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The objective of our study is to establish an assessment of four volcanic hazards in a country threatened by the eruption of the OlDoinyo Lengai volcano. The last major eruption dates back to 2007-2008 but stronger activity in 2019 has revived the memory of volcanic threats to the Maasai and Bantu communities and human activities (agro-pastoral and tourism). The methods chosen have had to be adapted to the scarce and incomplete data. The volcanic hazards and their probability of occurrence were analysed on the basis of data available in the scientific literature and were supplemented by two field missions combining geography and hydro-geomorphology. Our study enabled us to map the hazards of ash fall, lava flows, lahars and avalanches of debris. Each hazard was spatialised by being ascribed an intensity. They are sometimes synchronous with the eruption sometimes they occur several months or years after a volcanic eruption. The results are the first step towards developing a volcanic risk management strategy, especially for the pastoral communities living around Lengai and for the growing tourist activities in this area.

The intense hurricane season of 2017 in the North Atlantic brought a number of major hurricanes including Hurricane Irma (cat. 5), which landed on the French islands of St. Martin and St. Barthélemy. These two French Overseas Collectivities, separated by a distance of some 20 kilometres, have very different territorial and social characteristics. The study reported in this article is part of a scientific feedback conducted a few weeks after Irma. The social approach to the disaster conducted within this research framework aims to characterise the behaviour and implications of the inhabitants in the experience of the event, placed in a social and territorial context thanks to narrative interviews administered in situ. The comparative approach reveals similar behaviour before and during the hurricane, but individual and collective social and territorial factors guided very distinct post-event reactions.

Las personas trans están entre los miembros más vulnerables de cualquier sociedad y experimentan altos niveles de estigmatización y marginación. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis de los derechos de las personas transexuales, abordando para ello tanto la jurisprudencia como la legislación en el contexto europeo y latinoamericano. Dentro del nudo cognitivo jurídico internacional y apoyado en la metodología cualitativa se realizó una caracterización de la realidad facto-jurídica de la legislación aplicable a estas personas.

Purpose – This paper focuses on the application of the postal rule to email, due to the controversy surrounding the application of the “instantaneous” test to emails. Methodology/approach/design – This article analyses standards and literature on the formation of contract under English law. Findings – Although the postal rule is an invention of its time, this rule could still play a role regarding emails. Indeed, due to the difficulties in applying the “instantaneous” test to emails, emails would still be subject to the postal rule. Of course, the postal rule in its current form is no more fitting the reality. However, the benefits that such rule provides should not be lost, instead a new rule could be drafted based on the postal rule. Practical implications – This article discusses the possible improvements to the already existing framework. Originality/value – This paper analyses the use of the postal rule to electronic contracts in the UK, a topic that is not much researched but could have great importance when doing electronic business.

Abstract The successful conservation plans of megaherbivores necessitate precisely characterizing their ecological needs in order to optimize reproduction rates and reintroduction plans. The black rhino (Diceros bicornis L.) is among the most endangered species of megaherbivores in Africa and its conservation relies on nature reserves that are bound and habitat‐restricted. Therefore, identifying the optimal amount of space this species needs and the factors driving its habitat use are crucial for establishing reserve priority plans. Knowing that forage selection is an important component linked to herbivore spatial distribution, we combined 5 years of sightings data with observations of rhinos' vegetation type and forage preferences to address their forage selection across multiple spatial scales. We found that black rhinos' spatial distribution was negatively associated with ecosystem productivity, but positively associated with specific vegetation types that contain highly preferred, chemically distinct, plant species. Black rhinos thus occupy their habitat across space and time through selective foraging on preferred plants.

In the aftermath of a disaster, the debris caused by the destruction of property or vegetation become a crucial problem. The increase in the volume of debris, the growing requirements for environmental protection, the cost of waste collection and treatment for local authorities or companies are increasingly complex challenges for lands subject to natural, technological or political disasters (conflicts). The landfall of the cat 5 hurricane Irma and, to a lesser extent Jose, generated an amount of debris estimated up to 60 000 metric tons only for the French part of the island of St. Martin, i.e. 1.7 metric ton per capita. The waste collection and treatment represented a huge challenge. The waste collection took four months whereas the full process (treatment and recycling) was still going on in November 2018. Operations have been hampered by the cyclone itself (destruction of infrastructure and material resources, lack of laborers…) and by the constraints of insularity (low volume to value, lack of storage areas...). On the other hand, Saint-Martin benefits from a single public operator (the collectivity of Saint-Martin) and a recycling and landfill site called “Écosite” with rising skills in waste valorization despite modest funds. The example of Saint-Martin shows all the difficulties of post-cyclonic debris management and emphasizes the dependence of the production of debris and their treatment to the characteristics of the island.

Globalisation has not only increased international competition but also led to an increasingly more integrated and evolving legal system. On 23 June 2016, 52 percent of British voters opted to leave the European Union in the hope of ‘regaining their freedom’. The United Kingdom’s decision to leave the European Union has triggered an important political crisis at the same time as raising various questions as to the implications of such a withdrawal. This referendum leaves much uncertainty about the future in many areas, such as competition. Brexit raises particular problems for competition policy and law because of the influence of the European Commission in this field. Indeed, the Commission is the major direct actor, while the national authorities mainly operate within the European framework. Many authors have argued that the implications of the UK’s withdrawal from the European Union depend on the type of agreement that is secured by the UK. However, this article argues that whatever the type of agreement the UK strikes with the EU, EU competition law will still play a predominant role.

Abstract Background Climate change and rising sea level will certainly lead to significant changes in the management of low-lying coastal areas in the coming decades. While the most recent studies in the field of coastal storms-related flooding are increasingly integrated, simultaneously addressing hazards and vulnerability, as well as population risk perception, there is still little work to consider the preparedness of stakeholders to manage crises whose frequency and intensity are likely to increase in the next years. Methods The aim of this paper is to expose the major results of the CRISSIS research program, which proposed a multi-disciplinary approach to the management of coastal flood risk in a town particularly exposed on the French Mediterranean coast. The originality of the project was to offer both an integrated approach to risk by analysing its 3 dimensions (hazard, impact and vulnerability, and representations and perceptions held by populations and stakeholders, or « risk culture ») and a very operational section focused on the evaluation of crisis management measures led by local stakeholders. To achieve this objective, two crisis exercises were organized, the first one to test the assimilation by the municipality staff of existing crisis management procedures and the second to allow local actors to integrate in their crisis management procedures the new risk knowledge data issued from research conducted under the program. Results The project has had three main features; (i) it accurately mapped the submersible areas that present a critical vulnerability, both material and human; (ii) it revelated the poor social representation of marine submersion risk, as well as the obvious lack of awareness of crisis management systems and tools and the behavior to adopt in the event of flooding; (iii) Finally, it highlighted the need, through the crisis exercises, for a better assimilation by the municipality staff of the crisis management procedures defined in the Municipal Rescue Plan. Conclusion The CRISSIS project has demonstrated the usefulness of an integrated and operational approach of coastal flood risk, not only in terms of studying hazards, stakes and vulnerability, but also in terms of crisis management, in particular through the organisation of crisis simulation exercises.

Abstract Background To assess the impact of the participation in screening programme according to the mode of detection on the early diagnosis, treatment, and specific survival outcomes in women with breast cancer. Methods Women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in Poitou-Charentes region (France) between 2008 and 2009 were classified into three groups, using data linkage of cancer registry, vital statistics and French organized screening programme: the screening programme (SP), interval cancer (IC), and non-screening programme detected cancer (NSP) groups. Specific survival rates were analysed using the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox proportional hazard models. Results Among 1613 patients, 65.7% (n = 1059) participated in a screening programme. The interval cancer rate was 17.1% (n = 181). Tumours in the IC group were diagnosed at a more advanced stage, i.e. with further regional lymph node metastasis or local spread, than those in the SP group (p

18F-labelled radiopharmaceuticals are indispensable in positron emission tomography. The critical step in the preparation of 18F-labelled tracers is the anhydrous F-18 nucleophilic substitution reaction, which involves [18F]F− anions generated in aqueous media by the cyclotron. For this, azeotropic drying by distillation is widely used in standard synthesisers, but microfluidic systems are often not compatible with such a process. To avoid this step, several methods compatible with aqueous media have been developed. We summarised the existing approaches and two of them have been studied in detail. [18F]fluoride elution efficiencies have been investigated under different conditions showing high 18F-recovery. Finally, a large scope of precursors has been assessed for radiochemical conversion, and these hydrous labelling techniques have shown their potential for tracer production using a microfluidic approach, more particularly compatible with iMiDEV™ cassette volumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Three generic claims‐based algorithms based on the Illness Classification of Diseases (10th revision‐ ICD‐10) codes, French Long‐Term Illness (LTI) data, and the Diagnosis Related Group program (DRG) were developed to identify retirees with cancer using data from the French national health insurance information system (Système national des données de santé or SNDS) which covers the entire French population. The present study aimed to calculate the algorithms' performances and to describe false positives and negatives in detail. Methods: Between 2011 and 2016, data from 7544 participants of the French retired self‐employed craftsperson cohort (ESPrI) were first matched to the SNDS data, and then toFrench population‐based cancer registries data, used as the gold standard. Performance indicators, such as sensitivity and positive predictive values, were estimated for the three algorithms in a subcohort of ESPrI. Results: The third algorithm, which combined the LTI and DRG program data, presented the best sensitivities (90.9%–100%) and positive predictive values (58.1%–95.2%) according to cancer sites. The majority of false positives were in fact nearby organ sites (e.g., stomach for esophagus) and carcinoma in situ. Most false negatives were probably due to under declaration of LTI. Conclusion: Validated algorithms using data from the SNDS can be used for passive epidemiological follow‐up for some cancer sites in the ESPrI cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The aim of the study was to evaluate the current rate of molecular testing prescription (KRAS codons 12/13, BRAF and microsatellite instability (MSI)) in newly diagnosed colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and to determine which factors influence testing. Methods All incident CRC cases in 2010 were identified in the Poitou-Charentes General Cancer Registry. The exhaustive molecular testing performed was accessed in the French molecular genetics platform. Factors influencing prescription were analyzed using logistic regression. Results Among the 1269 CRCs included in the study, KRAS, BRAF and MSI testing accounted for 35.1%, 10.5% and 10.9%, respectively. KRAS testing was carried out in 65.5% of metastatic CRCs, and 26.1% of non-metastatic CRCs. Among metastatic CRCs, age (

Purpose – This paper focuses on the regulation of copyrights at international level by comparing the situation under the TRIPS agreement in Brazil and in the European Union. Methodology/approach/design – This article analyses standards and literature on regulation, as well as the role of TRIPS agreement. Attention was specially drawn to the market failure theory for justifying regulation, advocated by Baldwin & Cave. The TRIPS agreement will be analysed through Baldwin’s five criteria for good regulation. Findings – The TRIPS agreement substantially widened the scope of governance of copyrights but imposes the WTO view on the matter. Notwithstanding its flaws, the TRIPS agreement remains the most comprehensive international agreement on intellectual property. According to Baldwin’s theory, the TRIPS agreement as a regulation is a good regulation. Indeed, it achieves the major part of the goals it set. However, some of the declared goals have never come to existence and had been replaced by other goals. On the overall, the TRIPS agreement has the capacity to regulate international intellectual property. Originality/value – This paper analyses the TRIPS agreement as a way forward in the harmonization of the rules on intellectual property.

Globalisation, alongside with the growth in trade and wealth has influenced the considerable development of consumer law over the last 50 years. In some countries, consumer rights have been embraced at the highest Constitutional level. For instance, in Brazil, consumer protection has been given a constitutional value. This constitutional value has been reinforced by the approach taken by the Federal Supreme Court of Brazil with regard to that nation’s Consumer Code (CDC). In spite of the existence of a specific federal agency with its own rules to govern civil aviation, the services rendered by airline companies are also subject to the Consumer Code. For an obscure reason, and even though logic would favor application of the Montreal Convention, Brazilian judges prefer to apply the Brazilian Consumer Code to international air service, in cases involving consumers. The conflict between the Montreal Convention and the CDC is limited to one area, which is one of the most important areas regulated by the Convention, namely the civil responsibility of the carrier. This paper demonstrates that the inclusion of consumer rights as Constitutional rights does not improve the standard of consumer protection but instead put a heavy burden on airlines and in the case of the CDC even creates legal uncertainty.

Purpose – This paper focuses on the regulation of Uber at regional level (Sao Paulo and Brasilia), national level (European Member States) and supranational level (The European Commission initiative), which are often too restrictive. Methodology/approach/design – This article analyses standards and literature on regulation, as well as the role of competition. Attention was specially drawn to the market failure theory for justifying regulation, advocated by Breyer, Ogus and Baldwin & Cave. Due to the fact that there will be an evaluation of the regulations in place, consequentialism, welfarism and Pareto are briefly mentioned. Findings – None of the current regulatory responses, at the exception to Sao Paulo and the initiative by the European Commission that are not based exclusively on market failure theory, are working. Indeed, Uber is still banned in various cities. In others, the regulatory burden is so high that it takes away any incentives that Uber created. Regulation is not the only exit to market failure, competition must play a role. Uber is based on deregulation of the market and to try to regulate such concept with conventional theories will only lead to failures and restrictions. Practical implications – This article discusses the possible improvements to the already existing regulations. Originality/value – This paper correlates the regulation of Uber in Brazil and in Europe, explaining the difficulties these regulations are creating for Uber.

This article aims to show, through the example of Cambodia, how territorial framework is significant for public policies and risk management strategies. Bibliographic research and field observations directed the study case and explore risk management in a developing country which experienced recent political and military history with large consequences in the different institutions and for citizens. This evaluation shows several elements, the difficulties related to low development indicators, a military and political context still weak, difficulties in accessing data, the lack of knowledge about historical events and governance issues. It is also about the standardized approach sometimes not transferable to these territories with specifics characteristics.

IntroductionSarcomas are rare tumours of connective tissue. The exact overall incidence of sarcomas is unknown due to diagnostic difficulties and the various histological subtypes (over 80 subtypes). However, the apparent increasing incidence of sarcomas suggests environmental causes such as pesticides. Except for some specific factors (ie, ionising radiation, vinyl chloride, dioxin and genetic predispositions) the scientific knowledge on the aetiology of sarcomas is sparse and inconsistent. France is a particularly appropriate country to set up a study investigating the causes of sarcoma occurrence due to the French organisation in treatment and care of sarcoma patients, which is highly structured and revolved around national expert networks. The main objective of the ETIOlogy of SARcomas (ETIOSARC) project is to study the role of lifestyle, environmental and occupational factors in the occurrence of sarcomas among adults from a multicentric population-based case–control study.Methods and analysisCases will be all incident patients (older than 18 years) prospectively identified in 15 districts of France covered by a general population-based cancer registry and/or a reference centre in sarcoma’s patient care over a 3-year period with an inclusion start date ranging from February 2019 to January 2020 and histologically confirmed by a second review of the diagnosis. Two controls will be individually matched by sex, age (5 years group) and districts of residence and randomly selected from electoral rolls. A standardised questionnaire will be administered by a trained interviewer in order to gather information about occupational and residential history, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and lifestyle factors. At the end of the interview, a saliva sample will be systematically proposed. This study will permit to validate or identify already suspected risk factors for sarcomas such as phenoxyherbicides, chlorophenol and to generate new hypothesis to increase our understanding about the genetic and environmental contributions in the carcinogenicity process.Ethics and disseminationThe present study is promoted by the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (identification number C17-03). This study received National French Ethic committee (CPP Sud Méditerrannée I) approval (identification number 18-31) and French Data Protection Authority (CNIL) approval (identification number 918171). Results of this study will be published in international peer-reviewed journals. Technical appendix, statistical code and dataset will be available in the Dryad repository when collection data are completed.Trial registration numberNCT03670927.

BACKGROUND:The European Society of Breast Cancer Specialists (EUSOMA), which aims to standardize the quality of patient care in Europe, has defined quality indicators (QIs) for breast cancer (BC) care to assess compliance to current care standards. These QIs are a useful tool to evaluate care organizations. Only population-based studies are able to assess health system performance in "real-life" situations. This population-based study aimed to describe compliance with several EUSOMA QIs overall and according to patient and organizational factors in France. METHODS:1 560 adult women with primary invasive non-metastatic BC diagnosed in 2012 were randomly selected among all incident BC from 16 French geographical areas covered by cancer registries. Twelve EUSOMA QIs were selected regarding diagnosis, treatment and staging. RESULTS:The minimum standard as proposed by EUSOMA was met for nine QIs related to pre-operative definitive diagnosis, multidisciplinary discussion and treatment (single surgery, breast conserving surgery (BCS) for small BC (