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National audience; no abstract

Some enteropathogens use the type III secretion system to secrete proteins that allows them to interact with enterocytes and promote bacterial attachment or intracellular survival. These proteins are Salmonella invasion proteins (Sip), invasion plasmid antigens (Ipa) of Shigella and Escherichia coli secreted proteins (Esp) of enteropathogenic E. coli. There are no previous studies defining the presence of colostral sIgA against all these 3 major enteric pathogens. Objective: To evaluate the presence of sIgA in colostrum against proteins of the type III secretion system of Salmonella, Shigella and enteropathogenic E. coli. Methods: We collected 76 colostrum samples from puerperal women in Lima, Peru. These samples were reacted with type III secretion system proteins extracted from bacterial culture supernatants and evaluated by Western Blot. Results: Antibodies were detected against Salmonella antigens SipA in 75 samples (99%), SipC in 62 (82%) and SipB in 31 (41%); against Shigella antigens IpaC in 70 (92%), IpaB in 68 (89%), IpaA in 66 (87%) and IpaD in 41 (54%); and against enteropathogenic E. coli EspC in 70 (92%), EspB-D in 65 (86%) and EspA in 41 (54%). Ten percent of samples had antibodies against all proteins evaluated and 42% against all except 1 protein. There was no sample negative to all these proteins. Conclusions: The extraordinarily high frequency of antibodies in colostrum of puerperal women detected in this study against these multiple enteric pathogens shows evidence of immunological memory and prior exposure to these pathogens, in addition to its possible protective role against infection.

International audience

Turko-Mongol Rulers,Cities and City-life studies dynasties of Turkic, Mongol or Turko-Mongol origin from a spatial perspective.

This chapter aims to define as precisely as possible the various elements of Saljuq royal tentage as it appears in the sources. It emphasises the symbolic dimension of the tent in the Great Saljuq sultanate. The chapter seeks to establish to what extent the tent remained a key feature in the lifestyle of the Saljuqs generation after generation. The author argues that the tent remained the dwelling of the Saljuqs throughout the 156 years of their rule in Iran, as well as the symbol of their kingship, and that from that perspective this dynasty falls fully within the Turko-Mongol tradition. Keywords:Iran; Saljuq royal tentage; Turko-Mongol tradition

This chapter sets out to spatialise Turkish rule. It demonstrates the interest attaching to a spatial analysis of Saljuq kingship. The Saljuqs were the first Turkish dynasty of nomadic origins to rule Iran. The results provided in the chapter allow a better understanding of the relationship between the king and his subjects. The ethnic distinction (Iranian elites/Turkish rulers) overlaps a very deep spatial divide. Once it is clear that they did not share the same space, it becomes easier to understand the role that the subjects played in their country’s history under the so-called “Turkish domination”. Saljuq kingship was low-key and unobtrusive, and what the Iranian elite lost in pomp, they gained in autonomy. The results allow re-evaluation of traditional divisions, and in particular the great divide in Iranian history represented by the Mongol invasion. Keywords:Iran; Mongol invasion; Saljuq kingship; Turkish kingship

Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) are an important cause of diarrhoea in children and are associated with high antibiotic resistance. However, there are few studies on the molecular mechanisms of resistance in this group of bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanisms associated with antibiotic resistance in the most common phenotypes of DEC. A total of 369 E. coli strains [commensal strains and DEC from children with (‘DEC-diarrhoea’) or without (‘DEC-control’) diarrhoea] isolated from children aged

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and allele associations of locus of enterocyte effacement encoded esp and tir genes among 181 enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strains (90 diarrhoea-associated and 91 controls) isolated from Peruvian children under 18 months of age. We analysed espA, espB, espD and tir alleles by PCR-RFLP. EPEC strains were isolated with higher frequency from healthy controls (91/424, 21.7 %) than from diarrhoeal samples (90/936, 9.6 %) (P

INTRODUCTION; Diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) are a major cause of diarrhea in children in developing countries. However, they are not part of routine diagnosis in clinical laboratories.To determine the DEC prevalence in Peruvian children and to describe the genetic variability of these strains.A total of 8 003 E. coli strains previously isolated from eight different studies of diarrhea in children, mainly from peri-urban areas of Lima, were analyzed. Diagnosis of DEC was done with Multiplex real-time PCR using genes for each of the 6 DEC groups. Conventional PCR was performed for the detection of additional virulence genes.Globally, the mean prevalence in diarrhea samples (n=4,243) was: enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) 9.9%, enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) 8.5%, enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) 6.9%, diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC) 4.8%, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) 0.8% and enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) 0.6%. The relative frequency of each pathogen varies according to the age and the type of study. The main pathotypes in control samples (n=3,760) were EPEC (10.9%) and EAEC (10.4%). An important variability in the virulence genes frequency and molecular resistance mechanisms for each pathotype was found, without differences between diarrhea and control groups.DEC are a major cause of diarrhea in Peruvian children. These pathogens are highly heterogeneous. Additional studies are required to determine the prevalence in rural areas of Peru and in severe diarrhea cases.

Diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC) is the sixth recognized group of diarrheagenic E. coli. However, its association with diarrhea remains controversial. Variability in the adherence patterns of clinical strains is unknown.To compare the adherence patterns between strains isolated from children with and without diarrhea.A total of 31 DAEC strains were analyzed, 25 from children with diarrhea and 6 from asymptomatic (control) children, isolated from a cohort study of children under one year of age in the southern districts of Lima. DAEC were identified by PCR (daaD gene). The pattern and adherence score in HEp-2 cell culture were evaluated, Actin polimerization was determined by fluorescence actin staining (FAS) and motility was evaluated by conventional microbiology methods.Diffuse adherence pattern was found in 88% of diarrhea samples and in the total of control strains. The number of bacteria adhered per cell was significantly lower in diarrhea samples (p0.05). However, actin polymerization was greater in diarrhea samples (60% vs. 17%). Motility test was positive in 60% of the diarrhea samples and in all control samples.Our findings suggest a difference between adherence patterns, actin polymerization and motility between DAEC strains corresponding to diarrhea and control groups. The significance of these results must be confirmed with a bigger number of strains and determining the presence of virulence genes in the strains.

The purpose of this study was to determine the presence and quantity of fecal leukocytes in children infected with diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and to compare these levels between diarrhea and control cases. We analyzed 1,474 stool samples from 935 diarrhea episodes and 539 from healthy controls of a cohort study of children younger than 2 years of age in Lima, Peru. Stools were analyzed for common enteric pathogens, and diarrheagenic E. coli isolates were studied by a multiplex real-time PCR. Stool smears were stained with methylene blue and read by a blinded observer to determine the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes per high-power field (L/hpf). Fecal leukocytes at >10 L/hpf were present in 11.8% (110/935) of all diarrheal episodes versus 1.1% (6/539) in controls ( P < 0.001). Among stool samples with diarrheagenic E. coli as the only pathogen isolated (excluding coinfection), fecal leukocytes at >10 L/hpf were present in 8.5% (18/212) of diarrhea versus 1.3% (2/157) of control samples ( P < 0.01). Ninety-five percent of 99 diarrheagenic E. coli diarrhea samples were positive for fecal lactoferrin. Adjusting for the presence of blood in stools, age, sex, undernutrition, and breastfeeding, enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) isolation as a single pathogen, excluding coinfections, was highly associated with the presence of fecal leukocytes (>10 L/hpf) with an odds ratio (OR) of 4.1 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08 to 15.51; P < 0.05). Although diarrheagenic E. coli was isolated with similar frequencies in diarrhea and control samples, clearly it was associated with a more inflammatory response during symptomatic infection; however, in general, these pathogens elicited a mild inflammatory response.

Introduction. Diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC) is the sixth recognized group of diarrheagenic E. coli. However, its association with diarrhea remains controversial. Variability in the adherence patterns of clinical strains is unknown. Objectives. To compare the adherence patterns between strains isolated from children with and without diarrhea. Materials and methods. A total of 31 DAEC strains were analyzed, 25 from children with diarrhea and 6 from asymptomatic (control) children, isolated from a cohort study of children under one year of age in the southern districts of Lima. DAEC were identifed by PCR (daaD gene). The pattern and adherence score in HEp-2 cell culture were evaluated, Actin polimerization was determined by fuorescence actin staining (FAS) and motility was evaluated by conventional microbiology methods. Results. Diffuse adherence pattern was found in 88% of diarrhea samples and in the total of control strains. The number of bacteria adhered per cell was signifcantly lower in diarrhea samples (p

To follow up our works on a service-oriented architecture dedicated to context perception for the smart home [7], we present in this paper how to move complex reasoning on top of the ontology. We focus on a multi-sensors data fusion architecture using the Transferable Belief Model. High level symbolic data are deduced using fusion from redundant, complementary and heterogeneous sensors data. Symbolic data describe complex contexts and enable to provide more contextualised services. To show the contribution of using the Transferable Belief Model in context awareness systems we detail an experiment about human posture characterisation using heterogeneous and uncertain sensors data.

L’Aḫlāq al-wazīrayn est l’un des textes les plus feroces de la litterature arabe classique. Son auteur, Abū Ḥayyān Tawḥīdī, y regle ses comptes avec les deux vizirs būyides Ibn ‘Amīd et Ṣāḥib Ibn ‘Abbād, reservant toute sa hargne pour le second. Frederic Lagrange, professeur d’arabe a la Sorbonne, connait bien ce texte pour en avoir donne recemment une remarquable traduction francaise (La satire des deux vizirs, Paris, Actes Sud/Sindbad, 2004). Dans cet article, base sur une communication pre...

Cet article est consacre a l’expansion turque dans le Caucase et l’Est Anatolien au Ve/XIe s. Peacock propose de reevaluer la these traditionnelle, selon laquelle l’expansion fut conduite de facon independante par des bandes de nomades Turkmens dont les Saljūqs installes en Iran cherchaient a se debarrasser en les redirigeant vers les franges nord-occidentales de leurs territoires. La demonstration est rigoureusement structuree. En introduction (pp. 205-8), l’A. constate le peu de recherches ...

Ce livre se veut un “handbook” destine a faciliter la lecture du Tārīḫ-e Beyhaqī (TB). Concu comme un gros lexique, le livre est articule en cinq parties. La premiere est une presentation de Beyhaqī et de son œuvre. On y trouve notamment des developpements sur les mots et expressions persanes, ainsi que sur les mots arabes (environ 430) utilises par Beyhaqī (cf. liste pp. 34-5). La seconde partie presente le vocabulaire technique, qui est classe en fonction du service administratif concerne (...

Cet article est un constat d’echec : a travers le compte-rendu de trois livres consacres a la place des femmes dans la societe musulmane medievale, Meisami explique que les fameuses « gender studies » ont echoue a produire un travail serieux sur le sujet. Les livres en question sont ceux de Leila Ahmed, Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate (1992); Fedwa Malti-Douglas, Woman’s Body, Woman’s Word: Gender and Discourse in Arabo-Islamic Writing (1991); Denise Spellberg, ...

On ne presente plus le Tārīḫ-e Qom. Cette histoire locale, redigee au IVe/Xe s. et dediee au vizir buyide Ebn ‘Abbād, est une source d’une richesse inouie pour l’histoire de la ville durant les quatre premiers siecles de l’Islam. L’ouvrage aborde successivement, et avec grand detail, la geographie historique (premiere partie), les problemes de fiscalite (deuxieme partie), l’installation des descendants de ‘Alī b. Abī Ṭāleb ou Ṭālebiyye (troisieme partie) et les faits et gestes du clan As‘arī,...

Edition de la version persane faite au VIIe/XIIIe s. d’un ouvrage du prolifique specialiste de la litterature arabe Abū Manṣūr Ṯa‘ālabī (m. 429/1037). Le livre est consacre a une figure rhetorique (ou trope) bien connue : la possibilite de considerer une meme chose comme un objet de louange et de blâme (madḥ wa ḏamm). Les sujets les plus varies sont pris en exemple, depuis le bas-monde (dunyā) jusqu’a la mule, en passant par les livres, le commerce (tejārat), la solitude (tanhā’ī), le ḥijāb, ...

Cet article propose de reevaluer le debut du regne du plus celebre sultan de la dynastie des Saljūqs de Rūm, ‘Alā’ al-Dīn Kay-Qubād (1219-1237) en etudiant les tenants et les aboutissants de l’expedition navale contre le port de Subak en Crimee. Apres avoir constate l’absence de recherche sur cette expedition (a part l’article ancien Yakubovskii), l’A. resume le recit d’Ibn Bībī et fait l’inventaire des autres sources disponibles. L’analyse historique proprement dite commence par la datation ...

This paper deals with a context awareness system based on a service-oriented architecture dedicated to the Smart Home. In our approach, a Smart Home must be able to provide services adapted to the needs of its inhabitants. To achieve this, we propose to build a Smart environment that takes into account the ambient context of its inhabitants, providing contextually-aware services. In previous work [18], we described a four-layer architecture to manage data acquisition and context information in distributed sensor network for smart home environments. In this paper, we focus on the context model based on an OWL ontology and then on the inference layer, based on SWRL rules language. Finally, we present our current implementation.

Meisami, qui a deja publie sur l’historiographie persane de l’epoque pre-mongole de nombreux travaux importants, examine dans cet article comment les souverains iraniens de l’epoque pre-mongole percevaient l’ecriture de l’histoire. C’est un sujet qu’elle a eu l’occasion de traiter a plusieurs reprises (notamment dans Persian Historiography to the End of the Twelfth Century, 1999, cf. Abs. Ir. 22 n° 225 et aussi « Why write History in Persian? Historical Writing in the Samanid Period » 2000, c...

Depuis sa premiere edition par Schefer en 1891, le Siyāsat-nāme (ou Siyar al-Mulūk) du celebre vizir seldjoukide Niẓām al-Mulk a deja fait l’objet de nombreuses etudes, les plus notables etant celles de Darke (introduction a la nouvelle edition, 1978), Lambton (in Iran, 1984) et Meisami (Persian Historiography to the End of the Twelfth Century, 1999). Simidchieva, qui a consacre ses premieres recherches a la litterature d’andarz (these en russe soutenue a Moscou en 1989), et qui avait precede...

A l’occasion du 29. Deutscher Orientalistentag qui se tint a l’Universite de Halle en 2004 et dont il fut le maitre d’œuvre, Jurgen Paul prit l’initiative d’organiser une table ronde autour de la notion de « Private Warfare ». Dans cette expression (dont Paul admet qu’elle est peut-etre mal choisie, voir Introduction au groupe d’articles p. 546), il y a l’idee que dans l’Orient medieval, contrairement a ce que pensait Weber, « l’usage legitime de la violence » n’etait pas l’apanage de l’Etat ...

S’il etait besoin, ce livre illustre une nouvelle fois la richesse des bibliotheques turques pour ce qui concerne la civilisation iranienne. Le texte edite par Nowrūzī-Nežād et Karīmī-Zanjānī-Aṣl est une epitre en persan contenue dans un manuscrit autographe d’Abū ‘Alī Salmāsī conserve dans la Bibliotheque Fateḥ d’Istambul. Outre la Risāla al-sarafiyya fi taqāsīm al-‘olūm al-yaqīniyya (« Epitre en l’honneur de Sharaf [al-Din] a propos de la classification des sciences »), le manuscrit contien...

Quels furent les effets de la domination mongole en Iran ? La question est fondamentale, mais la reponse n’est pas aussi evidente que ce l’on pouvait penser. C’est ce que montre Denise Aigle dans ce livre important a partir de l’exemple jamais etudie de la region semi-autonome du Fārs. Partant du constat que la trame generale de la domination mongole en Iran est desormais bien connue, D. Aigle postule que seul le changement de l’echelle d’analyse est en mesure de faire avancer nos connaissanc...

Les mutaṭawwi‘a, ou combattants volontaires du jihād, apparurent dans les territoires iraniens entre la fin de la periode umayyade et le debut de la periode abbasside, c’est-a-dire au moment ou le jihād contre Byzance cessa d’etre une guerre de grande envergure menee en personne par le calife (« jihād state »). Leur emergence marque l’avenement du « privatized jihād », selon D. Tor. Dans cet article, D. Tor reevalue le role fondamental des mutaṭawwi‘a dans l’evolution politique et religieuse ...

International audience

This general paper aims at presenting the Smart Home concept. In this paper, we will detail a) The Smart Home concept b) The various networks infrastructures specific to the habitat c) Our concepts to model the habitat and to provide the most adapted services to the inhabitants. Contrary to the other projects, we direct our work towards a sensors approach and an ontology modelling of the Smart Home. Our work has the originality to take into account the real heterogeneity of information present in an habitat and use a Service Oriented Approach (SOA). We can say that our paper is a good overview to present what is a Smart Home and which are the necessary hardware and software components to make a Smart Home.

Quality of Service support in distributed systems is a concern which takes more and more importance in the software industry. However, this consideration has to be a non functionnal concern, at least during the software modeling step. Indeed, it may be complicated for software designers to deal with high-level concepts, while handling technical aspects such as resource management needed to satifsy runtime constraints in heterogeneous distributed environements. With the model-driven approach, software designers can focus on their business logic, without dealing with technical parameters, such as the operating system, the communication layer or the resource management.Using this approach, high-level platform-independent QoS specifications can be translated to low- level platform-specific parameters.The objectives of this PhD Thesis are to build a QoS-Management architecture dedicated to object-oriented middleware-based distributed applications. In our model-driven solution, we propose to model user-oriented QoS specifications through a UML profile. Then, we propose to implement our solution, focusing on COTS integration.; Le support de la qualité de service est une caractéristique de plus en plus importante dans les applications réparties. Toutefois il doit rester un aspect non fonctionnel, au moins pendant la phase de modélisation du système. Il est en effet complexe pour les concepteurs d'applications de manipuler des notions mettant en oeuvre d'une part des aspects structurels de "haut-niveau", et d'autre part des considérations plus techniques, concernant notamment la gestion des ressources physiques nécessaires aux garanties à l'exécution, et ce dans des environnements répartis et hétérogènes. L'approche dirigée par les modèles permet, à un certain niveau d'abstraction, de se focaliser uniquement sur le code métier sans se préoccuper de contraintes spécifiques à l'environnement, telles que le système d'exploitation, les communications et la réservation et le contrôle de ressources.En utilisant cette approche, la traduction et la mise en oeuvre des contraintes de qualité de service peut être automatisée durant les étapes de transformation menant du modèle à l'implémentation.Les objectifs de ces travaux de thèse sont de concevoir une architecture de gestion de la qualité de service pour les applications réparties, reposant sur des architectures de type middleware orienté objet. Dans la solution que nous apportons, basée sur l'ingénierie dirigée par les modèles, nous proposons de modéliser les contraintes de qualité de service, exprimées à haut-niveau, sous la forme d'un profil UML. Nous proposons également la mise en oeuvre de cette solution, en visant l'intégration de technologies « sur étagère ».

In this paper we will talk about the smart home concept. Even if smart home domain is not like the robotics domain, we can notice resemblances. In V. Ricquebourg et al. (2005), we shown that a smart home can be seen as a robot that turn over itself. A robot needs sensors to discover its environment. In the same way, a smart home needs sensors to watch in itself. This paper deals with a service oriented architecture of context perception for the smart home. In our approach, the smart house must be able to provide services adapted to the needs for its inhabitants. To answer to the needs, the environment, which will be described as smart, must take into account the context around the inhabitant: it will make it possible to provide contextualised services. Here, we present our service oriented architecture which integrates the various layers necessary to the determination of this context. Four layers are considered. Perception layer to obtain necessary information on the context, the context layer which makes it possible to give a sense to the perceived data, the inference layer which makes it possible to elaborate an artificial intelligence layer and to reason on the contextual data and the action layer which makes it possible to act following the decisions induced by the inference layer

Edition de l’histoire de Qāyenāt redigee a la fin de la periode qajare (1330 ah./1912) par ‘Abd al-Ḥoseyn Fanūdī. Comme c’etait souvent le cas, son auteur appartenait au milieu des ulamas locaux et etait feru d’histoire. Il ne put mener a son terme le projet ambitieux qu’il s’etait fixe au depart (cf. sa preface pp. 28-9) et le present ouvrage ne compte que cinq chapitres : 1. Delimitation geographique (pp. 31-40), avec comme c’etait l’usage une enquete sur l’origine du nom (Qāyenāt derivee d...

Cet article presente les principales sources historiques de l’Iran pre-mongol. Ce corpus, deja vaste, ne represente pourtant qu’une partie des sources permettant de travailler sur l’Iran pre-mongol, dans la mesure ou l’historien devra aussi aller chercher ses informations ailleurs que dans les seuls auteurs iraniens, les seules sources pre-mongoles et les textes purement historiques (l’importance des sources litteraires n’est plus a demontrer). Les sources historiques, jugees « generalement d...

Le peuple turc des Khazars a fait l’objet de nombreuses etudes, notamment en raison de son role historique lors de l’expansion arabe vers le Nord du Caucase. A l’inverse, la presence khazare au sein du monde islamique n’avait quasiment jamais ete etudiee. En depit d’un manque evident de documentation, Golden a entrepris de combler cette lacune en mobilisant les rares elements disponibles. Avec le present article, il poursuit des recherches publiees recemment (cf. « Khazar Turkic Ghulâms in Ca...

Cet ouvrage est consacre a la tribu arabe des Tamīm depuis l’epoque pre-islamique jusqu’a la chute du califat umayyade. Plus grande tribu du Nord de l’Arabie, les Tamīm jouerent un role essentiel durant les premiers temps de l’histoire de l’Islam, que ce soit dans le declenchement de la ridda, la fondation des villes de garnison iraquiennes, la conquete de l’Iran (meme si la recension de Sayf b. ‘Umar al-Tamīmī, sur laquelle se basa Ṭabarī, exagere leurs exploits au detriment des autres tribu...