content. Proximate food samples analysis ensures if the cookies meet the standard as weaning food established by the Indonesian Standardization Agency. This research used experimental methods, by the various pumpkin and carrots flour addition in cookies dough by 10%, 20%, and 30%. Furthermore, the data analysis was done by ANOVA. The results show the highest value of proteins (9.047%), water (3.234%), and ash (2.488%) identified in Formula C (30%), while the highest value of fat (9.220%) and carbohydrate (78.561 g/100 g EP) is observed on Formula A (10%). The results of pumpkin and carrots flour addition influences the content of proximate cookies, such as the more pumpkin flour and carrots added decreases the fat and carbohydrate content in these cookies. Conversely, the amount of protein, water, and ash increases when cookies contain more pumpkin flour and carrots. Based on these results, the pumpkin and carrot cookie samples in this study are suitable as weaning food for a toddler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer occurs when a number of cells in the breast grow and develop uncontrollably. The prevalence of breast cancer in Indonesia reaches 0.5 per 1000 women. Aromatase is a cytochrome p450 enzyme that catalyzes the formation of C18 estrogen from C19 androgens which selectively inhibits estrogen synthesis. Aromatase inhibitors are adjuvant therapies used by postmenopausal breast cancer patients with positive ER, letrozole. Letrozole has several adverse effects, so it is used bidara leaf (Ziziphus mauritiana) which has phenolic compounds as a strong anticancer activity. Pling abundant compounds used, namely p-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic, ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid. The purpose of this study was to predict the anticancer potential of the phenolic compound Bidara Leaf (Ziziphus mauritiana) in inhibiting the aromatase enzyme in breast cancer patients. The method in this study is the prediction of ADMET pharmacokinetic properties using the online pkCSM webserver. First download a copy of the SMILES compound test using the PubChem webserver. Molecular docking uses PyRx 0.8, PyMol, Discovery Studio software. From the results of the study it can be concluded that phenolic compounds are predicted to have good absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity values, and the combination of free energy values of phenolic compounds produces a synergistic effect. The bond between ferulic acid and the aromatase enzyme is the most stable compared to others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a renal microvascular abnormality resulting from chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). The main cause of DN is a chronic condition of hyperglycemia which induces oxidative stress in the microvascular system and causes progressive renal failure. Hydrogen water (HW) shows potential in reducing ROS, and anti-inflammatory. This study aims to develop HW therapy in the improvement of renal histopathology in streptozotocin-induced DM rats. DM induction in rats with a HFD for four weeks then injected with STZ (35 mg/kg BW) intraperitonially. DM rats were divided into 4 groups: DM; DM+Met (DM+metformin dose 45 mg/kg BW); DM+HW; and DM+Met+HW (DM+combination of metformin and HW). Rats were treated with HW or metformin for fourteen days and given orally per day. At the end of the treatment, rats were dissected, and the kidneys were collected. Renal histopathological improvement was evaluated by scoring the H&E-stained kidney sections, then analyzed using ANOVA (p < 0.05). The results showed that HW therapy and a combination of HW with metformin were able to significantly improve renal microvascular damage (p < 0.05) compared to the DM rat group. Hydrogen water has the potential to treat DM chronic complications through renal microvascular repair in STZ-induced diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thyroid hormone level variations relate to physiological and clinical anomalies. Many studies showed that garlic has protective effects on various body systems. This study aimed to determine the beneficial effects of garlic extracts against l-thyroxine-induced male rat hyperthyroidism. 25 male rats were randomly grouped into five groups: healthy rats (Control), rats subcutaneously injected with l-thyroxine 0.3 mg/kg BW, and rats given orally doses (100, 150, and 200 mg/kg BW/d) of garlic extracts. Blood samples were taken from the heart at the end of the experiment to identify T3 and T4 using Elisa. The results showed that hyperthyroid rats had a significant increase (p < 0.05) in serum concentrations of T3 and T4 relative to the negative control group, and no significant increase in serum concentrations of T3 and T4 relative to the negative control group at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. However, at the dose of 150 mg/kg BW, the serum concentrations of T3 and T4 decreased. Hyperthyroid rats receiving 100 g/kg garlic extracts were more beneficial in enhancing the behavior of hyperthyroid rats than those in the control group. In conclusion, garlic extracts could affect the level of T3 and T4 in a dose-dependent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indonesian people's needs for beef continue to increase, leading to an increased import of it. The program to increase the number of cattle breeds has been intensively carried out. Thus, new innovations that are inexpensive, easy, natural, and highly produced are necessary. Identifying twin genes from prospective breed stock is prevalent as pregnant cows have a high chance of giving birth to twins. These breed stocks are crossed with males with superior genes for fertilization markers, namely the SRY gene. In this context, the identification has been carried out on local Indonesian cattle, namely, twin Ongole female breeds with twin genes of 3 female cows, and 3 Ongole male cows from Research Centre and Agrotechnology Pacitan with standard molecular biology techniques, namely gene isolation, PCR with relevant markers. The results show that the twin control genes from the sample of cows studied are all expressed. The SRY gene analysis in local males shows that the SRY gene has been expressed in all samples and for the twinning gen and conception rate gene. This is the initial finding for the development marker and one of the innovations on natural reproductive efficiency in local Indonesian cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research objectives are the antibacterial activity of peanut oil and its derivatives determination. The derivatives are potassium salt (K-salt or K-soap), free fatty acids (FFAs), and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. Peanut oil is a liquid light yellow, having density of 0.9372 g.cm−3, viscosity of 230.88 cSt, boiling point of 188 °C, refractive index of 1.4689, soluble in n-hexane, chloroform, and ethanol, but insoluble in methanol and water. The fatty acid contents are palmitic, and stearic acids of 11.46, 16.14, 67.44, and 4.96% respectively. Synthesized K-salts are solid-state and white, have melting point of 208-217 °C, are soluble in water, ethanol, and methanol, but are insoluble in n-hexane and chloroform. There are two FFAs, namely liquid and soft solid. Liquid FFAs are yellowish-white, have density of 0.9560 g.cm−3, viscosity of 462.17 cSt, boiling point of 192 °C, and refractive index of 1.4683. Soft solid FFAs are yellowish-white, and have melting point of 30-35 °C. The FAMEs are liquid yellowish-white, have density of 0.9009 g.cm−3, viscosity of 23.50 cSt, boiling point of 170 °C, and refractive index of 1.4580. The FFAs (liquid and soft solid) and FAMEs are soluble in ethanol, methanol, chloroform, and n-hexane, yet insoluble in water. FFAs and K-salt are active as antibacterial with MIC < 0.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of 9-(4-bromophenyl)-3,4,5,6,7,9-hexahydro-1H-xanthene-1,8(2H)-dione (compound 1) using lime and lemon juices as catalyst under free solvent condition has been successfully done. Both fruits contained citric acid, which operates as an acidic catalyst. The structure of compound 1 was confirmed by IR, H-NMR, and MS spectra. The use of the natural product as a green catalyst has some advantages, that is eco-friendly, cheap, high availability, and biodegradable. DPPH methods were used as methods to determine the antioxidant properties of compound 1. This compound has properties as antioxidant with inhibition percentage of 59.20%, 65.38%, 67.41%, 68.53%, 70.0% at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 ppm respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural biostimulants are the future target for plant development inducer in both standard and critical environmental conditions. One of the potential candidates of biostimulant resource is Moringa oleifera. Hence, the future expanded study of biostimulants is essential to solve land and water pollution problem-linked crop plantation. This preliminary study aims to investigate the fundamental contribution of the liquid extract of Moringa oleifera leaves on the Vima-4 mung bean's variety of growth. The concentration of the selected liquid extract of Moringa oleifera is 25%, 50%, and 75%. Notably, the application of Moringa oleifera leaves extract significantly increases the green been growth rate. The basic parameters such as the stem length, the number of leaves, seed mass, and the number of seeds in a pod increase after the treatment. It is hypothesized that a higher concentration of phytohormone within the Moringa oleifera leaves water extract could be the vital trigger for the green been growth. Therefore, the underlying data of this study of Moringa oleifera leaves extract may become the potential biostimulant on plant growth dan development. This extract may offer an alternative solution to decrease chemical fertilizer utilization and improve seed production-related food resilience and market supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shield Aralia (Polyscias scutellaria) is one of the plants that grows in Indonesia and has many benefits, especially for health. P. scutellaria contains active compounds derivate the flavonoids class. Based on ethnobotany studies, Shield Aralia leaf is widely consumed by nursing mothers with the aim to increase breast milk production. Unfortunately, research related to P. scutellaria leaves and their function to increase milk production are rarely done. The aim of this study to determine the potential of active compounds contained in P. scutellaria leaves as a dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) inhibitor through molecular docking studies. Based on the results of molecular docking on the D2R protein, it shows the binding value of the drug control affinity (risperidone) −6.9 kcal/mol, afzelin −6.1 kcal/mol, quercetin −6.3 kcal/mol, quercitrin -6.1 kcal/mol, and rutin −7.0 kcal/mol. Inhibitory activity on D2R has an impact on increasing prolactin secretion; thus, it can elevate breast milk production. Based on these results showed that the P. scutellaria active compounds can be used as a drug candidate to increase breast milk production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was designed to determine the environmental condition based on Odonata diversity found around the springs in Malang, East Java. The research was carried out around the springs, which focused on the species, the number of individuals of Odonata, habitat, and physical condition of the environment. Visual observation was used by the VES method, then counting the number of species and number of individuals within a radius of 200 m from the springs as a focal point of observation. Data collection was done at 4 springs, including Kendedes, Jenon, Taman, and Cangar. The results showed that there were 17 species of Odonata from 7 different families, with a total number of individuals found from 4 Springs as many as 245 individuals. The most common type was Agriocnemis femina and Orthetrum sabina. The analysis also portrayed a moderate Odonata diversity index and that there was a correlation between the physical condition of the environment and the species of Odonata found in a habitat. This condition can be used to describe the structure of the Odonata community in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gold extraction process using the cyanidation method has a negative impact on the surrounding environment, including agricultural areas. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of variations in growing media on growth and cyanide uptake in the roots, stems, leaves, and fruit of yardlong beans. This experimental study used a Randomized Block Design (RBD), with a comparison of the percentage of mining soil and katel sand, namely A (100% katel), B (20% : 80%), C (40% : 60%), D (60% : 40%), E (80% : 20%) with 5 replications. The results showed that there were differences in the influence of the planting medium on the growth of stem height, number of leaves, and dry weight. Media A has the highest growth and is significantly different from other media. Media B was not significantly different from C. The lowest growth was medium D and E. Cyanide uptake at C was higher and significantly different from medium A on stems, roots, leaves with age 1, 2, 3, and 4 months, for fruit was not significantly different. The cyanide uptake is inversely proportional to the growth of yardlong beans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of T-Regulatory Cell (Treg) and Interleukin 10 (IL-10) in the failure of BCG protection is unclear. This case-control study analyzed quantity of Treg Cells and IL-10 in the circulation of pediatric TB and non-TB patients with both groups has history of BCG vaccination. Measurement of circulatory Treg cell percentage was performed using Flow Cytometry and circulatory IL-10 was measured using ELISA method. We found that pediatric TB patients have significantly higher IL-10 level compared to non-TB patients (9.15 pg mL−1 vs. 6.04 pg mL−1; p < 0.001). The same scenario happened in Treg cell percentage that were almost two-fold higher in pediatric TB patients compared to non-TB patients (3.51% vs. 1.86%; p < 0.001). It is concluded that the percentage of Treg cells and IL-10 levels in circulation of pediatric TB patients were higher compared to non-TB patients. This finding strengthens the possibility of Treg and IL-10 involvement in the failure of BCG protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We determined the interferences of Ca2+ ions on Fe analysis in the sea sediment. The leached Ca from the coral skeleton affect the Fe ions to reduce the accuracy and precision of Fe analysis in sea sediment using flame-atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The Fe from sediment was leached by the optimized microwave BCR and Tessier methods. The Ca2+ ions (200, 500, 800 ppm) were added in the sediment fraction and then Fe concentrations were determined by FAAS. The results showed that Ca2+ ions interferences of Fe in all sediment fractions using BCR and Tessier methods. The interference of Ca2+ ions in the optimized microwave BCR method released the higher Fe concentrations. The addition of Ca2+ ions with concentrations of 200, 500, and 800 ppm in the optimized microwave BCR and Tessier methods obtained total concentrations of Fe 3737, 3700, 3658 mg/kg, and 1775, 1809, 1815 mg/kg, respectively. The presence of Ca formed the refractory oxy compounds due to the reaction between oxygen gas and Ca atoms in the air-acetylene flame of the FAAS flame. This suggested the interferences Ca reduce the accuracy in determining Fe concentration in the detector of FAAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The success of fertilization is often associated with the quality of the sperm and semen preparation. Investigations on the structure and morphology of the spermatozoa have been widely studied to see the size, structure, and composition in cells of the normal or abnormal spermatozoa and associated with the success of the spermatozoa penetrating the ovum until the process occurs syngamy. This study aims to determine the quality and morphometric spermatozoa of Rambon bull and Pesisir bull, the two native bull in Indonesia, so that we can determine the fertility of the 2 native bull. Semen Ejaculates were collected from each of 3 Pesisir Bull and Rambon Bulls using an artificial vagina. After that, an inspection of macroscopic, microscopic examination, and morphometric of spermatozoa were carried out. Morphometric spermatozoa were measured using a microscope trinocular using the Nikon NIS-elements v4 app. The results of the macroscopic and microscopic examination show differences in the volume, individual motility, viability, abnormality, and concentration of two native bull. The better results are identified on Rambon bull. Research results show significant differences for midpiece length, principal piece length, head width, head ellipticity, head elongation, head regularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed yield per plant is the main character that is the target of crop improvement. Seed yield can be predicted from the yield component because the seed yield originates from the yield components. The relationship between yield and yield components can appear as direct or indirect effects of yield components to the seed yield. This study aimed to determine the correlation and yield components' effects on seed yields in F3 populations. The plant materials were 230 F3 lines from the crossing of Burangrang and UM.4-1. The results showed that the number of branches, productive nodes, and filled pods, 100-seed weight, pod weight, and the number of seeds per pod correlated to seed yield per plant. Characters of productive nodes, number of filled pods, 100-seed weight, and pod weight directly affected the plant's seed yield. The indirect effect of the number of productive nodes on seed yields was significant through the number of filled pods and pod weight. The character of the number of filled pods had an indirect effect through productive nodes, the 100-seed weight, and the weight of pods. The 100-seed weight showed a significant indirect effect on seed yield through the number of productive nodes, filled pods, and pod weight. The significant indirect effect was also shown by pod weight through the number of productive nodes, number of filled pods, and 100-seed weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular docking is a bioinformatics tool used to study and analyze ligand-receptor interactions. Centella asiatica (CA) is known as an herbal medicine for many diseases. Madecassic acid, madecassoside, asiatic acid, and asiaticoside are compounded from CA potentially as antiaging and wound healing agents. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of CA for anti-aging and wound healing through molecular docking. The docking was carried out on proteins associated with the antioxidant, collagen degradation pathway, and inflammatory processes. The molecular docking study used Glide, ADME/T using QikProp, and binding free energy calculations employed Prime/MM-GBSA module and Schrodinger suite 2020-2. The molecular docking and MM-GBSA showed specific interactions and high affinity within the binding pocket of the ligand. The in silico ADME/T properties were predicted that the compounds may follow the criteria for oral and topical active drugs. The theoretical calculation derived from ADME/T and molecular docking provided in-depth information into the structural basis, specific bonding, and nonbonding interactions governing the inhibition of antioxidant, collagen degradation pathway, and inflammatory processes. Taken together, these findings provide a basis for the recommendation of compounds from CA as high-affinity ligands and drug candidates for anti-aging and wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continued use of the same insecticide may have an effect on the occurrence of cross-resistance insecticides in the mosquito population. The aims of this study were to investigate the resistance status of deltamethrin and kdr mutations in Ae. Aegypti mosquito population of Jambi Province. This research study is descriptive by collecting mosquito larvae, breeding them until they become adult mosquitoes and the WHO susceptibility test was conducted to determine their insecticide resistance status to Deltamethrin 0.05%. Identification of resistance to Deltamethrin and genotyping to see Val1016Gly and F1534C mutations. The results of this study showed that resistance to Deltamethrin in mosquito populations from Muaro Jambi are 43.75% ± 2, Kota Jambi 21.25% ± 1, and Batang Hari 15.63% ± 2. Based on The V1016G mutation analysis of 60 samples from each district, this study found that 25% of the specimens were homozygous for the mutant allele (1016Gly) and 40% were heterozygous (Val1016Gly). Mutation of F1534C also detected with lower frequency than the V1016G mutation. This indicated that V1016G mutation can contribute to the insensitivity of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel (VGSC) than F1534C. Haplotypes from this study based on genetic variability analysis suggest connections with Mexican and Brazilian populations. The results of this study supported that a regular monitoring and implementation program of Ae. aegypti population control in Jambi Province is important to carry out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High fat diet including consume junk food as a habit can trigger metabolic disorder and surging cholesterol level caused by hypercholesterolemia. Single bulb garlic (SBG) (Allium sativum) is an alternative treatment which mostly used by societies to treat various diseases due to its organo-sulphur compounds content. Organo-sulphur content in SBG has a higher sulphur value than regular garlic sold in a conventional market. The aim of this research was to predict the potential of SBG's active compounds as a drug candidate for cholesterol reduction through molecular docking techniques with in silico methods. The docking was demonstrated by an interaction between SBG compound, native ligands and Simvastatin into HMG-CoA reductase enzyme. All compounds in 3D structure were retrieved from PubChem, while the enzyme was downloaded from PDB. Entire components were docked with a specific grid adjusted in AutoDock Vina in PyRx 0.8, then visualized by PyMOL and Discovery Studio. The results of this study indicate that native ligands and SBG compound bound in the same pocket with Simvastatin in HMG-CoA reductase enzyme besides Allyl methyl sulfide. Based on molecular docking results, Kaempferol has the lowest binding affinity value than Simvastatin (-7.8 kcal/mol). Furthermore, the SBG compound could forecast as a competitive inhibitor against Simvastatin in the HMG-CoA enzyme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is cancer with a high prevalence in the world, Asia, and Indonesia. Some HCC can be caused by a viral infection, consuming alcohol for an extended period, and has recently been associated with metabolic syndrome. Liver fibrogenesis is the initial stage of HCC and significantly correlates to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) expression. TGF-β leads to disease progression stages, from early liver damage through inflammation and fibrosis to cirrhosis and (HCC). The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of green material Moringa oleifera on the expression of TGF-β in the mice model develop to HCC. This study was conducted using a BALB C mice model treated with intraperitoneal injections of green material Moringa oleifera +CCl4 at a dose of 1 µL/1 g of BW for six weeks. The result shows a significant effect of green material Moringa oleifera on the decrease in TGF-β expression. Hence, green material Moringa oleifera can be a potential preventative agent for liver fibrogenesis-linked HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of nanoparticles can be carried out by means of biology, physics or chemistry. In the last few years, it has begun to be conducted biologically in synthesizing nanoparticles. One of which is by using plant extracts. This study used bidara leaf extract as a biostabilizer for the synthesis of nanoparticles ZnO. The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the structure of the ZnO nanoparticles characterized by SEM-EDX and XRD tests and 2) to determine the inhibitory activity of Malassezia furfur by ZnO nanoparticles. We employed the well diffusion method with three treatments, namely DMSO as a positive control, ketoconazole as a negative control, and ZnO nanoparticles as treatment. Characterization of nanoparticles employed SEM-EDX and XRD. The results of nanoparticle characterization by SEM-EDX indicated particle sizes ranging from 42 - 87 nm, and characterization using XRD obtained the peak purity of the ZnO sample. The results of the antifungal study showed that ZnO nanoparticles were able to inhibit fungal growth, and the diameter of the inhibition zone formed was 22 mm. Meanwhile, the inhibition zone formed from the negative control is 15 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpinia galanga is an important rhizomatous plant widely used as an aromatic cooking spice and herbal medicines. This study aims to describe the plant morphological characteristic of. A. galanga, examine the presence of chemical components in rhizomes through histochemical analysis and review its pharmacological potentials. A. galanga is characterized as a perennial herb; rhizome cylindrical and branched, hard, reddish brown or pale yellow-green, strong aroma; pseudostem erect, leaves lanceolate-oblong, alternate; inflorescence terminal, erect, many flowers, white or yellowish, fragrant; fruit globose to the ellipsoidal capsule, yellow-orange to red. Histochemical analysis showed that the rhizome contains starch, protein, lipid, alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins. Among the primary metabolites, lipid size is larger than protein and starch. However, the density of starch secretory cells is higher than protein and fat, approximately 23.14 ± 3.01 cells/mm2. Among secondary metabolites, alkaloids size higher than tannins and flavonoids. Nevertheless, the density of secretory cells of flavonoids is higher than alkaloids and tannins, approximately 2.24 ± 1.44 cells/mm2. This current review indicates that almost all parts of the A. galanga plant contain many bioactive compounds, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-ulcer, antibacterial, antitumor, anti-HIV, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and antidiabetic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yardlong bean pod used as vegetable in many countries. Yardlong bean has agronomic character variability such as pod length, immature pod and seed colour. The immature pod colour are green, whitish green and red. Fagiola variety has red colour pod, while "Aura Hijau" variety has green pod. The aim of research was to evaluate agronomic characters of F3 progenies. Artificial crossing was made between "Fagiola" as female parent and "Aura Hijau" as male parent to produce F1. F1 were self-pollinated to produce F2. Then F2 were self-pollinated to obtain F3 progenies. Progenies of F3 and two parental varieties were planted in the field. Parameter measured were number of leaves, branches, pods, pod length and seeds. The data were analysed using Dunnet test. Heritability was calculated and correlation analysis was done to determine the relationship between agronomic characters. The results showed that number of leaves, branches, and seed per pod of F3 progenies were significantly higher than parental varieties. Moderate heritability was observed for number of branches, number of pod, pod length and number of seed. While number of leaves had high heritability. There was low correlation among all agronomic characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is an experimental study aiming at determining the protein content, digestibility, color, texture, and hedonic quality of taste and aroma in plain bread with the substitution of Moringa leaf flour from Madura island as much as 5%, 10%, and 15%. Data were analyzed using the current One Way ANOVA and continued with LSD. The research results showed that white bread with the addition of 15% kelor leaf flour had the highest value in protein content (9.82%), digestibility value (93.35%), and texture (10.50 N/cm2). Interestingly, the significant b* value (28.2) was found in 10% kelor leaf supplementation while the L* value (46.25), a* value (18.95), taste (3.89), flavor (4.00) were significantly higher in the addition of 5% kelor leaf flour. Therefore, the combined ingredients with kelor leaf flour in bread making can increase the nutritional value and significantly changes the bread morphology-related surface color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent findings suggested that plant-mediated synthesized silver nanoparticles exhibit significant antibacterial property, yet the exact mechanisms and toxicity remain unraveled. Hence, this present study aims to utilize the leaves extract from Persicaria odorata (L.) Sojak as the reducing agent for the fabrication of silver nanoparticles (PO-AgNPs) and to evaluate their antibacterial properties. The formation of PO-AgNPs was verified by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer which revealed an absorption peak at around 440 nm. Further characterization using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed the presence of biomolecules from the leaves extract, which was responsible for the productions of PO-AgNPs and the crystalline nature of the PO-AgNPs. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images revealed the spherical structure of PO-AgNPs. Disc diffusion and time-kill assay results showed that PO-AgNPs exhibited inhibition against tested Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), S. aureus, and S. epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Overall, these results further consolidate that PO-AgNPs possess good antibacterial properties. The inhibition mechanisms of PO-AgNPs against those pathogenic bacteria will be investigated in future works, particularly to explain how PO-AgNPs caused toxicity in bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fever is characterized by high body temperature caused by a bacterial infection, virus, and other pathologist conditions. Traditional medicine role in reducing fever by using medicinal plants, mainly potentially as antipyretic. One of the communities that still maintain the use of the medicinal plant is the Senduro sub-district community Lumajang regency, which is occupied by the Tengger, Javanese, and Madurese ethnic. This research aims to investigate the antipyretic plant species diversity and the parts utilized by the community. This research was implemented mix method approach with an explorative, descriptive research type. The used data collection techniques were direct observation, interview, documentation, and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The data analysis techniques were qualitative and quantitative, while Miles and Huberman's analysis technique was used in the qualitative analysis. The research result shows that the Senduro sub-district community uses 21 species of antiphrastic plant which included in 16 groups of families, such as Amaryllidaceae, Annonaceae, Araceae, Arecaceae, Brassicaceae, Clusiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Musaceae, Pandanaceae, Piperaceae, Poaceae, Rutaceae, and Zingiberaceae. The plant parts that tend to be utilized are the fruits, seeds, rhizomes, leaves, tubers, flowers, and shoots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The forest plantation is a man-made forest with specific characteristics on the tree spacing, tree density, and area size. Getting data and information on forest plantation's resources needs a considerable budget, human resources, and time-consuming. Considering the computation science, efficiency, and data precision, we propose a simulation study on forest inventory using a virtual tree map. Our research used previous data of gliricidia plantation at KPH Semarang to develop a virtual tree map. We examined plant spacing 1 × 1 m, 2 × 1 m, 3 × 1 m and the tree density of 100%, 90%, 80%, and 70% using nested sampling. Our finding showed that the optimum sample size to estimate biomass productivity at various plant spacing and mortality rate was 100 m2. Whereas the optimum sample size to estimate stand density was ranging from 100 m2 to 900 m2. Considering the sampling precision was less than 15%, we proposed the optimum sample size for plant spacing 1 × 1 m, 2 × 1 m, and 3 × 1 m were 400 m2, 400 m2, and 900 m2, respectively. Our conclusion only fits in the gliricidia forest plantation at KPH Semarang. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]