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The chemical compositions of essential oils obtained from Ocimum basilicum var. thyrsiflora (1.39 % dry weight) and Ocimum basilicum (0.61 %) were analyzed by GC-MS. Seventy-three constituents representing 99.64 % of the chromatographic peak area were obtained in the O. basilicum var. thyrsiflora oil, whereas 80 constituents representing 91.11 % observed in the essential oil of O. basilicum were obtained. Methyl chavicol (81.82 %), β-(E)-ocimene (2.93 %) and α-(E)- bergamotene (2.45 %) were found to be the dominant constituents in O. basilicum var. thyrsiflora oil while O. basilicum contained predominantly linalool (43.78 %), eugenol (13.66 %) and 1,8-cineole (10.18 %). The clear separation of the volatiles in all samples, demonstrated by the application of GC×GC, resulted in significantly different fingerprints for the two types of basil. The O. basilicum oil showed strong antioxidant activity while the oil of O. basilicum var. thyrsiflora exhibited very low activity, which was attributed to the significant differences in linalool and eugenol contents in these essential oils.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different extraction methods on the content of thymoquinone using HPLC and UV-Vis spectroscopy. To investigate the antioxidant activities of thymoquinone by measuring the free radical scavenging activity. To identify the functional groups of thymoquinone using FTIR analysis. One gram of powdered black seed was added to 20 mL of solvents (hexane and methanol) into a conical flask and mixed. The mixtures were extracted by different methods which were maceration, percolation, and ultrasonic-assisted extraction. In the percolation method, the mixtures were placed in a water bath of 40 °C for 4 hours whereas, for maceration, the mixtures were left at room temperature for 4 hours. On the other hand, the mixtures were placed in an ultrasonic bath at room temperature for 2 hours in ultrasonic-assisted extraction. The extracts were centrifuged at 4000 rpm at 4 °C for 10 minutes and filtered. The extracts were then analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by a validated method which was HPLC and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The standard thymoquinone was scanned to identify the functional groups present in the chemical structure. On the other hand, the antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH radical scavenging. In HPLC analysis, the maceration method with hexane extracted the most content (1.5299mg) of thymoquinone. On the other hand, in the UV method, the percolation method with methanol extracted the most content (9.1019mg) of thymoquinone. The free radical scavenging activity was observed highest (95.6891%) in methanol extracts from the percolation method. The results in the present study show that hexane extract from the maceration method is the best method to extract the main bioactive component, thymoquinone from N. sativa L. seed. Furthermore, the N. sativa seed extracts exhibit antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A practical and efficient synthesis of new electroactive azobenzene derivatives of bis(indolyl)methanes has been achieved via the Friedel-Crafts reaction of indole with 5-arylazosalicylaldehydes using propylphosphonic anhydride (T3P®) as an activating agent. This protocol is distinguished by its operational simplicity, high product yields, short reaction time, good functional group tolerance, and environmental friendliness. The antioxidant properties of the synthesized compounds were explored by examining their radical scavenging effect on DPPH radicals and their electrochemical redox behavior was assessed using cyclic voltammetry studies. [Display omitted] • This is the first series of azobenzene derivatives of bis(indolyl)methanes. • Synthesized electroactive compounds have high DPPH radical scavenging activity. • Cyclic voltammetry was used to correlate the redox potential with antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to develop polyelectrolyte material suitable for active beef steaks coatings, by complexation of chitosan (CH) and sodium alginate (ALG) in a broad range of alginate/chitosan ratios (R). The rheological analysis confirmed significant effect of polymers ratios on the physical properties of sodium alginate-chitosan (ACH) hydrosols. The shear thinning non-Newtonian nature, thixotropic behavior and gel-like structure of solutions were displayed. Obtained complexes possess DPPH radical scavenging activity corresponding to 5.33, 17.06 and 41.41 μM Trolox/ml for 0 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 pmm of sodium erythorbate dose, respectively. Application of ACH hydrosols enriched with 1000 ppm of sodium erythorbate enhanced redness and color stability of beef steaks during storage (∆ E after 2-weeks of storage = 1.44 ± 0.08) compared to uncovered beef (∆ E after 2-weeks of storage = 3.53 ± 0.13). The limited solubility in range of 0%–54.56% as well as favorable wetting properties (contact angle between 45°–66°) of polyelectrolyte ACH films were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooking can change the polyphenol contents of eggplant. This study elucidated the effects of grilling on total polyphenol content (TPC), antioxidant capacity, and the inner structures of eggplant. After identical hollowing, cylindrical eggplant samples were prepared and were then grilled until their center temperatures (CT) respectively reached 50, 65, 75, 85, and 95 °C. Chemical assays and observations of the inner structures clarified that TPC and 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity decreased as CT increased when CT was below 65 °C. Results also showed that TPC and DPPH radical scavenging activity increased as CT increased when CT was between 65 °C and 95 °C. For CT 65 °C, the samples retained polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity up to 40% of the raw state activity. The 3 grilled eggplant models, chlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid-sugar and chlorogenic acid-amino acid model, yielded results showing that phenol functional groups on chlorogenic acid were thermally stable and that phenol functional groups on chlorogenic acid reacted neither with sugar nor with amino acids. Results show that PPO activity is a primary reason for the decrease of the 2 indices. Optical microscopic and scanning electron microscopic observations revealed collapsed cells and inter-tissue cracks around the surface area for CT 85 and 95 °C. Scanning electron microscopic observations clarified that intercellular bonds for CT 85 and 95 °C became thinner than those for CT 75 °C around the middle area. The phenomena explained above are reasons for the increase of TPC and DPPH radical scavenging activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro antioxidant activities of polyphenolic extract of Terminalia chebula Retzius (Combretaceae) fruits. The polyphenolic extract of T. chebula fruits was evaluated for antioxidant activity by determining the reducing power, total antioxidant capacity, DPPH radical concentration (IC 50 14 μg/mL), nitric oxide radical concentration (IC 50 30.51 μg/mL) and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity (IC 50 265.53 μg/mL) under in vitro conditions. Moreover, the phytochemical characterisation of the extract was also measured by determining the total phenolic, flavonoid, tannin and ascorbic acid contents. Characterisation of the extract was also performed by HPLC profiling with the standard gallic acid. The present study demonstrated that the extract has significant reducing capacity and nitric oxide scavenging activity. It also scavenges hydrogen peroxide-induced radicals. The activity of the extract may be due to the total polyphenolic content. The antioxidant activity of the extract is significantly higher than the standard ascorbic acid, and its activity is concentration-dependent. It is concluded that a polyphenolic-rich fraction of T. chebula fruits is a potential source of natural antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total soluble polyphenols (TSP), total monomeric anthocyanins (TMA), radical scavenging activity (RSA), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and a number of anthocyanins, phenolic acids, coumarins, flavanols, dihydrochalcones and flavonols were investigated in Tuscan bilberry (i.e. Vaccinium myrtillus ) and “false bilberry” (i.e. Vaccinium uliginosum subsp. gaultherioides Bigelow). V. myrtillus berries showed much higher TSP, TMA, RSA and FRAP values than V. uliginosum subsp. gaultherioides fruits. Moreover, very different profiles of individual phenolics were observed in the two species, being V. myrtillus mainly characterised by delphinidin and cyanidin glycosides, together with chlorogenic acid, and V. uliginosum subsp. gaultherioides dominated by malvidin derivatives and flavonols. Strong differences between the two species regarded also metabolites investigated herein for the first time, such as scopoletin, which was approximately two magnitude orders higher in V. uliginosum subsp. gaultherioides than in V. myrtillus berries. Very different abundances were also highlighted for cryptochlorogenic acid and quercetin-3-rhamnoside that were about ten-fold higher in bilberry than in “false bilberry”. When the anthocyanin composition pattern of Tuscan “false bilberry” was compared to those elsewhere reported for V. uliginosum fruits harvested in different world areas, some important differences were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new xanthone, namely garcinexanthone G (1), along with eight known compounds, stigmasta-5,22-dien-3β-ol (2), stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-O-β-glucopyranoside (3), 3β-acetoxy-11α,12α-epoxyoleanan-28,13β-olide (4), 2,6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone (5), 1,3,5-trihydroxy-2-methoxyxanthone (6), 1,3,7-trihydroxyxanthone (7), kaempferol (8) and quercetin (9), were isolated from the stem bark ofGarcinia atroviridis. Their structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic methods including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR-1D and 2D), UV, IR, and mass spectrometry. All the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant properties based on the DPPH radical scavenging activities. Results showed that 1,3,7-trihydroxyxanthone and quercetin showed significant antioxidant activities with EC50values of 16.20 and 12.68 μg/ml, respectively, as compared to the control, ascorbic acid (7.4 μg/ml). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Wheatgrass juice is mainly derived from the common wheat Triticum aestivum L. The present study focused on the analysis of the potential of different perennial turfgrass species in grass juice production by determining certain compositional characteristics. The effects of fertilisers on the plants and the cutting time on some chemical constituents and antioxidant potential of grass juices were addressed. The juices from the different species of grasses, such as T. durum, T. aestivum, Lolium perenne L„ Festuca arundinacea Schreb. were obtained by pressing. DPPH (1, ldiphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, elemental composition, total chlorophylls, total carotenes, tocopherols, vitamin C, total phenols, viscosity and the colour profiles of the grass juice samples were analysed. Water-soluble dry matter, protein, total phenols, flavonoids and vitamin E (especially Durum cultivar) content were found to be higher in the juices of Triticum species as compared to the other grasses. Turfgrass species demonstrated higher concentrations of oil (in grass), vitamin C (unfertilised samples), chlorophyll (except L. perenne local) and major elements. The pressing of turfgrass was an easy process. Such perennial grass varieties have advantages over the Triticum species in terms of having higher concentrations of vitamin C (unfertilised samples) and major elements. The results of sensory analysis suggested that L. perenne (cultivar) is the most promising cultivar in terms of obtaining pressed grass juice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new phenanthrene alkaloids, beilschglabrines A ( 1 ) and B ( 2 ) were isolated from the stem bark of Beilschmiedia glabra , together with lupeol, taraxerol, and 24-methylenelanosta-7,9-diene-3β-15α-diol. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic data analysis and comparison with respective literature data. The compounds were tested for DPPH radical scavenging, acetylcholinesterase and lipoxygenase inhibitory activities. Compound 1 displayed considerable activity in the acetylcholinesterase (IC 50 50.4 μM), the DPPH radical scavenging (IC 50 115.9 μM) and the lipoxygenase (IC 50 32.8 μM) assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new highly-oxygenated flavonoid glycosides, gossypetin-5- O -(6″-( E )-caffeoyl)- β -d-glucoside ( 1 ) and herbacetin-5- O -(6″-( E )-caffeoyl)- β - d -glucoside ( 2 ) were isolated from the leaves of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods including one- and two-dimensional NMR, and HR-ESI–MS. Compounds have potent DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC 50 12.0 μM ( 1 ) and 22.9 μM ( 2 ) (Vc as positive control, IC 50 59.0 μM) and inhibitory activity onproliferation of preadipocyte 3T3-L1 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new process for the enzyme-catalyzed extraction of polysaccharides from Phellinus igniarius was developed. Parameters included the pH value, temperature, enzyme dosage and extraction time. The effects of these parameters on extraction yields of P. igniarius polysaccharides (PIPs) were investigated, and the optimal process was further determined by using response surface methodology (RSM). Assays to determine the total reducing power, ABTS free-radical scavenging activity and DPPH radical scavenging activity were then used to determine the antioxidant activity of the extracted PIPs. The results showed that the optimal conditions for enzyme-catalyzed extraction included a pH value of 5.79, a reaction time of 1.5 h, an extraction temperature of 55.02 °C and enzyme dosage of 3.04%. Compared with conventional hot-water extraction, the extraction yield of PIPs was increased by 49.5%. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the PIPs was stronger than that of other fungus polysaccharides from Agrocybe aegirit, Hericium erinaceus, Flammulina velutiper and Lentinus edodes. When the PIP concentration was 4 g/L, total reducing power was 0.643±0.012, ABTS free-radical scavenging activity was 95.40±0.16% and DPPH radical scavenging activity was 69.08±3.03%. Thus, the development of an enzyme-catalyzed method for extracting PIPs from P. igniarius was found to be feasible and to show high extraction efficacy, and the PIPs displayed good antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study describes the syntheses and biological investigations of sulfonyl hydrazides and their novel derivatives. The detailed investigations involved the characterization of the newly synthesized compounds using FTIR, NMR, mass spectrometry and by single crystal X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis techniques. The binding tendencies of these compounds with CT-DNA (calf thymus DNA) have been explored by electronic absorption (UV) spectroscopy and viscosity measurement. The binding constant (K) and Gibb's free energy (ΔG) values were also calculated accordingly. In addition, we also investigated the biological activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, enzyme inhibition and DNA interactions. The antioxidant activity was assayed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, while antibacterial activity was investigated against four bacterial strains ( viz. Escherichia coli , Crynibacteria bovius , Staphylococcus auras and Bacillus antherasis ) by employing the common disc diffusion method. Enzyme inhibition activity of the synthesized compounds was examined against butyrylcholinestrase. The results of enzyme inhibition activity and the DNA binding interaction studies were also collected through molecular docking program using computational analysis. Our study reveals that the newly synthesized compounds possess moderate to good biological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cystoseira usneoides is a brown algae commonly found in the Portuguese coast. A previous study has reported high antioxidant activity of its extract, however, few works have been made in order to isolate and identify the molecules responsible for the antioxidant activity. In this work, a vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) was performed to Cystoseira usneoides dichloromethane extract using silica gel with the following solvents system: 100% cyclohexane followed by a mixture of 3:1; 1:1; 1:3 of cyclohexane and ethyl acetate and 100 % ethyl acetate. The five fractions were concentrated in a rotary evaporator and dissolved in DMSO at 100mg/ml. The antioxidant potential of all fractions was evaluated by both, the quantification of the total phenolic content (TPC) and by the evaluation of the DPPH radical scavenging activity. Comparatively to the initial values of DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50= 81.8 µg/ml (54.74-122.2)) and the total phenolic content (86.28 ± 0.002 mg of gallic acid eq./g of extract) of the crude dichloromethane extract, all the fractions obtained by VLC in a silica gel column reported much less antioxidant activity. The most active fractions scavenging the DPPH radical were F3, F4 and F5 which presented and IC50 of 1314 (1209-1429), 2084 (1624-2674) and 1414 (1199-1668) µg/ml, respectively. F5 fraction presented the highest phenolic content of 20.85 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g of extract. The results suggest that the compounds we are trying to isolate have strong affinity with the stationary phase, and therefore, weren’t eluted with the solvents, even with the increasing polarity along the chromatography. Even though VLC, with a silica gel column, have already revealed to be efficient for separation of compounds extracted with dichloromethane, as regards to antioxidant compounds, these continue to be a great challenge.

Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma in atmospheric pressure air was used for microbial decontamination of thin sheets of dried laver, which are commonly used in kimbab preparation. Microbial contaminants namely aerobic bacteria, moulds and marine bacteria were found in sun-dried laver sheets. DBD plasma was generated at an output voltage of 30 kV AC and a frequency of 30 kHz. Upon the plasma treatment of laver, 2.5-log (99.68%), nearly 1.5-log (96.84%) and above 1.0-log (90%) unit reductions in viable counts of aerobic bacteria, marine bacteria and moulds were observed over a 10-min period, respectively. The inactivation pattern fitted well to Singh-Heldman model or pseudo first-order kinetics. Compared to control laver, no significant (P > 0.05) changes in the colour characteristics, total phenolic content and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity were observed in plasma-treated laver. Furthermore, DBD plasma-treated laver sheets had exerted no negative impact on the sensory characteristics of kimbab and can extend the shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seven new triterpenoids ( 1 – 7 ), together with two known ones ( 8 – 9 ), were isolated from the aerial parts of Ilex cornuta . The leaves of I. cornuta are the major source of “Kudingcha”, a popular herbal tea consumed in China and other countries. The structures of compounds 1 – 7 were determined as 20 -epi- urs-12,18-dien-28-oic acid 3β- O -α- l -arabinopyranoside ( 1 ), 20 -epi- urs-12,18-dien-28-oic acid 2′- O -acetyl-3β- O -α- l -arabinopyranoside ( 2 ), 20- epi -urs-12,18-dien-28-oic acid 3β- O -β- d -glucuronopyranoside-6- O -methyl ester ( 3 ), 3β,23-dihydroxy-20 -epi- urs-12,18-dien-28-oic acid ( 4 ), 23-hydroxy-20 -epi- urs-12,18-dien-28-oic acid 3β- O -α- l -arabinopyranoside ( 5 ), 23-hydroxy-20 -epi- urs-12,18-dien-28-oic acid 3β- O -β- d -glucuronic acid ( 6 ), 23-hydroxy-20- epi -urs-12,18-dien-28-oic acid 3β- O -β- d -glucuronopyranoside-6- O -methyl ester ( 7 ), on the basis of spectroscopic analyses (IR, ESI–MS, HR-ESI–MS, 1D and 2D NMR) and chemical reactions. Protective effects against H 2 O 2 -induced H9c2 cardiomyocyte injury were tested in vitro for compounds 1 – 9 , and the data showed that compound 4 had significant cell-protective effect. Compounds 1 - 9 did not show significant DPPH radical scavenging activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new monoterpene glycosides ( 1 – 3 ) and eleven known compounds ( 4 – 14 ) were isolated from seeds of Helianthus annuus L. (sunflower). Their structures were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods. All the compounds were isolated from sunflower seeds for the first time. Protective effects of compounds 1 – 14 against H 2 O 2 -induced H9c2 cardiomyocyte injury were evaluated, and compounds 1 and 2 showed some cell-protective effects. No significant DPPH radical scavenging activity was observed for compounds 1 – 14 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DPPH assay is widely used to evaluate the radical scavenging activities of peptides. Effects of pH and buffers on the stability of DPPH• and its reduced product (DPPHH) in the ethanol-buffer solution were investigated in this study and the reactivity of DPPH• towards several dipeptides was compared to that of 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS• + ) and the peroxyl radicals in oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. Results showed that the deprotonation of DPPHH under basic condition could interfere with the spectrophotometric measurement at 515–525 nm. It was suggested that the reaction mixture be maintained at a final pH range of 5.0–6.5 in 1:1 ethanol–acetate/citrate buffer medium when evaluating the activities of peptides. Additionally, among tested dipeptides, only Cys-containing dipeptides displayed DPPH• scavenging activity with 0.14–0.28 μmol TE (Trolox equivalent)/μmol, while Tyr/Trp-containing dipeptides with high reactivity towards ABTS• + and peroxyl radicals were inert to DPPH• with TE values less than 0.02. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to establish optimal conditions for the hydrolysis of bovine plasma protein. Response surface methodology was used to model and optimize responses [degree of hydrolysis (DH), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity and Fe 2+ -chelating activity]. Hydrolysis conditions, such as hydrolysis temperature (46.6–63.4 °C), hydrolysis time (98–502 min), and hydrolysis pH (6.32–9.68) were selected as the main processing conditions in the hydrolysis of bovine plasma protein. Optimal conditions for maximum DH (%), DPPH radical-scavenging activity (%) and Fe 2+ -chelating activity (%) of the hydrolyzed bovine plasma protein, were respectively established. We discovered the following three conditions for optimal hydrolysis of bovine plasma: pH of 7.82–8.32, temperature of 54.1 °C, and time of 338.4–398.4 min. We consequently succeeded in hydrolyzing bovine plasma protein under these conditions and confirmed the various desirable properties of optimal hydrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effect of pepsin pretreatment on the ACE-inhibitory and DPPH radical scavenging activities of soya protein hydrolysates prepared with alcalase and protamex. The protein recovery, TCA-soluble peptide content, surface hydrophobicity, particle size and zeta potential were evaluated. Results showed that the hydrolysates exhibited varying ACE-inhibitory (i.e. the highest value 72.6% by alcalase and 84.3% by protamex) and DPPH radical scavenging activities (i.e. the highest value 51.9% by alcalase and 51.7% by protamex). Pepsin pretreatment could make soya proteins more susceptible for hydrolysis, and the results showed that the ACE-inhibitory and DPPH radical scavenging activities of the resultant hydrolysates were improved. A highly significant positive correlation between ACE-inhibitory and DPPH radical scavenging activities was observed in the alcalase hydrolysates, while no significant correlation among other treatments. The physical properties of hydrolysates, that is surface hydrophobicity, particle size and zeta potential, could influence their ACE-inhibitory and DPPH radical scavenging activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proanthocyanidins, which are composed of oligomeric flavan-3-ol units, are contained in various foodstuffs (e.g., fruits, vegetables, and drinks) and are strongly biologically active compounds. We investigated which element of the proanthocyanidin structure is primarily responsible for this functionality. In this study, we elucidate the importance of the upper-unit of 4–8 condensed dimeric flavan-3-ols for antimicrobial activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) and cervical epithelioid carcinoma cell line HeLa S3 proliferation inhibitory activity. To clarify the important constituent unit of proanthocyanidin, we synthesized four dimeric compounds, (−)-epigallocatechin-[4,8]-(+)-catechin, (−)-epigallocatechin-[4,8]-(−)-epigallocatechin, (−)-epigallocatechin-[4,8]-(−)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, and (+)-catechin-[4,8]-(−)-epigallocatechin and performed structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies. In addition to antimicrobial activity against S. cerevisiae and proliferation inhibitory activity on HeLa S3 cells, the correlation of 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity with the number of phenolic hydroxyl groups was low. On the basis of the results of our SAR studies, we concluded that B-ring hydroxyl groups of the upper-unit of the dimer are crucially important for strong and effective activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, atmospheric pressure corona discharge plasma jet (CDPJ) was used for surface microbial decontamination of thin sheets of dried laver, which is commonly used in ready-to-eat Korean rice roll, gimbap (kimbab). Microbial contaminants namely aerobic bacteria, molds, and marine bacteria were found on the surface of commercial dried laver sheets. CDPJ was generated at an output voltage of 20 kV DC and frequency of 58 kHz. Upon exposure to the CDPJ, greater than 2 log (99%) unit reductions in viable cell count of aerobic bacteria was observed over a 20 min period. The inactivation pattern fitted well to Singh–Heldman model or pseudo-first order kinetics. Compared to plasma-unexposed laver, no changes in color characteristics, total phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging activity were observed in plasma-exposed laver. Furthermore, CDPJ-exposed laver sheets had exerted minimal to no impact on sensory characteristics of gimbap (kimbab), while extending the shelf life of the product. In conclusion, CDPJ can be used for surface decontamination of dried laver without adversely affecting its physical as well as functional properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The natural antioxidant products in the plant kingdom play an important role in the healthy life style and reduce the risk for various chronic diseases. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate different antioxidant pharmacological property of methanol extract for fifteen species of Campanula plant from Palestinian flora. Methods: The antioxidant activity of fifteen Campanula species growing wildly in Palestine were studied using 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and their antioxidant activity was compared to Trolox antioxidant activity. Results: The results clearly demonstrate a very high antioxidant activity of the Campanula sulphurea and Campanula sidoniensis and they showed almost the same antioxidant activity of Trolox. The other twelve species extracts also exhibited excellent antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging activity in comparison with trolox standard. Conclusion: Methanol extract of Campanula can be valuable for treatment of different diseases and could be used as a possible new source of natural antioxidants in the food, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to investigate the biochemical properties of fermented product of half-fin anchovy (HAFP; Setipinna taty) made by Natto bacillus fermentation—including molecular weight distribution, amino acid composition, solubility, foaming, and emulsifying profiles. Furthermore, the influences of thermal processing, pH alteration, and in vitro simulated gastric and intestinal digestion on the antioxidative stability of HAFP in terms of the scavenging 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazayl (DPPH) radical were evaluated. Results showed that HAFP contained small peptides (< 1,500 Da) and free amino acids. The amounts of essential amino acids and flavor amino acids were 155.219 and 178.636 mg/g of dry HAFP, respectively. Moreover, HAFP contained high levels of antioxidative and hydrophobic amino acids. In suitable pH values, HAFP exhibited good solubility, foaming, and emulsifying properties. The antioxidative activity of HAFP on the scavenging DPPH radical increased after thermal processing. Furthermore, the DPPH radical scavenging activity of HAFP was enhanced slightly or dramatically after being treated under pH values from 3 to 6, or in vitro simulated gastric and intestinal digestion. It can be concluded that HAFP could have potential application in foods as a natural antioxidative ingredient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the extraction conditions for the maximum recovery of polyphenols with high antioxidant activity were optimised by response surface methodology (RSM) in Feronia limonia fruit. The independent variables were viz. concentration of ethanol ( X 1 : 30–70%), incubation temperature ( X 2 : 37–60%) and solvent-to-solid ratio ( X 3 : 20–40%). ANOVA results showed that concentration of ethanol and temperature affected the total polyphenol content (TPC, Y 1 ), DPPH ( Y 2 ) and ABTS ( Y 3 ) radical scavenging activities significantly ( p < 0.05) whereas solvent-to-solid ratio was found to be insignificant. A second-order polynomial model satisfactorily fitted the experimental data with the R 2 values of 0.966, 0.946 and 0.955, respectively for the responses Y 1 , Y 2 and Y 3 ( p < 0.0001), implying a good agreement between the predicted and experimental values. The optimal conditions for the highest yield of TPC (7.21 ± 1.4 g GAE/g) with >80% radical scavenging activities were derived at X 1 = 62.7%, X 1 = 49.7 °C and X 3 = 39.4 mL/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) based on five levels was employed to model and optimize four experimental operating conditions of extraction temperature (10–90 °C) and time (6–30 h), particle size (6–24 mm) and water to solid (W/S, 10–50) ratio, obtaining polysaccharides from Althaea officinalis roots with high yield and antioxidant activity. For each response, a second-order polynomial model with high R 2 values (>0.966) was developed using multiple linear regression analysis. Results showed that the most significant ( P < 0.05) extraction conditions that affect the yield and antioxidant activity of extracted polysaccharides were the main effect of extraction temperature and the interaction effect of the particle size and W/S ratio. The optimum conditions to maximize yield (10.80%) and antioxidant activity (84.09%) for polysaccharides extraction from A. officinalis roots were extraction temperature 60.90 °C, extraction time 12.01 h, particle size 12.0 mm and W/S ratio of 40.0. The experimental values were found to be in agreement with those predicted, indicating the models suitability for optimizing the polysaccharides extraction conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elaeagnus umbellata is a plant that grows in the hilly areas of Pakistan. Free radical scavenging activities and anti-lipid peroxidative properties of hot water, methanol, n-hexane, and acetone extracts of E. umbellata berries were evaluated. Extracts showed inhibition against thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) induced using the pro-oxidants iron (10 μM FeSO) and sodium nitroprusside (5 μM) in brain and liver homogenates of mice. Extracts also showed metal chelating activities of IC (extract concentration that causes 50% scavenging)=40-43 μg/mL and DPPH radical scavenging activities of IC=45.4-49 μg/mL. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of gallic, vanillic, coumaric, ferulic, sinapic, and caffeic acids in berries. The fruit of E. umbellata is a potential source of antioxidants with therapeutic importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to explore the influences of roasting process on the nutritional composition and nutritive value, antinutritional factors, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of guava seeds. Roasting process caused significant ( P ≤ 0.05) decreases in moisture content, crude protein, crude fiber, ash and mineral contents, isoleucine, arginine, glutamic and total aromatic and sulfur amino acids, antinutritional factors (tannins and phytic acid) and flavonoids, while oil content increased. Subjecting guava seeds to 150 °C for 10, 15 and 20 min increased the total essential amino acids from 35.19 g/100 g protein in the raw sample to 36.96, 37.30 and 37.47 g/100 g protein in roasted samples, respectively. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) of guava seeds roasted at 150 °C for 10, 15 and 20 min were about 1.08, 1.14 and 1.18 times as high as that in unroasted seeds. Lysine was the first limiting amino acid, while leucine was the second limiting amino acid in raw and roasted guava seeds. Total phenolic contents was significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) increased by roasting at 150 °C for 10 min. However, roasting at 150 °C for 15 and 20 min caused significant decrease in the phenolic content of guava seeds. Guava seeds subjected to roasting process showed higher DPPH radical scavenging and reducing power activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the marine-derived endophytic fungus Paecilomyces variotii resulted in the isolation of two new butenolides, namely, butyrolactone IX ( 1 ) and aspulvinone O ( 7 ), together with eight known related congeners, butyrolactones I, IV, V, and VI ( 2 – 5 ), aspernolide A ( 6 ), and aspulvinones H, C, and D ( 8 – 10 ). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis and by comparison with literature data. All of the isolated butenolides were tested for their activity against DPPH radicals and the results showed that butyrolactones ( 1 – 6 ) possessed potent activity with IC 50 values ranging from 38.0 to 186.3 μM, while aspulvinones ( 7 – 10 ) exhibited significant activities with IC 50 values ranging from 11.6 to 29.4 μM, which are stronger than that of the positive control BHT (with IC 50 117.7 μM). The preliminary structure–activity relationship was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new extraction method, homogenate-assisted negative pressure cavitation extraction, was designed to extract the main active compounds from Pyrola incarnata Fisch. The influential parameters were optimized by single factor experiments and extraction kinetics. Optimal conditions were set as follows: homogenate time of 120 s, negative pressure of − 0.05 MPa, liquid/solid ratio of 30:1 mL/g, ethanol concentration at 60%, extraction temperature of 50 °C and extraction time of 25 min. Maximum extraction yields of hyperin, 2″-O-galloylhyperin and chimaphilin reached 1.205 ± 0.054, 4.961 ± 0.108 and 0.291 ± 0.016 mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay was used to assess the antioxidant activity of the extracts. HNPCE extract had the best antioxidant activity with IC 50 value of 0.144 ± 0.017 mg/mL. The present results showed that HNPCE could be a promising extraction technique used in the extraction of active compounds from plants. Industrial relevance In this work we showed a new extraction method, homogenate-assisted negative pressure cavitation extraction. This novel extraction technique also processes the advantages of potential eco-friendly technology, lower energy consumption, easy operation, shorter time and higher efficiency. It is promising for extensive industry applications in the nature product extraction fields. The results may provide valuable data for industrial scale-up applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • HPLC fingerprints of 12 batches of San-Bai Decoction (SBD) were established. • The antioxidant activity of SBD against DPPH radical was evaluated. • The spectrum-effect relationship was determined by GRA and PLS analysis. "San-Bai Decoction" (SBD) has been a traditional Chinese medicine compound preparation for replenishing Qi and promoting blood circulation, whitening skin, and removing blemishes since ancient times. However, its chemical composition and antioxidant activity are not clear thus far, which limits the in-depth study on its pharmacodynamic material basis and efficacy. The objective of this study was to establish the fingerprint profile of SBD, assess its antioxidant activity by measuring 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging ability, and find the spectrum-effect relationship of SBD by Grey Relation Analysis (GRA) and Partial Least Squares Regression (PLS). In this study, the fingerprint of SBD was established by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and 20 common peaks were found, among which 6 peaks were designated. The similarities between the fingerprints of 12 batches of SBD and the reference fingerprint (R) were all greater than 0.900. Meanwhile, the antioxidant activities of all batches were concentration-dependent in their linear regression equation. The result of GRA showed that the correlation order of 20 common peaks for DPPH radical scavenging was X13 > X7 > X3 > X6 > X10 > X11 > X4 > X12 > X2 > X18 > X9 > X5 > X19 > X1 > X20 > X16 > X17 > X15 > X8 > X14. At the same time, PLS study demonstrated that the contribution of six identified characteristic peaks to DPPH radical scavenging ability was X1 = X7 > X6 > X19 > X20 > X16. In this study, the spectrum-effect relationship of SBD between its HPLC fingerprint and the antioxidant activity can be used to screen the pharmacodynamic substance basis of its antioxidant action and lay the foundation for establishing quality standards and product development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The antioxidant properties of active peptides from silkworm pupae protein hydrolysate are of interest, and it serves as a novel source of calcium supplement., Methods: Optimize the preparation parameters of silkworm pupae bioactive peptide-calcium chelate, and investigate the mechanism and bioavailability of silkworm pupae active peptide as a transport carrier to promote calcium ion absorption using simulated gastrointestinal digestion and Caco-2 monolayer cell model., Results: The optimal process parameters for preparing peptide calcium chelate were the peptide calcium mass ratio of 3:1, pH of 6.7, a temperature of 35.6°C, and time of 32.8 min by Box-Behnken design, and the calciumchelating rate reached 84.67%. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of silkworm pupae protein hydrolysatecalcium chelate was 79.36 ± 4.31%, significantly higher than silkworm pupae protein hydrolysate (61.00 ± 9.56%). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy shows that the COO-, N-H, C-H, and C-O groups participated in the formation of silkworm pupae protein hydrolysate-calcium chelate. The particle size of the silkworm pupae protein hydrolysate-calcium chelate was 970.75 ± 30.12 nm, which was significantly higher than that of silkworm pupae protein hydrolysate (253.14 ± 5.72 nm). The silkworm pupae protein hydrolysate-calcium chelate showed a calcium dissolution rate of 71.01 ± 1.91% in the simulated intestinal phase, significantly higher than that of CaCl2 (59.34 ± 1.24%). In the Caco-2 cell monolayers, the silkworm pupae protein hydrolysatecalcium chelate was more favorable for calcium transport., Conclusion: A novel silkworm pupa protein hydrolysate-calcium chelate with high antioxidant activity was successfully prepared to improve the bioavailability of calcium., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Five new ursane-type triterpenoidal saponins ( 1 – 5 ), together with five known ones ( 6 – 10 ), were isolated from the EtOH extract of the roots of Ilex cornuta . The structures of saponins 1 – 5 were elucidated as 19 α -hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid 3 β -O- β -D-glucuronopyranoside ( 1 ), 19 α -hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid 3 β -O- β -D-glucuronopyranoside-6-O-ethyl ester ( 2 ), 19 α -hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid 3 β -O- α -L-arabinopyranosyl-(1 → 2)- β -D-glucuronopyranoside ( 3 ), 3 β -O-[ α -L-arabinopyranosyl-(1 → 2)- β -D-glucuronopyranosyl]-19 α -hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O- β -D-glucopyranosyl ester ( 4 ) and 3 β -O-[ α -L-arabinopyranosyl-(1 → 2)- β -D-glucuronopyranoside-6-O-methyl ester]-19 α -hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O- β -D-glucopyranosyl ester ( 5 ), on the basis of spectroscopic analyses (IR, ESI-MS, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR) and chemical reactions. Protective effects of compounds 1 – 10 against H 2 O 2 -induced H9c2 cardiomyocyte injury were tested. Compounds 1 – 5 , 7 , and 10 showed cell-protective effects. Among them compound 5 exhibited the highest activity. No significant DPPH radical scavenging activity was observed for compounds 1 – 10 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A phytochemical investigation on the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of Zanthoxylum armatum led in the isolation of two new prenylated alkaloids 2,6,7-trimethoxy-8-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)carbazole-3-carbaldehyde (1) and methyl-2,6,7-trimethoxy-8-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)carbazole-3-carboxylate (2), along with three known lignans cisamin (3), methyl pirpirtol (4), and fargesin (5) and one known alkaloid dictamine (6). Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic and crystallographic analysis and by comparison of the data with those in the literature. All the isolated compounds were screened for the DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Compounds 1, 2, and 6 showed profound activity while compounds 3–5 showed moderate activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolomic profiling of different parts (leaves, flowers and pods) of Acacia species ( Acacia nilotica , Acacia seyal and Acacia laeta ) was evaluated. The multivariate data analyses such as principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were used to differentiate the distribution of plant metabolites among different species or different organs of the same species. A. nilotica was characterized with a high content of saponins and A. seyal was characterized with high contents of proteins, phenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanins. A. laeta had a higher content of carbohydrates than A. nilotica and A. seyal . On the basis of these results, total antioxidant capacity, DPPH free radical scavenging activity and reducing power of the methanolic extracts of studied parts were evaluated. A. nilotica and A. seyal extracts showed less inhibitory concentration 50 (IC 50 ) compared to A. laeta extracts which means that these two species have the strongest radical scavenging activity whereas A. laeta extracts have the lowest radical scavenging activity. A positive correlation between saponins and flavonoids with total antioxidant capacity and DPPH radical scavenging activity was observed. Based on these results, the potentiality of these plants as antioxidants was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, antioxidant potentials of persimmon peel extracted with different levels of ethanol (0 [DW], 50, 70, and 99%) were screened for their antioxidant activity at various concentrations. The persimmon peel extracted by 70% ethanol inhibited 89.82% of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical at 0.5 mg/mL and had β-carotene bleaching inhibition activity at values of 91.26%. superoxide dismutase-like activity and reducing power had the highest in persimmon peel extracted by 70% ethanol each at 0.5 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL and the lowest persimmon peel extracted by distilled water. These results provided that persimmon peel extracted by 70% ethanol could be the most effective as a natural antioxidant in food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Ergothioneine, a potent antioxidant, has been found in highest concentration in oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) among other mushroom species. The purpose of the present study was to optimize the drying air temperature and residual moisture content (wb) for the maximization of ergothioneine content, total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, total reductive power activity (potassium ferricyanide), and the reduction of colour difference (ΔE) using response surface methodology (RSM). Oyster mushrooms were dried in a microwave-convective dryer, the temperature range was varied from 60 to 80°C and residual moisture content (wb) was varied from 5 to 20%, each at 5 levels. A rotatable central composite design (RCCD) consisting of 13 experimental runs with five replicates at the central points were applied and second-order polynomial models were used to describe the experimental data regarding the responses. Ergothioneine content was found to be highest at 70°C and 12.5% residual moisture content (wb). Total phenolic content was found to decrease with increase in temperature, 11.8 to 4.6 mg GAE/gm dw going from temperature 60 to 80°C. The IC50 for DPPH and total reductive power activity showed a gradual increase, showing decline in the antioxidant activity with rise in temperature, 9.9 to 0.1 mg/ ml and 0.0033 to 0.0012 mg/ml, respectively. A rise in drying temperature caused darkening. Thus, the optimized values of responses can be obtained at drying temperature of 69°C and 9% (wb) residual moisture content, yielding an ergothioneine content of 1.73 mg/gm dw, total polyphenols of 8.9 mg GAE/gm dw, IC50 for DPPH activity of 0.09 mg/ml, IC50 * (absorbance at 0.5 AU) for total reductive power of 0.0027 mg/ml and colour difference (ΔE) of 18. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] From a Mongolian medicinal plant, Dracocephalum foetidum, 26 compounds were isolated. [•] Chemical structures of the compounds were determined. [•] A caffeic acid trimer was isolated as a hyaluronidase inhibitor. [•] Two acacetin acyl glycosides showed hyaluronidase inhibitory activity. [•] DPPH radical scavenging activity of the isolated compounds was evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipase-catalysed acidolysis of p-coumaric acid with triolein was carried out, followed by separation of the synthesized phenolipids using column chromatography. The identification of synthesized phenolipids was conducted by using HPLC-MS. The antioxidant activities of the purified phenolipids were assessed in in vitro assays and biological systems. Monooleyl and dioleyl p-coumarates were identified as the phenolipid species present. The prepared phenolipids exhibited varying antioxidant activities in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and peroxyl radical scavenging, reducing power, β-carotene/linoleate bleaching, human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol oxidation as well as hydroxyl and peroxyl radical-induced DNA cleavage assays. Practical applications: In this study, the antioxidant activity of synthesized phenolipids, monooleyl and dioleyl p-coumarates obtained from p-coumaric acid and triolein, was investigated and confirmed in a number of commonly employed assays. The synthesized model phenolipids containing p-coumaric acid moiety and fatty acid chains exhibited improved lipophilicity and antioxidant activity. Extension of this work to marine omega-3 oils as starting materials is expected to produce novel phenolipids that may be used as nutraceuticals and functional food ingredients with unique stability characteristics and potentially improved health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work carried out on hitherto unknown chemical composition of essential oil isolated from leaf of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) and evaluation of its in vitro antioxidant activity is reported. Essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation using Clevenger apparatus was found to contain 27 volatile compounds by GC-FID and GC-MS analyses. Identification of 25 constituents comprising 98.1% of essential oil was done using NIST library and Wiley GC-MS library. This was further supported by the comparison of the reported retention indices with those determined. Confirmation of structural assignment of 13 compounds in leaf essential oil was done by co-injection with the authentic compounds. The compounds identified in essential oil include alcohols (32.1%), phenols (16.6%), aldehydes (16.2%), fatty acids (15.7%), alkanes (8.3%), esters (3.2%), terpenes (1.2%), and other classes of compounds (4.8%). Major components of the leaf essential oil were hydroquinone (16.6%), 2-hexenal (14.2%), palmitic acid (14.1%), 2-hexen-1-ol (11.5%) and phytol (11.4%). The essential oil demonstrated strong 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (IC50= 25±0.3 µg/mL). It also showed dose dependent reducing power activity. Total phenolic content of this essential oil was shown to be 28±0.4 mg GAE/g fresh leaves. This study demonstrates the strong potential of T. cordifolia leaf essential oil as a natural antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene derivative, monbarbatain E ( 1), together with 10 known bibenzyl or phenanthrene derivatives, were isolated from the acetone extract of the rhizomes of Monomeria barbata Lindl. The new compound was identified as 4-O-[4″-(5′-hydroxy-3′,3″-dimethoxybibenzyl)]-1,7-dihydroxy-2-methoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene on the basis of extensive spectroscopic investigations (HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR). Compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for their cytotoxic effects, and compounds 2-5 were tested for their antioxidant activities. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited medium cytotoxic activity against HL-60 and Skov-3 cell lines. Compounds 2-5 showed significant DPPH radical scavenging activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The isolation and chemical characterization of phlorotannins has gained special attention in recent years due to their specific health-promoting benefits. Flow-cell ultrasound-assisted extraction (90 W/cm 2 of sonication power, 2 min of retention time and 20 g solvent/g algae of liquid-solid ratio) was carried out by using double-distilled water (WE) and acetone:water mixture (AWE) as extraction solvents. The AWE showed a higher total polyphenols content (TPC), carbohydrates (CHOs) and antioxidant activities than WE. However, when the WE was purified by using Amberlite XAD16 column, the purified WE (PWE) showed similar a TPC, decreased CHOs and increased antioxidant activity compared to WE. The oxidation of the PWE extract was evaluated under natural, forced and severe oxidation condition for 120 h. Only severe oxidation conditions were able to significantly reduce TPC and antioxidant activities. PWE was dialyzed (20, 10, 3.5 and 2 kDa). The main bioactive fraction of phlorotannins was obtained from 10 to 20 kDa. CHOs were distributed in fractions below 20 kDa. MALDI-TOF analysis was performed for PWE, PD20 and PD2 extracts to analyze the degree of polymerization of phlorotannins, which ranged from 4 to 17 phloroglucinol units/molecule. Fragmentation patterns allowed the proximate identification of several phlorotannins in Ascophyllum nodosum extracts.

The crude ethanol extracts of four Indonesian medicinal plants namely Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.,Phyllanthus niruri Linn., Andrographis paniculata Ness., and Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. wereexamined for their antioxidant (radical scavenging) activity using 2, 2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) free radical and cytotoxicity using brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT). The total phenoliccontent was used the Folin-Ciocalteu method. IC50 values for DPPH radical scavenging activityranged from 14.5 to 178.5 μg/ml, with P. niruri having the lowest value and therefore the mostpotent, and C. aeruginosa having the highest value. LC50 values for BSLT ranged from 210.3 to593.2 μg/ml, with C. xanthorrhiza and A. paniculata having the lowest and highest values,respectively. The total phenolic content of the Indonesian plants ranged from 133.0 ±3.7 to863.3±54.7 mg tannic acid equivalent per 1 g extract, with C. aeruginosa and P. niruri having thelowest and highest values, respectively. A positive correlation between free radical scavengingactivity and the content of phenolic compounds was found in the four of Indonesian medicinal plants.