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The pursuit of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is to regenerate functional tissues and organs to replace damaged or diseased tissue. As a basic element of tissue engineering, scaffolds provide three-dimensional structure for cell growth while maintaining cell function, so the selection of scaffold materials is of great importance. Natural extracellular matrix is a potential therapeutic material because it is a naturally structured non-cellular tissue component with low immunogenicity, high biological activity, and can provide a unique microenvironment for cells. In addition, acellular materials can not only provide chemical and mechanical signals that determine the fate of cells, but also act as components of newly formed tissues, promoting damage repair. This chapter will focus on the repair ability of acellular materials in different tissues, and provide reference for the experimental research and development of different tissue repair materials and their clinical application.

Repairing damaged DNA and removing all physical connections between sister chromosomes is important for proper chromosomal segregation by contributing to chromosomal stability. Here, we show that depletion of NCAPH exacerbates chromosome segregation errors and cytokinesis failure due to sister-chromatid intertwinement, which is distinct form the ultrafine DNA bridges (UFB) induced by DNA inter-strand crosslinks (DNA-ICL). Importantly, we identified an interaction between NCAPH and GEN1 in the chromatin via binding at the N-terminus of NCAPH. DNA-ICL activation, using ICL-inducing agents, increased the expression and interaction between NCAPH and GEN1 in the soluble nuclear and chromatin fractions, indicating that the NCAPH-GEN1 interaction participates in repairing DNA-ICLs. Moreover, NCAPH recruits and stabilizes GEN1 within chromatin at the G2/M phase, and is associated with DNA-ICL induced damage repair. Therefore, NCAPH-GEN1 specifically responds to DNA-ICLs, and NCAPH recruits and stabilizes GEN1 to ensure DNA damage repair and proper chromosome separation.

With the advent of nanotechnology in commercial products, the risk of exposure of nanomaterials to humans and the environment is increasing at an accelerating rate. The impact of nanomaterials on humans is complex and not yet fully understood. A comprehensive understanding of the adverse effect of long-term exposure to nanomaterials on humans is warranted, and a balance between benefits and risks is required before nanomaterials are unleashed in large quantities as a part of commercial products. Most data on the consequences of nanomaterial exposure are obtained using in vitro and in vivo studies using animal models. The risk to human health is implied by these studies. In this chapter, the possible methods of exposure of humans to nanomaterials, the effect of some frequently used nanomaterials on human cells, and animal models are discussed. The primary methods of exposure to nanomaterials include oral, dermal, intravenous, and inhalation. The route of exposure can cause variation in the adverse effect on the human health. Nanomaterials elicit different negative effects/damage repair pathways depending on the type of cell, and the toxicity may vary vastly based on the type of nanomaterial. Also, the psychochemical parameters of nanomaterials such as size, shape, functionalization, and defects as well as the gender of the person can significantly alter the adverse effect on biological entities.

Variation in stress responses has been investigated in relation to environmental factors, species ecology, life history and fitness. Moreover, mechanistic studies have unravelled molecular mechanisms of how acute and chronic stress responses cause physiological impacts (‘damage’), and how this damage can be repaired. However, it is not yet understood how the fitness effects of damage and repair influence stress response evolution. Here we study the evolution of hormone levels as a function of stressor occurrence, damage and the efficiency of repair. We hypothesise that the evolution of stress responses depends on the fitness consequences of damage and the ability to repair that damage. To obtain some general insights, we model a simplified scenario in which an organism repeatedly encounters a stressor with a certain frequency and predictability (temporal autocorrelation). The organism can defend itself by mounting a stress response (elevated hormone level), but this causes damage that takes time to repair. We identify optimal strategies in this scenario and then investigate how those strategies respond to acute and chronic exposures to the stressor. We find that for higher repair rates, baseline and peak hormone levels are higher. This typically means that the organism experiences higher levels of damage, which it can afford because that damage is repaired more quickly, but for very high repair rates the damage does not build up. With increasing predictability of the stressor, stress responses are sustained for longer, because the animal expects the stressor to persist, and thus damage builds up. This can result in very high (and potentially fatal) levels of damage when organisms are exposed to chronic stressors to which they are not evolutionarily adapted. Overall, our results highlight that at least three factors need to be considered jointly to advance our understanding of how stress physiology has evolved: (i) temporal dynamics of stressor occurrence; (ii) relative mortality risk imposed by the stressor itself versus damage caused by the stress response; and (iii) the efficiency of repair mechanisms. peerReviewed

Damaged proteins are inherited asymmetrically during cell division in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, such that most damage is retained within the mother cell. The consequence is an ageing mother and a rejuvenated daughter cell with full replicative potential. Daughters of old and damaged mothers are however born with increasing levels of damage resulting in lowered replicative lifespans. Remarkably, these prematurely old daughters can give rise to rejuvenated cells with low damage levels and recovered lifespans, called second-degree rejuvenation. We aimed to investigate how damage repair and retention together can promote rejuvenation and at the same time ensure low damage levels in mother cells, reflected in longer health spans. We developed a dynamic model for damage accumulation over successive divisions in individual cells as part of a dynamically growing cell lineage. With detailed knowledge about single-cell dynamics and relationships between all cells in the lineage, we can infer how individual damage repair and retention strategies affect the propagation of damage in the population. We show that damage retention lowers damage levels in the population by reducing the variability across the lineage, and results in larger population sizes. Repairing damage efficiently in early life, as opposed to investing in repair when damage has already accumulated, counteracts accelerated ageing caused by damage retention. It prolongs the health span of individual cells which are moreover less prone to stress. In combination, damage retention and early investment in repair are beneficial for healthy ageing in yeast cell populations., Author summary Many cell types in nature distribute damage unevenly at cell division resulting in an ageing mother and a rejuvenated daughter cell. Rejuvenation is essential for the viability of a cell population, but it comes at a price: mother cells accumulate damage faster and ageing is therefore accelerated. To elucidate underlying mechanisms of this trade-off, it is crucial to take into account both the single-cell and the population level. Using budding yeast as a model organism, we developed a dynamic model of damage accumulation that allows mapping individual strategies of damage control with properties of the cell population. We show how increased damage asymmetry at cell division can ensure the survival of a large fraction of the lineage by diluting the damage over the whole population. At the same time, the cells’ healthy lifespans are prolonged if damage repair is particularly effective during early divisions, and thus the burden on the single-cell level is minimised. Consequently, our computational framework allows to concretise terms like rejuvenation and healthy ageing and to combine them to test evolutionary hypotheses.

Damage is an inevitable consequence of life. For unicellular organisms, this leads to a trade-off between allocating resources into damage repair or into growth coupled with segregation of damage upon cell division, i.e., aging and senescence. Few studies considered repair as an alternative to senescence. None considered biofilms, where the majority of unicellular organisms live, although fitness advantages in well-mixed systems often turn into disadvantages in spatially structured systems such as biofilms. We compared the fitness consequences of aging versus an adaptive repair mechanism based on sensing damage, using an individual-based model of a generic unicellular organism growing in biofilms. We found that senescence is not beneficial provided that growth is limited by substrate availability. Instead, it is useful as a stress response to deal with damage that failed to be repaired when (i) extrinsic mortality was high; (ii) a degree of multicellularity was present; and (iii) damage segregation was effective., The extent of senescence due to damage accumulation—or aging—is evidently evolvable as it differs hugely between species and is not universal, suggesting that its fitness advantages depend on life history and environment. In contrast, repair of damage is present in all organisms studied. Despite the fundamental trade-off between investing resources into repair or into growth, repair and segregation of damage have not always been considered alternatives. For unicellular organisms, unrepaired damage could be divided asymmetrically between daughter cells, leading to senescence of one and rejuvenation of the other. Repair of “unicells” has been predicted to be advantageous in well-mixed environments such as chemostats. Most microorganisms, however, live in spatially structured systems, such as biofilms, with gradients of environmental conditions and cellular physiology as well as a clonal population structure. To investigate whether this clonal structure might favor senescence by damage segregation (a division-of-labor strategy akin to the germline-soma division in multicellular organisms), we used an individual-based computational model and developed an adaptive repair strategy where cells respond to their current intracellular damage levels by investing into repair machinery accordingly. Our simulations showed that the new adaptive repair strategy was advantageous provided that growth was limited by substrate availability, which is typical for biofilms. Thus, biofilms do not favor a germline-soma-like division of labor between daughter cells in terms of damage segregation. We suggest that damage segregation is beneficial only when extrinsic mortality is high, a degree of multicellularity is present, and an active mechanism makes segregation effective. IMPORTANCE Damage is an inevitable consequence of life. For unicellular organisms, this leads to a trade-off between allocating resources into damage repair or into growth coupled with segregation of damage upon cell division, i.e., aging and senescence. Few studies considered repair as an alternative to senescence. None considered biofilms, where the majority of unicellular organisms live, although fitness advantages in well-mixed systems often turn into disadvantages in spatially structured systems such as biofilms. We compared the fitness consequences of aging versus an adaptive repair mechanism based on sensing damage, using an individual-based model of a generic unicellular organism growing in biofilms. We found that senescence is not beneficial provided that growth is limited by substrate availability. Instead, it is useful as a stress response to deal with damage that failed to be repaired when (i) extrinsic mortality was high; (ii) a degree of multicellularity was present; and (iii) damage segregation was effective.

Damage to grasslands is mainly caused by wild boar during foraging. Farmers in Germany thereby register yield losses and expenses for damage repair. This contribution analyzes the acquisition and processing of aerial images to orthomosaics and image segmentation to perform spatial measurements of damaged patches in grasslands. A sample set of manually annotated orthomosaics is analyzed. Preliminary classification results applying a convolutional neural network approach to segment damaged patches are presented. First results show the applicability of the applied methods in the detection of damage caused by wild boar and suggest that other damage causes (e.g., mole damage) should be considered to improve results.

Glycation, the term for non-enzymatic covalent reactions between aldehyde metabolites and nucleophiles on biopolymers, results in deleterious cellular damage and diseases. Since Parkinsonism-associated protein DJ-1 was proposed as a novel deglycase that directly repairs glycated adducts, it has been considered a major contributor to glycation damage repair. Recently, an interesting debate over the mechanism of glycation repair by DJ-1 has emerged, focusing on whether the substrate of DJ-1 is glycated adducts or the free small aldehydes. The physiological significance of DJ-1 on glycation defense also remains in question. This debate is complicated by the fact that glycated biomolecular adducts are in rapid equilibrium with free aldehydes. Here, we summarize experimental evidence for the two possibilities, highlighting both consistencies and conflicts. We discuss the experimental complexities from a mechanistic perspective, and suggest classes of experiments that should help clarify this debate.

Sensorimotor function can improve for years, even after a spinal cord injury (SCI). We also know that an effective intervention that can improve motor function is re-engagement of the spinal neural networks through supraspinal control and that this regularity in re-engagement is fundamental to learning within the activated sensorimotor circuits. Several interventions, ranging from monoclonal antibodies against neurit outgrowth inhibitors to epidural electrical stimulation, have been developed allowing individuals with a SCI to re-engage sensorimotor circuits. These interventions enable spinal neural circuits to neuromodulate the level of excitability closer to a near motor threshold state. This is because of the built-in level of automaticity within the spinal circuits that then is translated into motor commands specified by the sensory input. Another increasingly apparent feature of the spinal circuitry is the highly integrated nature of multiple physiological systems linked to load bearing sensory input. Thus, it is clear that multiple physiological systems are highly responsive to activity-dependent interventions after a severe SCI and that this responsiveness can persist for years post-injury and be therapeutically modulated.

Polymeric materials are susceptible to minor damage, which is undetectable. Without timely and effective repair treatment, the damage may deteriorate the integrity of the materials and ultimately result in material failure and catastrophe. Autonomous warning and simultaneous damage repair are of great practical significance yet difficult to realize. Herein, we introduce a smart coating with autonomous warning and repairing of damage by the simple incorporation of nanosensors embedded with phenanthroline as a corrosion indicator and inhibitor. The electrochemical corrosion resulting from coating damage can be rapidly indicated by a prominent orange-red color in just five minutes. In addition to the warning function, the smart coating exhibits efficient self-repairing in the defective region, as reflected from the disappearance of the electrochemical admittance peak. This simple and powerful strategy dependent on a single active component to achieve an autonomous warning and repairing effect is highly expected to provide a new avenue for enhancing the security and longevity of other polymeric materials.

The extent of senescence due to damage accumulation (or aging) is evidently evolvable as it varies hugely between species and is not universal, suggesting that its fitness advantages depend on life history and environment. In contrast, repair of damage is present in all organisms studied. Repair and segregation of damage have not always been considered as alternatives, despite the fundamental trade-off between investing resources into repair or growth. For unicellular organisms, unrepaired damage could be divided asymmetrically between daughter cells, leading to aging of one and rejuvenation of the other. Repair of unicells has been shown to be advantageous in well-mixed environments such as chemostats. However, most microorganisms live in spatially structured systems such as biofilms with gradients of environmental conditions and cellular physiology as well as clonal population structure. We asked whether this clonal structure might favor aging by damage segregation as this can be seen as a division of labor strategy, akin to the germline soma division in multicellular organisms. We used an individual-based model with a newly developed adaptive repair strategy where cells respond to their current intracellular damage levels by investing into repair machinery accordingly. We found that the new adaptive repair strategy was advantageous whenever efficient and optimal, both in biofilms and chemostats. Thus, biofilms do not favor a germline soma-like division of labor between daughter cells in terms of damage segregation. We suggest that damage segregation is only beneficial when active and effective, extrinsic mortality is high and a degree of multicellularity is present.IMPORTANCEDamage is an inevitable consequence of life, leading to a trade-off between allocating resources into damage repair or into growth whilst allowing aging, i.e., segregation of damage upon cell division. Few studies considered repair as an alternative to aging. Moreover, all previous studies merely considered well-mixed environments, although the vast majority of unicellular organisms live in spatially structured environments, exemplified by biofilms, and fitness advantages in well-mixed systems often turn into disadvantages in spatially structured systems. We compared the fitness consequences of aging versus damage repair in biofilms with an individual-based model implementing an adaptive repair mechanism based on sensing damage. We found that aging is not beneficial. Instead, it is useful as a stress response to deal with damage that failed to be repaired when (i) clearly asymmetric cell division is feasible; (ii) extrinsic mortality is high; and (iii) a degree of multicellularity is present.

At present, most of the research studies on the seismic performance of the durability degraded reinforced concrete structure only consider the influence of a single factor. This paper comprehensively considers the factors such as concrete carbonization, steel corrosion, and bond slip performance degradation caused by other durability factors and durability damage repair and studies the influence of the above factors on the seismic performance of bridge structures. Based on the finite element model considering the bond slip and the material parameters of time-varying durability damage, the seismic performance analysis model of the pier is established considering material durability damage repair in different service periods. Then, the effect of material durability damage repair on the seismic performance of the pier is examined. The results show that the displacement of the pier top increases, the curvature of the pier bottom decreases, and the moment-curvature curve pinching phenomenon is further evident when considering the bond slip. When considering the durability damage repair of materials, the curvature considerably decreases (the maximum value is approximately 16.04%) with the extension of the service time of the bridge, and the pier damage is substantially reduced.

Os resíduos gerados no processo de calcinação dos calcários formam pilhas que se constituem em fontes de degradação do meio ambiente e obstáculos ao bom andamento das atividades das unidades produtoras. O aproveitamento desses rejeitos pode gerar benefícios ao meio ambiente, bem como melhorias ao trabalho dos operários, além de ser mais uma fonte de renda para as indústrias de calcinação locais. Este estudo foi desenvolvido no sentido do aproveitamento racional e econômico desses materiais residuais na pavimentação de estradas e na construção de obras de aterro que exijam solo estabilizado e, consequentemente, de boa consistência. Inicialmente, foram coletados resíduos de três províncias produtoras de cal na porção setentrional no estado do Ceará, sendo uma localizada entre os municípios de Coreaú e Sobral; outra em Forquilha; e uma terceira em Quixeré. As amostras foram misturadas com um solo argiloso, constituindo amostras compostas de solo-rejeito com proporções de resíduo de 0% (zero), 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 e 80%. Ensaios geotécnicos foram realizados para determinação de suas granulometrias e respectivos índices de suporte Califórnia (CBR), de plasticidade (IP) e de grupo (IG). Como resultado, verificou-se aumento da resistência física do solo mediante a incorporação do rejeito nas amostras, constatando que um solo argiloso com características físicas não recomendadas para o uso na construção de estradas poderá se tornar útil para essa finalidade se estabilizado com os resíduos das indústrias de cal, promovendo a reparação de dano ambiental na área das unidades produtoras e uma destinação racional para os rejeitos. Use of tailings from the limestone calcination industries of the state of Ceará with a focus on repair of environmental damage A B S T R A C TThe residues generated in the limestone calcination process form piles sources of degradation of the environment and obstacles to the good progress of the activities of the producing units. The use of these tailings might generate benefits to the environment, as well as improvements to the job of the workers, besides being another source of income for the local calcination industries. This study was developed in the sense of the rational and economic use of these residual materials in the paving of roads and in the construction of landfills that require stabilized soil and, consequently, good consistency. Initially, waste was collected from three producing provinces of lime in Ceará, one of which is located between the municipalities of Coreaú and Sobral; another in Forquilha; and the third in Quixeré. The samples were mixed with a clay soil, consisting of soil-reject samples with residue ratios of 0% (zero), 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80%. Geotechnical tests were performed to determine their granulometry and respective California (CBR), plasticity (IP) and group (IG) indices. As result, soil physical strength increased by incorporating the reject in the samples, noting that a clay soil with physical characteristics not recommended for use in road construction could be useful for this purpose if stabilized with the residues of lime industries, promoting the environmental damage repair in the area of the producing units and a rational destination for the wastes.Keywords: paving; damage mitigation; environmental sustainability; lime.

Through an evaluation of the effectiveness of the actions of the environmental military police and the main legal postulates associated with environmental protection, the present work seeks to propose a methodology to diagnose the main obstacles to the non-application of criminal, administrative or damage repair sanctions on environmental issues. By means of descriptive and exploratory methods of empirical-phenomenological foundations and secondary quantitative data collected in the archives of the Environmental Police Command of the Rio de Janeiro Military Police and the State Court of Justice, it was noticed the prevalence of the impunity of the offenders and the acceleration of the environmental degradation.

Concrete road surfaces may crack due to shrinkage from drying. Often, cracks are induced at predetermined locations to solve this problem. However, the impact loads from vehicles are concentrated on these pre-induced transverse joints, often resulting in palm-sized spall damage. Repairing this damage with cast-in-place concrete leads to indirect losses from road blockages that occur during curing. This research presents a new method of repairing spall damage that minimizes indirect loss. A three-dimensional concrete patch is prepared in advance and placed over the damaged area. When using cast-in-place concrete to repair spall damage, road use must be restricted for a minimum of seven days. The proposed method reduces road closure to 2 h. According to the US Department of Transportation guidelines, the proposed method is estimated to reduce indirect losses from road repair from USD $140,000 to USD $1700. A three-dimensional concrete patch attached to a damaged surface can withstand a shear load of up to 15.7 MPa. The proposed method can withstand at least 91% of this load. Moreover, given the friction between the patch and the damaged surface, the structural stability of a concrete patch in response to shear loads may be even greater than 91%. This study presents the proposed methodology and discusses its economic value and structural practicality.

In evaluating the life cycle environmental impacts of buildings, the contributions of seismic damage are rarely considered. In order to enable a more comprehensive assessment of a building's environmental impact by accounting for seismic events, this project developed an environmental impact database of building component seismic damage – the largest of its kind known to date – by combining data from Carnegie Mellon University's Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) database with cost estimates of repair previously developed for FEMA's Performance Assessment Calculation Tool (PACT), a software that models probabilistic seismic damage in buildings. Fifteen indicators of environmental impacts were calculated for the repair of approximately 800 building components for up to five levels of seismic damage, capturing ‘embodied’ impacts related to cradle-to-gate manufacturing of building materials, products, and equipment. Analysis of the data revealed that non-structural and architectural finishes often dominated the environmental impacts of seismic damage per dollar spent in repair. A statistical analysis was performed on the data using Principal Component Analysis, confirming that embodied carbon, a popular metric for evaluating environmental impacts in building LCAs, is a suitable proxy for other relevant environmental impact metrics when assessing the impact of repairing earthquake damage of buildings.

This paper presents the analysis of the influence of temperature and exploitation time on the cross-sectional hardness and micro-structure changes of characteristic zones of a welded joint made of low-alloyed Cr-Mo steel A-387 Gr. B. Exploited parent metal is a part of a reactor mantle which was working for over 40 years and is in the damage repair stage, i.e. part of its mantle is being replaced with new material. Cross-sectional hardness of a butt-welded joint was measured and macroscopic investigation of the welded joint and microstructural analysis of the parent material, weld metal and the heat affected zone were performed. The comparison of parameters obtained for characteristic zones of a welded joint provides a way to meausre the justifiability of the selected welding technology.

The canonical DNA glycosylase role is global base damage repair but includes functions in epigenetic gene regulation, immune response modulation, replication, and transcription. In this issue of Structure, Eckenroth et al. (2020) present the NEIL2 glycosylase structure. Its catalytic domain flexibility differentiates it from most other glycosylases and suggests novel regulatory mechanisms.

Introduction: The esthetic damage is any pejorative modification in static or dynamic expression, perceived by any sense, affecting the image of the person. The esthetic damage repair has legal support in Brazilian legislation. Objective: to systematize the different existing methods for valuation of esthetic damages, critically analyze their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages; and evaluate whether these methods would have been validated in any population inside or outside of Brazil. Literature review: The adoption of the use of tables, formulas and coefficients was insufficient to overcome the limitations of each method, such as those supported by the measurement of a single scar or by the teeth. Conclusion: All available subjective methods, except for AIEL method did not havescientific evidence, lacking validation in any country, and requiring proof of methodology.

This investigation assesses the change of aerodynamic characteristics of triangular and star-shaped damaged airfoils with repair patches. Both experimental and numerical methods to determine aerodynamic coefficients are used in this study. The test model is a NACA 641-412 airfoil full span, which is considered by using five schematics: Clean model, damaged model, upper repaired model, lower repaired model, and fully repaired model. Repair patches are chosen based on the Aircraft battle damage repair (ABDR) manuals. Various effects of repair schemes on triangular and star-shaped damages are quantitatively and qualitatively illustrated. A novel visualization method by paint and oil is used in wind tunnel tests to study the effects of repair patches on the damaged airfoil.

The exoskeleton of an insect can contain countless specializations across an individual, across developmental stages, and across the class Insecta. Hence, the exoskeleton's building material cuticle must perform a vast variety of functions. Cuticle displays a wide range of material properties which are determined by several known factors: the amount and orientation of the chitin fibres, the constituents and degree of cross-linking and hydration of the protein matrix, the relative amounts of exo- and endocuticle, and the shape of the structures themselves. In comparison to other natural materials such as wood and mammal bone, relatively few investigations into the mechanical properties of insect cuticle have been carried out. Of these, very few have focussed on the need for repair and its effectiveness at restoring mechanical stability to the cuticle. Insect body parts are often subject to prolonged repeated cyclic loads when running and flying, as well as more extreme "emergency" behaviours necessary for survival such as jumping, wedging (squeezing through small holes) and righting (when overturned). What effects have these actions on the cuticle itself? How close to the limits of failure does an insect push its body parts? Can an insect recover from minor or major damage to its exoskeleton "bones"? No current research has answered these questions conclusively.

Repairing plasma membrane damage is vital to eukaryotic cell survival. Membrane shedding is thought to be key to this repair process, but a detailed view of how the process occurs is still missing. Here we used electron cryotomography to image the ultrastructural details of plasma membrane wound healing. We found that filopodia-like protrusions are built at damage sites, accompanied by retraction of neighboring filopodia, and that these repurposed protrusions act as scaffolds for membrane shedding. This suggests a new role for filopodia as reservoirs of membrane and actin for plasma membrane damage repair. Damage-induced shedding was dependent on F-actin dynamics and Myo1a, as well as Vps4B, an important component of the ESCRT machinery. Thus we find that damage shedding is more complex than current models of simple vesiculation from flat membrane domains. Rather, we observe structural similarities between damage-mediated shedding and constitutive shedding from enterocytes that argue for conservation of a general membrane shedding mechanism.

Seagrass restoration is a common tool for ecosystem service enhancement and compensatory mitigation for habitat loss. However, little is known about the long-term performance of these projects. We identified seagrass restoration projects by reviewing historic permitting documents, monitoring reports, and studies conducted in Florida, USA, most of which have not been cited previously in peer-reviewed literature. We then revisited 33 seagrass restorations ranging in age from 3 to 32 years to compare seagrass percent cover, species diversity, and community structure in restored and contemporary reference seagrass beds. We found that 88% of restoration projects continued to support seagrass and, overall, restored percent cover values were 37% lower than references. Community composition and seagrass percent cover differed from references in projects categorized as sediment modification and transplant restorations, whereas all vessel damage repair projects achieved reference condition. Seagrass diversity was similar between restored and reference beds, except for sediment modification projects, for which diversity was significantly lower than in reference beds. Results indicate that restored seagrass beds in Florida, once established, often exhibit long-term persistence. Our study highlights the benefit of identifying and surveying historic restorations to address knowledge gaps related to the performance and long-term fate of restored seagrass beds.

Objectives: We aimed to explore mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, damage, repair and degradation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with depression and to compare the re...

Aging can be defined as an accumulation of damage, or a loss of function, with increasing age. For bacteria, it has generally been assumed that the mechanism used to cope with aging is the asymmetric segregation of damage at division, so that all of the damage is inherited by one cell and the other is therefore rejuvenated. Another, often neglected, mechanism is to repair the damage; our previous computational modelling work has found that an optimized, fixed rate of repair is fitter than damage segregation in well-mixed environments such as chemostats. The predominant mode of growth for bacteria is in biofilms, however, and here we investigate aging in biofilms using the individual-based model iDynoMiCS. In addition to the previously used damage segregation and fixed repair strategies, we introduced adaptive repair: sensing the current damage levels within the cell and responding to this by investing in damage repair machinery. We found that the optimal method for dealing with cellular damage varies with the environment being investigated. The investment of additional resources into adaptive repair is only beneficial when competition is sufficiently strong, in the chemostat and in biofilms, and the speed at which the fittest strategy becomes apparent depends upon the initial density of cells. When the bacterial cells are dense initially, and thus the competition between strategies is stronger, the adaptive repair strategy emerges as the winner much more rapidly.

Se analiza el reconocimiento del perjuicio ecológico en Francia como resultado de un largo proceso de construcción jurisprudencial y doctrinal. Para ello se toma como punto de partida el desastre del Erika, un petrolero cargado de 31 000 toneladas de fuel que se partió en las aguas bretonas, causando una marea negra que alcanzó más de 400 kilómetros de costafrancesa. Se estudian las distintas decisiones de los tribunales implicados en el juicio de esta catástrofe y las distinciones que se establecen entre perjuicios subjetivos (intereses patrimoniales y extrapatrimoniales de las personas) y objetivos (daños al ambiente natural). The recognitionof the ecologic damage in France is analysed as a result longprocessof jurisprudential and doctrinal construction. For that, the Erika disasteris taken as a starting point, an oil tanker loaded with 31,000 tons of fuel which broke offin Breton waters, causing an oil slick which affected more than 400 kilometres of French coast.The different court’sdecision involved in the trial of this catastrophe, as well as the difference established between subjective damages (patrimonial and extra patrimonialinterest of the people) and objective damage (environmental damage)have been studied.

Over the last decade, several theoretical models have been put forth to describe how animals respond to adverse environments and how this response changes under different physiological demands across life history stages. These models capture the context- and condition-dependent nature of stress responses. Yet, application of the models has been limited thus far in part because each model addresses different aspects of the problems facing the field of stress biology. Thus, there is a need for a unifying theoretical model that incorporates changes in physiological demand with life history stages and age, intricate relationships among physiological systems, and biphasic nature of stress responses. Here, I propose a new integrative framework, the Damage-Fitness Model. In this model, regulators, such as DNA repair mechanisms and glucocorticoids, work together as anti-damage mechanisms to minimize damage at both the cellular and organismal level. When the anti-damage regulators are insufficient or inappropriate, persistent damage accumulates. Previous studies indicate that these damage directly impact reproductive performance, disease risk, and survival. The types of regulators, the threshold at which they are initiated, and the magnitude of the responses are shaped by developmental and current environments. This model unites existing theoretical models by shifting our focus from physiological responses to downstream consequences of the stress responses, circumventing context specificity. Discussions include (1) how the proposed model relates to existing models, (2) steps to test the new model, and (3) how this model can be used to better assess the health of individuals and a population. Lay summary The field of stress physiology faces a challenge of characterizing dynamic cellular, physiological, and behavioral responses when animals encounter a stressor. This paper proposes a new theoretical model which links stress avoidance, damage repair and accumulation, and fitness components.

e21163 Background: Deleterious somatic DNA damage repair (DDR) gene mutations are frequent in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and are associated with improved clinical outcomes of immunotherapy. DDR gene mutations are associated with higher tumor mutational burden (TMB) in cancer. However, the effect of germline DDR-related genes mutation with different functional annotations on TMB in NSCLC patients is still unclear. Methods: 1671 Chinese patients with NSCLC were enrolled in this study. Genomic profiling was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples or peripheral blood by next generation sequencing (NGS) with 733 cancer-related genes panel. The germline mutation data were obtained. All annotations in clinical significance were according to the 2015 American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics-Association for Molecular Pathology (ACMG-AMP) guidelines. Results: 1076 patients (64.39%) had germline DDR-related gene mutations and 595 (35.61%) had no germline DDR-related gene mutations. Among patients with DDR-related gene mutations, 78 (7.25%) patients had the pathogenic (P) mutations or likely pathogenic (LP) mutations and 1056 (98.14%) had variants of unknown significance (VOUS) mutations. In total, the median TMB was 3.91 mutations/MB (range, 0-68.16) and 4.47 mutations/MB (range, 0-51.40) in patients with P, LP or VOUS mutations and no germline DDR-related gene mutations, respectively. To the further analysis, we divided patients with germline DDR-related gene mutations into three groups: only P or LP mutations (Group 1), only VOUS mutations (Group 2) and concurrence with P/LP/VOUS mutations (Group 3). Compare to the DDR-negative group, TMB was significantly lower in Group 2 (P < 0.001). No significant differences in Group 1 and Group 3 were observed. In addition, we found that mutations in different DDR pathway could not affect TMB value significantly. Conclusions: Germline DNA damage repair-related genes mutation may be not associated with TMB.

In order to explore the pavement performance of steel slag for pavement damage repair, steel slag, river sand and resin binder are mixed in proportion to prepare steel slag mixture. The test results show that the steel slag mixture has excellent high temperature stability, water stability, low water absorption and low expansibility. The engineering application shows that the steel slag resin mixture has no quality problem after being used to repair the pavement damage for half a year. At the same time, it can also solve the problem of environmental pollution caused by the solid waste of steel slag, which has good social benefits.

The objective of the present work is to investigate the effect of bonded stepped and scarf repair methods on the tensile strength restoration of glass fibre epoxy composites. The composites were fabricated using hand lay-up technique and the specimens were subjected to impact at two different energies of 41 J and 44.3 J. The damage was assessed using dye penetration along with CAD image scaling technique. Damage repaired specimens were characterised for the tensile test which was carried out on a cut portion of the plate having repair identical to the parent laminate. Tensile strength restoration for 41 J and 44.3 J impact energies of scarf repaired laminates was 69.26% and 64.19%, respectively, whereas for step repaired laminates it was 63.46% and 59.74% respectively.