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483 results on '"DIMENSIONAL preference"'

102. The Effect of Intrauterine PCB Exposure on Visual Recognition Memory.

Author

Jacobson, Sandra W.

Abstract

Measures of prenatal exposure in 123 infants to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), cord serum PCB level, and maternal report of contaminated fish consumption predicted less preference for a novel stimulus on Fagan's test of visual recognition memory (VRM) at 7 months. Preference for novelty decreased in a dose-dependent fashion and postnatal exposure from nursing was not related to VRM. (Author/RH)

Published
1985

103. The Effects of Stimulus Dimension and Mode of Exploration on Original Thinking in Preschool Children.

Author

Fu, Victoria R.

Abstract

The effects of stimulus dimension and mode of exploration on preschool children's responses to pattern meanings and unusual uses tasks of original thinking were studied. The 3D tasks generated more responses overall. Visual and haptic exploration combined with 3D was the only condition studied to meet all criteria for construct validity. (Author/DWH)

Published
1984

104. Naturalistic Inquiry: An Example Used in Photographic Research.

Author

McIsaac, Marina Stock

Abstract

This study was designed as the first in a series of inquiries to investigate the use of multidimensional scaling techniques for observing and measuring underlying dimensions commonly perceived by viewers. Following a preliminary study to select photographs, 15 university students aged 19 to 45 were presented with stimuli consisting of 34 colored photographs which illustrated a variety of concepts. Sorting these stimuli into perceptually relevant groups was used as a primary method for recording judgments. Stimuli were presented randomly across pairs and subjects. Three types of data were collected: (1) similarity judgments between pairs of pictures; (2) interview information, including subjects' verbal descriptions of picture groups; and (3) demographic information about subjects. Results suggest that pictures are grouped by viewers according to commonly perceived inherent dimensions within the photograph. Three dimensional aspects--life, nature, and culture--appeared to contain primary visual meaning for subjects, suggesting the existence of a universality of meaning systems in visuals. Fourteen references are listed. (LMM)

Published
1984

105. The Relationship of Field Dependent/Independent Cognitive Styles, Stimuli Variability and Time Factor on Student Achievement.

Author

Atang, Christopher I.

Abstract

The effects of black and white and color illustrations on student achievement were studied to investigate the relationships between cognitive styles and instructional design. Field dependence (FD) and field independence (FI) were chosen as the cognitive style variables. Subjects were 85 freshman students in the Iowa State University Psychology pool. The three major instruments were the Group Embedded Figures Test, a color blindness test, and a computerized pretest and immediate posttest. Treatments were (1) programmed instruction supplemented by detailed, shaded drawings of the human heart in color and use of color drawings to answer posttest questions; (2) same treatment with black and white visuals; and (3) instructional script without visuals. Results showed no significant differences between FD/FI groups and no significant interactions. Posttest mean scores for the two experimental groups did not significantly differ from each other but were significantly higher than those of the control group. Color had minimal effect on posttest scores, and the FD subjects were not adversely affected by the presence of color. The students exposed to instructional materials without visuals needed more time to process and learn information. Sixteen references are listed. (LMM)

Published
1984

106. Auditory-Visual Perception of Changing Distance by Human Infants.

Author

Walker-Andrews, Arlene S. and Lennon, Elizabeth M.

Abstract

Examines, in two experiments, 5-month-old infants' sensitivity to auditory-visual specification of distance and direction of movement. One experiment presented two films with soundtracks in either a match or mismatch condition; the second showed the two films side-by-side with a single soundtrack appropriate to one. Infants demonstrated visual preferences for sound-matched films. (Author/BE)

Published
1985

107. The Development of Infant Sensitivity to Biomechanical Motions.

Author

Bertenthal, Bennett I.

Abstract

Examines, in three experiments, infant sensitivity at 20, 30, and 36 weeks of age to 3-dimensional structure of a human form specified through biomechanical motions. Findings are interpreted as suggesting that infants, by 36 weeks of age, are extracting fundamental properties necessary for interpreting a point-light display as a person. (Author/BE)

Published
1985

108. The Understanding of Pictorial Depth Cues, and the Ability to Visualise the Rotation of Three-dimensional Structures in Diagrams.

Author

Seddon, G. M. and Eniaiyeju, P. A.

Abstract

Explains an investigation which examined Nigerian students' (N=200) ability to respond to depth cues and to visualize the effects of rotations. Study results indicated that performance on cues tests correlated significantly with performance on rotation tests suggesting that cues influence students' ability to visualize the effects of performing the rotations. (ML)

Published
1986

109. Development of Conventional Object Term Descriptions.

Author

Schmidt, Constance R. and Shatz, Marilyn

Abstract

Examines how children's responses to questions about object terms varied across objects and the degree to which children specified common and conventional values for different object dimensions. (HOD)

Published
1986

110. Dimensional Salience and Speeded Sorting of Orientation by Kindergarten and Fourth-Grade Children.

Author

Lazzaro, Peter and Cook, Harold

Abstract

Investigates effects of perceptual salience and specific orientation values on 16 kindergarten and fourth-grade children executing a speeded sorting task. Kindergarten results supported the cognitive processing prediction that orientation sorting times would vary as a function of condition, but no differences were obtained for the fourth-grade subjects. (Author/DR)

Published
1986

111. Partial Occlusion in Young Children's Drawings.

Author

Light, Paul and Foot, Teresa

Abstract

Reports on three experiments involving 300 six-year old children that investigated the conditions under which young children would produce "separates" as opposed to partial occlusion drawings. (HOD)

Published
1986

112. The Amateur Scientist.

Author

Walker, Jearl

Abstract

Describes experiments which focus on the perception of three dimensions. Discusses the cues about distance and depth and the role they have in perceptions of three dimensions. Evaluates the effect of color on the illusion on depth. (ML)

Published
1986

113. Area-Matching Strategies Used by Young Children.

Author

Silverman, Irwin W.

Abstract

Varied conditions under which children aged four to five years matched the area of a rectangle with a given width or height to that of a square. Subjects matched one dimension of the rectangle to one side of the square suggesting that area matches seemed to be based on a side-matching strategy. (Author/AS)

Published
1984

114. Infant Visual Responses to Pattern: Which Metric Predicts Best?

Author

Pipp, Sandra and Haith, Marshall M.

Abstract

Visual fixations were recorded in newborn, 4-, and 8-week-old human infants as they scanned displays that varied in contour length, size, number, and a new metric, CVAL (based on Contour Variability, Amount and Location). One of the findings was that both contour length and CVAL separately accounted for approximatel1 95 of looking-duration variance. (Author/AS)

Published
1984

115. Emergence of the Ability to Discriminate a Blue from Gray at One Month of Age.

Author

Maurer, Daphne and Adams, Russell J.

Abstract

Two different methods which minimize achromatic cues were used to test the ability of one-month-olds to discriminate gray from broadband blue. Test data imply an improvement between birth and one month of age in the discrimination of gray from broadband blue. Possible physiological changes underlying this improvement are discussed. (Author/RWB)

Published
1987

118. Preference for Novelty-Familiarity and Activity-Passivity in a Free Choice Situation

Author

Eson, Morris E.

Abstract

Twenty children, 22 to 49 months old, were given a free choice of becoming involved in one of four activity settings characterized as being familiar or novel and active or passive. Children preferred novel activities to familiar ones, while activity level depended on situational familiarity. (BD)

Published
1977

120. Viewing Strategies and Attitudes at a Nature Conservation Exhibition.

Author

Abello, Rosa P. and Bernaldez, Fernando G.

Abstract

Reports on an investigation into the behaviors and attitudes of visitors viewing a public exhibition about environmental problems concerning Madrid (Spain). Results indicated that the major variable related to the amount of time spent viewing specific photographs was related to the location of the photographs. (TW)

Published
1987

122. The Development of Equivalence Rules for Visual Configurations

Author

Gindes, Marion and Barten, Sybil

Abstract

This study compared the use of discrete and relational aspects of visual configurations in making similarity judgments. Subjects were 3-, 4-, 5-, and 8-year-old children and adults. (BD)

Published
1977

125. Dimensional Dominance and Stimulus Discriminability

Author

Fernandez, Don

Abstract

The relationship between discriminability of scaling stimuli and assessed dimensional dominance was investigated in three studies. Results indicated that kindergarten children bring to the experimental situation a dimensional preference even when the values of all dimensions present are of equal and known discriminability. (GO)

Published
1976

128. Newborn Infants' Visual Responses to Square Wave Gratings

Author

Slater, Alan and Sykes, Margaret

Abstract

A series of experiments is described whose aim was to define certain of the effective dimensions of stimulation in the newborn's visual environment. (Author/JMB)

Published
1977

129. An Attention Model of Infant Recognition

Author

Fagan, Joseph F., III

Abstract

This paper presents a model of infant visual recognition which proposes that an infant faced with a novel and a previously exposed target responds with one "look" consisting of a chain of 2 covert responses: (1) an attentional observing response to a dimension and (2) a fixation response to a cue. (Author/JMB)

Published
1977

130. Stimulus Variables Which Affect the Concordance of Visual and Manipulative Exploration in Six-Month-Old Infants

Author

Steele, Donna and Pederson, David R.

Abstract

In two experiments, forty 26-week-old infants were repeatedly exposed to an object and were then shown an object that was different from the original object in color, shape and/or texture. Results showed that looking and manipulation increased for the novel shape and texture objects and looking increased for the novel color object. (Author/JMB)

Published
1977

131. Cross-modal Transfer in Human Infants

Author

Gottfried, Allen W.

Abstract

This study investigated infants' differential responding to novel and familiar stimuli after familiarization in a different sensory modality. Results showed that infants gain information about the shape of objects from their oral experience with them and that this information can be transferred to the visual modality. (Author/JMB)

Published
1977

134. The Importance of Three-Dimensionality in Children's Art

Author

Heldmeyer, Karen

Abstract

Investigated young children's ability to represent three-dimensionality in their drawings. Preschool, kindergarten and first grade children and adults were asked to draw a cube, a house, and a ball presented in a plain form, a form differentially decorated on each side, and in both 2- and 3-dimensional forms. (JMB)

Published
1978

138. Children's Learning as a Function of Variation in Stimulus Characteristics and Motor Involvement

Author

Kratochwill, Thoman R.

Abstract

The stimuli in two artificial letter learning experiments varied in print size and dimensionality. Preschool children made the least errors when the stimuli were three dimensional, large print, and the children were directed to manipulate the letters. Replication with kindergarten children failed to show any differences among the treatments. (Author/BW)

Published
1978

139. Levels of Experienced Dimensionality in Children and Adults.

Author

Smith, Linda B. and Kemler, Deborah G.

Abstract

The contrast between holistic and differentiated perception of multidimensional stimuli is reconceptualized. Hypotheses about the experiential status of dimensions within holistic perception were tested as explanations of children's general perceptual mode and of adults' integral mode. Three levels of dimensional status are described. (Author/RD)

Published
1978

140. Dimensions of Creativity in Children's Drawings: A Social-Validation Study.

Author

Ryan, Bruce A. and Winston, Andrew S.

Abstract

Creative drawings of three preschool girls were modified using reinforcement procedures. Adult judges gave higher ratings of creativity for drawings with increased form diversity but not for those with increased color diversity. The role of social validation in defining and encouraging creativity is discussed. (Author/BH)

Published
1978

141. Differential Patterns of Preference for Modified Linear Perspective in Children and Adults.

Author

Hagen, Margaret A. and Jones, Rebecca K.

Abstract

Reports two experiments which examined developmental changes in the patterns of preference for varying degrees of perspective while controlling for the station point used in viewing. Subjects were 28 preschool children (age four years), 23 elementary school students (age six years) and 30 college students from introductory psychology classes. (MP)

Published
1978

142. Children's Ability to Integrate Class Information.

Author

Pien, Diana

Abstract

Coordination and integration of class information was examined using a multidimensional similarity judgment task in which four- and nine-year-old children rated the similarity of pairs of stimuli sharing either one or two attribute values. (Author/MP)

Published
1978

143. The Effect of Perceptual Salience on Reflective-Impulsive Performance Differences

Author

Hartley, Deborah Green

Abstract

A total of 174 first, second, and third graders were tested to examine the relation between perceptual salience and cognitive style. The results indicated that implusives made more errors than reflectives only on trials requiring the use of the least salient dimension and that these performance differences decreased with age. (JMB)

Published
1976

144. Interaction of Stimulus Dimensions in Concept and Choice Processes

Author

Garner, W. R.

Abstract

Four major types of interaction of stimulus dimensions based on perceptual research are described: integral, configural, separable, and asymmetric separable. Implications of these interactions for concept and choice processes are discussed. (Author/DEP)

Published
1976

145. Does Modality Preference Make a Difference? The Results of a Three-Year Study--Literature Review.

Author

Austin, Mary C. and Donovan, Margaret A.

Abstract

The inconclusive results of research comparing beginning reading methodologies in the 1960s led many schools to change their approaches to beginning reading instruction. In the 1970s the focus has shifted from the belief in a single method as superior for all children to the attempt to match methodology to the needs of individual children. A review of the literature of the 1970s reveals that research findings dealing with the relatioship between predetermined modality preference and reading achievement have been divided. Some investigators have maintained that predetermined modality preference is an important consideration in early reading achievement; others, however, maintain that predetermined modality preference does not appear to have a direct bearing on reading achievement. Research on modality preferences similar to other studies based on the aptitude treatment interaction model have had two major problems: discreteness of learner classification and homogeneity of treatment. Further research is needed to clarify the relationship between predetermined modality preference and reading achievement. (DF)

Published
1978

146. Does Modality Preference Make a Difference? The Results of a Three-Year Study--Empirical Data.

Author

Donovan, Margaret A. and Austin, Mary C.

Abstract

A study of the effects of modality preferences and teacher competencies on reading achievement was undertaken using three different programs for initial reading instruction. The major purposes of the study were to determine differences in reading achievement when first grade children are placed in programs congruent or noncongruent with their sensory modality preferences, to explore the effects of teacher competence on differences in achievement when pupils have congruent or noncongruent placement, to validate modality preference assessments, and to modify the kindergarten assessment battery. Subjects were 107 first grade pupils from a multi-ethnic, multilingual, multicultural, economically disadvantaged Hawaiian community. Data were obtained from kindergarten assessment of readiness and first grade criterion measures of reading achievement, and learners were identified according to auditory, visual, and no modality preference. Results indicated that pupils whose modality preferences were congruent with the primary instructional focus of initial reading programs achieved significantly higher scores on all measures of initial reading behavior than did pupils whose modality preferences were not congruent with the instructional focus. Also, experimental placement was more effective with teachers of greater competency, and the clinical modality decision procedures were validated statistically. (Implications for educational practice are included.) (DF)

Published
1978

147. Relations Among Symmetry, Asymmetry, Perceptual Comprehension of Numerals by Kindergarten and First Grade Children.

Author

Cheong, George S. C.

Abstract

The main purpose of this study was to investigate whether children's perceptual comprehension of symmetrical numerical displays was greater than their comprehension of asymmetrical numerical displays. Effects of sex, age and socioeconomic status were looked at. Seventy-three kindergarten and first grade children participated in the study. Materials used consisted of from one to five pegs placed symmetrically or asymmetrically in a holder, and cards with punched out holes located in the same position as the pegs. Five sets of cards, three symmetrical and two asymmetrical sets, with three cards representing each number in a set, were presented to the children. Results indicated no differences in scores for symmetrical versus asymmetrical displays. Implications of findings are discussed. (BD)

Published
1977

148. The Decalage from the Perspective of a Perceptual Salience Account of Developmental Change.

Author

Odom, Richard D.

Abstract

This paper examines the concept of decalage from two cognitive-change positions (structures of logical thought and attentional and verbal mediators) and proposes an alternative explanation for decalage from a perceptual-change point of view. The term decalage is used to summarize the relation between differences in performance of various age groups and differences in information contained in problem-solving tasks that have the same solution requirements. According to the cognitive change position, age-related performance differences are assumed to result from different cognitive structures that evaluate the same information. However, this position cannot adequately explain decalage relations such as 8-year-olds conserving mass while 10-year-olds cannot conserve volume. In the perceptual-change position, decalage relations are assumed to be a source of information about developmental changes in the perceptual system and how that system determines what information is processed by cognitive structures. Two studies are described in which the dimensional salience of task components was manipulated in order to assess the role of perception in tasks usually used to measure cognitive change (matrix solution and relevant versus incidental recall). The results were interpreted as showing that perceptual salience was a significant determinant of the obtained decalages and it was suggested that perceptual characteristics could explain decalages found in other cognitive-change research. (JMB)

Published
1977

149. Visual Preference in the First Ten Weeks of Life.

Author

Olsho, Lynne Werner

Abstract

This study followed the development of visual preferences in a single infant from birth to 10 weeks of age. The stimuli used were 5 x 10 item arrays of squares of lines in which a 3 x 3 target matrix of the other figure type (line or square) was embedded. The direction of first fixation and the total time spent looking at each side were determined by direct observation of the infant's eyes. Half of the stimulus cards contained black figures on a white background, half white figures on a black background. A brightness preference would be indicated by fixation on lines on white cards, and on squares on black cards. Preference for high contour density would lead to fixation on the squares on both types of cards. Control cards on which no target matrix appeared were used to determine whether response biases were present. The results indicate an abrupt shift from brightness to contour preference at 5 to 6 weeks of age, consistent with other evidence for a major reorganization of behavior at this time. Furthermore, these changes in visual behavior were found to coincide with changes in the distribution of time spent in different behavioral states. Figures present stimulus materials and findings. (Author/BH)

Published
1979

150. Actions Versus Likenesses As Determinants of Early Object Concepts.

Author

Latimer, James

Abstract

This experiment was designed to test whether paired objects described as interacting through movement are more memorable to young children than the same objects described as alike in structure or color. Drawings of eight familiar objects were presented in unfamiliar combinations to forty-five 4-year-old subjects. Objects were described as interacting or as sharing common properties. Preliminary analyses supported the assumption that chosen combinations did not favor either experimental description. Subjects were able to reconstruct associations among combined objects significantly more often when objects were linked by actions than when they were described as alike in structure or color. Associations based on likenesses were reconstructed significantly more often than associations without action or likeness descriptions. It was concluded that the actions and responses of objects are an important dimension of early object concepts. (Author/SS)

Published
1979

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